Libro Idiomas 22-11-2021 8 NORMAL PRN

UNIVERSITY HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

is assumed (Sinisterra, 2008). The effects of incorporating Facebook, which is es-
sentially a social venue as a collaborative learning tool to promote diversity of
knowledge, intensive interaction, and higher-order thinking in online discussions.
Moreover, how to better adapt SNS and taking into account the individual differ-
ence of adult learners in learning activities needs to be examined in more detail
(Lin et al., 2013)

It has been argued that environmental education offers the best option to inte-
grate sustainable development and new information and communication
technologies in the creation of a knowledge society in the country, with the capac-
ities to anticipate those consequences of current trajectories that are incompatible
with sustainable development and design alternatives now, before socio-economic
structures become too rigid (Eastmond, 2005).

The different capacities that the teacher must develop: teaching-learning, lead-
ership, ICT management and others; To achieve good management of knowledge
and effectiveness in teaching, they must be of high levels, to achieve changes in
society.

The knowledge society understood as a system where inequalities in access to
technologies, among others, deepen, makes the university reality increasingly
complex, demanding the transformation of teaching, research and extension func-
tions, to adapt to the needs of a globalized world in permanent change (Vega &
Villegas, 2009).

CONCLUSIONS

We conclude that the University as an innovative institution is one of the great-
est generators of knowledge in today's society, which makes it the main actor for
the transformation and development processes of today's society. For this, analysis
and research are necessary to be true agents of social change, that is, real managers
of knowledge. To build an Information Society centered on the person, inclusive
and oriented to development, in which everyone can create, consult, use and share
information and knowledge, so that people, communities and peoples can use their
possibilities in promoting their sustainable development and improving their qual-
ity of life. Universities must plan a design of university services that allows the
different agents of the university community to access information appropriately.
And promote the construction of knowledge from the effort, the critical and prob-
lematizing position of the situations. ICTs are not only tools for technological
change but also for organizational transformation in the areas of services, teaching,
research and dissemination of knowledge. Knowledge exposes its social value as
an economic resource that promotes the development of nations, facilitating the
solution of scientific, technological and social problems, and thus impacting the

49

Carlos Daniel Quispe Sandoval

problems related to poverty, health and education of the population in general. The
beginning of these great changes cannot wait because thanks to them, especially
many Latin American countries, they can achieve positive changes towards truly
democratic and knowledge societies. It is urgent that through State policies sup-
ported by the new revolutionary force of mass media, and thus assume a cultural
transition to the knowledge society.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE

Antošová, M, & Csikósovóá A. (2012) Whole Life Education in Context of
Knowledge Society. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 2842–46.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S187704281201703X (August 16,
2014).

Avendaño, W, & Parada A. (2013) Redalyc.El Currículo En La Sociedad Del Co-
nocimiento. 16: 159–74.

Bara, F., Mellen T., & Buxarrais R. (2014) Concepciones Del Profesorado Univer-
sitario Sobre La Formación Ética Y Ciudadana En El Espacio Europeo de
Educación Superior : Un Estudio de Caso. 11: 22–32.

Candra, S. (2012) ERP Implementation Success and Knowledge Capability. Pro-
cedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 65(ICIBSoS): 141–49.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877042812050884 (July 15,
2014).

Del Canto, E. (2011) Ero Del Canto Gestión Del Capital Humano , Competencias
Y Sociedad Del Conocimiento Ero Del Canto. 4: 89–113.

Casas, M., & Stojanovic L. (2005) Redalyc.Innovación y Virtualización Progresi-
vas de las Universidades Iberoamericanas Hacia la Sociedad del
Conocimiento.

Catelly, Y. (2011) The Foreign Language Teacher’s Roles in Response to the
Knowledge Society Requirements. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
11: 127–31. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877042811000498
(August 16, 2014).

Cervantes, L. (2007) L a Sociedad Del Conocimiento Y Los Servicios de Educa-
ción Superior En La Globalización. 25–40.

Ciolan, L., Petrescu A., Radulescu C., & Bucur C. (2014) Training Teachers to
Use Digital Resources for the Knowledge Society. Procedia - Social and Be-
havioral Sciences 128: 415–19.

