Site Planning 2021/2022 Ajanatul Nain Binti Ibrahim 1
SITE PLANNING 2021/2022 Ajanatul Nain Binti Ibrahim FIRST EDITION 2
COPYRIGHT NO 635, JALAN ATIRA 2, TAMAN TUNKU SARINA, 06000 JITRA KEDAH DARULAMAN Tel : 0193012419 [email protected] Copyright Ajanatul Nain binti Ibrahim 2021 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or used in any manner without written permission of the copyright owner except for the use of quotations in a book review 3
Acknowledgments First and foremost, I am grateful to Allah SWT for His countless blessings which enabled us to finish this book flawlessly. I would like to express our gratitude to the organizer. I am grateful to a number of friends, colleagues and student who were directly or indirectly involved in encouraging me to start the work and finally publish it. Thanks for all the useful comments and suggestions from the early reviewers throughout the publication development. Finally, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude, the unwavering support and love by my lovely husband Zaki bin Said and the rest of family. This book would not have been possible without them. 4
5 INTRODUCTION SITE PLANNING will provide the basic requirements in understanding the preliminary planning process. This book also focus on basic principles of site planning application of engineering survey, preparing site analysis such as contour and slope analysis as well as calculation for cut and fill. It also provides knowledge and skill to implement data presentation
6 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION OF SITE PLANNING 2 SITE INVENTORY 3 CONTOUR AND SLOPE ANALYSIS 4 EARTHWORK 5 LOCAL ENVIRONMENT FACTOR 6 SITE ANALYSIS AND DATA PRESENTATION
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Chapter 1 Introduction Of Site Planning 8
What isTown Planning? Town Planning is 'the art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication routes so as to secure maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience and beauty'. (Lewis Keeble, Principles and Practice of Townand Country Planning, 4th edition,1969) 9
Definition of town planning? ⚫Planning is about preparing a site which is appropriate to the public in term of time and location. (John Ratcliffe, (1974) ⚫ Planning is the way to achieve goal. (Peter Hall, (1974) 10
What is Site Planning? • Site planning is the allocation of functions in a piece of land to derive efficient utilization of resources at disposal. • Useful spaces with respect to functions are being created in the process and the character of site is accentuated. 11
Site Planning is defined by Kevin Lynch as “the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between; an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and city planning.” (Site Planning) Harvey M. Rubenstein defines it as ”the art and science of arranging the uses of portions of land. These uses are designated in detail by selecting and analyzing sites, forming land use plans, organizing vehicular and pedestrian circulation, developing visual form and materials concepts, readjusting the existing landforms by design grading, providing proper drainage, and developing the construction details necessary to carry out the projects”. (A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning, 1980) Site Planning Definition 12
In site planning, as in other forms of problemsolving, the critical thinking process of research, analysis and synthesis makes a major contribution to the formation of design decisions. •Research material may be gathered from existing projects, books photographs, or experiments. A program is then formulated and the elements required to develop the project is listed. •Analysis of the site shall consider all existing features, both natural and man-made in order to determine those inherent qualities that give a site its ‘personality’. A topographical analysis is mandatory. Emphasis should be made on the site’s relationship with the total environment and its special values or potentials . 13
There are two methods of establishing a SITE : 1. Site Selection Process This process selects from a list of potential sites one that suits best the given use and requirements of the project . 2. Development Suitability Process This process selects the best possible use and development suited for a given site . 14
Site Planning Purpose To learn and practice a logical method of fitting design programs and sites harmoniously. To understand interaction of following factors in design process. Natural factors (landscape), Socio-economic forces (planning), and Technological functions (architecture & engineering) To Understand the site development process by observing natural and human factors affecting the form and appearance of the environment. To collect information and data concerning planning or design issue To classify and analyze the data. To make recommendations for issues at hand. To draw up guidelines for planning, architecture and landscape disciplines. 15
Site Planning Process The site design process is divided up into three phases Research Analysis Synthesis Above three phases are divided into the eight chronological steps in the design process. i. Research phase The first step is defining the problem and its definition. Usually taken care of by Architect. ii. Analysis phase The next step involves integrating site and use functions. Numerous site elements related to site viz. Access, Shape, surroundings etc. are being studied and analyzed. 16
iii. Synthesis phase After analysis, a program is developed as a solution to problem at hand. This phase deals with schematic design site plan. i. Chronology of steps after synthesis. ii. Developed designs and a detailed cost estimate. iii. Preparation of construction documents for the plan iv. Bidding and contracting for the project. v. Construction vi. Occupation and management of the site. 17
Who Are Responsibility In Planning? In order to achieve various aims and aspect of site planning, the involvement of various field of expertise is important. (Beer, A.N. 1990) such as: a) Town planner b) Architect c) Landscape architect d) Propertymanagement e) Health officer f) Engineers 18
