LEADERSHIP TRAITS AND ETHICS

Leadership Traits
and Ethics

GROUP 1

CONTENTS

Introduction

1 Big Five Model of
Personality

PRESENTED BY
Li Li

Introduction

Introduction

I am in a warm and well-organized group
Lovely group members:

Considerate group leader

Learning Outcomes

1. Big Five personality dimensions. (Li Li)
2. Universality traits of effective leaders. (Sun Dawei)
3. Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader Profile. (Sun Dawei)
4. Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect. (Ain)
5. Three levels of moral development. (Jannah)
6.The stakeholder approach to ethics. (Maisarah)

Review

1. What is leadership?
2. Why do we need leadership?
3. Are leaders born or bred?

Leadership

• Leadership is the influencing process of leaders and followers to
achieve organizational objectives through change.

The Chen Sheng-Wu Guang
Uprising (209 B.C.)
The first large-scale peasant
uprising in China's history

Is there anyone born as a king, duke, general or minister?

The following dynasties had to consider the issue of popular support,
which alleviated the oppression of the people to a certain extent
Mencius said: To a state,the people are the most important thing.The
state comes second.The ruler is the least important.

Importance

■ For crisis situations
■ For organizational performance
■ For employee job satisfaction
■ For successful management

Speech by Elizabeth I in 1588

I know I have the body of a weak and feeble
woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king
and a King of England too, and think foul scorn
that Spain or any prince of Europe, should dare
invade the borders of my realm to which rather
dishonour I myself will take up arms.

Born or bred

How about your idea? and can you give some examples to
support your idea?

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1HA411F7n4/?spm_id_from=333.788.recommend_more_video.-1

ONE

1

Big Five Model of
Personality

Content

1. The Great Man Theory
2. Trait Theory
3. Big Five Model of

Personality

The Great Men theory Characteristic of Great men
• charismatic and pleasant
Carlyle- "The history of the world is but • they bring order to Chaos
the biography of great men." • born with the right traits
• pick a suitable Hero class
Assumptions:

Effective leaders are born and not made
and possess certain traits which were
inherited

Great leaders can arise when there is a
great need

The great men theory Conclusion:

On Heroes, Hero-Worship, and the Leaders are exceptional people, born
Heroic in History (1841) with innate qualities, destined to lead
Term 'man' was intentional - concept
Six hero type was primarily male, military and
• as divinity (pagan myths), Western.
• as prophet (Muhammad),
• as poet (Dante and William Reference:
https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=the+great+man+
Shakespeare), theory&qpvt=the+great+man+theory&view=detail&mid=6
• as priest (Martin Luther and John 5D8235D3A6699C8336665D8235D3A6699C83366&&F
ORM=VRDGAR&ru=%2Fvideos%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dth
Knox), e%2Bgreat%2Bman%2Btheory%26qpvt%3Dthe%2Bgre
• as man of letters (Samuel Johnson at%2Bman%2Btheory%26FORM%3DVDRE

and Robert Burns)
• as king (Oliver Cromwell and

Napoleon Bonaparte).

The great men theory

Criticism

• “You must admit that the genesis of
a great man depends on the long
series of complex influences which
has produced the race in which he
appears, and the social state into
which that race has slowly grown....
before he can remake his society,
his society must make him”

• - Herbert Spencer

Donald Trump • Even though recent years have

• the 45th president of the United States, considered Great Man Theory dead and
is a prominent business figure and the personality of the leader more or
former reality TV star. His election in less irrelevant to the success of a group,
2016 triggered discussion among President Trump’s personality has
leadership theorists. While Great Man been shown to play a major role in his
Theory has been nearly put to sleep actions as our nation’s leader. This
across the board, the controversy contrasts from most of the presidents
surrounding President Trump has we’ve seen throughout history, who
reawakened the idea. With his drastic have relied on the advice and ruling of
willfulness, self-confidence, and their cabinet and strict systematic
unrepressed spontaneity. Regardless of processes, which made the impact of
whether he was elected for his their personalities quite small. In this
personality or not, these theorists argue way, theorists suggest, Great Man
that his characteristics are crucial to the Theory has made a comeback to the
results of his presidency. modern world (Bell).

Donald Trump Reference:David A. Bell:

Discussion Questions: • https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/01/12/donald -
trump-is-making-the-great-man-theory-of-history-
• 1. How much of an influence do the great-again/
characteristics of a leader really have
on their role? • https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.c
gi?article=1013&context=core
• 2. Can characteristics have different
connotations in different settings? For
example, can someone with a
personality trait viewed negatively in a
social setting, maybe bluntness, be
viewed positively in a political setting?
What other traits have different
connotations in multiple settings?