50

UNIVERSITY HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281402271X (Au-
gust 11, 2014).

Eastmond, A. (2005) Redalyc.La Sociedad Del Conocimiento, El Desarrollo Sus-
tentable Y El Papel de La Educación Superior En México En El Fomento de
La Cultura Ambiental.

Fainholc, B. (2006) Rasgos de Las Universidades Y de Las Organizaciones de
Educación Superior Para Una Sociedad Del Conocimiento , Según La Gestión
Del Conocimiento.

García, C. 2007. Redalyc.La Formación Docente En La Sociedad Del Conoci-
miento Y La Información: Avances Y Temas Pendientes. 10: 63–90.

Gómez, J. (2004) Redalyc.La Ignorancia En La Llamada Sociedad Del Conoci-
miento Y El Papel de La Universidad. 67–77.

Grosso, J. et al. (2004) La comunicación social y ‘sociedad del conocimiento’:
anotaciones responsabilidad social a distancia en alc . 1.

Jerez, B. (2013) Redalyc.Sociedad Del Conocimiento Y Entorno Digital. 14.

Koch, N. (2014) Geoforum The Shifting Geopolitics of Higher Education : Inter /
Nationalizing Elite Universities in Kazakhstan , Saudi Arabia , and beyond.
GEOFORUM 56: 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.014.

Koroivulaono, T. (2014) Recursos Educativos Abiertos : El Viaje de Una Univer-
sidad Regional. 11: 96–112.

Lalueza, F. (2006) ¿Constituye La Comunicación Persuasiva El Paradigma Comu-
nicativo de La Sociedad Del Conocimiento ?

Lin, P., Hou H., Wang S., & Chang K.. (2013) Computers & Education Analyzing
Knowledge Dimensions and Cognitive Process of a Project-Based Online Dis-
cussion Instructional Activity Using Facebook in an Adult and Continuing
Education Course. Computers & Education 60(1): 110–21.

Lizardo, S. (2004) Vigencia de La Universidad En La Sociedad Del Conoci-
miento : Un Problema de Pertinencia. 8: 286–305.

Martínez, J. (2008) La Ley 4 / 2007 de Universidades Y La Integración de Los
Estudiantes Con Diversidad Funcional En La Sociedad Del Conocimiento *.

Miloudi, E, Knouzi N., Touri B., & Talbi M.. (2014) Current Situation on Organ-
izational Knowledge Management , Organization and Governance. Procedia

51

Carlos Daniel Quispe Sandoval

- Social and Behavioral Sciences 116: 1338–42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.393.

Mínguez, R, & Ma Hernández. (2013) Redalyc.Hacia Otra Educación En La So-
ciedad Del Conocimiento: Cuestiones Y Propuestas Pedagógicas. 14.

Mioara, M. (2012) The Impact of Technological and Communication Innovation
in the Knowledge-Based Society. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
51: 263–67. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877042812032946
(August 5, 2014).

Montoya, O. (2009) Universidad y Conocimiento en la Sociedad Moderna

Moreno, H, & Velázquez R. (2012) La Sociedad Del Conocimiento : Inclusión O
Exclusión The Knowledge Society : Inclusion or Exclusion. 36: 1–24.

Pons, J. (2010) Universidad Y Sociedad Del Conocimiento . Las Competencias
Informacionales Y Digitales. 7: 6–16.

Rama, C. (2014) La Virtualización Universitaria En América Latina. 11: 33–43.

Rejas, L. (2012) Redalyc.Desafíos Para El Profesorado En La Sociedad Del Cono-
cimiento. 20: 136–44.

Rivera, J, & Rodríguez L. (2008) Redalyc.La Sociedad Del Re-Conocimiento:
Perspectivas Latinoamericanas. XVIII.

Sadik, F, & Sadik S. (2014) A Study on Environmental Knowledge and Attitudes
of Teacher Candidates. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116: 2379–
85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.577.

Singer, F, & Sarivan L. (2011) Masterprof: A Program to Educate Teachers for the
Knowledge Society. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11: 7–11.
http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877042811000255 (August 16,
2014).

Sinisterra, M. (2008) En La Educación Superior. 4: 102–14.

