Învaţă şi foloseşte corect
limba engleză
2
3
Cuprins
Prefaţă...................................................................................................................................... 4
PARTEA I................................................................................................................................ 6
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL................................................................................. 6
VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE..................................................................................... 6
VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE............................................................................................. 9
VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE..................................................................................... 11
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT............................................................................................. 13
VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE...................................................................................... 16
PARTEA I.............................................................................................................................. 18
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL..........................................................................18
VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS........................................................................18
VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS................................................................................19
VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS........................................................................................21
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS..................................................................... 22
VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS............................................................................. 24
VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS....................................................................25
PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL.................................................................................................29
ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI........................................................................... 45
COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTANŢIALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD ............................... 67
TEST FINAL......................................................................................................................... 70
Cheia exerciţiilor....................................................................................................................76
TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fişă exemplu..................................................................91
Verbul TO WORK -model..................................................................................................... 93
Bibliografie:........................................................................................................................... 94
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Prefaţă
Gramatica de faţă îşi propune să ofere mai mult decât un simplu set de reguli gramaticale
ale limbii engleze, iar prin metoda originală de prezentare să ajute în crearea unui sentiment de
siguranţă în ceea ce priveşte corectitudinea gramaticală în exprimare.
Numai în acest fel adulţii pot scăpa de un sentiment de inhibiţie cu care au rămas, probabil
din şcoală.
Realitatea, situaţiile reale de exprimare de la care se porneşte conferă originalitate. Se
continuă cu exemple, modele şi explicaţii gramaticale menite să conducă la stăpânirea unui
aspect gramatical al limbii engleze.
Atenţie! Nimic nu se pierde!
Fiecare aspect gramatical este însoţit de cel puţin un exerciţiu astfel încât punerea în
practică să conducă la o finalitate pe termen lung a stăpânirii acelui aspect gramatical. Cel care
studiază are de asemenea cheia exerciţiului la sfârşit.
Multitudinea de exerciţii comparative variate sunt menite să sprijine înţelegerea
elementelor teoretice prin aplicaţii practice.
Citind această lucrare, veţi fi confruntat cu probleme de gramatică şi de vocabular, veţi
descoperi în ce măsură puteţi formula idei, vă puteţi exprima corect şi coerent în limba engleză şi
veţi afla care sunt aspectele care vă creează dificultăţi. Modelul vă va însoţi la tot pasul. La
sfârşitul cărţii aveţi un model de verb conjugat la timpurile modului indicativ. De asemenea aveţi
şi o fişă cu regulile de formare a timpurilor, la afirmativ, negativ şi interogativ.
Autenticitatea exerciţiilor propuse oferă o structurare a cunoştinţelor în seturi grupate pe
probleme gramaticale. Scurte prezentări teoretice şi o serie de exemple însoţesc aceste seturi de
exerciţii. Acestea vin să ilustreze tiparele structurale de bază ale limbii engleze.
Deoarece va trebui să folosiţi din când în când dicţionarul, veţi avea ocazia să vă
îmbogăţiti substanţial cunoştinţele de vocabular.
Timpul pe care sunteţi dispus să îl alocaţi este bine distribuit pe probleme gramaticale.
Nu vă ia mai mult de 10 minute să parcurgeţi un aspect gramatical.
Intuiţia dumneavostră va funcţiona foarte bine în stăpânirea corectă a gramaticii.
Conştiinciozitatea vă va fi răsplătită printr-un rezultat excelent la testul final propus la
sfârşitul cărţii care oferă 150 întrebări asupra cunoştinţelor de gramatică şi de vocabular.
Rezolvarea testului vă va da cu siguranţă o imagine satisfăcătoare asupra stadiului la care aţi
ajuns în însuşirea limbii engleze.
Atingerea obiectivului dumneavoastră este scopul principal al acestei cărţi care vă pune la
dispoziţie într-o formă concisă şi accesibilă, informaţiile necesare pentru a putea folosi limba
engleză corect din punct de vedere gramatical şi pentru a asigura acurateţea şi nuanţarea atât de
necesare în comunicare prin intermediul oricărei limbi.
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INTRODUCERE
Mă numesc Gramatica limbii engleze şi scopul meu principal este să vă informez asupra
regulilor referitoare la forma cuvintelor. Am două fiice: Morfologia şi Sintaxa. O să faceţi
cunoştinţă mai ales cu prima dintre ele.
Ea este deosebit de importantă deoarece primul lucru care se învaţă în gramatica unei limbi
străine este cum se formează categoriile gramaticale de bază: timpurile verbului, pluralul
substantivelor, comparaţia adjectivelor, pronumele, numeralul, etc.
Morfologia cuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor şi la modificările formale ale
cuvintelor studiate pe părţi de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la îmbinarea
cuvintelor în propoziţii şi fraze.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - TIMPUL
VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE
VERBUL – TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT :
I live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I am a doctor. I usually go to work in
the morning. I have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. She goes to
school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, on
Thursday and on Friday. She does not go to school in the week end. She teaches English. My
father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too. They are farmers. I like/enjoy living
in nature.
Haideţi să observăm câteva din cuvintele din text, apoi vom analiza verbele.
Let’s have a look at some words from the text, then we will see the verbs.
a. Pronumele: (Pronouns)
Cuvintele: I, she, they sunt pronume personale.
Iată pronumele personale ale limbii engleze:
I – eu
You – tu
He – el
She – ea
It – el/ea (pentru obiecte, animale)
We – noi
You – voi
They – ei, ele
b. Zilele săptămânii (Days of the week):
Monday - Luni
Tuesday - Marţi
Wednesday - Miercuri
Thursday - Joi
Friday - Vineri
Saturday - Sâmbătă
Sunday – Duminică
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c. Momente ale zilei (Moments of the day)
- In the morning – dimineaţa
- In the afternoon – după-amiaza
- In the evening – seara
d. Membrii familiei (Family members)
father /dad / daddy – tată
mother / mum / mummy / mom - mamă
parent / parents – părinte, părinţi
child / children – copil, copii
son - fiu
daughter- fiică
brother - frate
sister - soră
grandfather / granddad / grandpa - bunic
grandmother / grandma / granny - bunică
grandson - nepot
granddaughter - nepoată
uncle- unchi
aunt - mătuşă
cousin – verişor, verişoară
nephew - nepot
niece - nepoată
e. Verbele la Prezent Simplu (Verbs at Present Tense Simple) :
I live, I am , I go, I have, she is, She goes, She does not go, She teaches, They live, They are, I
like
I live with my husband and my children at the countryside.
Locuiesc cu soţul şi copiii mei la ţară.
I am a doctor.- Sunt doctor.
I usually go to work in the morning. - Eu merg de obicei la lucru dimineaţa.
I have many friends in the village. - Am mulţi prieteni în sat.
My friend, Louise, she is a teacher. - Prietena mea, Louise, este profesor.
She goes to school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on
Wednesday, on Thursday and on Friday.- Ea merge la şcoală după-amiaza, în fiecare zi a
săptămânii: luni, marţi, miercuri, joi şi vineri.
She does not go to school in the week end. - Ea nu merge la şcoală în week-end.
She teaches English. - Ea predă limba engleză.
My father, my mother, my brother and my sister live here, too.-Tatăl meu, mama mea, fratele
meu şi sora mea locuiesc aici, de asemenea.
They are farmers. - Ei sunt fermieri (agricultori).
I like/enjoy living in nature. - Îmi place să trăiesc în natură.
Verbele accentuate sunt la Present Tense Simple.
Folosim acest timp verbal pentru a exprima:
♥ O acţiune generală, repetabilă: - exemplu: I read daily. – Citesc zilnic.
♥Adevăruri general valabile: The Earth spins round. – Pământul se învârte.
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♥ O acţiune regulată, obişnuită, în perioada prezentă.
What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. –Sunt elev.
What time do you usually have breakfast? - La ce oră iei de obicei micul dejun?
♥ Acţiuni viitoare planificate în prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial.
The plane takes off at 7:35.- Avionul decolează/va decola la ora 7:35.
Conjugarea unui verb la Present Tense Simple:
To work = a lucra, a munci
Afirmativ
I work
You work
He/she/it works
We work
You work
They work
Negativ
I do not (don’t) work
You do not (don’t) work
He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work
We do not (don’t) work
You do not (don’t) work
They do not (don’t) work
Interogativ
Do I work?
Do you work?
Does he/she/it work?
Do we work?
Do you work?
Do they work?
Cu Present Simple Tense folosim adverbe cum ar fi: always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom,
on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc.
Examples:
1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.(în fiecare dimineaţă)
2. I go to school every day. (în fiecare zi)
3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night (vineri noaptea).
