One Million Things_ 2nd edition-compressed

OCEAN BOLIVIA C Tropic of Capricorn

PARAGUAY I This ear ornament was
made by the Chimu, a
URUGUAY T
people who were
N eventuallly conquered
N
by the Incas
PACIFIC ARGENTINA A
CHILE A

L
E

T
C

A
O

TRAElEacSorgn(eAgtirpnNoaaesnrDnsteaytroopiPesfcflaLaopttshiAmhaanrieacmne)eNt,isnurpt4wTih0fascfrehh,Ssofo0ilerwc0moesh0ugtosttrrisrgsh,ioplssrdwewheaa.cn.zhAViiiUAdeennmasrsntgrteVaaiiooeqcezafntaounbypemneseoplzhaaupeunitllDcealtistslneeaoasst’essnshrudoatr,fvCvwewihvhaiealedettre’asherp.eteladck Hippeastrum is a FaI(sltkloalanUndKds) ainnrCidEc1hehqt5emitheule3nheDsepax2dee.,ldupi1miaeHtTrtrIhore5eosdheNiectrertneahatrshtgtgCgehSrpaaIhrincpteedniAtreretchacuogaaiInashnnSneputlpstoiicagtucrS1scwafeehitohr2ovcgyaeruCtliatP,eoldrhrstuireeteiznhrgcshfcaariicrrtenvueeAttoeoheni.siamom.tredtotBnueeyrrdtyioc, a.
colorful plant that
thrives in Peru and Peruvian dolls were
Chile and produces handmade from llama
flowers up to 10 in
(25 cm) across or alpaca wool

Yerba mate leaves
are used to make a
popular tea, drunk
from a hollow
gourd (shell)

Cardon c SOUTH AMERICA

Rich in history, language, and culture, South Beef is a key
America is a vibrant place. Nature has made its mark component of
in the trees of the Amazon rain forest, while ancient Argentine cuisine
civilizations have left theirs in the city of Machu
Picchu in the Andes Mountains. The influence of
Spanish and Portugese colonization remains in the
languages, while samba sounds and traditional
tangos resonate at the festivals.

199 FCaPOoonPopfredOtenbrapcueitDapsovakeiaenaerssnsss,tsaassaqtrlrpoueeulvfeaaofeselffshosdtope,ownrimdcicyioetuehanf,soleamttodihnmdeedisane,mdtsfbiooeafrfrnveehocuarohrde.itentecethsst.eiyl.ipes

Roger Federer celebrates winning
a Wimbledon title at the famous
tennis competition in London

sptoetThnrlthpenesel,iaawsagByhaonueranrdiedtlvddsiemst.cahhbroSr,rieouuocSkcsnupcyceotgaetawnnhriasinoiasinrduhnestet,kdesraitruerhnrsmudeeedgsmatoybIhstereyoaetarnlsarib,asSre.enPstsOoincRceTrS The Tour de France was
2N0o0lrGwewIfahNelhaodirigyDmlueehraraU,i-cnstnwohedSydeictTIhischfsRieigstnilhhYtaosFienonicdndcgao.lsrainispnntbrdidoniugadesnnubtdrtcui’tsesSioiswinn.neeFdsaodusnreseitdnnrs,itaryl first held in 1903 and is
now the world’s biggest
cycling race

ICELAND This famous clock
Formula 1 car racing is a tower is part of
popular sport in Europe Britain’s Houses
of Parliament

Portugal has some N
of the best deep-sea
fishing in Europe AY Gulf of Bothni a
DE

RW E

Shetland Islands W FINLAND

Outer Orkney Islands O
Hebrides
S

Germany is one of N
the world’s leading
car producers Scotland

Northern North Sea ESTONIA
Ireland Sea

IRELAND UNITED DENMARK ic L AT V I A
t LITHUANIA
KINGDOM l
a
Wales B
RUSSIA
England (Kaliningrad)

NETHERLANDS BELARUS
English Channel
BELGIU POLAND
M GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG • CZECH

REPUBLIC
(CZECHIA)
Bay of F R A N C E
SLOVAKIA

Biscay •LIECHTENSTEIN A I MOLDOVA
R
SWITZERLAND AU S T
H U N G A R Y
SLOVENIA
The steel industry PORTUGAL CROATIA R O M A N I A
is thriving in MONACO•
eastern Europe ANDORRA • SAN Adriatic BOSNIA &

MARINO • HERZEGOVINA S E R B I A

SPAIN Corsica I T Tyrrhenia Sea
Mallorca Menorca
MONTENEGRO • KOSOVO BULGARIA
LY (disputed)
Ibiza A
Balearic Islands Sardinia ALBANIA • • MACEDONIA TURKEY

Gibraltar • Mediterranean Sea n Sea
(to UK) Sicily

Ionian Aegean
Sea GREECESea

Flower farming, especially
tulips, is an important
industry in Holland MALTA

About 60 percent of
farmland in Greece is
used to grow olives

CMITaanInEEdyuScHrEaocfuetaaeprrhmsnioeethtapaodienogenrrnaaesgcnliosSltte.fyihctaTiLeeotdhoi.feewenPsPradocsrf,eroraeilwngsndatutah’easuenirnlrrdeieidocsthfMcGaheatieehWsslantteflnoieceneivrstaaalaidresnetasce.riraenl Norway’s spectacular fjords adrAreLPacmANyfrmreoooeNrasurntstwinDeiltcetaehaSaysefli.ilC’nsyeAc.AlofrrdjIanoocsPneturaiEdglnnanseSdendscndtoosth’asn,fenltgtarMdhlanayesedctbidAsewceilrtapaseiptscrahehranasetndnhsdd.eeifafner
are one of Europe’s most
photographed landscapes The active volcano
of Mount Vesuvius in
EUROPE
Italy stands 4,200 ft
(1,280 m) tall

Barents Arctic Circle For a small continent, Europe has a made a big impact. In
Sea centuries past, its inhabitants spread across the globe, building
empires. Those days are gone, but the continent’s influence
remains clear in the European languages, architecture, and
entertainment still evident around the world. Thanks to
industrial growth and big business, many of the 44
countries are wealthy, with people enjoying a high
standard of living.

RUSSIA Russia is famous for its ballet Bronze statue
companies, such as the Bolshoi crafted by
celebrated
Ballet of Moscow and the 20th-century
Kirov Ballet of St. Petersburg British sculptor
Henry Moore
ineoxtMhhppieeubduramsiaabtemrnilatouhoiciacjopsmoneonEtfieusrrsmCsuyslr,s,dciraeUatpcctiroe,toasghaiip,oLrapmeiewanaeTnntsatpnua.deUtchuotdreeraribioRsrroensaesaiw,nng,Erarlatl.gsdet,rrshtitwac,,enhwrmidthiuetehsrrisci,t,age
Z A K H S T A N Painted in 1888,
Sunflowers by the Dutch
A

K

painter Vincent Van Gogh
is one of the world’s
best-known works of art

UKRAINE Caspian Sea Paella is a rice-based
dish containing meat
Sea of
Azov and seafood

Black Sea GEORGIA AZERBAIJAN

TURKEY

FPOwiczshhOzpeeiasrrlfweeDveoasepeFrneearsd,tamtrhc-enpretoêcoatikerphsoetleetiuadshsirx,saesuyasardpnrenuieBoodsIctenauiamlgyasglmleiucitaashyson,nsoupeSsfcplsaaosaeav.wlrlanoGeliatirteaekih,trrsnaemd.sonsts,arwdonnns g Mussels are a Crêpe is a type
popular dish of thin pancake

in Belgium 201
and France

PacidfiacnIcosTelofrhaCercNAneiUsagdebpblilsLwoeneeTecrladiitZnUelgetfjfiihoonRans,eyrlhaEacaltahnuhbAadlfetiukatupaamnsrtrn.aeraiTtlta,cysuhlat-irficeancaoendePlrnsmowaathelroytaatrrnrevaolreddedifsc.iiachttaTuhindhohletseeneuceoarMroiplfetna-a.trtghooineeroie.stnetd’s Aboriginal art SPORTS
depicts patterns
or scenes from The climate allows Australasians to make
the natural world the most of the great outdoors. Cricket,
Religious and mythical rugby, and golf are popular pastimes,
symbols were carved while sailing and surfing are coastal
into the wood of favorites. Preferred spectactor sports are
tennis, cricket, and rugby, with Australia’s
cricket side and New Zealand’s rugby union
team enjoying huge success.

Funnel-web spiders live
in eastern Australia and
can kill a person with a
Polynesian dolls single venomous bite
WAIuLmsDtarrLasluIaFpsaEiiaap’lwssobot(uemhemcmeshabtu)mc-aa,ksonts.mnnsudSo.tacoiMwshlnmspenaaitednnhsnetoyaka,rtfabtsininhtivlhrcigoevdleualesdcrdwratoteihronohaeergsetrl,auidekrklr’sosoyeaooossdakuuleawaannarseebdig,qlulla.iuirennresdattsosannadkes
Maori tools were MICRONESIA
blessed by their
creators to ensure
they worked well

PALAU PAPUA
K

oala Equator New Guinea
Gabiny
angaroo
Australia’s thorny K
devil is a spiny lizard
that blends in with its Tropic of Capricorn
desert surroundings

202 The trunk of the R
baobab tree stores T
water to survive S
U
TRAEusEtrSgarlopAasweiNaNraiDehonnwadyesoPwscaZmreLrehoilngaAyaefatilnrneaanNedyarlndlretTtditoesfrlh’suSedsuheeenpo.gisgnwlAthaaiaoAbntntnrhotudlsdrudsipatt’vbsrrlea8aaeel0nriuinuratpcens.atenTihtlqr,yhhecubpaeeheuttnuc,utdtoswmtoourthneirfndei’etlteersry,sa’pisnlafnotrse,sts. A

fruit aordsfediuZacSaPceIomhhiaNaraepoyllaDae.unspnpMadUridrosaiNo,nSdnaneAeudTwmruocaRctsaralGsteYsj.rtou,atsRrlugileinicecoaehhfxliaadpsia’r,nsotmsnhrmnctiiecnoeaakgrpltieeunpoahlr,efedaasrxwlisinplarvmoegoneosradreotl,d,xsuga.emprnocoledluedraststeh,raNnedw
Eucalyptus leaves provide
the main source of food
for koalas

