LEADERSHIP TRAITS AND ETHICS

Leader Motive Profile: is a set of traits that
match up to the “Typical Effective” leaders

McClelland developed the concept of the leadership
motive pattern or LMP (McClelland, 1992, McClelland and
Boyatzis, 1982). He argued that in traditional bureaucratic
organizations high need for power, power lower than
affiliation, and inhibition of the need for power describe the
most effective leaders

Need for power motivates accomplishment of goals
through influencing others. Required actions such as
making decisions, competing for resources and influence,
and assuming more powerful positions over time provide
the incentives that satisfy the need for power.

Need for power may also lead to self-serving leader
behavior as well as behavior directed to the achievement of
organizational goals, so activity inhibition channels high
power motivation into organizationally beneficial paths.

The value of McClelland's LMP is that it specifies
simultaneously multiple within-leader sources of motivation as well
as their organizational context.

The major limitation is that a complete motivational leader
profile is available only for traditional bureaucracies, and not for
other traditional and contemporary organizational forms.

2021

Thank you！

PART 4

Theory x, theory y & pygmalion
effect

By nurun ain najwa binti Nordin

Theory x & theory y

DOUGLAS MCGREGOR

A leadership theory (1960) about
organization and management in which
he represented two opposing perceptions
about people.

Theory x

According to McGregor, Theory X management assumes the following:

Work is inherently distasteful to most people.
Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for responsibility, and prefer to be directed.
Most people have little aptitude for creativity in solving organizational problems.
Motivation occurs only at the physiological and security levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
Most people are self-centered. As a result, they must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organizational objectives.
Most people resist change.
Most people are gullible and unintelligent.

Management As a result,
Staff they must be

closely

controlled and
often coerced to

achieve
organizational

objectives.

Theory y

Theory Y management makes the following assumptions:

Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play.
People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are
committed to the objectives.
The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility.
The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed
throughout the population.
Employees derive the satisfaction of social, esteem and self-
actualization needs within this kind of environment.

Management Theory Y assumes that people are
Staff happy to work and they are motivated to

pursue objectives.

There is no need for the system that
involves rewards and punishments.

People are responsible for
everything they do.

They use their creativity and they
like to take a creative problem
solving approach.

Pop quiz 1

Susan has been working for Ahmad, the
supermarket manager for about 5 months
and she knows her job well and she
knows exactly what she needs to do.

But every single morning, Ahmad comes
in and watch her stock shelves and
nitpicks about every little thing making
sure it’s perfect. Susan complies but it
makes her feel down.

Pop quiz 2

Tina just came to tell Bob, her boss that she had
completed the spreadsheets for their upcoming meeting.
She had stayed up all night working on them and had gone

through carefully to ensure that they were just perfect.
Bob takes one look at them and instead of saying anything

about the spreadsheets.
He immediately says that I don’t like the look of it and

asked Tina to go changed it.
Tina responds calmly to Bob but when she gets back to his
room, she’s just too upset. His response just makes Tina

not want to work very hard for him.

Pop quiz 3

Emma is an entry level marketing
employee and she works under Mia who

is mid level marketing manager.
Emma has bright idea for uniques
marketing campaign while it is not

necessarily her job.
Mia encourages she shares her bright
idea with other managers and Mia even
asked Emma to share the idea with the
boss if she feels that it is really strong

idea.
Emma absolutely loves that Mia sees her

creativity and hopes to foster it.

Pygmalion effect

A psychological phenomenon wherein high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area.

Mitchell, Terence R.; Daniels, Denise (2003) Handbook of Psychology (volume 12)

Pygmalion Research in the Classroom

Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson showed that if teachers were led to expect
enhanced performance from some children, then the children did indeed show
that enhancement.

Pygmalion Effect on Lab Rat

Pygmalion Research in LEADERSHIP

Good managers create high-performance expectations, that challenge, and
motivate their subordinates to fulfil the company’s target or goals.

OUR BELIEFS Influence
(about others)
OUR ACTIONS
Reinforce (toward others)

OTHERS' ACTIONS The Pygmalion

(toward us) Effect

OTHERS' BELIEFS Impact
(about themselves)
Cause

Pygmalion effect

•The Pygmalion effect is a psychological phenomenon
that describes how expectations modify behavior or
performance.