Songsangyos, P. (2012) The Knowledge Management in Higher Education in
Chiang Mai : A Comparative Review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sci-
ences 69(Iceepsy): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.426.

Turcoane, O. (2012) Option Price Estimations and Speculative Trading in
Knowledge Society. Procedia Economics and Finance 3(12): 432–37.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567112001761 (Au-
gust 16, 2014).

52

UNIVERSITY HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY

Vega, Y, & Villegas C. (2009) El Desempeño Del Docente Universitario En El
Contexto de La Sociedad Del Conocimiento. 10: 133–44.

Torres V. et al. (2012) Revista Electrónica de Investigación Educativa Morelos, ¿
Hacia Una Sociedad Del Conocimiento ? Consideraciones a Partir Del Desa-
rrollo de La Ciencia, La Educación Superior Y Las TIC The State of Morelos :
Towards a Knowledge Society? Considerations Ba.”

Žarković, N, Vrečko I., & Barilović Z. (2014) Creating Holistic Project-
Knowledge Society through Project Management Education in Research and
Development. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 119: 210–18.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814021168 (Au-
gust 5, 2014).

Zulia, U. (2010) Educación y Ciudadanía. Un Reto En La Sociedad Del Conoci-
miento. 10: 230–34.

53



SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS):
AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

Beltran Saraya, Elizabeth Irene

ABSTRACT

In search of a sustainable urban expansion; a factor of great importance is the effi-
cient management of rainwater, usually this management is carried out through
conventional systems, which do not meet their objective due to climate change and
the waterproofing of soils, generating floods due to the increase in flows and the
collapse of the networks. For this reason, the water must be managed in a different
way and thus reduce the water flow before it is incorporated into the discharge
points, applying unconventional alternatives such as Sustainable Urban Drainage
Systems (SUDS), which aims to simulate the natural hydrological cycle, integrat-
ing social, landscape and environmental aspects of the areas to be intervened. This
study was carried out with the aim of knowing in depth this technology and its
benefits, the typology it presents, and additionally some experiences in Europe
where they have been applied are presented, which allows obtaining an overview
of the challenges posed by the bet on promoting the necessary change for the wide-
spread implementation of this novel rainwater management system.

Keywords: Sustainable urban drainage, rainwater management, implementation.

INTRODUCTION

In recent years, climate change has taken on great importance as it generates
destruction and losses in the infrastructure of cities (Jacinto, 2021). According to
the National Planning Department of the Government of Colombia (2015), one of
the most recurrent risks associated with climate change is the risk of floods; prob-
lem originated due to inadequate management of surface rain runoff. Urban
expansion substantially alters the hydrology of the basins where it occurs (Dolz &
Gómez, 1994).

55

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

Urban expansion has led to a waterproofing of the soil, by replacing the natural
terrain with asphalt, concrete and other paving techniques, resulting in the altera-
tion of the hydrological cycle (Sañudo et al., 2012). The increase in impermeable
soil implies an increase in runoff, and that the drainage system collapses, increas-
ing the risk of urban floods (Xue, 2020). In addition to generating floods, there is
contamination to the receiving aquatic bodies (Carvajal & Quishpi, 2018). Because
urban runoff, far from being “clean water”, carries important pollutant loads whose
discharge must be limited to the receiving environment (García et al., 2011).

With the aim to mitigate these negative effects, a novel technique for rainwater
management emerges, which is called “Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems”
(SUDS) (Barahona, 2014). The SUDS optimize the management of rainwater at
the source and do not transfer the problem downstream, improving the state of the
water masses by reducing the impact of overflows in the sanitation systems in pe-
riods of rain; protection against floods and droughts; adaptation and mitigation to
the impact of climate change; reduction of energy consumption in the urban water
cycle (Perales & Calcerrada, 2018).

The approach that there is a true sustainable development and that respects the
environment, made that in many countries around the world the application of
SUDS emerged with force, which solves problems of quantity and quality of the
runoff produced, reducing the impacts of the urban expansion, and optimizing
landscape integration (Perales, 2008). Over time, became symbols of sustainability
and innovation at an international level in countries such as Spain, Australia and
France (Tarazona et al., 2021).

THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)

Urban expansion increases the waterproofed surface and the volume of runoff
produced is greater, which generates overloads in the rainwater network that can
cause overflows and floods (Rodríguez, 2011). In the figure 1, it can be seen that
the amount of water to be managed after urbanization and waterproofing is con-
siderable compared to the previous condition, a condition without urban
expansion.

56

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

Figure 1 Hydrograph of urban affectations.
Source: Ballard et al. (2011)

The larger the waterproofed surface, the lower the amount of rainwater that
can infiltrate and the greater the volume of runoff generated that produces a very
high peak flow (Rodríguez, 2011). Society's growing demand for sustainable urban
development makes a new approach to runoff management necessary, which has
led to growing interest in the use of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS)
and the implementation of solutions to solve current and future problems in urban
drainage (Castillo et al., 2018). In general, they are based on replicating as far as
possible the hydrological conditions prior to the urbanization process (Fletcher et
al., 2015). In addition, SUDS are one of the examples of the so-called Nature Based
Solutions (NBS), for the adaptation of cities to climate change and the mitigation
of its potential consequences (Castillo et al., 2018). SUDS contribute to sustainable
development and the improvement of urban design, balancing the different inter-
ests that influence the development of the community. They focus on the
management of surface water considering the quantity of water, the quality and the
public use that can be given to that surface water (Ballard et al., 2011).

According to Perales (2008), the objectives of the SUDS include: preserving
the water quality of the receiving points, respecting the natural hydrological regime
of the basins, integration between the management and treatment of runoff, reduc-
ing the consumption of drinking water, reducing the demand for drinking water,
carrying out a comprehensive management of water resources by promoting the
reuse of both rainwater and gray water at source.
Typologies and benefits of SUDS.

According to their function, the SUDS imitate natural hydrological processes,
and are typified according to their function as follows: filtration: Retention of sed-
iments by circulating runoff through permeable media. detention: discharge with

57

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

laminar flow to a discharge point, helping with sedimentation. Retention: tempo-
rary storage of the flow for non-potable uses. Treatment: they use
phytoremediators, or bacteria to improve the quality of the flow. Infiltration: fil-
tration of runoff through the subsoil, contributing to the recharge of aquifers (de la
Fuente et al., 2021).

The classification according to the intervention measures can be structural and
non-structural (Perales, 2008). Due to a non-structural intervention, in this type of
SUDS it does not consider a physical intervention in the drainage system, whose
purpose is to improve the management of rainwater and the optimization of exist-
ing structures, through education and citizen participation programs, herbicide
application in parks and gardens, cleaning of drainage structures, among others (de
la Fuente et al., 2021). Due to a structural intervention, this type of SUDS contains
a constructive element for the management of rainwater, being the most used: eco-
logical covers, floodable beds, detention and infiltration ponds, vegetated ditches,
permeable pavements, filtering drains, infiltration ditches and wells, reticular de-
posits, artificial wetlands (Perales, 2008).

The ecological cover is a technique defined as a multi-layer system that covers
the roof of a building or structure with a permeable vegetation cover, over a drain-
age layer, It is designed to intercept and retain precipitation, reduce runoff volume,
and attenuate peak flows(Ballard et al., 2011). Flood beds are depressed and land-
scaped areas that allow the storage of runoff from adjacent impervious surfaces.
They can be classified according to the origin of the rains they manage, and can
be: rain gardens that manage slightly polluted water from pedestrian areas, and
bioretention areas that manage contaminated water from road traffic (de la Fuente
et al., 2021). Detention or infiltration ponds, depressions that, during a rain event,
temporarily store runoff, evacuating it in a controlled way through a drain and
through infiltration. Furthermore, stopping runoff facilitates the deposition of en-
trained sediments (de la Fuente et al., 2021). Filter drains are shallow trenches
filled with filter material with a perforated drain in the bottom layer; runoff usually
reaches the trench from the sides, and is temporarily filtered and stored in it, gen-
erating laminar flows (de la Fuente et al., 2021). Vegetated ditches are wide,
shallow channels covered with vegetation that receive runoff from adjacent imper-
vious areas, in addition to allowing the transport of these runoff, vegetation favors
the elimination of pollutants through sedimentation and filtration (de la Fuente et
al., 2021).