All BlackNserwugZbeyatleaanmd’s The huge sandstone rock
of Uluru is an ancient site
Australia’s cricket team sacred to Aboriginal people
M AI SRLSAHNADLSL
ttpwthathaFeonPonerdsoHooArtmfreetuYahgatsmhNemStioreeamIainCnwsrla.iegiaAsnTgZ’vshayeiLoeecavknnoFloaaat’rsEllsnnacemAclodaiidrnf’eoTseoinNscegUsttefceifssoRrwyaloapasEmcenZnekSreoddsoaouscfalfsooandUfnfadresdlatuatghmltarileuunaraercPetaeiiasecnscr.disfic,
OCEAN KIRIBATI
K I R I B AT I
NAURU
PACIFIC T o k(toeNlZa) u Gushing springs of hot
water, called geysers,
TUVALU C ol(atoonNkZd) s
Is erupt regularly on New
A NEW GUINEA Zealand’s North Island

LOAMNODNS SAMOA PFor(letoynFnracenhcse)i a
OCEAN
S O L TONGA
I S
N(tiouNeZ)
VA N U AT U FIJI Australia’s Sunshine Coast
PACIFIC is a popular stretch of
beaches and bays

edo n i a AUSTRALASIA
anc e ) AND OCEANIA
CoSreaal e w C a l
N (t o F r

IA This southern-hemisphere region includes Australia,
L New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and neighboring
A Pacific islands. As all 14 countries are islands, much of
the wildlife is unique, and the landscapes are largely
iamonds Z ENAELWA N D unspoiled. Settlers from Southeast Asia first arrived
D in Australia thousands of years ago. By the 18th century,
Ta s m a n i augget European immigrants had reached the region, which is now
home to more than 30 million people.
Gold n
The Three Sisters
is a distinctive rock
formation in the Blue
Mountains, Australia

There are about andbSuyidladAntcimoTnueittuogysiOixetrstHrisoUshai,natflesiRrcduabblseucIetaoShsudanutnMeciadrnhnstaBNihlSntrieeyfiigoeddwSngsnaycsZeendeea.ydnnalelaeclyyanruyendlO.taduBAprraueurerosrc.etauklFiplnHanaodmgnopdutohuh,sualaeoarsnfbrfkoesrr
27.6 million sheep in
New Zealand. Some are
sheared for their wool

Sydney Opera House

203

tratchkteionatgdmeompgtneoeeicsntcloiltpgoorhAcmuiigenhanSrytnta.csgeiae.n,ribPeaccgrentrneewioetijeiscdlsnsseiatdae’mcslsnsitaeomfsArtraeicpwbe,lnunheRoeatcaplassluEhtytintuazShandd7teneiEer0A,o1Anp0ntse0RarrthCcemativaHmcenape.onrtarayndtemperaturecleeaxarcserstepkrTositeeeinoslaoeTnrasmcaOSbchloieotnvpUbrvoiscee5aeuewRssw0Aerea,tiiIsi0ntshtttpShot0rtherCassiMf0opeoort1tvIcrsnpuonhi9tdcaeibeets5coAehursoya0rrsenlpdiesapvrt,ilntnlaeeacaetmrrnidbvcuaietoyslicisisclaosteotahtvet,psieahpahaorlicinlniophtndtghrsitymetthaoeaoaenSankdvosdre.a.etuhTygstb,ehiohgraegophPbygultooaslgleneuehseet,tiattn.hrgee
ANTARCTICAtoerxiepsaTenchdaheimttiAhoeemdnSualeofnatudedtsrheetrnPhs-oewSlcethowoitnotr1rafe9acse1med1aorucsh base Touristsosvttheareyncoigranurheibtseonaaosshrtrdhiepessorerts

In the coldest continent on
Earth, the
can drop to –1120F (–800C), and human skin can
freeze in seconds. Yet, thanks to scientists who
are specially equipped to brave this harsh
habitat, research on some of the world’s most The largest penguin of all,
remote landscapes and wildlife is underway. the emperor penguin

huddles in groups to keep
warm during blizzards

Only discovered in 1820, Antarctica covers
5.5 million sq miles (14 million sq km), and,
incredibly, 98 percent of it is covered with ice.

(tcinraybmeDaaetreisnpreistecearetlshaeetuiarrtenksar)mille,

204 Humpback whales are neoasnretbsayhluisitesmloaapfamnehhtnedanTruihds,shbcben.tisearfmchbiundloloeAflusritatnnotohbtrmfiAawirrinailisnnsnlserivduechddeWe,rletonmIiidsvfitsfiact,Llneevs.cPatalDlImlifehsLaina,nIemickniaasFentnsneAEaeguadnl.statawrrhuctagilcgelsa,e
sociable mammals, preferring
to eat and travel in groups,
which are called pods

voslocRuaontMhsosoeiIrunsnlnamttnhoEdersetwisbaotuchrtsleidvoen LADNrgaDmlaiSccaeitCe(bi2crAe9sms,r5ePgaaauksnEisnnmud,cipsqf)ogteulnietioanaoetetntinApunol1gtanre8eTneant3rasdartasewmrsonticcsfthtsiaa2hliastiepcn,cehen1asehdpi7t.sbaa5swTrtryhcrameettteshiitetclceedhMs f(o3ou,r5n0t0aiknSms, ).O U Icethssheeeatlhl,avewnedscitofhiocneRrtmiomnsewesneIhtct’eessrtlSeahhreeglefst

HER N T H
CEA N
Fimbul E
Ice Shelf
U T R i i s e r - LSaeras e n CEAN
Dronning Maud O
Scotia Sea S O Land N
R
O Enderby Land
Shuelnft
W e dSdeeal l BIrce
Coats Land Kemp Land

Antarc Larsen
Ice Shelf
tic Peninsula

Filchner
Ice Shelf

Ronne Ice Mac Robertson Amery Ice Shelf
Shelf Land

Wilkins
Ice Shelf

B e l l i n Princess Elizabeth West Ice
S Land Shelf

g h a u s e n
e a

ANTARCTICA

South Pole

Transant arctic Mountains Wilkes Land Shackleton
Terre Adélie Ice Shelf
Ross Ice Shelf
Vincennes Bay
CLIMATE
Porpoise Bay
ibttIlnhiosewwdtihirsicornniieeiezfsgterewecs.ansarti,hItponantamwbdhonsoieufoefvtmsraAShetelonelmcfsuttrohSeaatenaharre,ytchneziettarniih1anncree8raag,nO5.tmaDtecL,mleemmaetsaopkseopnsiohrnset.ttfg(rh.r3adeaWt0toenhu0iuzert2ekbehasmilr,negrae/asah(ranl5ie)end,lscym)
George V Land

Ice cores are samples dD’ uUmr on t e Sea
taken by scientists for vil l

use in the study of 205
global warming

FLAGS Nor Saudi Arabia
way
Historically, army leaders carried flags into battle
as a rallying point for the soldiers. Today, flags are
used to decorate buildings, mark public events,
start races, honor the dead, or spell out messages or
warnings from one ship to another. But by far the
most recognizable ones are national flags—vibrant
in color and unique in symbolism. Organizations
and citizens fly the flag for their countries, building
up a strong sense of identity, pride, and unity.

Bhutan Australia Canada

1 2

Denmark 3 India South Korea
Philippines 4 USA
Chile
Japan
Iceland Kazakhstan
5
Somalia
Kenya
6
Per
Germany Mexico

7

u

206 8 Ireland

Spain 9 New Zealand Jamaica

10
ABnatribguudaaand
zeSouth Africa

Guyana

St Lucia

Beli

Colombia 8 IRELAND

China This has been the
flag of Ireland since 1919. The
orange stands for Protestants,
the green for Catholics, and the
white for the peace between them.

Russia Sweden

Uruguay 9 SPAIN

3 INDIA 6 MEXICO This young flag was
established in 1981. On the left-
At the center of the Traditionally, these hand side, where the flag gets
colors had religious and military hoisted, is the Spanish coat of
tricolor (three colors) is the connotations, but the new arms, which includes the royal seal.
meanings are defined as hope
ashoka chakra, meaning “wheel (green), unity (white), and the 10 JAMAICA
blood of heroes (red). The central
of law.” This symbolizes the hope image is a symbol from an earlier The flag of this
Aztec heritage. Caribbean country shows a gold
1 AUSTRALIA that the country will continue to diagonal cross, which embodies
7 GERMANY the shining sun, green, for the
move forward peacefully. fertile land, and black, which
During the Napoleonic represents strength and creativity.
The flag features wars of the 19th century, German
soldiers wore black uniforms with
a combination of the United USA red braid and gold buttons. These
Kingdom’s flag, the Commonwealth 4 became the country’s official
colors, appearing on the national
Star (with its points symbolizing the This flag is nicknamed flag. Public buildings often fly
the flag vertically.
original states of Australia), and the the “Stars and Stripes.” The 50

Southern Cross constellation (only stars represent the states of the

visible in the Southern Hemisphere). Union, while the red and white

2 SOUTH KOREA stripes are the 13 original colonies

to join the Union.