•The Pygmalion effect can be thought of as a cyclical,
self-fulfilling process between two parties.

•The Pygmalion effect can be used in business to
encourage strong leadership and higher employee
performance. Managing expectations and the setting of
ambitious goals are crucial. Positive affirmation is also
important as a means of increasing trust and buy-in.

Thank you

Three levels
of moral

development

LINDA NURUL JANNAH BT MOHD
RIZAL KHOOMASTER OF PHILOSOPHY (PHYSICS EDUCATION)

LAWRENCE KOHLBERG

➢ Born on October 25, 1927-died on
January 17, 1987)

➢ American psychologist and
educator known for his theory of
moral development.

➢ A psychologist who portrayed on
education, anthropology, and
philosophy, to inform his work on
the development of moral
judgement and on moral behavior.

➢ Introduced by Kohlberg (1984).
➢ Moral development have 3 level with 6 stages.
➢ Each level built on life experiences and active reasoning.
➢ “How the people determined what was right or wrong?

what is moral
development?

➢ Is an aspect of a person’s overall development
that follows cover the course of a lifetime.

➢ Is growth and, like all growth, it takes place
according to a pre-determined sequence.

STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT

SCENARI A man named Heinz, who lived in Europe, had a wife whom he loved
O1 very much. His wife was diagnosed with a rare type of cancer and did
not have long to live. Luckily, there was a pharmacist who invented a
drug called radium that could cure her. The pharmacist owned all
rights to this medication and decided to sell it at a high markup in
order to make a profit. While it cost only $200 to make, he sold it for
10 times that amount: $2000. Heinz did not have enough money to
pay the exorbitant price, so he tried fundraising to cover the costs.
With time running out, he had only managed to gather $1000, which
was not enough to buy the medication. Heinz begged the pharmacist
to sell it to him at a reduced price but the man refused. Desperate
and running out of time, Heinz broke into the pharmacy after hours
and stole the drug. Was this the right or wrong thing to do? Why?

Level 1: pre-conventional
morality➢Tends to judge the morality of an action by its direct

consequences.

➢4- 10 years old children.

➢People at this stage do not really understand the conventions /
rules of a society

Stage 1: punishment- obedience

orientation➢Consequences of acts determine whether they’re good or bad

➢Possible stage 1 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

Heinz should not Heinz should steal
steal the drug the drug because if
he doesn’t then his
because he might
be caught and sent wife might scold
him.
to jail

Stage 2: instrumental relativist

orientation➢The ethics of “what’s in it for me?

➢Obeying rules and exchanging favors are judged in terms of the benefit to the
individual.

➢Possible stage 2 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

It is right for Heinz to The pharmacists had spent
steal the drug because it lots of money and many
years of his life to develop
can cure his wife and the cure so its not fair to
then she can cook form
him if Heinz stole the drug.
him

Level 2: conventional
morality

➢People at this stage conform to the conventions/ rules of a society.

➢10-13 years old children.

Stage 3: good boy-nice girl

orientation➢The individuals make moral choices on conforming to the expectations of
others and trying to behave like a “good” person.
➢A student says:”I am not going to cheat because that is not what a good

students does.”
➢Possible stage 3 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

Yes, Heinz should steal the drug. He probably will go to jail for
a short time for stealing but his in-laws will think he is a good

husband.

Stage 4: law and order

orientation➢Right behavior consists in doing one’s duty, showing respect for authority and
maintaining the given social order for its own sake.
➢Eg: a person does not run a red light in the middle night when no other cars

around because it is important to maintain and support the traffic laws of
community.
➢Possible stage 4 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

As her husband, Heinz has a duty to save his wife’s life so he
should steal the drug. But it’s wrong to steal, so Heinz should

be prepared to accept the penalty for breaking the law.

Level 3: post-conventional
morality

➢The moral principles that underline the conventions of a society are
understood.

➢Individuals have developed their own personal set of ethics and
morals that guide their behavior.