4. I usually sleep late on Sunday morning.(de obicei)
5. Peter works for 8 hours every day. (în fiecare zi)
6. My children often watch TV in the afternoon. (adesea, des)
7. He always forgets his keys. (întotdeauna)
Exerciţii – Practice
Situation: My friend and I don’t do things in the same way:
Example:
Affirmative
get up early/late
I get up early, but my friend gets up late
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Interrogative
get up early/late
Do you get up early? Does he get up late?
Negative
get up early/late
I don’t get up early. My friend doesn’t get up
late
1. leave home at 12 o’clock/1 o’clock
2. go to work by car/by train
3. speak English well/badly
4. get home at six/seven
5. have two kids/three
ACUM LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE
TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT :
Last year I lived with my husband and my children at the countryside. I was a doctor. I used to
go to work in the morning. I had many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she was a good
teacher in the village. She went to school in the afternoon every week day. She did not go to
school in the week end. She taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister
lived here, too. They were farmers. I liked /enjoyed living in nature.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul trecut simplu:
I lived - am locuit
I was – eram/am fost
I used to go – obişnuiam să mă duc/mă duceam
I had – am avut
She was – a fost
She went – se ducea/mergea
She did not go – ea nu mergea
She taught - a predat
They lived - au locuit
They were - au fost/erau
I liked – mi-a plăcut
♥ Verbele la Past Tense Simple arată o acţiune trecută, terminată, efectuată într-o perioadă de
timp trecută, terminată. Este timpul naraţiunii.
Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus din limba română.
Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. - Ieri am mers la plimbare.
Last year I traveled to England. Anul trecut am călătorit în Anglia.
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To work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Simple
Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they worked
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not work
Interogativ
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?
Forma prescurtată a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work).
Verbele limbii engleze pot fi regulate sau neregulate.
Past Tense Simple se formează prin adăugarea terminaţiei – ed în cazul verbelor regulate.
Ex. to work – worked
Dacă verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie învăţat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care
indică cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III –
participiul trecut.
Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken
Iată o listă cu formele de Past Tense pentru verbe regulate şi neregulate:
Verbe regulate: + verb +-ed
I, you, he, she, it,
we, you, they
Atenţie le pronunţie! Pay attention to the pronounciation!
{t}
a) wash – washed – washed (a se spăla)
cook – cooked – cooked (a găti)
{d}
b) play – played – played (a se juca)
listen – listened – listened (a asculta)
{id}
b) need – needed – needed (a avea nevoie)
skate – skated - skated (a patina)
Verbe neregulate:
a) b)
meet {e} {e} have {æ} { æ }
leave met met (a întâlni) sit had had (a avea)
say left left (a pleca) sat sat (a sta jos)
read said said (a spune) 11
send read read (a citi)
spend sent sent (a trimite)
spent spent (a petrece)
c)
write {ә} written (a scrie) f) did done (a face)
speak wrote spoken (a vorbi) went gone (a merge)
break spoke broken (a sparge) do ate eaten (a mânca)
broke go forgot forgotten(a uita)
d) eat
{æ} {۸} forget got got (a obţine, a primi)
run ran run (a alerga) got up got up (a se trezi)
begin began begun (a începe) g) found found (a găsi)
drink drank drunk (a bea)
sing sang sung (a cânta) get
swim swam swum (a înota) get up
find
e) h)
{i:n} make {ei} made (a face)
be was/were been (a fi) lay made laid (a pune)
see saw seen (a vedea) come laid come (a veni)
give came given (a da)
gave
Examples:
Last year I bought a car and went to Boston. I spent my holiday there.
Cele mai folosite adverbe pentru Past Tense Simple sunt:
yesterday, last (month, year,) ago, (two days ago, 2 months ago, two years ago), on...., in....(on
Monday, in 1987 )
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. – Am văzut un film ieri.
I didn't see the play last year. – Nu am văzut piesa anul trecut.
I traveled to Japan two years ago. Am călătorit în Japonia acum doi ani.
He went on holiday in August. A mers în vacanţă în august.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Situation: Daniel went on holiday in July (last month).
Tell how he spent his holiday (Use Past Tense Simple).
Example:
Daniel (go) on holiday in July.
Daniel went on holiday in July.
1. He (spend) three days in the Danube Delta last month.
2. Daniel (get up) early in the morning and (do) morning exercises.
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3. Then he (wash) and (eat/have) breakfast with his parents.
4. After that he (go fishing) with his friends Irina and Larry.
5. He (swim) in the Danube in the evening.
6. The weather (be) fine all the time.
7. Daniel (make) a lot of friends there.
8. He (come back) home in September to go to school.
Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms.
Examples:
Negative form:
Daniel (go) on holiday in July.
Daniel did not go on holiday in July.
Interrogative form:
Daniel (go) on holiday in July.
Did Daniel go on holiday in July?
VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE
VERBUL – TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS:
READ THE TEXT:
Next year I will live with my husband and my children at the countryside. I will be a doctor. I
will go to work in the morning. I will have many friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she
will be a teacher in the village. She will go to school in the afternoon every week day. She will
not go to school in the week end. She will teach English. My father, my mother, my brother and
my sister will live there, too. They will be farmers. I will enjoy living in nature.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul viitor simplu:
I will live – eu voi locui
I will be – eu voi fi
I will go – eu voi merge
I will have – eu voi avea
She will be – ea va fi
She will go – ea va merge
She will not go – ea nu va merge
She will teach – ea va preda
They will live – ei vor locui
They will be – ei vor fi
I will enjoy - îmi va face plăcere
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♥ Future Tense Simple (Viitorul simplu) exprimă un eveniment, o acţiune care are loc într-un
moment viitor, apropiat de momentul vorbirii.
Example:
I will visit him tomorrow. - O să-l vizitez mâine. (Îl voi vizita mâine.)
We shall overcome. - Vom învinge.
În engleza modernă forma shall este foarte puţin utilizată.
Cea mai des folosită în Engleza vorbită şi scrisă este forma prescurtată 'll.
I'll go to the seaside next week. - Săptămâna viitoare voi pleca la mare.
You'll spend the holiday in the mountains. - Voi veţi petrece vacanţa la munte.
Forma negativă se formează cu will not sau forma won't în faţa verbului principal la prezent.
I will not (won't) drink wine. - Nu voi bea vin.
She will not (won't) play football. - Ea nu va juca fotbal.
Forma interogativă se formează prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul will şi subiect.
Will you work here? - Vei lucra aici?
Will she sing beautifully? - Va cânta ea frumos?
To work ( a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Simple:
Afirmativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will work
Negativ
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not work
Interogativ
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?
Adverbele cele mai utilizate pentru a exprima o acţiune viitoare cu Future Tense Simple sunt:
tomorrow, next (month, year)
I'll finish this report tomorrow. - Voi termina acest raport mâine.
Will he come next week? - Va veni el săptămâna viitoare?
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Situation 1: Grandpa does not hear very well what Daniel is saying. Complete his questions and
Daniel’s answers.
Example:
Daniel: I’ll go to the Physics lab tomorrow.
Grandpa: Where will you go tomorow?
Daniel: To the Physics lab grandpa!
Daniel: Grandpa:
1. I’ll work in the lab tomorrow. Where.........?
2. I’ll do an interesting experiment tomorrow. What.........?
3. I’ll obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. What .........?
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4. I’ll learn interesting things next week. When .........?
5. I’ll study hydrogen next week. What .........?
6. I’ll ask the teacher a lot of questions. Who .........?
Situation 2. Daniel contradicts everything Irina says about her friend Larry.
Example:
Irina: Larry will go fishing tomorrow
Daniel: Larry won’t go fishing tomrrow.
1. Larry will read his lesson later.
2. Larry will go to the cinema next Sunday.
3. He’ll go shopping tomorrow morning.
4. He’ll help you tomorrow evening.
5. He’ll have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week.
6. He’ll wash the car on Sunday morning.
7. He’ll buy a new car next year.
8. He’ll take a new project next month.
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I have lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time. I have been a
doctor. I have gone to work in the morning. I have had many friends in the village. My friend,
Louise, she has been a teacher in the village. She has gone to school in the afternoon every
week day. She has not gone/hasn’t gone to school in the week end. She has taught English. My
father, my mother, my brother and my sister have lived there, too. They have been farmers. I
have enjoyed living in nature.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect:
I have lived – eu am locuit
I have been – eu am fost
I have gone – eu am mers
I have had – eu am avut
She has been – ea a fost
She has gone – ea a mers
She has not gone/hasn’t gone – ea nu a mers
She has taught – ea a predat
They have lived – ei au locuit
They have been – ei au fost
I have enjoyed – mi-a plăcut
♥ Present Perfect - exprimă o stare care a început în trecut şi care încă se continuă.
We’ve been friends for a long time. - Suntem prieteni de mult timp.