Permeable pavements, which are paving systems that allow runoff to filter
through them into subsurface layers, in this way, the water can be temporarily
stored in the subbase (by means of gravels or geocells), being able to infiltrate the
ground or be discharged in a controlled way downstream; there are two types ac-
cording to the type of permeable surface: porous pavements, which are formed by

58

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

a surface covered by a porous material (concrete, asphalt) and permeable joint
pavements, which are composed of units of waterproof materials, whose geometry
or placement facilitates the passage of water through the joints (de la Fuente et al.,
2021). Filter drains, which consist of shallow trenches filled with filter material
with a perforated drain in the lower layer, the runoff usually reaches the trench
from the sides, and is temporarily filtered and stored there, thus laminating the
peak flows (de la Fuente et al., 2021).

The trenches and infiltration wells are excavations in the ground that are filled
with materials with a high percentage of voids, whether they are granular or syn-
thetic, this subsurface volume serves as temporary storage prior to runoff
infiltration (de la Fuente et al., 2021). Reticular deposits are modular underground
structures, with a high void index and good bearing capacity, they allow the storage
of runoff generated by adjacent impervious surfaces for subsequent lamination,
reuse or infiltration, but they do not provide treatment to runoff by themselves,
which is why they are usually accompanied by auxiliary elements of treatment and
regulation (de la Fuente et al., 2021). Artificial wetlands and ponds are artificial
lagoons that, through phytoremediation using hydrophilic plants, allow the im-
provement of water quality, they present a permanent sheet of water, which varies
when receiving contributions from impervious areas, providing a lamination vol-
ume, they also have overflow structures that allow the controlled evacuation of
water if its service level is exceeded, in summary, they are measures that allow the
management of large volumes of runoff, which can come from different points in
the basin (de la Fuente et al., 2021).

According to Ballard et al. (2011), among the main benefits of SUDS are: re-
ducing runoff rates, reducing the volume and frequency of surface runoff events;
favor the natural recharge of groundwater to minimize impacts on aquifers and the
base flow of rivers; reduce the concentrations of pollutants in runoff, protecting
the water quality of the receiving body; reduce the volume of surface runoff enter-
ing the combined sewer network; contribute to the improvement of the service and
the aesthetic value of the developed areas. In addition to this, it favors the creation
of natural habitats and increases the biodiversity of the urban area, it favors the
natural recharge of aquifers (Martínez & Molina, 2019). According to Perales
(2008) it reduces the “Heat Island” effect by counteracting the increase in temper-
ature caused by asphalt surfaces.

59

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

Figure 2 SUDS of I + D + i projects in Spain; a) Permeable parking in Granada;
b) Green account in Xàtiva, Valencia; c) Permeable parking in Las Llamas, San-
tander.
Source: Revista de Obras Públicas (2019)

Implementation and experiences at the international level

According to Perales (2008), countries such as Australia, the United States,
Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, France, South Africa, and
New Zealand; have implemented this technique, due to this guides, design manu-
als, regulations and documentation of all kinds, available on the network, were
designed. During the 70s in the United States, the problem of diffuse pollution was
recognized, and today it is necessary to develop Stormwater Management Plans,
which consider the use of SUDS strategies and techniques, for the fulfillment of
programs both federal, state and local (Nisenson, 2005).

According to Revit et al. (2003), in Europe the use of the different SUDS tech-
niques is more widespread in the countries of central and northern Europe than in
the southern area, where countries such as Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal have
still with little experience. On the other hand, the types of SUDS used vary between
countries. Countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,
France or Australia have used the SUDS for more than a decade obtaining very
positive results in reducing urban runoff and its pollution, another example occurs
in Spain, where They have developed projects that have already demonstrated their
proper functioning (Revista de obras Públicas, 2019). Two case studies in Spain
are presented below:

CASE 1: Rolling-reuse-infiltration deposit in Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza)

The construction by the GSE company of a large distribution center for a sub-
sidiary of ARC Internacional in Villanueva de Gállego (Zaragoza), promoted by
ProLogis, presented the problem that the existing collector in the urbanization had
insufficient capacity to evacuate rainwater of the roof of the ship, in addition to
being located at a higher elevation than the point of discharge of the evacuation
system of said roof.