A red and blue Yin Yang KENYA
5

symbol on the South Korean flag

represents the Chinese philosophy Since 1963, Kenya’s flag

that everything in the universe has has been dominated by a shield

an opposite. The four surrounding and spears, used by the country’s therlands
Brazil
trigrams (groups of three lines) Masai people. This symbol shows

represent the ideals of balance, how the nation is determined to Ne United Kingdom

circulation, harmony, and symmetry. defend its freedom. France 207

MAPS SSpApiOthaastToorbrcsbatEecouoiecvtLrskgaifeanLanrctagtIce,hhTeplaatlehEhinintnpodegEIlusgaeMatsrrsahnaetreieAhnanet,tad,GutctsdhsasmaEeoeepttodftelasuamltiplnlroi.hiitdnleee,gssrteh.e

MwigbdnSndeoeocaaioasautvrpatgllvinasdeigrlandsap,arrpcratoroieieoerhnoavsitvideny,ecmisaadaroonblolaeinfdfpneuevwtusgtakwieasrctetsyuubeahyasenaraesen.nnlSbelsdraoxnteeoyrspmpaaruottrlnrtuisaeeehoseistedpnnedeotoesnbnmft.protooaOtaiaarmcuftpdtititrghoieeoEsupnesrynarrslsomreanmatornhonbefaea’utdotsitpwhdtlssero.erakls.

gmdiaavuoersesWeratuBirltstnamuhUhuygtceerahotIentrueLutmhkrrptDbueee,eldue,awncIeinNosttlandisonnzlGgiliasensantir,ngrsgoeaPuse.finaacsDLetttddrnhiAeswodeeetnfeaNonwip.dirrtlsrPskrttoaresoemjnurecscccaiehstpe.s STREET MAP
208
Useful tools for navigating
cities and towns, street maps
include road names and
notable landmarks, such as
railroad stations, hospitals,
churches, and parks. Street
maps are available online
and via some cell phones.

telhmatnGoebyDigGeiniyrndiiofenEcgecflroeeootOafeelrnglooesrrLsirusnmstaOtrntoensiundnnrdGscoeasttgucoutiItkoeiCridholenostyeAny,lrpostpwolL.holgecaheciskMncaisalasettelryiAboempmsentePcarfaosuooppdcsrfssuete.uidtral SAILING CHART

Nautical maps of coastal
or ocean areas are called
wcopachhfboiataotthrehruttnemstst.ostaiTaeinrdhlaibnehbeoseyae,azdncirnau.darcSrvdtlraiuhegsid,lenaoaeittrrsnisoi,sndhcndfaif.eoperprrsamyttthuotashrt,heieoessnelp

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lialnaoaDnastPnwPodreetdeHshrlmueamoedsYrnoceetacedsrSpona,ea.inIenmcnSCdtntdosreoeAtamadtsunsaorLnteoeaiiltlbtn,pMaitudephiyprnteopyAawhsnsiel,nyiteP.cflsitaeeafiiicnknaleaegtmdlhus,mo,iargaerpuahissstvpweagsrn.oesdl,l

209

ALLIANCESAoclrlaainolunplviastuaeteenirrrsosnc.tnueThasesthe.icsoeWwohnumaoiantrrlheeliidodntfo,nifgngglsouaretoanethhluncseeipc.yareslf,foobothfarrmcpeckseoeiaomnrapeglmllecaiaaonnlndlceeds UN ▲

After World War II ended in 1945, the United
Nations (UN) was set up to promote peace.
Today, the UN also plays a part in human rights,
economic development, and fighting disease.

INTERPOL ▶

Established in 1923,
Interpol helps national
police forces cooperate

on criminal cases
across countries.

WORLD BANK ▲

The World Bank was founded in
1944 to help rebuild postwar Europe.
Today, it gives poorer nations financial
and technical assistance.

NATO ▶

The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was
established in 1949. The

alliance protects the
safety of its American

and European
members.

▲ WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION OPEC ▶

Created in 1995, this is the only international The Organization of
organization managing the laws of trade Petroleum Exporting
between countries. Countries (OPEC) consists
of 15 of the largest
OIC ▶ oil-producing nations.
Its goal is to ensure
In 1969, Islamic there is a regular
leaders formed
and constant
an alliance to supply of oil.
protect Muslim
interests. Today,
the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation

(OIC) has 57
member nations.

210

LA FRANCOPHONIE ▲ EU ▲

About 220 million people The European Union (EU) was
created in 1993 to ensure that goods,
services, finance, and labor could move
freely between member nations.

speak French worldwide. CIS ▶
To celebrate this, a group

of French-speaking nations After the communist

set up La Francophonie in Soviet Union collapsed

1970 to promote French in 1991, leaders of the

language and culture. new republics formed

the Commonwealth of

Independent States (CIS). Its

12 states coordinate foreign

and economic policy.

LATIN UNION ▼ ◀ AFRICAN UNION

Languages such as Italian, In 2001, the African
Spanish, and French are Union was established
derived from the Latin of to reduce conflict and
Ancient Rome. The Latin Union poverty across Africa.
was founded in 1954 to preserve With its headquarters in
and promote the common Ethiopia, the organization
heritage of countries with has 55 member nations.
Latin-based languages, until
2012 when it was dissolved. ASEAN ▶

In 1967, Thailand, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore, and the

Philippines founded the
Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN).
Today, 10 member nations
share the goals of peace
and economic growth.

211

ECONOMY PRODUCTION

Since ancient times, farmers Every country uses its raw
have taken goods to markets, materials and its people to
where customers bargained make all kinds of products
over prices and sales were to sell. The best ways to
agreed upon. Today, the range maximize profit are to reduce
of goods is massive, but the production costs, pay the
principles remain the same. workforce less, and use the
Societies function by people speediest manufacturing
working together to grow, tools. As production increases,
build, manufacture, or so the economy grows.
distribute products
for consumers who TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
want them. Such
a system, for the In less wealthy countries, a traditional economy is
production, more common. People produce a few goods for
distribution, and themselves and sell what is left. Rural
consumption of farmers may grow produce
goods, is called such as fruit and vegetables
an economy. to feed their families and
then sell the rest at
These umbrellas for toes local markets.
might seem useless, but
if there is a demand, then DOMESTIC WORK
a supply will follow
Any unpaid work done at
SUPPLY AND DEMAND home is not counted as part
of the economy. Housework,
An economy works because there are people for example, contributes to
supplying goods and services to people who the market economy only if a
will pay for them. When there is a big demand, cleaner is paid for the job.
the price of these goods and services goes up,
but if there is a huge supply, the prices drop
to encourage the demand.

212

COMMAND VERSUS MIXED

The government takes control in a
command economy and is in charge of
the country’s economic activity. However,
in a mixed economy, some industries, such
as health and transportation, are publicly
owned and run by the government, but
the rest are privately owned.

RAW MATERIALS

Some goods are used to create a different
product. These are usually raw materials or
partly finished items, such as steel, coal,
wood, and paper. These goods are often
unrecognizable in the final product.

CONSUMER GOODS

Producers must recognize what people want in order to
create consumer goods that will prove popular, sell well, and

increase profit. A wide range of goods, such as cars, clothing,
toys, and food, are offered by many different producers to
ensure that individual consumer needs are satisfied.

213

French flag

German flag

In times of war, A passport is an official PROTEST ▼
governments can call government document
upon citizens to fight that allows each citizen If the citizens of a state or nation do
to travel abroad not agree with the actions or policies of
for their country the ruling government, they sometimes
rally together to stage a public protest.
CITIZENSHIP ▲ Often marching to the government’s
headquarters, people voice their concerns
People born into a country or state are called its in an attempt to bring about change.
citizens. This gives them the right to protection Protesters demonstrate
by the government as well as the right to vote. outside the Philippine
Along with rights come responsibilities, and presidential palace
citizens are expected to abide by the laws in 2007
of the land. Immigrants and refugees can
sometimes become citizens of another Megaphones are often
country. Each country or state is used by protesters to
identified by its national flag.
make their voices heard
THE STATE

Throughout history, countries have been run by
a variety of leaders and governments. At one time,
heads of state were royalty, ruling with absolute
authority. In many countries, power has now
passed to the people, as democratic elections
have replaced royal rule. Many citizens have
the right to vote for their political leaders and
to protest against them when necessary. Having
won a place at the forefront of government, prime
ministers and presidents run many world states.

LEGISLATURE ▶ Ceremonial mace
is kept in the UK’s
States have elected representatives who House of Commons
are responsible for making laws, known as In the House of
legislating. Government members debate Commons, ministers
new policies or changes to existing laws. debate changes to law
Once the laws have been agreed upon, they and government policy
are officially drafted by the legislatures. These
laws must then be followed by all citizens.

214 United States Congress
where new laws are passed

ccocintAoifznibedtanaelisnlnotpeitlarablicnoveotxottiheswesaihrliochcked Wigs are worn
by judges in some
DEMOCRACY ▲ Colored rosettes countries as part of
are sometimes legal tradition
In democratic societies, citizens worn by
have the opportunity to vote members of ◀ LAW AND ORDER
for their preferred candidate political parties
from a range of political parties. to show their A country’s judges, collectively called
On election day, people cast the judiciary, make rulings on criminal
their vote, and the party with allegiance in the allegations or civil disputes in courts
the majority is established as run-up to an of law. They interpret and uphold
the new government. election laws passed by the government
before delivering their verdicts to
United States the citizens involved. The law in most
presidential countries is upheld by a police force.
seal
German police cap
Presidents in South
America, such as Chile’s former A gavel and block used
leader Michelle Bachelet, wear by a judge to maintain
silence in court
sashes as symbols of office
◀ MONARCHY
REPUBLICS ▲
In the past, most countries were
Countries that have a president ruled by a king or a queen, and, as
as their head of state instead head of state, the monarch’s word
of a king or queen are called was considered law. Although some
republics. Presidents can be countries still maintain a monarchy,
elected by the citizens or their role is mainly ceremonial. It
appointed by the legislature is the elected government that
and usually act as head of generally takes responsibility
the nation’s government. for how the country is run.

Crafted with priceless
gems in 1838, the State
Crown was first worn by
British queen Victoria

This imperial seal
of China shows a
dragon guarding
a pearl, which
represents wisdom

215

ABRAHAM LINCOLN ▶ JAMES GARFIELD ▼ BENJAMIN HARRISON ▼

A passionate opponent The 20th US president was Electricity was first installed in the
of slavery, Lincoln led James Garfield, an army general. White House during the Harrison
the Union States to In 1881, he was assassinated after presidency (1889–1893)— his wife
victory in the Civil War less than four months in office. would not touch the switches,
of 1860–1865. His fearing electrocution.
speech at Gettysburg,
on the principles of
human equality, is one
of the greatest in
American history.

US PRESIDENTS ▲ GROVER
CLEVELAND
The United States is a superpower, dominating
global affairs. The nation’s head of state, the Grover Cleveland is
president, is regarded as one of the most powerful the only president
people in the world. Presidential elections are to have served two
followed closely by other countries, since political nonconsecutive terms
decisions made by the US president can impact the in office, 1885–1889 and
rest of the world. The president serves a term of 1893–1897. His second
four years and, today, can hold office for a term was plagued by
maximum of two terms. industrial strikes.