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♥ - exprimă o stare terminată în trecut, pentru care momentul când a avut loc nu prezintă interes;
accentul este pus pe experienţa în sine trăită prin acţiunea respectivă
I’ve never been to China. - N-am fost niciodată în China.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută al cărei rezultat este vizibil în prezent
He’s broken his arm. - Şi-a rupt braţul.
To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect
Afirmativ
I/you/we/they have worked
he/she/it has worked
Negativ
I/you/we/they have not worked (haven’t worked)
he/she/it has not worked (hasn’t worked)
Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they worked?
Has he/she/it worked?
Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:
already, just, yet
Exemple:
1. He has already finished his classes. - A terminat deja orele.
2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.-Tom tocmai a vorbit la telefon cu Maria.
3. They haven't written the exercise yet. Ei nu au scris exerciţiul încă.
never, ever, often
Exemple:
1. I have never heard such a thing.- Nu am mai auzit niciodată un astfel de lucru.
2. Have you ever read this news? – Ai citit vreodată ştirea aceasta?
3. I have often traveled by car to the countryside. – Am călătorit adesea cu maşina la ţară.
ever and before
Exemplu:
Have you ever heard this song before? – Ai mai auzit vreodată cântecul acesta?
for and since
Exemple:
1. I've had my own car for four years. – Am avut propria mea maşină timp de patru ani.
2. She has been ill since yesterday. – Este bolnavă de ieri.
until now, so far, up to now
Exemple:
1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now. – Nu am mai avut probleme la matematică până
acum.
2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage. – Până acum nu s-a pl âns de salariul său.
3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer. – Până acum nu am auzit de acest cântăreţ
englez.
Exerciţii – Practice
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LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
I. Pune verbele din paranteză la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca în exemplul de mai jos:
Exemplu:
Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework.
Tom has just written his homework.
1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car.
2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home.
3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre.
4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher.
5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry.
II. Completează următoarele propoziţii ca în exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul Prezent
Perfect Simplu:
Exemplu:
This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see)
This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.
1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see)
2. This is the best book she .......... (read)
3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit)
4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy)
5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)
VERB – PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I had lived with my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time before I moved
in Piteşti. I had been a doctor. I had gone to work in the morning. I had had many friends in the
village. My friend, Louise, she had been a teacher in the village. She had gone to school in the
afternoon every week day. She had not gone/hadn’t gone to school in the week end. She had
taught English. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had lived there, too. They had
been farmers. I had enjoyed living in nature. Now everything is over. I have moved in town.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect, corespondentul timpului mai mult ca perfect din
limba română:
I had lived – eu locuisem
I had been – eu fusesem
I had gone – eu mersesem
I had had – eu avusesem
She had been – ea fusese
She had gone – ea mersese
She had not gone/hadn’t gone – ea nu mersese
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She has taught – ea predase
They had lived – ei locuiseră
They had been – ei fuseseră
I had enjoyed – îmi plăcuse
♥ Past Perfect - exprimă o acţiune anterioară altei acţiuni din trecut sau anterioară unui moment
din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a fairy in the garden. – Băieţelul a spus că văzuse o zână în grădină.
The little spoke as if he had seen a fairy. – Băieţelul vorbea de parcă văzuse o zână.
♥ - exprimă o dorinţă nerealizată
I wish/ wished I hadn't missed the flight. Îmi doresc să nu fi pierdut avionul.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune anterioară unei acţiuni
Tom said that he would go to France after he had learned French a little bit.- Tom a spus că se va
duce în Franţa după ce va fi învăţat puţină franceză.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect:
Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had worked
Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t worked
Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they worked?
Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Past Perfect Simplu:
Before, never, ever
You had studied English before you moved to New York. – Studiasei engleza înainte să te muţi în NY.
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Crete. – Nu văzusem niciodată o plajă
aşa de frumoasă până nu am mers în Creta.
Had Susan ever studied Chinese before she moved to China? – Studiase Susan vreodată chineza
până să se mute în China?
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Situation:
Daniel and Irina spent their last summer holiday at the seaside. Irina went there for the first time,
Daniel had been there before. Ask and answer questions about them:
Example:
be to the beach
Had Daniel been to the beach before?
Yes, he had.
Had Irina been to the beach before?
No, she hadn’t.
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1. see the Black Sea 5. walk down the beach
2. swim in the sea 6. stay at a hotel
3. sunbathe on the beach 7. make the tour of Constanţa
4. go fishing in the sea 8. visit Eforie Nord
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - ASPECTUL
VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
In this moment I am living with my husband and my children at the countryside. My friend,
Louise, she is at school now. She is teaching English. My father, my mother, my brother and my
sister are in the field now. They are woking in this moment.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Continuous
I am living – eu locuiesc
She is teaching - ea predă
They are woking – ei lucrează
♥ Present Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune desfăşurată ce are loc în momentul vorbirii.
Example: I am writing now.
I am studying English now- in this moment
♥ o acţiune temporară ce are loc în prezent ca o excepţie de la regulă.
Example: I usually wake up early but today I am waking up late.
♥ o acţiune obişnuită care enervează.
Example: She is always telling lies.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Tense Continuous:
Afirmativ
I am working
You/we/you/they are working
he/she/it is working
Negativ
I am not working
You/we/you/they are not working
he/she/it is not working
Interogativ
Am I working?
Are you/we/you/they working?
Is he/she/it working?
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Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu prezentul continuu:
now, in this moment, always,
She is sending emails right now to all her friends. – Ea trimite emailuri acum tuturor prietenilor
săi.
We are not working in this moment, we are on strike. Nu lucrăm în acest moment. Suntem în
grevă.
She's always coming in when we talk something important. Întotdeauna trebuie să intre în
cameră fix când vorbim noi lucruri importante.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII
Situation: Today is Monday. All the employees are at work, in various rooms of the building. It is
nine o’clock in the morning. Say what they are doing at the moment.
Example:
Irina is in the director’s office. (give information)
She is giving information at this moment/now.
1. Larry is in his office (work)
2. Daniel is in the secretariate (type a letter)
3. Ioana is in the conference room (present a project)
4. Maria is in the hall (speak on the phone)
5. Matei is in the guests room (meet some clients)
VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I was living with my husband and my children at the countryside while my father, my mother,
my brother and my sister were living in town. I was going to work in the morning. I was having
many friends in the village. My friend, Louise was going to school in the afternoon every week
day but my sister was going in the afternoon. They were not going to school in the week end.
Louise was teaching English while my sister was teaching History.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Tense Continuous (echivalentul imperfectului din limba
română):
I was living – eu locuiam
They were living – ei locuiau
I was going – eu mergeam
I was having – eu aveam
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Louise was going – Louise mergea
My sister was going – sora mea mergea
They were not going – ei nu mergeau
Louise was teaching – Louise preda
My sister was teaching – sora mea preda
♥ Past Tense Continuous se foloseşte pentru a exprima o acţiune care se desfăşura într-un
moment bine definit în trecut.
While she was watching TV yesterday, her friend came to see her.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Continuous:
Afirmativ
I was working
You/we/you/they were working
he/she/it was working
Negativ
I was not working
You/we/you/they were not working
he/she/it was not working
Interogativ
was I working?
were you/we/you/they working?
was he/she/it working?
Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu past continuous:
At this time yesterday, this time last week,
Examples:
At seven o’clock yesterday morning, I was in the bathroom. I was washing my face. – La ora
şapte ieri dimineaţă, eram în baie, îmi spălam faţa.
This time last week you were reading the magazine. – Pe vremea asta săptămâna trecută tu citeai
revista.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Situation: Yesterday afternoon all the employees were at work. Say what they were doing when
Mr Smith, the boss, came in.
Example:
Larry and Irina/discuss about a marketing project
Larry and Irina were discussing about a marketing project when Mr Smith came in.
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1. Daniel and John / work in the office
2. Matei and Maria / speak on the phone
3. Ioana /write a report
4. Martha / water the flowers
5. Victor / talk to his colleague
6. Angela/open the windows
7. Mark and Chris /look at some pictures
8. Fiona/read the newspapers
VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I will be living with my husband and my children at the countryside at this time next year when
my father, my mother, my brother and my sister will be living in town. I will be working in the
morning, my friend, Louise will be going to school in the afternoon every week day but my
sister will be going in the evening. They will not be going to school in the week end. Louise will
be teaching English while my sister will be teaching History.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Continuous:
I will be living – voi locui
They will be living – vor locui
I will be working – voi lucra
Louise will be going – Louise va merge
They will not be going - ei nu vor merge
Louise will be teaching – Louise va preda
My sister will be teaching – sora mea va preda
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Continuous:
Afirmativ
I /we shall/will be working
You he/she/it /they will be working
Negativ
I /we shall/will not be working
You he/she/it /they will not be working
Interogativ
Shall/will I /we be working?
Will you he/she/it /they be working?