➢Their own ethical principles-principles that typically include such
basic human rights as life, liberty and justice.

Stage 5: social contact

orientation➢Rules and laws represent agreement among people about behavior that
benefits society.
➢Rules can be changed when they no longer meet society’s need.
➢Possible stage 5 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

Heinz should steal the drug because everyone has the right to
life regardless of the law against stealing. Should Heinz be
caught and prosecuted for stealing then the law (against
stealing) needs to be reinterpreted because a person’s life is
at stake.

Stage 6: UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPAL

ORIENTATION➢Right is defined by the decision of conscience in accord with self-chosen ethical
principles appealing to logical comprehensiveness, universality and
consistency.
➢Recognized the importance of protecting human rights while also resolving

challenges in democratic way.
➢Possible stage 6 responses to Heinz Dilemma:

Heinz should steal the drug to save his life because preserving
human life is a higher moral obligation than preserving
property.

conclusion

Every person’s moral reasoning 12 People pass through the same
develops through the same 34 stages at different rates.
stages in the same order.
Intervention usually results in
Development is gradual and moving only to the nest
continuous, rather than sudden higher stage of moral
and discrete. reasoning.

TRY IT

Michael had several friends including Roger and Daniel. Roger has recently met and
started dating a wonderful lady named Phyllis. He is convinced this is a long-term
relationship. Unknown to Roger, Michael observed them at a restaurant several
days ago and realized Phyllis is the girlfriend of his other friend Daniel. Michael is
deciding whether to tell Roger that Phyllis is in a relationship when he receives a
call from Daniel. Daniel suspects his girlfriend has another relationship and since
they and Michael share many friends and contacts, he asks if Michael has heard

anything regarding a relationship.

QUESTION/S: To whom does Michael owe greater friendship to in this situation?

USING MICHAEL’S STORY, CREATE RESPONSES AND
REGARDS TO THE 6 MORAL DEVELOPMENT STAGES.

Thank
you!

The Stakeholder Approach
To Ethics

Presented by
Siti Nur Maisarah binti Noor Affandi

MPP213011

Who is stakeholder?

Any group or individual that can affect or ● Suppliers

is affected by the achievement of an ● Customers

organization’s objectives ● Competitors

Examples: ● Investors

● Owners ● Environmentalists

● Employees ● Regulators

● Volunteers ● Donors

● Special interest groups ● Government

● Consumer advocates

● Media

BIG SIX
S TA K E H O L D E R
CHARACTERISTICS

1. Interest
- what will influence their decision-making; financial, social, moral?

2. Needs
- what is non-negotiable for the stakeholders?

3. Attitude
- to you and to your leadership goals

4. Impact
- how can they affect you and what are you trying to achieve

5. Power
- to what extent can they impose their will over people and events
that matter to you

6. Influence
- how can they affect other people’s attitudes and behaviours?

3 Stakeholder
Approaches

STRATEGIC APPROACH

● Views stakeholder primarily as factors managers should manage in
pursuing of shareholder profits

● A management philosophy that aims to maximize the interests of all
stakeholders

MULTI-FIDUCIARY APPROACH

● Views stakeholders as a group to which management has a fiduciary
responsibility

● Multi fiduciary means every firms have some fiduciary responsibility to its
stakeholder. That responsibility can be economical responsibility or other sides
responsibility

○ Fiduciary – a trusted person or legal entity. eg: lawyer, legal representative

STAKEHOLDER SYNTHESIS APPROACH

● Consider stakeholders as a group to whom management owes an
ethical, but not a fiduciary obligation

● Strategic Stakeholder Synthesis occurs when the stakeholders who
hold the highest degree of influence in the corporation are identified
and inducted into the decision-making process of the corporation

CONCLUSION

LEADERSHIP TRAITS AND ETHICS

What we have learnt:
Big Five personality dimensions.
Universality traits of effective leaders.
Achievement motivation theory and leader profile.
Theory X, Theory Y, Pygmalion Effect.
Three levels of moral development.
The stakeholder approach to ethics.

LEADERSHIP is an ACTION,
not a POSITION

Donald McGannon

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND CONSIDERATION