AgenciesThatContribute In Site Planning PLANMALAYSIA Local Authorities Pejabat Tanah dan Daerah Dept of Public Works Dept of Environment Dept of Health J U P E M Telekom Malaysia Berhad Tenaga National Berhad J a b Bomba dan Penyelamat J a b Pengairan dan Saliran Ja ba t a n Bekalan Air 19
Why Site Planning are Importance ? Let’ s go back to history. - Industrial revolution during 19th century slump areas, cramp and crowded, quality of life is low,high rates of death due to diseases.Town planning more focus on the physical aspect rather than social or economy factors. 20
Site is not only rely on the cost or the technical function but more onto social and environment aspect. Ex: Kawas an Hutan S impan Bukit Nanas merupakan antara kawas an hijau yang digazetkan di dalam kawasan Kuala Lumpur.J ika dinilai dari telah s entral aspek hartanah, harga kawas an itu mampu mencecah jutaan ringgit.Walau bagaimanapun, jika dinilai dari as pek biologi dan kepentinganny a, nilainya adalah tidak dapat diperkatakan. 21
To notify the location or resources and the accessibilities Ex.: Perancangan kawasan perindustrian berat seperti kuari simen haruslah mengenalpasti kawasan yang mempunyai sumber mineral simen. Di samping itu, ia juga harus mempunyai aksesibiliti yang baik dengan sistem jalan raya ataupun jalan keretapi yang baik. 22
To achieve the most relevant development Ex: S ebidang tanah yang terletak di tengah bandaray a Pulau Pinang terhad dari segi keluas an. Maka tengahad alah konflik dariapada as pek jenis pembangunan yang dicadangkan sering berlaku. Oleh itu, hanya pembangunan dibangunkan sederhana ataupun kondominium yang paling relevan akan s eperti rumah pangsa kos yang menjamin pulangan yang menguntungkan. 23
To fulfill the requirement of public needs. Ex: Perancangan tapak yang baik adalah berlandaskan piawaian perancangan sebagai panduan penyediaan pelan pembangunan yang holistik. Ini bagi memastikan aspek keselamatan, kesihatan dan keselesaan penduduk dapat dicapai. 24
To achieve sustainable development - The balance of three main aspect which are mainly about environment, social and economy aspects. - To make sure that each part is considered in site planning. (Refer Agenda 21, Rio Declaration) 25
Chapter 2 Site Inventory 26
What is Site Inventory? Site inventory is defined as, “gathering and categorizing data and informationon natural and human features in anarea proposed fora planningproject”. Alan J a y Christensen, Dictionary of Landscape Architecture and Construction 27
Site inventories early in the design process to gather useful, high quality information that is used during the site analysis phase of a project. Site inventories will necessarily vary in their degree of complexity and the types of information required depending on the type of site, location, scale, and scope of the project. Site inventory and analysis are performed as the first steps of the design process. Understanding the existing conditions of the site and its surrounding context helps inform the designer and leads to identification of problems and potential uses of a site that maximize the client’s value. Existing site conditions can be organized into four categories: i. Natural Existing Site Conditions ii. Cultural Existing Site Conditions iii. Existing Site Features iv. Existing Infrastructure Site Inventory 28
The information gathered during the inventory process fuels site analysis and the rest of the design process. Make sound site engineering and site design judgements. Site inventory and analysis are performed as the first steps of the design process. Site inventories provide data to later integrate natural and man-made systems later on in the design process. Information discovered during site inventories can lead to design solutions which capitalizes on the sites strengths while minimizing negative affects from site weaknesses constraints. Importance of Site Inventory 29
SiteAnalysis Site analysis is an inventory completed as a preparatory step to site planning, a form of urban planning which involves research, analysis, and synthesis. It primarily deals with basic data as it relates to a specific site. The topic itself branches into the boundaries of architecture, landscape, engineering, real estate development, economics, and urban planning disciplines. Site analysis is an element in site planning and design. Kevin A. Lynch, an urban planner developed an eight cycle step process of site design, in which the second step is site analysis 30
Goals of SiteAnalysis To achieve a successful design, site analysis is a must & should be done carefully. Site Analysis involves taking an inventory of site elements and analyzing these factors relative to the clients needs & aims. Gather relevant information about the properties of the site, from topography to climate to wind pattern and vegetation. Analyze these features and incorporate them into the design. 31
Elements of SiteAnalysis Location The site should be related to existing roads and landmarks. Time & distances from major nodes should be recorded. Neighborhood context Zoning of the neighborhood is important and information could be found with municipal authorities. Numerous issues viz. architectural patterns, street lighting, condition of existing buildings must be observed. This would also include the immediate surroundings the site. The reaction of the surrounding buildings towards the site and people moving around should be analyzed. 32
Subsurface Features This includes analysis of following: • Geology: Geological history of the area, bedrock type & depth etc. • Hydrology: Underground water table, aquifers, springs etc. • Soil Genesis: Erosion susceptibility, moisture, bearing capacity etc. Natural Surface Features Most of this information will be derived from the topographic features on the site. A contour map of this magnitude can be drawn. Trees, ground cover, ground texture, and soil conditions could be directly observed. Study of vegetation should be done in relation to type, size, location, shade pattern, aesthetics, ecology etc. 33
Manmade features Buildings, walls, fences, patios, plazas, bus stops, shelters etc. shall be carefully recorded on maps. Size and zoning Land use of site, adjacent use, zoning restrictions, easement etc. Site boundaries can be located by either verifying the dimensions physically or through map records of land development controls such as M O S , height restrictions, ground coverage, FAR parking requirements could be obtained from development plans. Zoning classifications from a zoning map to be procured from the city planning department. 34