♥ Future Tense Continuous exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare într-un moment viitor, posterior
momentului vorbirii.
Exemplu: I shall/will be walking at two o’clock tomorrow.
at this time next week.
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Mă voi plimba mâine la ora două.
săptămâna viitoare la ora asta.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare întreruptă de o acţiune momentană.
Exemplu: When he comes, I will be eating. – Când va veni, eu voi fi în mijlocul mesei.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune în desfăşurare în viitor în paralel cu o altă acţiune în desfăşurare, de
asemenea în viitor.
Exemplu: She will be walking while I am sleeping.- Ea se va plimba în timp ce eu voi dormi.
Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu Future Continuous:
when, while, at his time next week, month, year, etc
Examples: You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. – Tu o vei aştepta când
soseşte avionul diseară.
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. –Când ea va sosi diseară, eu voi fi la televizor.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Future Continuous.
Example: Mark ______________ on the computer when his mother arrives home. (to play)
Answer: Mark will be playing on the computer when his mother arrives home.
1) She ______________ him next week. (to meet)
2) We ______________ in Piteşti just about now. (to arrive)
3) At 8 o'clock on Tuesday they ______________ the new song. (to sing)
4) He ______________when you call her. (to sleep)
5) It ______________ when I reach Madrid. (to rain, probably)
6) Mary ______________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch)
7) You ______________ spaghetti soon. (to eat)
8) This time next week he ______________ to Africa. (to fly)
9) Mary ______________to the party on Sunday. (to come)
10) Tomorrow at nine I ______________a test paper. (to write)
VERB – PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I have been living with my husband and my children at the countryside for 5 years. I have been
going to work in the morning but my friend, Louise, has been going to school in the afternoon
every week day. She has been teaching English for 5 years at the same village school and she is
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still enjoying this. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have been living there, too.
They are farmers. We like living in nature.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect Continuous:
I have been living – eu locuiesc
I have been going – eu merg
Louise has been going – Louise merge
She has been teaching – ea predă
They have been living – ei locuiesc
♥ Present Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune care s-a desfăşurat până acum şi va continua
probabil şi în viitor.
I have been working in the garden all day long. – Am muncit în grădină toată ziua.
They have been playing tennis for half an hour – Joacă tenis de jumătate de oră.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune repetată frecvent, într-o perioadă de timp care se întinde din trecut până în
prezent
He has been writing poems since he was a child.- Scrie poezii de când era copil.
♥ - exprimă o acţiune trecută, încheiată recent, care este cauza unui efect simţit în prezent
A: Why are your hands dirty?
B: I’ve been repairing my bike.
To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect Continuous
Afirmativ
I/you/we/they have been working
he/she/it has been working
Negativ
I/you/we/they have not been working (haven’t been working)
he/she/it has not been working (hasn’t been working)
Interogativ
Have I/you/we/they been working?
Has he/she/it been working?
Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Present Perfect Continuous:
since
Exemplu: You have been living in Paris since 1996. – Locuieşti în Paris din 1996.
for
Exemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours. – Se uită la televizor de 3 ore.
so far
Exemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. Până acum au sosit 10
pasageri din Londra.
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ever
Exemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? – Ai ascultat vreodată la radio?
never
Exemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.- Nu am călătorit în Franţa până
acum.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Completează spaţiile goale cu "FOR"( de) şi "SINCE"(din, de la). Pune verbele din paranteză la
Prezentul Perfect Continuu:
Exemplu:
Helen (study) English .......... last summer.
Helen has been studying English since last summer.
1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour.
2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour.
3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes.
4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998.
5. It (rain) .......... morning.
VERB – PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
I had been living with my husband and my children at the countryside before I came in town. I
had been going to work in the morning. My friend, Louise, she had been going to school in the
afternoon every week day before leaving the countryside, too. She had been teaching English.
My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had been living there, too. Now everything is
over. I have moved in town.
Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect Contionuous:
I had been living – eu locuisem
I had been going – eu mersesem
She had been going – ea mersese
She had been teaching – ea predase
They had been living – ei locuiseră
♥ Past Perfect Continuous - exprimă o acţiune în curs până la un moment dat trecut când a fost
oprit de o altă acţiune a cărei urmări continuă şi azi.
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They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it.
(Ei) lucrau la casa cea nouă înainte să fie distrusă de foc.
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect Continuous:
Afirmativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had been working
Negativ
I/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadn’t been working
Interogativ
Had I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they been working
Expresii cu care se foloseşte adesea Past Perfect Continuous:
For five minutes" , "for two weeks", etc
You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
Ai aşteptat-o cel mult două ore când în final a sosit.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect continuous).
She (sleep) for 10 hours when he woke us up.
We (wait) at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived.
They (look for) her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom.
I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.
How long (learn / she) English before she went to London?
She (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of gas.
They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day.
I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.
They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening.
VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS
CITIŢI TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :
READ THE TEXT:
When my friends will come to live at the countryside I will have been living with my husband
and my children there for 5 years. I will have already been working for a couple of years as a
doctor, Louise will have been teaching English in the afternoon for 5 years, too. Until next year,
we will have been staying there for 6 years.
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Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Perfect Continuous:
I will have been living – voi fi locuit
I will have been working – eu voi fi lucrat
Louise will have been teaching – Louise va fi predat
We will have been staying – noi vom fi stat
Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Perfect Continuous :
Afirmativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will have been working
Negativ
I / you he/she/it /we /they will not have been working
Interogativ
Will I / you/ he/she/it /we /they have been working?
♥ Future Perfect Continuous - acest timp se foloseşte rar în vorbire, fiind o formă caracteristică
limbii scrise şi pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lungă de timp decât Future Continuous
Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", şi ca toate formele de timpuri continue implică o acţiune în
derulare.
Exemplu: By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years.- În 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani
Adverbul cel mai des utilizat cu Future Perfect Continuous: for
Example: By six o’clock p.m., she will have been selling blouses for eight hours.- Până la ora 18
ea va fi vândut bluze timp de opt ore.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Puneţi verbele din paranteză la Future Perfect Continuous sau la Future Perfect
Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long.
Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party.
Mike: She (cook) for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner. Hopefully, she
(finish) everything by then.
Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand.
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29
PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA – VERBUL - DIATEZA
I DIATEZA ACTIVĂ
II DIATEZA PASIVĂ
I Verbul este la diateza activă când subiectul gramatical săvârşeşte acţiunea, care se răsfrânge
asupra subiectului (în cazul verbelor tranzitive).
Exemplu: Lucy has written a letter.- Lucia a scris o scrisoare.
II Verbul este la diateza pasivă când subiectul gramatical suferă acţiunea săvârşită de obiect.
Exemplu: This letter has been written by Lucy. – Această scrisoare a fost scrisă de Lucia.
Diateza pasivă se remarcă prin:
- utilizarea verbului be sau get
- complementul de agent introdus de prepoziţia by
exemplu: She was met at the station by my brother. – Ea a fost aşteptată la gară de fratele meu.
Conjugarea unui verb la diateza pasivă:
Aspectul simplu:
Present simple: I am seen. He is seen. We are seen.
Past Simple: I was seen. We were seen.
Present Perfect I have been seen. He has been seen
Past Perfect: I had been seen.
Future I shall be seen. We will be seen.
Future Perfect I shall have been seen. He will have been seen.
Aspectul continuu:
Present Continuous: The classrooms are being cleaned now.
Past Continuous: The school was being cleaned when we wanted to visit it.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
1. Treceţi următoarele propoziţii la diateza pasivă, transformând complementul persoanei în
subiect.
30
Exemplu:
The guide is showing them the museum.
They are being shown the museum.
They have appointed him president.
She has given me a good dictionary.
They will tell you what time the bus leaves.
I’ll pay the carpenter for his work.
He promised them new bicycles.
2. Traduceţi următoarele propoziţii în limba engleză, folosind verbe la diateza pasivă:
Exemplu:
Această problemă trebuie analizată.
This matter must be looked into.
Nu s-a dormit în acest pat.
Copiii au fost bine îngrijiţi.
Câinele a fost călcat de un autobuz.
Vor râde de tine dacă vei purta rochia asta.
PERSOANA ŞI NUMĂRUL
Spre deosebire de verbul românesc, verbul englez are puţini indici formali care să marcheze
persoana şi numărul. Singura desinenţă specifică este –s/es pentru persoana a III-a singular,
indicativ prezent.
I play, you play, he plays, she plays, we play, you play, they play.
I wash, you wash, he washes, she washes, we wash, you wash, they wash.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Folosiţi pronumele personal corect.
Exemplu: ___ often reads books. (Lisa)
She often reads books.