Trait and personality Personality

Trait • the sum total of all the behavioural and mental
• a quality that makes one person or thing characteristics by means of which an individual is
recognized as being unique(collins)
different from another (webster)

Connection between the Great men theory and Trait theory

• Trait Theory is derived from Great • Contrary to Great Man Theory,
Man Theory and follows the same
concept • Trait Theory identifies the specific
characteristics that leaders hold, and
• that successful leaders are those suggests that some traits are only
that possess a certain list of traits useful when specific to the situation,
that enhance their abilities. while others are universal among
leaders. Among the universal traits

Reference:

https://digitalcommons.imsa.edu/cgi/viewconte
nt.cgi?article=1013&context=core

Trait Theory

Assumptions Aims
• People are born with inherited traits. • to find the traits that all great
• Some traits are particularly suited to
leaders have in common.
leadership. • to use these traits to identify future
• People who make good leaders have
leaders.
the right (or sufficient) combination
of traits • Reference:https://www.bing.com/videos/sear
ch
• Reference:http://changingminds.org/disciplin
e s / l e a d e r s h i p / t h e o r i e s / t r a i t _ t h e o r y. h t m





• Reference:

• https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=thom
as+carlyle+great+man+theory&ru=%2fvideos
%2fsearch%3fq%3dthomas%2bcarlyle%2bgr
eat%2bman%2btheory%26qpvt%3dthomas%
2bcarlyle%2bgreat%2bman%2btheory%26FO
RM%3dVDRE&qpvt=thomas+carlyle+great+m
an+theory&view=detail&mid=E07B088C5C75
7ABC005BE07B088C5C757ABC005B&&FOR
M=VDRVRV

Big five personality model

• To d a y, m a n y r e s e a rc h e r s b e l i e ve
that there are five core personality
traits.1

• Evidence of this theory has been
growing for many years, beginning
with the research of D. W. Fiske
(1949) and later expanded upon by
other researchers including Norman
(1967), Smith (1967), Goldberg
(1981), and McCrae & Costa (1987).

• Reference:https://www.verywellmind.com/the
-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422

Openess,conscientiousness,extraversion, agreebleness, neurotism

Big five personality model

Advantages and disadvantages Disadvantages
• not possible to know the relative
Advantages
• easy to understand and intuitive importance of traits
• lots of research has been done to • it ignores cultural factors
• traits are situation-dependent
confirm the importance of traits • universal traits don’t exist
• gives you pointers to improve

Summary • Next speaker will be my group member
• Sun Dawei
• the Great Men theory • Universality traits of effective leaders
• Trait theory • Achievement Motivation Theory and Leader
• Big Five personality Model
Profile.

THANKS

Leadership Traits and Ethics

2. Universality Traits of
Effective Leaders

Sun Dawei

I. L e a d e r s h i p Tr a i t s

CONTENTS II. Tr a i t s o f E ff e c t i v e L e a d e r s

and Personal Perspective

I

Leadership Traits

Leadership Traits
Early Research
In the early 20th century, leadership traits were
studied to determine what made certain people
great leaders. The theories that were developed
were called “great man” theories because they
focused on identifying the innate qualities and
characteristics possessed by great social, political,
and military leaders (e.g., Catherine the Great,
Mohandas Gandhi, Indira Gandhi, Abraham
Lincoln, Joan of Arc, and Napoleon Bonaparte).
It was believed that people were born with these
traits, and that only the “great” people possessed
them.

Leadership Traits

Mid-20th and 21th Century Research

In the mid-20th century, the trait approach was challenged
by research that questioned the universality of leadership
traits. In a major review, Stogdill (1948) suggested that no
consistent set of traits differentiated leaders from non-
leaders across a variety of situations. An individual with
leadership traits who was a leader in one situation might
not be a leader in another situation. Rather than being a
quality that individuals possess, leadership was
reconceptualized as a relationship between people in a
social situation. Personal factors related to leadership
continued to be important, but researchers contended that
these factors were to be considered as relative to the
requirements of the situation.

Leadership Traits

In a study to determine what distinguishes
charismatic leaders from others, Jung and Sosik
(2006) found that charismatic leaders consistently
possess traits of self-monitoring, engagement in
impression management, motivation to attain
social power, and motivation to attain self-
actualization. In short, the trait approach is alive
and well. It began with an emphasis on
identifying the qualities of great persons, shifted
to include the impact of situations on leadership,
and, currently, has shifted back to reemphasize
the critical role of traits in effective leadership.

Leadership Traits
Two Typical Surveys :

Although the research on traits spanned the entire 20th century, a good
overview of this approach is found in two surveys completed by Stogdill
(1948, 1974).

Stogdill’s first survey showed that leaders in one situation may not
necessarily be leaders in another situation. It is said that leadership was not a
passive state but resulted from a working relationship between the leader and
other group members. This research marked the beginning of a new approach
to leadership research that focused on leadership behaviors and leadership
situations.