Circulation Study of important nodes and linkages. The uses of streets, roads, alleys, sidewalks, and plazas are important. Utilities Includes power, sewage network, gas network & water supply. Availability and proximity to sources are to be examined. Sensory Aerial photography, sketching, visual surveys and other methods of direct observation to be employed. Sensory elements such as noise, odors, smoke, and pollutant areas must be detected and re corded. 35
Human and cultural Census data to be used for social factors such as population, population density, literacy, sex ratio, occupation pattern, ethnicity, cultural typology etc. Climate Information on precipitation, annual rain/snow, humidity, wind direction, solar intensity & orientation, average max & min temperature can be obtained through the local weather service. Rainfall, humidity & temperature over months must be recorded. Annual sun path data throughout an entire year to be noted importantly. Aesthetic Factors Visual analysis Scenic views, flora and fauna, rock formations, water bodies, green cover valleys, rivers and mountains etc. add to value of site. Any such features if available shall need call for designing preferential locations. 36
The PurposeOf Site Analysis To provide the town planner/ designer with a full understanding of the opportunities and constraints associated with a property. To learn and practice a logical method of fitting design programs and site harmoniously. 37
HowToGetTo Knowing The Site? A site visit is the best means of ensuring site familiarity. This should be done with a base map in hand on which annotations can be made in the field. When Should We Visit The Site? The visit should ideally be completed after a review of previously available site data. 38
Why SiteVisit Is Important? To provide the designer with a sense of what to expect on site. To allow for verification of previously compiled information. 39
WhatAreThe Consideration In SiteAnalysis? a) Final Product : Verified the details of final product Ex: Identified what kind of land use that you proposed; the elements, the design and the function. 40
b) Relationship between activities and structured element at site: Gathered the details of buildings structures and its function which are proposed at the site Ex: Designing a university campus must put into consider various aspect of planning such as the academic area, recreational area as well as the hostel area. 41
c) Asset and liabilities: Verified the potential asset that can be considered at the site as well as potential problem areas at the site which is considered as liabilities Ex: There is a beautiful pond at the site which brings benefits to proposed design. Before After 42
d) Land and landscape management Identified the landscape management practice especially from the maintenance aspect Ex: To avoid any problems from occur at the site due to lack of information at the site e)Suitability of consumer to the site Identified the most suitable location at the site to suit the human activities. Related to space and structure 43
WhatAreThe Steps In Gathering Data ? 1) Initial personal reconnaissance - notes, sketches, photos : apparent character, problems and possibilities 2) Collation of existing data: base and contour maps, aerial photos, geological soil and water surveys, climate records, ecological studies, engineering reports, census materials, legal and public document control documents, official proposals, market report, traffic studies and record of current controversies. 44
SITE ANALYSIS involves the study of the site in terms of the following : Natural Conditions: Site development causes the existing site and its natural systems to change. Knowing what systems exist and how they function prior to development can help inform designers how to integrate new site functions into existing natural systems and avoid creating new conflicts in the future. 1. Geology Substrate 2. Soil 3.Topography and Landform 4.Hydrology – surface and ground water 5.Vegetation – plant ecology 6. Wildlife – habitats 7. Microlimate 45
Cultural Conditions: Human and cultural context (activities, human relationships, patterns of human characteristics) include: 1. What is the median population age and age distribution? 2. Describe the average density. 3. What values are held by adjacent residents or the site’s community? 4. What sort of informal activities take place in and around the site? 5. Are there festivals held on or near the site at certain times of the year? 6. Are there occasional parades, street fairs, or craft fairs held nearby? 7. What are the local vandalism & crime patterns? 8. Are there recreation facilities and parks in the area? 46
Site Features: Site features are existing natural and man-made conditions that are of particular importance or significance. There are many reasons for identifying existing site features, including one or more of the following: 1. Are there any existing structures on the site? 2. What views on and off-site exist? 3. Are there existing pedestrian or vehicular systems on the site? 47
Existing Infrastructure: During site inventories, planners should identify what types of existing utilities and infrastructure exist on or adjacent to the site. Knowing what types of utilities are on the site can be really useful during the rest of the design process. Some additional reasons for identifying existing infrastructure and utilities include: 1. Does the site have electrical service? If not, is there electrical service adjacent to the site? 2. Does the site have access to municipal water and sewer service? If not, can water or sewer lines be extended to the site? 3. Is there an existing storm water system that services the site or adjacent areas? 48
THE NATURAL FACTORS 4449
G EO LO GY is the natural science that studies the Earth – its composition; the processes that shaped its surface; and its history. Earth is made up of rocks (including soil, sand, silt and dust); rocks are composed of minerals; minerals are made up of atoms : Igneous Rocks rocks produced by crystallization from a liquid. 50