1) ___is dreaming. (George)
2) ___is green. (the blackboard)
3) ___are on the wall. (the posters)
4) ___is running. (the cat)
5) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I)
6) ___are in the garden. (the flowers)
7) ___is riding his horse. (Marc)
8) ___is from Bucharest. (Victoria)
9) ___has got a sister. (Diana)
10) Have ___ got a computer, Tom?
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MODUL – THE MOOD
I. MODUL INDICATIV (The Indicative Mood)
I. Modul indicativ prezintă acţiunea, starea, etc. exprimată de verb ca reală , îndeplinită
chiar.
Exemplu:
- He returned the book to the library after he had read it.- A înapoiat cartea la bibliotecă
după ce a citit-o.
- I can return the book now. I have read it. – Pot să înapoiez cartea la bibliotecă acum. Am
citit-o.
- He will return the book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by then.- Va
înapoia cartea la bibliotecă lunea viitoare. O va fi citit până atunci.
II MODUL SUBJONCTIV (The Subjunctive Mood)
Modul subjonctiv prezintă acţiunea ca posibilă când acţiunea este proiectată în viitor , sau
ireală, când acţiunea trebuia să aibă loc în trecut.
SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT
♥ exprimă o acţiune considerată posibilă, deci nu contrară realităţii.
Exemplu: It is necessary that he be here.- Este necesar ca el să fie aici.
come in time.- să vină la timp.
SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT
♥ coincide ca formă cu Past Tense Simple.
Exemplu: I wish he/they told the truth.- Aş dori să spună adevărul.
Observaţie: Verbul be are formă unică pentru toate persoanele: were
Exemplu: I wish he/they were here.
SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC
♥ exprimă o acţiune posibilă, presupusă, pentru a sublinia ideea de acţiune şi nu acţiunea
propriu-zisă sau îndeplinirea ei, care sunt redate cu indicativul.
Exemplu: The idea is that sport facilities should be improved. (subjonctiv)
The fact is that sport facilities will be improved. (indicativ)
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
1. It is very important that all employees _______________ in their proper uniforms before 6:30
a.m.
A. are dressed B. will be dressed C. be dressed
2. I wish my sister _________ here.
A. were B. was
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3. The coach insisted that Mario _______ the center position, even though he's much too short
for that position..
A. plays B. play
4. Mary hoped that the meeting _______________.
A. was adjourned B. be adjourned
5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she _______ here with us now!
A. were B. was
6. If only Mark ______ a little more responsible in his choice of courses!
A. was B. were
7. If Mrs. Smith ________ ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema.
A. were B. had been
8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she _______ a queen.
A. was B. were
9. I wish I _________ better today.
A. feel B. felt
INFINITIVUL - THE INFINITIVE
to + verb = infinitive
Infinitivul are doua forme: infinitivul lung (The Long Infinitive), marcat de particula to şi
infinitivul scurt (The Short Infinitive) fără particula to. Acesta se foloseşte de obicei după verbe
de percepţie : hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive, sau după have, let, make.
Exemplu: To err is human. – A greşi este omenesc.
I made her work harder. – Am făcut-o să muncească mai mult.
GERUNZIUL - THE GERUND
Gerunziul, adesea cunoscut sub denumirea de formă în –ing reprezintă un substantiv format
dintr- un verb la care se adaugă terminaţia –ing.
Exemplu: I adore reading your books.
I detest going to supermarkets.
I quit smoking.
I can’t remember doing/having done this exercise before.
♥ - are categoriile gramaticale de timp şi diateză:
- Diateza activă:
Gerund: I enjoy learning English.- Îmi place să învăţ engleza.
Perfect Gerund He denies having taken the books. – Neagă că a luat cărţile.
-Diateza pasivă:
Gerund: He can’t stand being interrupted.- Nu suportă să fie întrerupt.
Perfect Gerund He denies having been invited. – Neagă că a fost invitat.
♥ - caracteristici substantivale:
Exemplu: The sound of a loud knocking at the door interrupted us.
her coming in interrupted us.
a baby’s crying interrupted us.
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Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Pune verbul din paranteze la gerunziu sau la infinitivul lung (to-).
Exemplu: They go on _______ (read) the book.
They go on reading the book.
1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike.
2) He agreed (buy) a new washing machine.
3) The question is easy (answer).
4) The man asked me how (get) to the railway station.
5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.
6) Are you thinking of (visit) Paris?
7) We decided (run) through the dark forest.
8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard.
9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift.
10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 3.
PARTICIPIUL TRECUT - PAST PARTICIPLE
- Este forma nepersonală a verbului care denumeşte acţiunea ca rezultat. Se formează de la
infinitiv la care se adaugă terminaţia – ed (în cazul verbelor regulate), şi forma a III-a în
cazul verbelor neregulate.
Exemple: He is an aged man. – Este un om în vârstă.
He is a learned man – Este un om învăţat.
A drunken man is unpleasant to look at. – Un om beat este neplăcut la vedere.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
1. Completaţi corect formele de participiu trecut.
the (lose) son
an (interest) audience
a (break) leg
an (empty) bottle
a (close) door
a (decorate) room
two (pack) bags
the (write) letters
the (sell) car
the (buy) apples
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VERBELE AUXILIARE - AUXILIARY VERBS
Au următoarele caracteristici:
♥ sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes.- Voi pleca după ce vine el.
♥ înlociuesc verbele noţionale în răspunsuri scurte şi întrebări disjunctive:
Do you like this book? Yes, I do.
He has written a good composition, hasn’t he?
♥ apar adesea sub forme reduse:
I’ve got a book.- I have got a book.
I haven’t got a book. – I have not got a book.
He’s come.- He has come
He’s here.- He is here.
Verbele auxiliare:
1. be/was/were/been
2. have/had/had
3. shall/should
4. will/would
5. may/might
6. let
7. do/does
Exemple:
1. Infinitive: be reading
Present: He is reading
Past: He was reading
Future: He will be reading
Conditional: He would be reading
Infinitive Perfect: have been reading
Present Perfect: He has been reading
Past Perfect: He had been reading
Future Perfect: He will have been reading
Conditional Perfect: He would have been reading
2. Perfect Infinitive: have read
Perfect Gerund: having read
Present Perfect: He has read
Past Perfect: He had read
Future Perfect: He will have read
Conditional Perfect: He would have read
3. Future: I shall give
Future Perfect:I shall have given
Conditional: I should give
Conditional Perfect: I should have given
4. Future: I will give
Future Perfect: I will have given
Conditional: I would give
Conditional Perfect: I would have given
5. Hurry up, so that we may arrive in time.- Grăbeşte-te ca să ajungem la timp.
They hurried so that we might arrive in time.- S-au grăbit ca să ajungem la timp.
6. Let me think! – Lasă-mă să mă gândesc.
7. Do you live in this town?- Locuieşti în acest oraş?
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Does he work here? – Lucrează aici?
Did he attend this school? – A urmat această şcoală?
I don’t like it. – Nu-mi place.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Alegeţi auxiliarul potrivit:
What ________ you done?
I ________ not like this song.
________ she know that you are here?
The lesson ________not started yet.
________you drink milk?
Who ________ eaten my biscuits?
It ________ not matter.
They ________ not want to play outside.
We ________ not seen you for a long time.
My friend ________sent me some photos.
The train ________ just arrived.
________ you understand?
They ________been learning English for two years.
________ you heard that?
My uncle ________ not eat fish.
I ________ not live here.
________anybody rung up for me?
She ________ not play the piano.
How ________ we get there?
Where ________ he live?
VERBELE MODALE - MODAL VERBS
♥ Verbele: can, may, must, ought to, shall, will şi parţial need şi dare formează grupul de verbe
modale. Aceste verbe nu formează infinitivul cu particula 'to'.
can - a putea, cu înţelesul de a fi în stare. În vorbirea curentă mai ales în întrebări se foloseşte în
locul lui 'may' (înseamnă şi conservă şi 'to can' = a face conservă)
may - a putea, cu întelesul de a avea voie. (înseamnă şi luna mai). În plus se foloseşte în urări, de
exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' .
must - a trebui, a fi necesar (înseamnă şi must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori şi prin
probabil (sau 'trebuie ca')
ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul
shall - este o întărire a unui ordin dacă este spus apăsat. Altfel formează viitorul persoanei întâi.
În acest ultim caz de obicei se înlocuieşte cu 'will'.
will - formează viitorul, particula 'voi' din româneşte. I will come = Voi veni. Se foloseşte şi la
formarea viitorului. (înseamnă şi „testament” şi „voinţă”).
need - a trebui, cu înţelesul de a avea nevoie
dare - a îndrazni, a provoca pe cineva
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Exemple:
I know I can.- Ştiu că pot.
May I have this dance? (Pot să am acest dans) - Îmi acordaţi acest dans?
May the force be with you! - Fie ca forţa să te însoţească! din filmul StarWars, adică să ai noroc.