◀ HERBERT ▲ FRANKLIN D ROOSEVELT HARRY TRUMAN ▲
HOOVER
“FDR” served a record four terms in Truman saw the US through
The Hoover presidency office from 1933–1945. He brought a difficult postwar period. The
saw the Great Depression an end to the Depression with a Cold War (period of tension
of 1929 and public opposition with communist Russia) began,
to prohibition (the banning “New Deal” to bring relief to the and the country went to war
of alcohol). He did not win unemployed and took the with Korea (1950–1953).
a second term. US into World War II.
◀ RONALD
▲ GERALD FORD ▲ JIMMY CARTER REAGAN

Called to office after Nixon’s During Carter’s term of office, the Shortly after taking
resignation in 1974, Gerald Ford is US was beset by crises. At home, office in 1981, former
the only president not to have been there was recession. Abroad, US Hollywood actor
citizens were taken hostage in Iran. Ronald Reagan
elected either president or survived an
assassination attempt.
216 vice president. He went on to cut
taxes, increase national
defense, and improve
relations with Russia.

THEODORE
ROOSEVELT ▶

A reformer, Roosevelt
promised a “Square
Deal” for all. The
teddy bear is named
after Roosevelt,

who refused to
shoot a bear on
a hunting trip.

WILLIAM MCKINLEY ▶ ◀ CALVIN COOLIDGE

The first to campaign using Coolidge believed the
advertising techniques, McKinley government should not
won the 1896 election promising control too many aspects
to tax foreign goods. of people’s lives. A man
of few words, he was
nicknamed “Silent Cal.”

DWIGHT JOHN F. KENNEDY ▲ RICHARD NIXON ▲ George Washington 1789–1797
EISENHOWER ▲ John Adams 1797–1801
In 1961, “JFK” became the youngest In 1974, Nixon became the only Thomas Jefferson 1801–1809
Known as “Ike,” elected US president, aged 44. Kennedy’s president to resign, because of his James Madison 1809–1817
Eisenhower launched leadership inspired hope. His assassination involvement in the Watergate scandal James Monroe 1817–1825
the race between the in 1963 left the country shattered. (illegal spying in the opposition John Quincy Adams 1825–1829
US and Russia to explore party’s headquarters). Andrew Jackson 1829–1837
outer space. Martin Van Buren 1837–1841
William Harrison 1841
GEORGE BUSH ▲ BILL CLINTON ▲ BARACK OBAMA ▲ John Tyler 1841–1845
James Knox Polk 1845–1849
George Bush became A long period of economic growth meant The 44th president of the Zachary Taylor 1849–1850
president in 1989. From US, Obama was the first Millard Fillmore 1850–1853
1990–1991, he led an that, despite allegations of scandals, Bill African American to hold Franklin Pierce 1853–1857
alliance of troops in the the office and served for James Buchanan 1857–1861
Gulf War in response to Clinton always remained popular. two consecutive terms. Abraham Lincoln 1861–1865
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait. Andrew Johnson 1865–1869
Ulysses S. Grant 1869–1877
Rutherford Hayes 1877–1881
James Garfield 1881
Chester Arthur 1881–1885
Grover Cleveland 1885–1889
Benjamin Harrison 1889–1893
Grover Cleveland 1893–1897
William McKinley 1897–1901
Theodore Roosevelt 1901–1909
William Taft 1909–1913
Woodrow Wilson 1913–1921
Warren Harding 1921–1923
Calvin Coolidge 1923–1929
Herbert Hoover 1929–1933
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933–1945
Harry Truman 1945–1953
Dwight Eisenhower 1953–1961
John F. Kennedy 1961–1963
Lyndon B. Johnson 1963–1969
Richard Nixon 1969–1974
Gerald Ford 1974–1977
James Carter 1977–1981
Ronald Reagan 1981–1989
George Bush 1989–1993
William Clinton 1993–2001
George W. Bush 2001–2009
Barack Obama 2009–2017
Donald Trump 2017–present

217

Bishop’s miter This miter (hat) is worn by Saint Anthony People Cross Because Jesus CHRISTIANITY
a bishop in the Roman Catholic Church, who have led especially died on a cross, it is
the largest Christian body. holy lives are named as a powerful symbol Christianity is based on the belief
saints by the Church. of the Christian faith. that Jesus Christ is God’s son. The Bible,
Buddha The founder Christianity’s sacred book, contains
of Buddhism, Siddhartha the story of Jesus’s life and how he
Gautama, was born was put to death. Christians believe
in what is now his sacrifice means that followers
Nepal in 563 bce. will have an eternal life with God.

Statues of Buddha Merit sharing Buddhists Chalice In the ritual of
are often made believe that if they live Holy Communion, bread
of gold to show caring lives, they will build and wine represent the
his importance up merit (goodwill) and body and blood of Jesus.
have a better next life. They The wine is often served
Menorah This nine-branched candlestick can pass on merit to others in a chalice.
is used to celebrate Hanukkah, the Jewish in a merit-sharing ceremony.
festival of light. The central branch holds Icon of Christ Paintings
the candle used to light the others. In the temple, water is remind Christians that
poured from one vessel to God lived as a human
pass along merit to others through Jesus.

BUDDHISM

Unlike most religions, Buddhism
is not based on worshipping a god
or gods. Instead, it is based on the
teachings of the Buddha, who
showed his followers how to live
a good life and avoid sufffering
by controlling their desires.
Buddhists hope to achieve true
wisdom, known as enlightenment.

Prayer wheel
and prayer As this
Buddhist prayer wheel
turns, a mantra (a
blessing or prayer)
written on a scroll
inside “repeats” itself
over and over again.

JUDAISM Kippas Some Jewish men
wear skullcaps, known as
This is the religion of the Jews, also called kippas, when they pray as
Hebrews. Judaism was the first successful a sign of respect to God.
religion based on the idea that there is
only one God, and it formed the basis
for both Christianity and Islam. Central
to Jewish belief is that God chose the Jews
as a special holy nation and gave them a
set of laws to follow. The story of the first
Jewish people is told in the Hebrew Bible
(the Christian Old Testament).

218

HINDUISM Ganesh Hindus pray to Ganesh, the
elephant god of wisdom and help,
One of the oldest religions, Hinduism began 5,000 when facing a new challenge.
years ago in India. Hindus believe in a supreme spirit,
Water shaker In one Brahman, who reveals himself through hundreds of
Hindu ritual, priests gods and goddesses. Hindus practice their faith in
sprinkle water over different ways but share a belief in reincarnation—
the worshipers. the idea that a person’s soul has lived before and
will live on after death in another form.

Om This is Krishna This popular
an image of Hindu god is thought
the sacred to bring great happiness
sound, Om, to believers.
spoken after
Hindu prayer.

Krishna is usually shown
as a smiling youth
with sky-blue skin

Islamic scribe Because the Quran Islamic tile The Prayer beads God, or Allah, is thought
is believed to contain God’s exact sacred words to have 99 names. This string of 99 prayer
words, great care is taken when of the Quran beads can be used to remind Muslims
Muslim scribes re-create them. appear on many of the many names of the one God.
decorative
objects, such
as this tile.

Qibla Muslims must ISLAM
face the holy city of
Mecca when they pray, Muslims believe that God revealed his
five times a day. This words through an angel to the prophet
instrument helps them Muhammad, who collected them in the
find its location. Quran, the holy book. The faithful try
to live by the rules in this book. The most
important duties are the Five Pillars:
prayer, helping the needy, fasting for
one month a year, making a pilgrimage
to Mecca, and showing faith in God.

Torah scroll The most important RELIGION
book in the Jewish faith,
the Torah contains a list of A religion is a set of beliefs that helps explain life’s mysteries.
instructions for everyday life. People seek guidance from their religion on how they should live
their lives. Most people with religious faith believe in either one God
or many gods. They express their faith through rituals, such as gathering
together with others to worship, and by studying sacred books. There
are many different religions, but those included here have the most
followers around the world.

219

FESTIVALS

Across the world, people celebrate festivals for a range 3 THANKSGIVING 4 DRAGON BOAT FESTIVAL
of reasons. Though many form part of religious worship,
others were created to mark a change in seasons, to This North American festival is This festival is celebrated in east Asia.
focus on cultural traditions, or to celebrate an important held on the fourth Thursday According to legend, when a Chinese
milestone in history. Some festivals take place on of November in the US and the official named Qu Yuan drowned in a
the same day every year; others are based on ancient second Monday in October in river, people rowed out on boats with
calendars or a new moon, so the dates change. Special Canada. Families get together dragon-head prows and dropped
food is almost always a part of each festival. to give thanks for the first good parcels of rice wrapped in bamboo
harvest of the European settlers (zongzi) into the water to divert the
more than 400 years ago. hungry fish away from his body.

1 CHRISTMAS 2 DAY OF THE DEAD Pumpkin is a fall
vegetable, made into
This Christian festival celebrates During this Mexican festival, held on a pie at Thanksgiving
the birth of Jesus Christ and is November 1, families believe that
celebrated in most countries on the souls of dead relatives are able 3
December 25. Traditions include to return to the land of the living for
decorating fir trees, exchanging one night. They decorate altars
gifts, attending church, and in homes and cemeteries with
waiting for a visit from Santa Claus. candles and flowers.

Family and friends gather
for a Christmas meal, with
treats such as this stollen,
a spicy fruit cake

1

4

Skulls made from Sticky rice, with
sugar and water may sweet or savory
be decorated with the filling, is wrapped
in triangular parcels
names of the dead
5
2
A mooncake is cut
220 into wedges and
served with tea

5 MIDFALL FESTIVAL 6 FEAST OF ST. LUCIA 7 EID AL-FITR 9 PASSOVER

This east Asian celebration, which Each year, on December 13, people This Muslim festival marks the end In March or April, Jews celebrate
dates back more than 3,000 years, in Sweden and Norway celebrate of Ramadan, a monthlong fast. The Passover to remember when Moses
falls near the traditional harvest, the feast of Saint Lucia (a Christian celebration lasts for three days, led the Israelites from slavery in
when the moon is at its lightest girl who died for her faith). Early in starting with the sighting of the Egypt. Passover lasts for seven or
and brightest. Family and friends the morning, a young girl dressed new moon. People dress in their eight days and includes a special
gather in the evening to eat in white (often the youngest best clothes and go to the mosque. meal called a seder. Each part of
mooncakes, rich rounds of daughter in the house) takes a tray the meal has a symbolic meaning.
pastry with lotus-seed fillings. of hot saffron buns to her family. 8 DIWALI
10 EASTER
During Eid, children Also known as the Festival of Lights,
enjoy sweets made with Diwali celebrates the victory of The Christian festival of Easter
pastry, nuts, and honey good over evil. Hindu families light recognizes the resurrection of
oil lamps and put them on ledges Jesus on the third day after his
7 and balconies. They also send cards death. It falls between late March
with wishes for a good year. and April each year. People attend
church and exchange Easter eggs.