60

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

As a solution to the problem, PMEnginyeria proposes, projects and provides
technical assistance in the construction of a semi-buried lamination-infiltration
tank, located in the area reserved for landscaping in the front of the warehouse,
with the capacity to manage the design storm, which allows the infiltration of rain-
water to the ground, thus reproducing the existing hydrological cycle prior to the
construction of the ship. Additionally, a waterproof tank is built associated with
the previous one, for the storage and subsequent reuse of rainwater, both for the
irrigation of the garden areas of the plot and for its use as sanitary water (recharging
toilets and cleaning water). Only when this reuse tank is full, the rainwater captured
on the roof overflows to the adjacent lamination-infiltration tank.

The construction is carried out using new materials that are adapted to the par-
ticular needs of the project: modular reticular structures of polypropylene
(recyclable) that are wrapped with a waterproof sheet make up the reuse tank, and
used (recycled) tire wheels that are wrapped in geotextiles create the necessary
space for temporary water retention and allow water infiltration into the ground.
In this way, the excavated trench is filled up to the level of the adjacent pavement,
and a layer of gravel is poured over a reinforcing geocomposite as a surface finish,
which also allows water to pass through and does not generate runoff.

Figure 3 a) Rainwater Reuse Tank formed by reticular elements. Zaragoza., b)
Rainfall Lamination-Infiltration Deposit filled with used tires.
Source: Perales (2008)

In summary, an innovative and environmentally viable alternative to tradi-
tional rainwater management is implemented, turning what was initially a problem
into an opportunity to carry out Efficient Water Management, and turning a waste
to be treated into a natural resource that provides savings in drinking water and
energy consumption.

61

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

CASE 2: Sustainable Drainage and Rainwater Reuse Network in Torre Baró, Bar-
celona

Given the purpose of BAGURSA (Barcelona's municipal urban management
company), to focus urban and architectural design in a more sustainable and ra-
tional way, and with the aim that urban actions are complementary, rather than
antagonistic, with respect to the cycle Natural del Agua, PMEnginyeria presented,
on April 2006, the design of the SUDS installation for the Torre Baró urbanization.

The objective set is to capture and transport the runoff generated both on the
road and on the roofs of the buildings planned within the scope of said project,
with the aim of directing them to the lowest point of the action, the Plaza de los
Eucaliptus, for later reuse in municipal irrigation and street cleaning tasks.

The slopes of roads and sidewalks direct the runoff generated in them towards
a strip of trees and lampposts with draining pavement (polypropylene cells that
give stability to the filling gravel) that captures, filters and conducts the water to-
wards a series of underlying reservoirs intermittent. These mini-tanks are made up
of modular polypropylene reticular structures, which allow the water to pass
through, receiving the runoff captured by their upper part in direct contact, through
a layer of gravel, with the filter strips, between them by pipes that, being small in
diameter, favor the temporary retention of water in each of the tanks, producing a
lamination of the flows throughout the entire route through the sustainable drain-
age network. In turn, the water collected on the roofs of the adjoining buildings
pours into a series of manholes, which connect with the previously described mini-
tanks. At this time the construction of this first phase of action is completed, and
the construction project for the second phase has already been drawn up, which
includes the extension of the rainwater collection to the green areas of the area,
including the Plaza de los Eucaliptus (lowest point where the SUDS installation
pours) and the reuse tank located in it.

For the second phase, a series of detention tanks has been projected in the low
points of the green areas, which capture the water by filtration and direct it through
the sustainable drainage network of the urbanization, to the projected reuse tank.
The water passes through layers of gravel and geotextiles to the underlying mini-
reservoirs (made up of modular polypropylene lattice structures), and these are
connected by pipes to the urbanization's SUDS network. The lamination of rain-
water at the headwater decreases the diameters of the pipes to the storage tank.

62

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

Figure 4 a) Inlet and outlet hydrographs and lamination effect in a tank in Urb.
Torre Baró, b) Strip for collecting and transporting runoff in Urb. Torre Baró,
Barcelona.
Source: Perales (2008)

With the introduction of the SUDS network in the project scope, the main ob-
jective of using rainwater for irrigation and street cleaning is fulfilled, thus
reducing both the consumption of drinking water in the city and the volume of
water to be transported and purified by the municipal unitary system. As has been
seen, it is already widely recognized worldwide that a change is needed in the way
rainwater is managed in urban environments.