If you must, you must - Dacă trebuie, trebuie.
I must be dreaming - Trebuie că visez (probabil că visez).
You ought to stop smoking. – Ar fi cazul/ar trebui/îţi recomand să nu mai fumezi.
You shall not kill = Nu vei omorî (să nu omori).
I will survive = Voi supravieţui.
Need I go on? - E nevoie să continui?
How dare you talk like this! - Cum îndrăzneşti să vorbeşti aşa!
♥ Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale
♥ Nu acceptă particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu şi nici forma cu -ing. Din această
cauză multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe.
Foarte important: Verbul care urmează unui verb modal nu are to în faţă. Adică, în limba română
se spune: Trebuie să mănânc. În limba engleză se spune: I must eat.
Atenţie: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal).
Din exemplele de mai sus vedem că această regulă a verbelor modale e respectată: I know I can
(fără 'to'), May I have this dance? (fără 'to') etc.
♥ Forma negativă nu cere do. Adică în cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not
pentru negaţie.
I eat meat - Mănânc carne.
I do not eat meat - Nu mănânc carne.
I can not eat meat - Nu pot să mănânc carne. (particula do cade)
♥ Forma interogativă nu cere do.
Do you eat meat? - Mănânci carne?
Can you eat meat? - Poţi să mănânci carne?
Must you eat meat? - Trebuie să mănânci carne?
♥ Aceste verbe nu se schimbă după persoană: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adică persoana a
treia singular nu primeşte 's'.
♥ Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propoziţii negative.
can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel mai
mult această regulă.
♥ Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i aşa' din engleză e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-i
aşa' depinde de verbul modal folosit în prima parte a întrebării. I can go, can't I? - Pot să mă duc,
nu-i aşa? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i aşa?
CAN/COULD exprimă
♥ capacitatea fizică sau intelectuală
Daniel can speak three foreign languages. Daniel ştie trei limbi străine.
Irina could run faster than you last year. Irina putea să alerge mai repede decât tine anul trecut.
Viitor: I’ll be able to skate next year.
Condiţional: Would you be able to manage by yourself if it was necessary ?
Could you manage by yourself if it was necessary ?
Te-ai putea descurca singur dacă ar fi nevoie ?
Observaţie ! Diferenţa de sens între could şi was/were able to se pierde la negativ sau cu verbe
de percepţie:
I couldn’t swim yesterday as the weather was very bad.
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I wasn’t able to swim yesterday as the weather was very bad.
I couldn’t see him in the dark.
I wasn’t able to see him in the dark.
♥ permisiunea
A: Can I borrow your pen ? B: Of course you can.
♥ permisiunea în trecut
On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten o’clock.- Duminică aveam voie să stăm în pat până la
ora 10. În acest sens, can/could poate fi înlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to: On Sundays
we were allowed to stay in bed until ten o’clock.
MAY/MIGHT
♥ folosit pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permisiunea (mai oficial decât can):
a) May I go ? Pot să plec ?
b) You may go. Poţi să pleci.
♥ exprimă o cerere, o rugăminte politicoasă (may este mai politicos şi oficial decât can/could):
May I use your phone ? Îmi daţi voie să dau telefon ?
♥ exprimă o posibilitate prezentă sau viitoare
He may come today- Se poate să vină azi.
♥ might este folosit în cereri insistente sau atunci când vorbitorul este iritat de neîndeplinirea
unei acţiuni
You might give me an answer. (Please, give me an answer)
MUST / HAVE TO / NEED
MUST
Must se foloseşte pentru a exprima:
1) obligaţia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now.
Must exprimând obligaţia poate fi înlocuit de have to sau ‘ve got to.
2. deducţia logică: She must be at home. She left two hours ago.
HAVE TO. Între must şi have to există următoarele diferenţe de sens:
a) Must exprimă o obligaţie impusă de către vorbitor, pe când have to exprimă o obligaţie impusă
din exterior:
I must go. (It’s my decision).
We have to go. (The shop is closing).
b) Must exprimă o obligaţie importantă, urgentă:
I must be at the hospital at two. It’s most important.
Have to exprimă o obligaţie obişnuită, repetată (habitual obligation):
I have to be at the hospital at seven o’clock every morning. I begin work at seven.
Prezent: You must stay home for a few days. You’ve got flu.
You have to stay home when you have flu.
Past Tense: He had to stay home last week. He was quite ill.
Viitor: You must stay home tomorrow if you don’t feel better.
You’ll have to stay home when you feel feverish again.
HAVE GOT TO
În vorbirea familiară, se adaugă got la have to, iar have se contrage obţinându-se
I’ve got/I haven’t got to phone her.
NEED/NEEDN’T
♥ folosit pentru a exprima lipsa obligativităţii
You needn’t come early to work= You don’t have to come early. (nu era nevoie)
SHALL/SHOULD.
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♥ Shall este folosit: pentru a exprima obligaţie, în stil oficial (acte, regulamente, etc. la persoana
a II-a şi a III-a)
The employer shall supply the necessary documents in due time.
Angajatorul va furniza documentele necesare în timp util.
♥ Shall este folosit în propoziţii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural:
a)- pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin:
Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde să punem florile ?
Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema diseară ?
What shall we do ? Ce trebuie să facem ?
b)- pentru a face o ofertă: Shall I help you ? Să te ajut ?
♥ Should este folosit pentru a exprima:
a) obligaţia, necesitatea logică de înfăptuire a unei acţiuni, de obicei sub formă de sfat de către
vorbitor:
The novel is very interesting. You should read it.
Romanul este foarte interesant. Ar trebui să-l citeşti.
He shouldn’t tell lies. N-ar trebui să mintă.
b) o presupunere: He should be there by now. Ar trebui să fi ajuns acolo deja.
OUGHT TO
♥ La fel ca şi should, ought to exprimă obligaţia sau datoria, de obicei sub forma unui sfat dat de
către vorbitor:
You ought to start packing before 12 o’clock to make the check out.
WILL/WOULD
♥ exprimă o comandă:You will do that immediately!
♥ exprimă insistenţa: He will work as a doctor no matter what!
♥ o invitaţie:Will you have another slice of pizza?
♥ o cerere, o rugăminte: Will you sign the papers, please?
♥ o rugăminte foarte politicoasă- cu would: Would you do me a favor?
♥ insistenţa, hotărârea de a efectua ceva în trecut:
He would continue writing for hours, no matter what I said.
♥ probabilitatea: That would be his pen.- Probabil că acela este stiloul lui.
USED TO exprimă
♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care nu mai este repetat în prezent:
I used to call him when I was a student, I don’t do this anymore.
Obişnuiam să îl sun când erma student, nu mai fac asta acum.
♥ o acţiune repetată, un obicei trecut care încă mai este repetat în prezent:
They used to go there every year and it is likely to find them there, too.
Obişnuiau să se ducă acolo în fiecare an şi e posibil să îi găseşti acolo.
BE TO folosit pentru a exprima
♥ o comandă sau instrucţiuni într-un mod impersonal:
He is to stay in the building till midnight.
Trebuie/va sta /urmează să stea în clădire pînă la miezul nopţii.
♥ o acţiune planificată: The meeting is to start at 7:30.- Întâlnirea urmează să înceapă la 7:30.
DARE
♥ este folosit cu sensul de a îndrăzni, a avea curajul, mai ales în propoziţii interogative:
How dare you say that? – Cum îndrăzneşti să spui asta?
Exerciţii – Practice
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LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
EX. 1. Alegeţi varianta corectă de răspuns.
1.We ______________ go to the party. We're going to a wedding.
A won't be able to
B will can't
C couldn't
D want be able to
2. He __________ pass the exam if he studied harder.
A can
B will be able to
C would be able to
3. I __________ remember his name.
A 'm not able to
B can't
C fish
4. They ____________ go. The weather was too bad.
A weren't able to
B can't
C couldn't
5. Sorry, Teacher. I ____________ do it yet.
A wasn't able to
B couldn't
C haven't been able to
EX.2. Alegeţi între must şi have to:
1. I _______be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be on
time.
2. You _______submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is not
complete, you will be rejected and you _______reapply at a later date.
3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sent
them?
Stephanie: It _______David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know.
4. You _______forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time.
5. You _______be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.
EX 3. Alegeţi verbul modal potrivit situaţiilor de mai jos:
1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours.
He _________ quite exhausted after such a long flight.
2. The books are optional. My teacher said we _________ read them if we needed extra credit.
But we _________read them if we don't want to.
3. Daniel _________ hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
4. The refrigerator isn't working. It _________damaged during the move.
5. Mike: _________you hold your breath for more than a minute?
Jack: No, _________.
6. You _________be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a
penny.
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7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to the
answer key. So, the answer in the book _________wrong!
8. You _________do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently.
9. You _________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, or
you don't. If you don't, just apply for another job.