Matzoh, a flat,
crackerlike bread, is
eaten to remember
how Jews left Egypt
in haste, not waiting
for their bread
dough to rise

6 Horseradish
represents the
A roasted egg 9 bitterness of slavery Shank bone is a
reminds Jews of reminder of the
sacrifices made in the Green vegetable, lamb sacrificed
temple in Jerusalem often lettuce, at the first
in Biblical times Passover
represents new life Apple and nut
Parsley is
dipped in 10 mix represents the
saltwater to mortar that held Egyptian
remember the Chocolate or buildings together
tears of the slaves painted eggs
are given as 221
8
Easter gifts
During Diwali,
people take gifts of
sweets to the houses
of their friends

CITIES

Cities have existed since ancient times, when they
functioned as trading hubs, often at the heart of sprawling
empires. By the early 20th century, one in 10 people lived
in a city. Industrialization has led to massive urbanization,
and more than half of the world’s population are now
city dwellers. Modern cities are centers of
commerce, culture, and government.

▼InfaooCcsAroweinIcfnnnTictdctiiYuipeeetorno-pysynS-tletisebotnTGtciacdTAoereat,eoefseTltetndthsascEth,aGyebeaysesrr,ltt,ineeeiasmtAedhmtwkweottAshesshac.,rtteaesBewhnipmycmehsioitnttsuphimahessnollettmvw.drhhe5treaoeasetisnhndr ts. Theckofnbainloriubssmwsttioolridnvhutlueeiicn7agtdtt,sgihe0hosd“-0uenprs0ip.iakscnHeTwcyisteokstybaIchdyGirruosneaadcifHylpr1cdb,aHie8-tiempnro8yRcseg0noa,cIr”ssgSerms.,enwEtKWnetoteooehtw▶irwrnthaeshegen,r.

MaaronodcueinerndnttAchtiethyer-usntisanwtseoasf built
the

troanTfnoeFtscwxfhpoiattenourytsrnotaotrdanaafrneotdidLviddfoioewntnbcrnhgisiyddtl,eRiioeontteThopInskoVhepswtnnaoaEtRomehbkroRwtreeoeuemytsnaLshoapoRdiIfntVrsfivtivesifeead,eeIasnnNetrrd.ahetsbsaGndeugd.iel▶t ▲SrAoetMhRmmrliianeguEaebihtbkoLichaaeiuiIre,tmGtsaiiihersmsIppsilOstiialaafelaegdcrUscert.r.eeiiSMAmmidomleealfCtpc.gMotEcoheaMurNe,ttsaouilpTninsmrMEltoSismRpaesuhcshcdeaoatisuolndce
222 The Palace of Westminster imshWcCuoetOhgrnogeeulwNaenrurnbUwgarscaTbe,uioRtctsaiirikhttotBnryyenbcnoAaon.eee,rtnTcTxielJgouipyhaaInhmrOaep3hbcbn7aewaaaNodnsblmtolrs,ieoiiort▶nitwdnllanodlgieniaot’isthsns.

home to the British parliament

◀ POPULATION GROWTH

Until recently, the majority of the world’s
population lived in rural areas. Today, most
people live in cities, where they have
migrated in search of work and opportunity.
In many cities, such as Mumbai in India, this

has led to overcrowding as temporary
shelters spring up on the outskirts.

WORLD HERITAGE ▶

The United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO) has
listed sites of outstanding

cultural or natural importance
in order to preserve them.

Called World Heritage Sites,
these include cities such as
Djenné in Mali, with its
large mud brick mosque.

inctohaunegndoitdnrvdeytUeee,J▲rnvraanitenonmilSldroe1—ePipsr9nomoEt6thC0aeowe,nnIbatAmthrntaihoLentneedLcdtdYeaehrpnatenosBietctcwaeUeaclnnopcIoctaaLieoftsTparutBil.torroaaHaflgfzotwieBhwl reawgeasrvasobíeslwiurRa,it.itlhothe ◀ DESERT CITY

cCeFChneuVhtIwTeroaacrtYmbhacciociniu.ettfafWyTttylnhtoa-h-ohssegfeCtItnemaT,atieVhttctRH,yeoeaeeoastiixIwmnPnniNrccosedeiaaR,tpmpnnhAopnetamoarCiioteaitsCanseitmnnota,IodthnTaigIowstoaiteYadntlhnlilhascyeye▶,, At night, the lights of Las Vegas
shine out across the Nevada Desert.
stamps.
Las vegas means “the meadows”
because the vast city was once just
a place where travelers stopped

for water as they crossed America.

223

EXTREME LIVING Tuareg headscarf Wound around
the head and neck, this headscarf
Humans have found a way of living in some of the most protects the Tuareg people
inhospitable environments on Earth—including the scorching from the blistering sun
deserts, the icy Arctic, and the steamy rain forests. Desert and sandstorms.
dwellers have to cope with the daily problem of finding water.
In the Arctic, the challenges are keeping warm and finding Sun hat Boomerang This
food to eat. The rain forests are full of life, but many of the Worn by the throwing stick, was
animals are dangerous, and some of the plants are poisonous. Fulani of West used by Australian
Africa, this
hat shades aboriginals for
the face. hunting wild

animals.

Snowmobile ARCTIC Icebreaker
This motorized sled A sharp pick
has skis for gliding The frozen Arctic is one of the toughest
places on Earth to survive. There are no is used to
over the snow. plant foods, so Arctic people came to rely break thick,
on hunting seals, walruses, whales, birds,
and fish. Without lumber, they used skins solid ice.
and bones to build shelters, sleds, and boats.
Modern inventions, such as the snowmobile,
have made life in this frozen wilderness easier.

Fishing rod Arctic Lapp stick This stick with a spadelike
dwellers fish through blade is used by the Arctic Lapp
holes in the ice. people for probing and digging.

RAIN FOREST Poison dart frog This frog Hammock The
produces deadly poison, used to hammock allows people in
Unlike the Arctic and the desert, the South tip blowpipe darts.
American rain forest has a wide variety of the rain forest to sleep
animals and plants. The problem is that many in midair, away from
of the animals and birds suitable for eating live snakes and insects.
high up in the canopy. Hunters scan the trees
above for prey, such as monkeys, and then shoot Mosquito net Protection
them down using blowpipes firing poison darts. from insect bites is crucial
when sleeping, since
diseases like malaria are
spread in this way.

224

DESERT Goatskin bag The Camels Bedouins travel using
Arabian Bedouin draw camels, which can go without
The extremes of temperature water from deep water for long periods thanks
faced in the desert—extremely to the fat stored on their backs.
hot during the day and very wells and transport it
cold at night—is the main in goatskin bags.
problem desert dwellers
face. They are constantly Ostrich egg The
on the move, searching San people of the
for freshwater supplies,
sometimes using the flight Kalahari Desert,
of birds and insects as in southern
their guide. Having found
water, they must make sure Africa, fill ostrich
that not a drop is wasted. eggs with water

and bury them
for using later.

Skin shoes The Traditional
Sami of Northern parka The Inuit
Scandinavia wear of the Canadian
shoes made of Arctic wear thick,
reindeer skin. warm clothing
made from
caribou skins.

House on stilts Rain-forest people build Blowpipe Crafted from wood, Modern Arctic
these as protection from flooding and blowpipes are used to hunt clothes These are
creepy-crawlies. birds and monkeys. just as warm as the
traditional wear
but are lighter and
more flexible.

225

BYZANTINE MOSAIC

This detail from a mosaic of colored
tiles shows Theodora, wife of
Emperor Justinian (ruled 527–565),
with court officials. The Byzantine
Empire, based in the eastern
Mediterranean, was an offshoot
of the Roman Empire.

226

History

227

PREHISTORY Sickle A long flint, mounted
in a wooden handle, forms
OcotTwphanheuleeloertrmehepddfei,loirepsssfoutrltasbeecttnajohohetronicnaspltetssesoa,,dtstrbmohtyo,to.aoabnlWtdseuep,ef,sitortoaeaehrnerhfmooidiwnuusewtdtntroawiodrotliisournc2—idtgt.pf5t.hieewrLmonosaatwpitrscleelloeirticno,hpolpvneeprrefydeeytnsrhlebt,,ieavietwshdrhetsoee,dinairn.rsigedcoly,
bronze, and finally iron. a farmer’s sickle, used
to harvest grain.

Polished ax
This ax, with

its polished
flint blade,

was used
by farmers to
clear land to
create fields.

Chopper This chopper Iron pyrite Handax Invented Flint blade
was made 2.5 million 1.5 million years ago,
years ago, by chipping a the handax was
pebble to make a cutting
edge. It would have been the first stone tool
used to smash bones to made to a design.
get to the marrow inside. The pointed end

Flint was used for
cutting meat
or digging up
edible roots.

Scraper The best stone Adze This adze,
tools were made from with its flint blade
flint, which forms set in a wooden
sleeve, was used
sharp edges. This to shape wood.
tool would have
been used for
scraping animal
skins clean.

Antler hammer Making fire
A toolmaker Prehistoric people
used an antler learned to make
hammer to fire by striking
strike flakes flints against lumps
from a flint to of iron pyrite.
shape it.
Mammoth-shaped hook held the atpsaihBnThneneedevoHdteesptwEupnshloeepteaewAepwnfdnlaGydetarh1romgEe0enfo,iea0snOfaewb0ogte0losFed.ww–dBs9Ftaaob,yoAy0yefcs0ooRceop0afftnMlmtballtliicenrffeeIoeet,Nds—mlpsloipaGenofwnroagrednerp▲amtltrhdienoeie.ngiipnbgruer.ftleraohTmerhoe,daedpMnayoseniulpdenipumdatpllraavenlitilelseEilo,sada,sngsutftseoacrshro.smtAsaoeissnr,eg
spear in a long, straight handle,
which launched the spear with
greater force and speed

Spear thrower From
30,000 bce, people made
carvings of the animals they
hunted. This spear thrower is
in the shape of a mammoth.