Stogdill’s second survey was more balanced in its description of the role of
traits and leadership. Whereas the first survey implied that leadership is
determined principally by situational factors and not traits, the second survey
argued more moderately that both traits and situational factors were
determinants of leadership. In essence, the second survey validated the
original trait idea that a leader’s characteristics are indeed a part of leadership.

Early 1900s 1930-50s 1970s - Early 90s Today

Great Man Theories Traits Interacting With Revival of Critical Role of Le5adM5erMashjaiojporTrraits Historical
Situational Demands on Leaders Traits in Leader Effectiveness Shifts
(Northouse) in
•Research focused • Landmark Stogdill (1948) • Stogdill (1974) Trait
on individual study - analyzed and - Analyzed 163 new studies • Intelligence Perspective
characteristics synthesized 124 trait studies with 1948 study findings • Self-
that universally - Leadership - Validated original study Confidence
differentiated - 10 characteristics • Determination
leaders reconceptualized positively identified with • Integrity
from non-leaders as a relationship between leadership • Sociability
people in a social situation
• Lord, DeVader, & Alliger
Innate Qualities • Mann (1959) reviewed 1,400 (1986) meta-analysis
findings of personality and - Personality traits can be
leadership in small groups used to differentiate
- Less emphasis on situations leaders/non-leaders
- Suggested personality traits
• Kirkpatrick & Locke (1991)
could be used to discriminate - 6 traits make up the
leaders from non-leaders “Right Stuff” for leaders

Situations Personality / Behaviors

II

Traits of Effective Leaders with
Personal Perspective

Traits of Effective Leaders

Nine Traits of Effective Leaders
1.Dominance: want to be in charge of certain issues
2.High Energy: hard working ,persistence ,always energetic to “lead” or to “design”
3.Self-confidence:trust him/herself
4.Locus of Control: belief in control of own destiny
5.Stability:positive,one could control him/herself emotionally and physically
6.Integrity:Honesty ,fair in dealing with problems
7.Intelligence: high IQ and being professional in certain fields
8.Flexibility:willing to adopt to the changes in working process
9.Sensitivity:always be aware of new issues in working process

Traits of Effective Leaders

 Perception that leaders are different in that they possess special traits
 People “need” to view leaders as gifted
 Deeper level understanding of how leader/personality related to leadership process
 Provides benchmarks for what to look for in a leader

Strength

Traits of Effective Leaders

 Fails to delimit a definitive list of leadership traits
 Endless lists have emerged

 Doesn’t take into account situational effects
 Leaders in one situation may not be leaders in another situation

 Research fails to look at traits in relationship to leadership outcomes
 Not useful for training & development

Criticisms

Leadership Traits and Ethics

3. Achievement Motivation
Theory and Leader Profile

Sun Dawei

CONTENTS I. A c h i e v e m e n t

Motivation Theory

II. L e a d e r P r o f i l e

I

Achievement
Motivation Theory

Achievement Motivation Theory

Achievement motivation theory was proposed by Harvard University professor David McLeland in a series of articles in
the 1950s, also called three theories of needs, which requires theory and acquired need theory. He summed up people's
high-level needs into demands for achievement, power, and affinity, namely, demands for achievement, power, and
affinity.

After more than 20 years of research, David McLeland concluded that many human needs are not physiological, but
social, while visual social needs are not innate, but acquired, from the environment, experience, and education.

Need For: Achievement, Power and Affiliation

Achievement Motivation Theory

McClelland's theory of achievement needs. He believes that there are three basic needs
of human beings: achievement, power and Affiliation(friendship). People with high
achievement need to be concerned about the success or failure of their career, willing to
accept challenges and put forward some difficult goals for themselves. McClelland's
research shows that, for managers. Achievements need to be strong.

Need for Achievement

Need for Power

Need for Achievement(Friendship)

Achievement Motivation Theory

Need for Achievement

Strong need for achievement people:

1.Take responsibility for results of behavior
2.Willing to take calculated risks
3.Set moderate achievement goals
4.Prefer to set performance standards for themselves
5.Prefer nonroutine tasks to routine assignments
6.Welcome feedback about how well they are doing

Achievement Motivation Theory

Need for Power

Strong Need for Power people:

1.Focuses on "controlling the means of influencing the behavior of another person”
2.Having strong effects on other people
3.Means of influence: anything available to the person to control the behavior of

another
4.Actively searches for means of influence

Achievement Motivation Theory

Need for Achievement (Friendship)

Strong Need for Affiliation people:
1. Focuses on "establishing, maintaining, and restoring positive affective relations with

others“
2. Want close, warm interpersonal relationships
3. Seek the approval of others, especially those about whom they care
4. Like other people, want other people to like them, and want to be in the company

of others

II

Leader Profile