10. You _________ leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused
yourself.
11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It _________cost a fortune.
12. _________we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there.
13. You had better take along some cash. The shop _________accept credit cards.
14. The machine _________start moving by pressing the left button.
15. I _________stand these people - I don ’t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them!
16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head.
_________ you think once in a while before you open your mouth?
17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they _________be here
by 5:00.
18. You _________ no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours!
19. If I had gone to an University in England, I _________participated in their English
immersion program.
20. The lamp _________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.
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PARTEA I
MORFOLOGIA - SUBSTANTIVUL
Definiţie: Substantivul:
a) denumeşte obiecte în sens foarte larg, adică fiinţe, lucruri, fenomene (woman, desk, rain, go,
happiness);
b) are categorii gramaticale de gen, număr şi caz;
c) poate îndeplini în propoziţie funcţiile de subiect, nume predicativ, atribut, apoziţie,
complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propoziţii sau fraze.
Clasificare:
a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day;
b) substantive formate din derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: childhood, disgust, unhappiness;
c) substantive formate prin compunere (substantivele compuse): schoolboy
d) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte părţi de vorbire:
- adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor;
- verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall;
- verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing;
- verbe la participiul trecut: the injured;
e) substantive formate prin contragere: ad (advertisement), fridge (refrigerator), gym
(gymnasium), lab (laboratory), liv (livingroom), poly (polytechnic), pub (public house);
f) abrevieri: MP (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna
Brown), Miss Brown (dra Brown), Ms Brown (apelativ pentru femei, căsătorite sau
necăsătorite)
g) substantive comune şi substantive proprii
- Substantivele comune pot fi:
- substantive colective, care denumesc obiecte constând din mai multe elemente de acelaşi fel:
family, people;
- substantive concrete, care denumesc obiecte sau substanţa constitutivă a unor obiecte: table,
wood, steel;
- substantive abstracte, care denumesc abstracţiuni: difficulty, worry, peace
Substantivele (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie de
obiecte de acelaşi fel, denumind în principiu un singur element dintr-o categorie. În limba
engleză, substantivele proprii denumesc:
- nume de persoane: John, Larry, Daniel;
- denumiri geografice
- nume de localităţi: London, Paris
- nume de ţări şi continente: Romania, France, Europe
- nume de ape şi munţi: London River, Carpathians
- diviziuni temporale
- lunile anului: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October,
November, December
- zilele săptămânii: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday
- sărbători: Halloween
d) nume de cărţi, ziare, reviste: The English Magazine, Nine o ’Clock
e) nume de instituţii
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Numărul substantivelor:
I. Substantive numărabile (Count nouns)
II. Substantive nenumărabile (Mass nouns).
I. Substantivele numărabile denumesc noţiunile ca unităţi separate, care pot fi numărate: a
boy, two boys, a few boys, etc. Au următoarele caracteristici:
a) sunt variabile ca formă, având atât numărul singular, cât şi numărul plural:
museum - museums, child - children;
b) pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori:
one book, three books, several apples, a lot of brushes;
c) la numărul singular se acordă cu verbe la singular:
The book is on the table. /The apples are in the basket.
Formarea pluralului substantivelor numărabile:
Formele de plural sunt de două feluri:
A. regulate, când pluralul se formează prin adăugarea desinenţei -s la forma de singular: book - books.
B. Neregulate, când pluralul se formează în alte moduri:
- Substantivele terminate în -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh adaugă es: bus - buses; glass - glasses; buzz -
buzzes; box - boxes; watch - watches; brush – brushes
- când -o e precedat de o vocală: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios; studios, zoos;
- adaugă -es la substantive ca: echoes, heroes, mosquitoes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes
- Substantivele terminate în -y precedat de o consoană transformă pe y în i şi adaugă -es: city -
cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc după vocale: boy - boys, play - plays;
1) -th→ ths: bath - baths; mouth - mouths; path - paths;
2) -f(e) [f]→ ves [vz]: calf - calves; elf - elves; half - halves; knife - knives; leaf - leaves; life -
lives; loaf - loaves; self - selves; shelf - shelves;
3) -se [s]→ ses [ziz]: house - houses
II. Substantivele nenumărabile
- denumesc noţiuni văzute ca un întreg.
- pot fi concrete: sugar, coal, steel sau abstracte: beauty, kindness.
Substantivele nenumărabile au următoarele caracteristici:
a) sunt invariabile ca formă: tea, information, cattle.
b) neavând contrastul singular - plural, ele nu pot fi numărate cu ajutorul numeralelor sau al
altor cuantificatori: I need (some) tea. I need (some) information. I need (some) scissors.
c) Se acordă cu verbul singular: Chinese tea is very good. Ceaiul chinezesc este foarte bun,
sau la plural: The scissors are on the table. Foarfeca este pe masă.
d) Unele substantive englezeşti fac parte atât din clasa substantivelor numărabile, cât şi din a
celor nenumărabile, cu diferenţe de sens:
She is a beauty. (Ea) este o frumuseţe.
Beauty is to be admired. Frumuseţea trebuie admirată.
She has got a new iron. Are un nou fier de călcat.
This tool is made of iron. Această unealtă este din fier.
În limba engleză fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele substantive
care sunt numărabile sau invariabile la plural în limba română:
- advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge, luggage,
merchandise, money etc
He always gives me good advice. Totdeauna îmi dă sfaturi bune.
You must do your homework carefully. Trebuie să-ţi faci cu atenţie lecţiile.
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I need further information. Am nevoie de informaţii suplimentare.
His knowledge of English is poor. Cunoştinţele lui de engleză sunt slabe.
Numărul substantivelor invariabile
Substantivele invariabile nu au opoziţia singular - plural. Ele au numai singular: gold, sau
numai plural the police, cattle etc.
Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor
cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of etc.
Substantive concrete: Substantive abstracte:
a piece of bacon a piece of advice
a slice of cake a word of advice
a piece of bread a piece of information
a loaf of bread an item of news
a piece of land an item of business
a strip of land a bit of business
a piece of furniture a piece of work
an article of furniture a bit of work
a bit of grass a word of abuse
a blade of grass a fit of passion
a piece of paper an attack of fever
a sheet of paper
Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns)
- genul este marcat formal: boy - girl, lion - lioness,
- se poate identifica de obicei cu ajutorul pronumelor care se referă la substantive şi care au
forme diferite după gen:
The librarian is at his desk. He is writing something. (el)
The librarian is at her desk. She is writing something. (ea)
Clasificare:
A. substantive nume de persoane
B. substantive nume de animale
C. substantive nume de obiecte
A.
brother/sister
earl/countess
father/mother
king/queen
lord/lady
man/woman
uncle/aunt
- ess: actor/actress
count/countess
god/goddess
master/mistress
waiter/waitress
-ine: hero/heroine;
-er: widow/widower
-groom: bride/bridegroom
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- alte substantive nume de persoane au o singură formă atât pentru masculin cât şi pentru
feminin. Ele aparţin genului comun: artist, chairman, cook, cousin, doctor, foreigner, friend,
quest, musician, parent, teacher, writer. Apartenenţa la genul masculin sau feminin se
precizează în context.
B: horse: stallion/mare
ox: bull/cow
sheep: ram/ewe
pig: boar/sow
deer: stag/hind
lion/lioness
tiger/tigress
cock/hen
dog/bitch
drake/duck
cock sparrow/hen sparrow
he goat/she goat
Tom cat/she cat
C: Sunt masculine substantivele care denumesc:
a) pasiuni intense şi acţiuni violente: anger, fear, murder.
b) fenomene naturale puternice: ocean, river, sun.
c) nume de fluvii: the Danube, the Thames.
d) nume de munţi: the Carpathians, the Cheviot.
Sunt feminine:
a) substantivele care sugerează o caracteristică feminină, un caracter blând, afectuos, cele care
indică fertilitatea: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice;
b) substantivele care denumesc trăsături negative de caracter: ambition, folly, jealousy, revenge,
vanity;
c) substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science
Cazul substantivelor:
În limba engleză, categoria gramaticală a cazului este marcată prin:
- desinenţă: the child’s book- cartea copilului
- topică: The man (N) opened the window (Ac).- Bărbatul a deschis fereastra.
- prepoziţii: I bought it for Mary.- Am cumpărat-o pentru Mary.
Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case)
The girl is waiting for her friend.- Fata îşi aşteaptă prietenul.
Cazul acuzativ (The Acusative Case)
I ate a pizza an hour ago.- Am mâncat o pizza acum o oră.
Cazul dativ (The Dative Case)
În limba engleză, cazul dativ este marcat de prepoziţia to sau for sau prin topică:
She gave some sweets to the children. – Le-a dat nişte dulciuri copiilor.
I bought a present for my mother.- Am cumpărat un cadou pentru fratele meu.