HUNTER-GATHERERS ▲ Antler pick European
farming people mined Arrowheads Farming
For most of prehistory, people lived by hunting animals and for flints, digging with people continued to
gathering wild plant foods. Hunter-gatherers lived in small picks made from hunt wild animals,
bands, which were often on the move, following herds of deer antlers.
animals and looking for fresh sources of food. The first humans using bows and arrows
lived in Africa but gradually spread across the globe, settling with skillfully shaped
first Asia and then Europe. Humans reached Australia by flint heads.
50,000 bce and the Americas between 30,000–14,000 bce.

228

COPPER AND BRONZE ▼ Sickle Iron was used for Neck ring This
everyday tools, such as the bronze neck ring
The next discovery was how to make tools from metals.
Around 5,000 bce, people in Europe and Asia learned blade of this sickle, set in was worn by a
how to extract copper by heating certain rocks. They an antler handle. British Iron Age
used the bright metal to make tools and jewelry. Around
3,500 bce, they discovered that adding a small amount A sickle was used for warrior as a
of tin to copper made a harder metal, called bronze. cutting hay or crops. protective charm.

Bronze sword The discovery Royal dagger This Iron dagger The
of tougher bronze led to the bronze dagger, scabbard of this
invention of a new weapon— decorated with iron dagger is
sea creatures in decorated with
the sword. This one has gold and silver, bronze strips. It
been cleaned to show belonged to a was found in the
its golden color. ruler of Mycenae Thames River,
in Greece. England, and dates
Belt boss This decoration, Spearhead This is the from c. 550–450 bce.
which would have hung head of a huge spear, Iron Age sword Iron
from a belt, was made which would have been made stronger swords
by flattening a piece of thrust rather than thrown. than bronze. This fine
bronze and hammering Together with its wooden iron sword, which is
patterns into it. shaft, it measured more 2 ft 4 in (70 cm) long,
than 7 ft (2 m). was discovered in 1987
Bronze pin Bronze, in an Iron Age grave.
with its gleaming It is a rare find because
golden color, was iron objects are usually
destroyed by rust.
popular for jewelry Mirror This
among the rich. These is the back of
an intricately
pins were used to decorated bronze
fasten clothes. mirror. The other
side was highly
polished to give
a reflection.

Ax head Bronze Short sword This THE IRON AGE ▲
tools, such as this ax Ancient Egyptian
head, were made by weapon has a smooth Although iron is the most common metal on Earth, it was
pouring the molten handle so that it could the last to be used to make tools. Unlike copper and tin,
metal into molds. be gripped tightly. iron does not melt when heated in a fire. People did not
The blade is ridged learn how to shape iron, by heating and beating it with a
for extra strength. hammer, until around 1,550 bce. While bronze was a metal
for the rich, everyone could afford iron.

229

2
1

3

6
7

9

FIRST CIVILIZATIONS 1 King Sumerians believed 3 Nobles These men may have
that kingship was handed down been priests, relatives of the king,
from the gods. This king wears or wealthy landowners. They
More than 5,000 years ago, farming peoples in the river no crown, but his importance is are shown sitting on chairs with
delicately carved legs, evidence
valleys of Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Egypt, and India shown by his kilt and the fact that of luxury at the palace.

created the world’s first civilizations. In Sumer, southern he is larger than everyone else. 4 Musicians This man is shown
playing a lyre, which has a wooden
Mesopotamia, people known as Sumerians built the first 2 Servants Two men move sound box decorated with the
cities. Each city was ruled by a king, who governed on behalf between the king and his guests, head of a bull. Other instruments
of the local god. This scene shows the king of the city of Ur from the time included harps,
bringing food and drink. Their low lutes, reed pipes, and drums.

receiving goods from his people. status is shown by their smaller
230 size. They would have lived in the
palace or in mud-brick homes.

5
4

8

10

5 Singer The only woman in the 7 Fishermen Rivers offered 9 Workers This man carries ▲ THE STANDARD OF UR
scene is singing with the lyre player a plentiful supply of fish for all a bundle on his back, the heavy
to entertain the guests. Music and early civilizations. From the Indus load strapped to his head. It was This mosaic of blue lapis lazuli,
dancing played a key role in in India, the Nile in Egypt, and the thanks to the toil of workers like red sandstone, and white shell
religious rituals, such as giving Euphrates and Tigris in Sumer, fish this that massive temples for the was made in the city of Ur in about
thanks for a good harvest. were caught with nets or spears. gods could be built. 2,500 BCE. It decorates one side of
a small wooden box found in a royal
6 Farmers Although the area 8 Animals Sheep, goats, cattle, 10 Clothing Made from either grave. The purpose of the box is not
was hot and dry, silt from the rivers and pigs were vital to the first wool or flax, both men and known. This side shows a peaceful
kept the soil fertile. Farmers also civilizations. They provided meat, women wore tufted kilts, designed banquet, while the other side
dug canals to divert water to their milk, leather, and wool. Oxen to resemble sheepskins. Wealthy depicts scenes of war.
crops, which included barley, were used to pull plows and men and women also owned
turnips, onions, and dates. donkeys for transportation. elaborate gold jewelry. 231

CLASSICAL WORLD

The civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome are collectively
known as the “classical world.” The word “classical,” in this
instance, refers to culture of the highest quality. The Greeks were
pioneers in science and the arts. They influenced the Romans,
who spread this style of art, architecture, and literature across their
own empire. Men in both societies were eager to find fame, often
through military might.

Although little is known Socrates was described
about Homer’s life, it is as having a round face
generally thought that and a snub nose
he was blind
Lionskin
headdress of

legendary
hero Heracles,
renowned for his

superhuman
strength

HOMER PERICLES

During the 8th century bce, SOCRATES A statesman and
Homer wrote two great epic
poems about the legendary general, Pericles
Greek war against the city of
Troy. The Iliad recounts the Socrates (469–399 bce) was (c. 495–429 bce)
story of the Greek warrior
Achilles. The Odyssey describes an Athenian thinker whose was a leading
the adventures of another
hero, Odysseus, as he journeys influence on philosophy figure in Athens
home after the war. Homer’s
writing is so powerful that it was so great that all earlier when the state
is said to have influenced
writers through the ages. philosophers are referred was a democracy
He was so important to the
Greeks that they simply to as “pre-Socratic” (before (meaning “power
called him “the poet.”
Homer’s poems were Socrates). However, unlike by the people”).
originally sung or
chanted to the previous thinkers, such as He filled Athens
accompaniment
of a lyre. Pythagoras, Socrates did with temples,

not try to understand such as the

the universe. He Parthenon, which

believed that it was was dedicated to

more important to ALEXANDER THE GREAT Athena, goddess
of the city.
find the best way to One of the world’s greatest Pericles also
generals, and bravest of soldiers, promoted the
live. Accused by his Alexander (356–323 bce) was arts and made
king of Macedon, to the north Athens the
enemies of being a of Greece. After forcing the cultural center
Greeks to unite under his of Greece.
PYTHAGORAS bad influence, he leadership, he conquered a vast
was put on trial and
A philosopher, astronomer, sentenced to death
by drinking poison.
and mathematician, Pythagoras
empire, stretching from Egypt to
lived in the 6th century bce.

He is remembered today for his northwest India. By the time of

work in geometry—particularly his death, aged just 32, he had

his theorem about triangles—but won lasting fame and was forever

he was also a religious teacher. known as Alexander the Great.

Pythagoras wanted to unlock

the secrets of the universe and

saw mathematics as the key to

everything. He believed that

numbers were the ultimate reality.

232

Julius Caesar Like Augustus, Trajan
was known to wears the oak wreath,
be balding and called the civic crown
combed his hair Oak wreath was an
forward to try award given to Augustus
to disguise for saving Roman lives
the fact

Trajan’s goatskin cloak is
worn for godly protection
and displays the image of
the snake-headed Medusa

Although Augustus lived
to be 76, his statues
always showed him as
a handsome young man

JULIUS CAESAR TRAJAN

Politician, general, and writer, EMPEROR AUGUSTUS A Spaniard by birth,
Julius Caesar (c. 100–44 bce) is
famous for his conquest of Gaul Augustus (the revered one) was Emperor Trajan (ruled
the title given to Julius Caesar’s
(modern-day France), which adopted heir, Octavian, when 98–117 ce) was the first
he described in his book he became Rome’s first emperor.
The Gallic Wars. He Augustus (ruled 27 bce–14 ce) Roman ruler to be born
also fought and won took power after defeating his
a civil war against a rival, Mark Antony, in battle. outside Italy. He was a
rival Roman general, He ruled Rome for more than
Pompey. Caesar 40 years and brought peace successful general, and his
marched on Rome and stability to the empire
and was declared after years of civil war. conquests in the Balkans
dictator for life. He
was later murdered and what is now Iraq
for acting like a king,
which went against brought the Roman
the principles of the
Roman republic. empire to its largest

size. In Rome, a

AGRIPPINA famous column
was built in his honor
The wife of Emperor Claudius, decorated with scenes
of his campaigns.
Agrippina (15–59 ce) was a

powerful and ambitious woman.

SULLA She persuaded her husband

As a Roman general, to adopt Nero, her son from a
Sulla (138–78 bce)
was a ruthless and previous marriage. She is thought
ambitious man. His
quarrels with a rival to have then poisoned Claudius
general, Marius, led to
the first in a series of so that the 16-year-old Nero could
bloody civil wars—in
which Romans fought come to the throne. At first, Nero
against each other.
Sulla was the first was dominated by his mother, but
general to march on
Rome as the head of an he eventually grew tired of her
army and seize power.
Julius Caesar later interference and had her murdered.
followed his example.

