Thermal Conductivity decreases in the following order: 1 SOLID GRANITE I C E WET SA N D S H U M U S WATER F R E S H SNOW AIR 151
Site and Local Environment The major factors that cause variations in weather : a) Height above the sea b) Type of topography between the weather station and the project site c) Direction and steadiness of the winds and moisture d) Temperature and distance over the land mass that the air flows 152
Factors can effect human comfort in local climate 1 A ) Huma n Comfort - Indoors environment - can be controlled - Outdoors environment - limited controls Climatic factors influencing human comfort: a) Air movement b) Solar radiation c) Humidity 153
Measures to be controlled at site 1 a) SOLAR RADIATION Direct radiation will registered heat – warm Controlling the heat: a) canopies b) roofted structure c) surface materials (albedo) 154
b) S H A D E In tropical climate, shade helps in making an area cooler from extremely high temperatures Trees have the type of albedo which absorbs and reflect heat. Shaped Trees can create shadow. Site planner m ust be able to calculate the positions of shady area on the project site 155
c) WIND May be differ from the topography aspect Wind speed – planting shelter belts for housing area, cattle and crops. Importance to understand wind turbulence and speed: a) Growth and survival of plants b) How it affects the sensible temperature for human and animals 156
⚫ Wind near the sea Important to consider prevailing wind Light thermal breeze (bayu laut) Carry salt spray a and so damage plants ⚫ Wind in cities Heat island Important to increase ventilation ⚫ Wind and landform Warmed surface – air arise Cooled surface – air sink ⚫ Windbreaks Purpose :Reduce wind speed horizontally Method :Trees, shrubs, fencing, vegetations 157
Plant as site indicator a) Physical environment quality - Air quality vs. air pollution - Plant vs. solar control - Plant vs. wind - Plant vs. noise - Source of delight to man. 158
AddingGreeneries inUrban Areas Three methods: • Juxtapositioning. •In juxtapositioning plantings are centralised in their own areas or greenhouses • Intermixing. • Intermixing means dispersed plantingas small entities all over the whole urban structure. • Integration. • Integration means continuous green structures, which are designed as organic functional parts of urban places or building facades, thus contributing to passive or active modes of natural energy and ventilation strategies. 159
Chapter 6 SiteAnalysis And Data Presentation 160
Purpose of Data Presentation AndAnalysis ⚫Deliverthe informationeffectively and easy tounderstand ⚫Data that have beencollected ANALYSIS Presentation ⚫Purposeof analysis : a) Deeply understand thereal situation b) Predictthe changes (projection) ⚫Various technique and modelcan be apply analysisprocess 161
Models in Planning ⚫ Models are the method of undergoing the various data in analysis ⚫ Survey – analysis - plan rationale - formal technique in planning ⚫ Systemic planning Implies that the complex matters to be dealt with are system-like in their characteristics and behavior, and that planning is to be carried out in a more systematic fashion.) 162
TECHNIQUES OFANALYSIS Matrices -Used to establish interactions or relationships between physical aspects of a site, or social dimensions, or both. -Select appropriate topics or elements for the matrix, ensuring that the information it provides is responded to in the final site plan. 163
⚫Matrices – an example 164
What IsGIS? 1 Geographic Information Systems 165
1 Computer Program systems and programs that help answer questions about the world 166
What IsGIS? 1 Try to model things on the earth 167
Decision Making Map Plan Collect More Analyze Store Information Visualize Use a process to build this models 1 168
FreeGIS SoftwareArcGIS Explorer 1 169
WhatWe Do WithGIS? 1 Make maps 170
1 Maps And Charts 1 Transportation Map Paris S tate Atlas Michigan Aeronautical Charts NGA Navigation Chart USA 171
Cool Maps 172
Put important information on maps 1 173
Information = Things in the real-world 1 174
1 7 v C t Information is organized into layers 170 175
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Many ways to useGIS in the real-world Disaster Management Public Health Community Growth Homeland Security Energy Forecasting Agricultural Efficiency Carbon Management Aviation Safety Coastal Management Invasive Species Water Management Air Quality 177
HelpUs Plan 178
ManageThe land UC 2008174 Plenary 179
Increase public safety & help law enforcement UC 2008175 Plenary 2 6 180
Help manage natural disasters 176 181
2 8 Manage electricity, water, phone 177 182
Modeltransportation 183
Earth science & water resources 179 184
Monitor climate and energy 180 185
The SWOT Analysis framework is a very important and useful tool to use in marketing Management and other business applications As a basic tool its mastery is a fundamental requirement for the marketer, entrepreneur or business person. A clear understanding of SWOT is required for business majors. What is SWOT analysis 186
What is SWOT analysis • Technique is credited to Albert Humphrey who led a research project at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s. • Planning tool used to understand Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, & Threats involved in a project / business. • Used as framework for organizing and using data and information gained from situation analysis of internal and external environment. 182 187
SWOT is an acronym for: 1 188
How to conduct SWOTAnalysis? 1 Prepare Action Plan Once the SWOT analysis has been completed, mark each point with: Things that should be planned for the future Things that should be researched further Things that can be handled now Things that MUST be addressed immediately 189
It lacks detailed structure, so key elements may get missed. Pitfalls of SWOTAnalysis 1 The data used in the analysis may be based on assumptions that subsequently prove to be unfounded [good and bad]. To be effective, SWOT needs to be conducted regularly. The place of change makes it difficult to anticipate developments. Categorizing aspects as strengths,weaknesses, opportunities & threats might be very subjective as there is great degree of uncertainty in market. May cause organizations to view circumstances as very simple due to which certain key strategic contact may be overlooked. C a n be very subjective. Two people rarely come up with the same final version of a SWOT. Use it as a guide and not as a prescription. 190
191 BIBLIOGRAFI Beer, A. R. and Higgins, C (2000), Environmental Planning for Site Development: A Manual for Sustainable Local Planning and Design, London, Chapman and Hall. Abdullah, M A.(2007). Introduction to Environmental Management System, Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor. Jacob, J. (1992). The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Vintage Book Edition. Keeble, L.(1969). Principles and Practice of Town and Country Planning, London: The Estates Gazzette Ltd. Lynch, K.(1962). Site Planning, Boston, Massachussets: Institute of Technology Press Lynch, K. (1984).Good City Form, England: MIT Press Lynch, K. (1971). The Image of the City, Massachussets: Institute of Technology Press. McHag, I. (1997). Natural Factors in Planning (includes related article on ecological planning), Soil & Water Conservation Society.
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