I lent her (D) a book (Ac).- I-am împrumutat o carte.
Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case). Substantivul în cazul genitiv exprimă în principal ideea de
posesiune:
Marc’s car is new.- Maşina lui Marc este nouă.
the girl’s dress; the pupil’s question – rochia fetei, întrebarea elevului
for goodness’ sake; for convenience’ sake – pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, de dragul comodităţii
Observaţie: Apostroful nu este obligatoriu în acest caz.
45
Apostroful singur, fără desinenţa -s se adaugă:
- la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys’ bicycles (bicicletele băieţilor);
the drivers’ attention (atenţia şoferilor)
- la substantivele nume de persoane terminate în -s: Dickens’ life (viaţa lui Dickens);
Charles’ books (cărţile lui Charles).
Obs: 1. La numele proprii terminate în -s se poate întâlni şi genitivul cu ‘s:
Dickens’s novels
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
EX 1. Scrie forma de genitiv în spaţiile libere:
Example: I met _______ sister yesterday. (Mary)
Answer: I met Mary's sister yesterday.
1) This is _______ book. (Peter)
2) Let's go to the _______. (Smiths)
3) The room is upstairs. (children)
4) _______sister is twelve years old. (John)
5) _______and _______ bags have blue stickers. (Susan - Steve)
6) _______ shoes are on the second floor. (men)
7) My _______ car was not expensive. (parents)
8) _______CD player is new. (Charles)
9) This is the _______ bike. (boy)
10) These are the _______ pencils. (boys)
EX 2. Puneţi forma de plural corespunzătoare substantivelor:
Put in the correct form of the plural of the given nouns.
Example: car - ___ Answer: car - cars
1) half - 2) kilo -3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish –
EX. 3.
Completaţi spaţiile cu următoarele cuvinte:
advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis
Example: a cube of _____
Answer: a cube of sugar
1) a piece of _____2) a packet of _____3) a bar of _____4) a glass of _____
5) a cup of _____6) a bottle of _____7) a slice of _____8) a barrel of _____
9) a game of _____10) a jar of _____
EX 4.
Creaţi substantive nenumărabile din literele de mai jos.
Exemplu: ira = air
aet ikn ilo fgo eber einw doow acek aclo ahir
46
ARTICOLUL ŞI ALŢI DETERMINANŢI
Determinanţii propriu-zişi ai substantivului
Articolul hotărât the child
Articolul nehotărât a child, an elephant
Articolul zero men, books, schools
Adjectivul demonstrativ this tree, that tree, these trees, those trees
Adjectivul posesiv my, your, his, her, our, your, their car, its tail
Adjectivul interogativ what/which/whose car do you want?
Adjectivul nehotărât each, person every, person, either side, some notebooks, any idea ,
no idea, neither student
Articolul nu poate fi o parte de vorbire independentă, el contribuind doar la determinarea unică
sau individuală a substantivului pe care îl însoţeşte.
Articolul este redat prin articolul hotărât the, articolul nehotărât a sau an sau prin articolul zero.
Aceste articole se folosesc pentru a realiza:
1) referinţa unică (unique reference) şi 2) referinţa individuală (individual reference)
1) The girl was running very fast. - Fata alerga foarte repede.
2) Where are the books I gave you? – Unde sunt cărţile pe care ţi le-am dat?
There is a pen on the table. There is an orange on the table.
There are (some) books on the table
Observaţie: a) articolul hotărât the, articolul nehotărât a( n) sau articolul zero pentru
substantivele numărabile:
The cow gives us milk.
A cow gives us milk.
Cows give us milk.
b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenumărabile:
Milk is good for our health.
Articolul hotărât (The Definite Article)
Articolul hotărât are forma unică the
Ex:the door, the window, the table, etc
The United Kingdom, the United States, the Art Gallery, The Sahara, etc.
Articolul nehotărât (The Indefinite Article)
Articolul nehotărât are două forme: a şi an
Ex: a story, a magazine; a water-melon, a year
an architect, an egg, an orange, an hour, an heir, an honest man
Articolul zero (The Zero Article)
În unele cazuri, substantivele nenumărabile, substantivele numărabile la plural şi numele proprii
par neînsoţite de articol:
She drinks tea every day. Clothes do not make the man.
În astfel de cazuri, absenţa articolului echivalează ca funcţie cu prezenţa unui articol. Acesta este
de obicei numit articolul zero.
Omisiunea articolului (The Elypsis of the Article)
Ex: a) I like honey. Îmi place mierea. (articolul zero = funcţia generică)
I like the honey they sell here. Îmi place mierea care se vinde aici. (articolul hotărât the)
47
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
A, an, the sau articolul zero. Pune răspunsul corect:
This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.
Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?
___ city museum is closed today.
He is one of ___ smartest people I know.
I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.
___ milk is good for you.
Would you like to see ___ movie?
___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!
Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?
ALŢI DETERMINANŢI :
Adjectivul demonstrativ (The Demonstrative Adjective)
♥ This – acesta, aceasta
♥ That – acela, aceea
♥ These – aceştia, acestea
♥ Those – aceia, acelea
This house is more expensive than that one. – Această casă este mai scumpă decât aceea.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Completaţi cu this/that/ these/ those
1. _______beach was quite empty last year.
2. _______exhibition will be open until the end of May.
3. _______people come from that hotel over there.
4. What does_______ notice say?
5. _______exhibition closed a month ago.
6. He was dismissed on the 13th. _______ night the factory went on fire.
7. Do you see _______birds at the top of the tree?
8. _______are the old classrooms. Those are the new ones.
9. _______is my cousin, Jessica.
10. Wasn't _______ a horrible thing to say?
Adjectivul posesiv (The Posesive Adjective)
♥ înlocuieşte posesorul şi determină numele obiectului posedat:
Peter’s bike is excellent for him to keep fit.
His bike is excellent ...
Adjectivul posesiv se acordă în gen şi număr cu numele obiectului posedat:
Her book - cartea ei;
48
His bike - bicicleta lui;
Their toys - jucăriile lor.
Comparaţi:
Adjectiv posesiv Pronume posesiv
This is my book. This book is mine.
That is your book. That book is yours.
That is her/his/its food. That food is hers/his.
This is our classroom. This classroom is ours.
That is their classroom. That classroom is theirs.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Completaţi propoziţiile cu adjective posesive:
1 He's from Spain. ____name's Alberto.
2 They're married. ____ children's names are Lauren and Daniel.
3 We're brothers. ____ parents are French.
4 She's eight. ____ brother's nine.
5 I'm British. ____ name's Peter.
6 You're students. ____ books are in the classroom.
Adjectivul interogativ (The Interrogative Adjective)
♥ determină numele obiectului asupra căruia se cer informaţii:
who are forme flexionare pentru caz,
which şi what sunt invariabile.
Caz Pronume
who what which
Nominativ who what which
Genitiv whose what which
Dativ to whom (formă literară) who ... to (vorbire curentă) what which
Acuzativ whom (formă literară) who (vorbire curentă) what which
Exemplu: What film did you see last night ?- Ce film ai văzut aseară?
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Completaţi spaţiile cu adjectivul interogativpotrivit.
1. _________________ time is the flight ?
2. _________________ girl has a red bag ?
3. _________________ mother is a nurse ?
4. _________________ subject do you like ?
5. _________________ books are these ?
49
Adjectivul nehotărât (The Indefinite Adjective)
♥ determină substantivul într-un mod global (all the pens, every child) sau parţial (each pupil,
either side)
Some = ceva, nişte, puţină, unii, unele, câţiva, câteva, vreun, vreo, se întrebuinţează în propoziţii
afirmative şi indică existenţa unui număr restrâns de lucruri, fiinţe, a unei cantităţi restrânse.
There are some books on his desk.
Any = vreun, vreo, nici un(ul), nici o, nici una, se întrebuinţează:
- în propoziţii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any student in your class could answer the
question.
- în propoziţii interogative şi negative: There isn’t any milk in the cup.
Every = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup fără a-i individualiza)
Every woman in the room has the right to speak.
Each = fiecare (se referă la membrii unui grup luaţi individual)
Each pupil must bring some plants to school.
Exerciţii – Practice
LUCREAZĂ SINGUR ŞI VERIFICĂ LA SFÂRŞITUL CĂRŢII!
Completaţi cu "any", "some", "no" or "none":
Exemplu: Are there any onions?
No, there aren't any.
1. Do ______ black people work in your company?
Yes, there are ______.
2. She hasn't ______ clothes to wear to the party.
No problem, I can give her ______.
3. Mary, there is ______ gas in the car.
Oh, no. We had better get ______.
4. Are there ______ good movies this weekend?
No, there are ______.
5. I want to take a shower; is there ______ hot water?
I'm sorry, there is ______ hot water.
50
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