233

234

Taghafeorrrcitsarosetnslsefoawnradssoaldiers Castles were the
stately homes
Vsuinrreoyuanrddsed of France’s
by walls richest nobles
Asfheaaperdmdeast—wsoaolbnirketkesd,omtowhnoisesst Wheat was cut
using a curved
by hand blade called
Pftmtewehlhowaaeiertsrydharrv’ycinosigoltulophaustretglhsdtrle—eahmnadeivosestion a sickle
cltWiahnleoeleimnrdhehanaeiwarcdoiwmdvirepterhlseesad
FMggwlEiareviaUntdinnhdiDegtseivnoAldaaleldnLlaxsideocnSrhcidsnOia.etneAtoCygxtIchewEthihfsaaToesnnYrobogaboregpltfetaioosen.rmciIezsneewordrvfeeiitrlcnaueetnr.otndhA,aettto“htpfhefeeaeanurstomdaobanpfllteosswsyrwsasttushhepetomhpmw,el”iseoekbdrlivnaktesgehesde.wdtkhohionneg The falconer
was a well-paid
professional
huntsman

HUNTING

tpwcThaahhesreettMlrreDiedisudgaakdeneglsedr,ooAslfwuagBnpaeednsors,srf.,yhTrduiwhcunhiacstlskiypnsaag,divprnweeitgsraisyneseogpdtnhosnshew,oofaebwanrlvfedsuoshlrotiimttashekcaeeasnrpsbtabolineirrrtdddasosth.foEaTfttdhhapermmroeraupyicngehtysho.,ohuutnt

dTehseigcnaestdlebwotahs The church was
ewltonoeredasmhl’stoyhpwaoarnwomdfefierrtesahpneedl the center of
Drawbridge village life
ttgtThhhrheeoeeyuktlcnonohduiwgarsrhnewgtapesamadallresaanttted
wheoaitcrhshelobatnahccekersaormn ed Dwinoevaree“skdaeonpvdtecfpooigtreem”oentaostwer
alchPighvaeeeiraldssboharefe,ny1nato0nldnidfiddemtwnhaoeantsy Haystack

aocgICnnanrtdAolShyueceSsnapdiTmrdtrveLsapemlEodlsefbwtBetthhoerUe,reoetIslhcsLtcaeoaDosnngtnIeldrseN.attropGhufeecsStgeawdureemdraeuut rrhs.iknaMirgllvaeotnhsfytetemhMde,aiagdmsndasilfseeioecAnengsnhetwesch,raeuossticilnneusgtthaend Bhfmoeoeeondhdeiiycvaientnosdepssmwroaevkeideteend
Thoththianoteedhetpe-fhttar,oeeoronmdglfotuiehvaccre,laeloldr
priest

235 MEDIEVAL LIFE FTuewAhsvueiesRrarepylMloaysimnnHseitamOilwnlpgUaolenusShdlbdEoudweiildadstinl,nifosgeltesoehwpnai,vtaheanfgjaudlrasmltsivso,iennwtewohogiicnrehtttehwwre.oarF.sraTovrhmeoermhywoseuiwxnsphdeeeosnrwwseisevree.

Medieval means “middle age” and is the name given to the period BOOK OF HOURS
of European history between the fall of the Roman Empire, in the 5th
century, and the beginning of modern history, around 1500. During These paintings are taken from a prayer book called “Book of
the Middle Ages, 90 percent of the population lived in the countryside Hours.” It was made for the French Duke of Berry around 1410 and
as peasants—poor laborers who worked for wealthy nobles. details prayers to say at different times of the day and year. In the
Middle Ages, books were rare and precious objects, handwritten
and illustrated by monks, and most were religious texts.

AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS Rain god Chac, the
Mayan rain god, had a
Until the arrival of European invaders in the 16th century, complex and
powerful civilizations flourished in the Americas. From 250 to 900 ce, long nose and fangs.
the Mayan kingdoms of Central America built cities with huge stone
temples and developed systems of mathematics and astronomy. An Inca walks
From the 14th century, the mighty Aztec Empire built pyramid behind a
temples and made sacrifices to their sun god. In the 15th century, Spanish invader
the Inca Empire stretched for more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km)
along the Pacific coast of South America, with a network of
roads and fortress cities high in the Andes Mountains. Pipes of different
lengths make
different notes

1 EVERYDAY LIFE Flint blade with
serrated edge
The Aztec, Inca, and Mayan civilizations were
all based on farming. The most important
food crop was maize (or corn), used to make
pancakes, called tortillas, and beer. In addition
to farming the land, people had to serve
their rulers as soldiers, builders, or laborers.

1

2 POTTERY Knife There were no Music The Incas Drink The Incas
metal tools, so knives made music by drank “chicha”
American people made pots by were made of stone. blowing across the (maize beer)
rolling clay into long strips, which top of cane pipes. from painted
they coiled to make the walls wooden beakers.
of their vessels.Pottery served
both a practical purpose,
such as carrying liquids
and boiling food, and
a decorative one.

Conical base for Inca designs were The hunters,
standing the pot in a influenced by basketry disguised as deer,
hollow on the ground weaving patterns creep on all fours

Jaguar skin
decorated

with feathers

2

Inca pots The Incas used these pots to carry and Plate Paintings
store beer. People carried them on their backs, on pots often
using a rope passed between the handles. reveal details
of daily life. This
Mixtec cup This cup Mayan plate shows
was made by the how people hunted
deer using blowpipes.
Mixtecs, the Aztecs’
southern neighbors. A blue hummingbird
perches on the rim,
236 ready to take a sip

Gold was the 3 GODS 4 KEEPING RECORDS
“sweat of the
sun” to the Incas The Aztecs and Mayans worshiped many These civilizations had various ways

gods and goddesses, whose statues they of keeping records. The Aztecs used

kept in pyramid temples. They believed a picture writing system, with pictures

3 that the gods made the sun rise in the standing for words and ideas. The Maya

morning, the rain fall, and the crops had a more complex system, with signs

grow. For the Incas, the sun, moon and standing for sounds. The Incas did not

Earth were themselves gods. Inti, the sun write but kept records using lengths of

god, was the most important of them. knotted string, called quipus.

Offering Gold figurines were Aztec signs for 5 RITUALS
left by the Incas as offerings different days
to the sun and Earth. People believed that the gods needed
to be given offerings to ensure their
continued goodwill. The most precious
offering was human life, and the Aztecs,
Maya, and Incas all practiced human
sacrifice. The Aztecs and Maya went to
war to capture prisoners, whose hearts
were offered to the gods.

Chac carries a ball Calendar This book is a
of incense, which calendar, used by Aztec
was burned at priests to predict the future.
religious ceremonies
Quipu The color,
4 size, number, and
position of the knots
Mayan records Mayan books were painted on all had a significance
paper made from fig tree bark, which folded to the Incas.
up like an accordion.
Knots were used
for counting

Shield Aztec Tezcatlipoca, an
warriors Aztec god of
wore colorful war and strife
costumes and
carried shields

decorated
with feathers.

5 Eye shapes were
This mask is from often part of the
Teotihuacán—an knife’s decoration
earlier civilization
than the Aztecs

Funerary urn Burned bones Stone mask Carved stone Sacrificial knife Aztec priests
of Aztec warriors who died
in battle were buried in urns. masks were placed as used stone knives to cut out

offerings in Mexican temples. the hearts of prisoners of war. 237

SEAFARERS Taut rope running from
each end of the ship
Seagoing craft have been built for at least 50,000 years. prevents it from sagging
The first boats were probably log rafts or hollowed out
tree trunks. At some point, people came up with the EGYPTIAN SHIP ▲
idea of catching the wind by raising a piece of cloth—
the first sail. As ship building methods improved, This Egyptian seagoing merchant ship is
sailors set off on longer voyages, using their ships constructed from planks tied together with rope
to explore, to trade, and to raid. and dates from 2,450 bce. Its collapsible mast
carried a single square sail. Traveling against the
wind, the crew lowered the mast and used oars.

pothweeOwratinrhsdewdsehrroipepuwpsehedednto The size of
the sail could be
adjusted with ropes

CARAVEL ▶ ◀ VIKING LONGSHIP

The caravel was a ship for exploration, From the 8th to 11th centuries, Vikings
invented by the Portuguese in the 15th built ships strong enough to sail the
century. It had lateen (triangular) sails, stormy Atlantic Ocean and light and
which are much better at sailing into the slim enough to travel up shallow rivers.
wind than square sails. In ships like this,
explorers found the sea route to India. Sails are
painted with
A lookout sat
in the crow’s Christian
nest on the mast crosses

◀ GALLEON

This 16th-century English galleon warship
was also used in trading and exploration.
It had several decks, with many openings
in the sides of the hull from which guns
were fired. European navies used the
galleon until the 18th century.

238

The stern post was
carved into the shape of
a swan’s neck for luck

ROMAN MERCHANT SHIP ▶ ◀ ARAB DHOW Saiflibmeardmeaftrtoinmg

The Romans built merchant ships From the 8th century, Arab merchants
with big, round bellies that could and fishermen crossed the Indian Ocean
store large amounts of cargo. This in dhows. They sailed with the monsoon
shape made them stable but very winds, trading goods between India
slow. They were usually safe from and North Africa.
attack, because the Romans had rid
the Mediterranean Sea of pirates.

A pair of lateen
(triangular) sails

could catch
side winds

CHINESE JUNK ▶

The stern-mounted rudder, easier to
control than a steering oar, was invented
by the Chinese, 2,000 years ago. Chinese
ships, called junks, could have up to nine
masts and were the largest wooden
sailing ships in history.

Clippers had
dozens of sails,

making them
very fast

CLIPPER ▶

The clipper was a 19th-century
trading ship with a long, slim hull
and multiple sails. The name “clipper”
was originally a nickname for a fast
horse. British and US clippers sailed all
around the world on trading journeys.

239

WAR 1 BOW AND ARROW

Throughout history, wars have broken out between tribes The bow and arrow, invented more than 12,000 years ago, is one
or nations over land, resources, and status. Methods of fighting of the oldest weapons used in war. There are various types. The
changed over time, as people invented new, deadly weapons to fight longbow was often used by foot soldiers, while this short Mongol
with and improved ways of protecting soldiers from injury in battle. bow is designed to be used from horseback.

2 ARMOR

The earliest soldiers wore armor made from wood, leather, and
bone. After people discovered how to work metals, soldiers could
wear armor made of mail (interlocking metal rings) or metal plates.

Mongol archer In the 13th century, Mongol warriors from Medieval knight European knights saw warfare as a way
east Asia conquered the largest land empire in history. to win honor. Knights wore expensive suits of armor
They fought on horses, using bows and arrows. to protect themselves and as a display of wealth.

Iron mace Mace (heavy Leather helmet Slits in the visor
club) was used Armor made allowed the wearer
to strike down of hardened to see and breathe
enemies leather plates
fleeing sewn together
on foot

A disk called a
“besague”
protected
the armpit

2

1 Sword used 3
to stab at
Bow weak points in Light and
enemy’s armor flexible armor
allowed the
knight to
move freely

Dagger and Steel-bladed sword
ornamental
scabbard
(holder)

Quiver Red leather quiver could Even the knight’s feet
hold up to 60 arrows were covered by armor

240

3 SWORD 5 FIREARMS

Swords are weapons for close combat (hand-to-hand fighting). They have Invented in China in the 14th century, firearms (portable guns) increased a
a point for stabbing and one or two sharp edges for slashing. A crossguard soldier’s ability to kill his enemy from a distance. These weapons ended the
above the hilt (handle) prevents the user’s hand from sliding down onto the age of the knight, whose expensive armor could offer little protection.
blade and protects it from an enemy’s sword.
6 CAMOUFLAGE
4 UNIFORM
In the 20th century, brightly colored uniforms were replaced by clothes
In the confusion of battle, soldiers need to be able to tell friend from foe. that helped soldiers blend in with their surroundings. Colors and patterns
Uniforms mark out which side a soldier belongs to and encourage discipline— like the green and black stripes on this uniform are known as camouflage,
soldiers wearing identical uniforms are more likely to act together as a group. from the French camoufler (to disguise).

French infantryman In the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), US paratrooper In World War II, some soldiers attacked
soldiers marched in ranks to the beat of a drum. At the enemy from the air. They leaped from airplanes
a signal, one line all fired their muskets. wearing parachutes, landing behind enemy lines.

Sewing kit for e
repairing uniform Belt to hold extra
ammunition clips
Grenad

Life jacket inflated
when paratrooper
landed in water

Ammunition Shoes Bayonet
pouch with had metal
fitting for studs to
carrying make them
bayonet sturdier

4

Short Bayonet 6 Protective gloves
sword was (knife
of limited that Musket Helmet
use in battle attaches able to
but useful to the fire just
for chopping end of three
wood in a gun) times per
camp minute
5
The shako
(hat) gave Rifle fired eight Ammunition clips
little protection shots before needing for reloading rifle
but made the to be reloaded
soldier look taller 241

REVOLUTIONS

A revolution is a sweeping social change that takes place in a short
period of time. This is often violent, as unpopular governments are
overthrown, either by mass uprisings or small groups of organized
revolutionaries. The goal of revolutionaries is to create a better
society—to make people more equal, or more free. Yet it is often
easier to destroy a bad government than it is to create a better one.

▼ REVOLUTIONARY WAR

Between 1775–1781, Britain’s 13 colonies in North America fought
a war of independence, in which they successfully threw off the
rule of King George III. In their 1776 Declaration of Independence
(below), the American leaders declared that “all men are created
equal” with the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

242 ▲ FRENCH REVOLUTION

In 1789, rioting against the government of King Louis
XVI spread across France. Using the slogan of “liberty,
equality, fraternity,” revolutionaries overthrew the
king. In 1793, the French leaders launched a reign
of terror, during which they executed all opponents,
including the king, by guillotine.

◀ RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ◀ CUBAN
REVOLUTION
The Bolshevik Party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized
power in Russia in October 1917 and founded the first In 1956–1959, Cuban rebels,
communist state. The communists set about creating a led by Fidel Castro and Che
new kind of society, a “workers’ state” based on Guevara (left), overthrew the
common ownership of industry and land. corrupt government of the
dictator, Fulgencio Batista.
▼ CULTURAL REVOLUTION Although Castro went on to
rule as another dictator, he
In 1949, communists, led by Mao Zedong, took power in improved conditions for the
China. In 1966, Mao, who feared that China was sliding away Cuban poor and provided
from communist principles, launched a “cultural revolution” them with greater access to
to root out old ways of thinking. Opponents and intellectuals hospitals and schools.
were persecuted, and the country came close to chaos.

▲ VELVET REVOLUTION

Mass protests in November 1989, and a
general strike in Czechoslovakia, proved
enough to bring down the unpopular
communist government. The lack of violence
led to this being called the “velvet,” or soft,
revolution. Here, marchers carry the flag of
the new Czech Republic (Czechia).

243

INDUSTRIAL ◀ FACTORIES
REVOLUTION
Huge buildings, called
From the late 18th century, the invention of factories, were constructed
machines that could do things faster than ever to house the new machines,
before brought dramatic changes in the way row upon row. Machines,
people lived and worked. Known as the such as these looms for
Industrial Revolution, these changes took root weaving cotton into cloth,
in Britain and quickly spread to Europe and were powered by a steam
the US. It began in the textile industry, with engine, and the noise
new machines powered first by water and they made would have
later by steam. This led to a huge demand for been deafening.
coal, to fuel the engines, and iron, to make
the machines. New towns sprang up as Factory workers
farm laborers moved from the countryside endured hot, humid
to work in the factories. conditions and air
thick with cotton dust

Woolen shirt RAILROADS ▶

Woolen shawl In 1804, British inventor
Richard Trevithick built the first
FACTORY WEAR ▶ steam-powered locomotive. Early

Factory owners preferred locomotives carried coal from
to hire women and children mines. From 1825, passenger
to men, because they were trains were built, and armies of
cheaper and easier to workers lay down railway lines.
discipline. Women in
the factories wore heavy, “Puffing Billy,” built
durable clothes, which in 1813–1814, is the
were products themselves world’s oldest surviving
of the Industrial
Revolution’s textile boom. steam locomotive

Skirt made from
thick, coarse cotton

fabric called calico

244 Leather boots studded
with hobnails for durability

▲ NEW TOWNS

In the factory areas,
villages grew into huge
towns almost overnight.
Workers’ houses were built
as cheaply as possible and
often crammed closely
together. The industrial
towns were dark places,
where the air was filled
with smoke from the
factory chimneys.

▲ INVENTIONS Plans for a
new method
The driving force of the of converting
Industrial Revolution was iron into steel,
the rapid development of new invented by
ideas, methods, and machinery. Henry Bessemer
Newly invented steam engines in 1855
were used to power innovative
new machines that transformed
the mining, textiles, and
metalworking industries.

▼ DISEASE

People lived crowded together in the
new factory towns. They had no proper
sewers, garbage collection, or clean
drinking water. Diseases like cholera,
typhus, and typhoid often swept
through the towns, killing thousands.

Medicine box used
to treat cholera

245

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CTHfhroeotOroIsmitwegLbEiisibavnEuatifochacrcRtaotntteseeuiApermerdseswiheas▲iiodbann.ouygVbftIrenimhycsc,dhetodewiiomarPfrlchiaevnsahirorcknadiahmsidnin,ectciagwataasitdrnwhaarpigsiicsapaeeobtasisaemnrnitosrfnhdebuupes1lgtdoh8adchila2lahretuer9toart.tlheehder,aa. Smallpox caused
painful raised blisters,
which left scars behind

after they healed

FLU PANDEMIC ▶ SMALLPOX ▲

A widespread outbreak Smallpox was a disease that could scar,
of disease is called a blind, and even kill its victims. Like the flu
pandemic. The worst or the common cold, it was caused by a
case in history took virus, a minute agent that can grow or
place in 1918–1920, reproduce only inside the cells of living
things. Smallpox is one disease that has
when a deadly strain of been wiped out by modern medicine.
flu spread around the
globe, killing 50–100
million people. Face

masks were widely worn,
for it was correctly

understood that flu is
spread by coughs
and sneezes.

246

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been created.

247

MONEY

Before money existed, people traded by bartering, or swapping,
different goods. The problem with bartering was that each trader
had to want what the other trader was selling. Money was invented
as a medium of exchange—something with a recognized value that

could be used to buy other goods. Money is usually made
of rare materials, such as precious metals or colorful
feathers.The first written records of money date back to
Mesopotamia (now in southern Iraq) where weighed
silver was used about 4,500 years ago.

Tobacco leaves were the
currency for the British settlers

in North America in the 17th
and 18th centuries

1 At different times in
history, cowrie shells
Gold doubloons made
by the Spanish invaders have been used as
payment in China,
of Central America India, and Africa

2 5 CHINESE COINS 8 STONE MONEY

1 EGYPTIAN HOARD In 500 BCE, bronze coins in China Heavy currency was used by the
were made to resemble tools or islanders of Yap in the Pacific Ocean.
In Ancient Egypt, payments were the cowrie shells of an earlier The huge stone disks they used to pay
made with various metals, and currency. The shapes were so for items were often too weighty to
their value was based on weight awkward, they were replaced by lift, some measuring 13 ft (4 m) across.
not shape. This resulted in a wide circular coins with square holes.
array of bars, rings, and pieces of 9 CHECK
gold, silver, and copper. 6 BANK NOTE
An alternative to cash is a check—a
2 BURMESE WEIGHTS Paper money has its origins in form that details how much money
10th-century China. Handwritten should be transferred from one bank
During the 18th century, silver receipts provided by merchants account to another. In medieval times,
weights called “flower silvers” gained such importance that the Knights Templar issued checks to
were used as money in Burma the government started printing pilgrims so they could travel across
(now Myanmar). Liquid silver paper receipts for specific sums. Europe without carrying money.
was poured into a mold, and
a floral pattern added. 7 WAMPUM 10 CREDIT CARDS

3 TRADER’S MANUAL Native Americans created belts First used in 1920s America to
known as wampum from white buy gas, many people now rely
Coins were regularly shipped and purple clam shells. These on plastic credit cards. Issued by
overseas in the 16th century. belts represented money and banks and businesses, cards are
To identify the different coins were used to seal deals. a convenient alternative to cash.
and their value, Dutch
merchants used handbooks 3
detailing foreign currency.
Up until the 17th
4 FEATHER MONEY century, silver rings
were the method of
The Pacific Islanders of Santa payment in Thailand
Cruz used long coils made of
feathers to buy canoes. The
brightest and boldest feathers
had the highest value.

248