For a country to become part of the group of countries that are convinced that
the way forward is the implementation of the SUDS, a coordinated effort is re-
quired by all the entities involved (citizens, administrations, universities,
companies)
CONCLUSIONS

The enormous urban expansion that has been experienced since the 20th cen-
tury has caused an almost generalized forgetfulness of its relationship with water
and that is generating very serious environmental impacts. The waterproofing of
soils has resulted in increased volumes of runoff, which the sewage networks can
no longer absorb, as well as an increase in surface temperature that has altered
temperatures in the urban sector. This has led to the demand for a more sustainable
way of managing water in the city for some years, which helps mitigate and alle-
viate the effects of waterproofing the soil. In this sense, the implementation of the
SUDS is assuming a very valuable tool that allows recovering the natural hydro-
logical cycle in the city. SUDS can mitigate many of the adverse effects urban
runoff has on the environment, while providing a water resource suitable for reuse.

Faced with climate change, urban expansion and the risk of flooding that these
represent, the SUDS are presented as a powerful tool to counteract the effects of

63

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

both phenomena. Therefore, the implementation of these systems should be con-
sidered in the design of urban plans and strategies aimed at safeguarding the
environment and ensuring human well-being. To date, it shows that the integration
of these systems in the urban environment is feasible and has a positive influence
on the management of the quantity and quality of runoff water. The layers of the
permeable pavements offer an opportunity to recover industrial waste and by-prod-
ucts, allowing to improve the bearing capacity and water storage of these systems

The generalized and standardized implementation of the SUDS goes through
overcoming obstacles such as ignorance and lack of coordination between the
agencies and entities involved, but a common effort must be made, since it is eve-
ryone's responsibility to fight for sustainable development of our towns and cities.
In the same way, in the places where it has been implemented, multiple benefits
have been found, having an effective and efficient performance for the manage-
ment of rainwater in urban sectors.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Ballard, B. W., Kellagher, R., Martin, P., Jefferies, C., Bray, B., & Shaffer, P.
(2011). The SuDS Manual. CIRIA. https://www.middevon.gov.uk/me-
dia/351278/102-c753-the-suds-manual-
prelims.pdf%0Ahttp://www.persona.uk.com/A47postwick/deposit-docs/DD-
181.pdf

Barahona, J. (2014). Análisis y diseño para solución de aguas lluvias mediante
sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenible aplicando la técnica de firmes
permeables en condominio Ercilla, comuna de Temuco, IX región de la Arau-
canía [Universidad Austral de Chile].
http://cybertesis.uach.cl/tesis/uach/2014/bmfcib224a/doc/bmfcib224a.pdf

Carvajal, A. G., & Quishpi, O. (2018). Diseño de pavimento asfáltico poroso para
el aeropuerto Mariscal La Mar de Cuenca [Universidad de Cuenca].
https://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/30335/1/Trabajo de Titu-
lación.pdf

Castillo, J., Andrés, I., Mira, J., Corrales, J., & Perales, S. (2018). Gestión sosteni-
ble del agua de lluvia como motor de renovación urbana: la experiencia del
municipio de Benicàssim (Castellón). RUMBO 20.30. CONAMA 2018, 1–11.

de la Fuente, L., Perales, S., Rico, M., Andrés, I., & Marco, J. B. (2021). Guía
Básica para el Diseño de Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible en la Ciu-
dad de València.
https://ciclointegraldelagua.com/files/normativa/Guia_Basica_para_el_Di-
seno_de_Sistemas_Urbanos_de_Drenaje_Sostenible_en_la_Ciudad_de_Vale

64

SUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (SUDS): AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE RAINWATER MANAGEMENT

ncia_V01.pdf

DNP - Colombia. (2015). Lineamientos para el diseño de sistemas urbanos de
drenaje sostenible SUDS (1st ed.). https://proyectostipo.dnp.gov.co/ima-
ges/pdf/Lineamientos-PT-SUDS-V1-261218.pdf

Dolz, J., & Gómez, M. (1994). Problemática del drenaje de aguas pluviales en
zonas urbanas y del estudio hidráulico de las redes de colectores. Ingeniería
Del Agua, 1, 55–66.

Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., Trows-
dale, S., Barraud, S., Semadeni-Davies, A., Bertrand-Krajewski, J. L.,
Mikkelsen, P. S., Rivard, G., Uhl, M., Dagenais, D., & Viklander, M. (2015).
SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of ter-
minology surrounding urban drainage. Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525–542.
https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.916314 To

García, E., Perales, S., & Andrés, I. (2011). Control de escorrentías urbanas me-
diante pavimentos permeables: aplicación en climas mediterráneos.
Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 1, 218.

Jacinto, J. E. (2021). Diseño de Mezcla de Concreto Permeable Utilizando Dife-
rentes Porcenjates de Agregado Fino y Aditivos en la Ciudad de Chiclayo.
Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo.

Martínez, A., & Molina, M. (2019). Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible
(SUDS). Foro de Sostenibilidad.

Nisenson, L. (2005). Using Smart Growth Techniques as Stormwater Best Man-
agement Practices (EPA 231-B-).

Perales, S. (2008). Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible (SUDS). Expo Zara-
goza 2008 - Semana Temática: Agua y Servicios de Abastecimiento y
Saneamiento.

Perales, S., & Calcerrada, E. (2018). Guía básica de diseño de Sistemas de Gestión
Sostenible de Aguas Pluviales en zonas verdes y otros espacios libres.

Revista de obras Públicas. (2019). Sistemas urbanos de drenaje sostenible. Una
oportunidad para la planificación de ciudades sensibles al agua. In Revista de
Obras Publicas (Vol. 166, Issue 3607).

Revit, M., Ellis, B., & Scholes, L. (2003). Report 5.1. Review of the Use of storm-
water BMPs in Europe. Project under EU RTD 5th Framework Programme.,
5.

65

Elizabeth Irene Beltran Saraya

Rodríguez, L. F. (2011). Revisión bibliográfica los sistemas urbanos de drenaje
sostenibles. Universidad de los Andes.

Sañudo, L. A., Rodríguez, J., & Castro, D. (2012). Diseño y Construcción de Sis-
temas Urbanos de Drenaje Sostenible (SUDS). E.T.S. de Ingenieros de
Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Schlüter, (1st ed.).

Tarazona, L. V., Bonilla, C. A., & Rojas, J. P. (2021). Sistemas urbanos de drenaje
sostenible (SUDS): una alternativa integral para el manejo de las aguas lluvias.
Mundo Fesc, 11(21), 140–155.

Xue, Z. (2020). Sistemas de drenaje urbano sosteniible. Universidad de Alcalá,
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos.

66

THE EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE
MEETING OF GOALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS BY

DIRECT ADMINISTRATION IN THE REGION OF PUNO

Mochica Mamani, Elmer

ABSTRACT

The objective refers from the presented problem of how to carry out the risk man-
agement of the construction project by direct administration in the Puno region in
order to meet the goals. The importance of this research work lies in the need to
carry out a risk management plan for the project in the planning stage to guarantee
the fulfillment of its goals in the execution stage. It is important because it allows
authorities and officials of the organization to make better decisions for the benefit
of the project. This benefit consists of: Anticipating and avoiding problems, during
the period of execution of works by direct administration in the Puno region; At
the end of the investigation, it will be concluded that an adequate risk management
makes it possible to meet the goals of construction of works by direct administra-
tion in the Puno region. because: its objectives are achieved, the programmed
scope is fulfilled, it is completed on time, it is executed with the approved budget,
it has the satisfaction of the interested parties and the Entity.

Keywords: Risk Management, Goal Fulfillment, Quantitative Analysis, Monte
Carlo Analysis.

INTRODUCTION

Project production is one of the most important. patterns, the success of these
projects basically depends on effective management for planning, monitoring and
scheduling project activities and taking the necessary actions to accelerate the com-
pletion of certain activities One of the important tasks of the administration is the
analysis of deviations occur; Also, some management tasks are preparation of con-
trol reports and necessary steps to correct them.

Narváez (2015), in his study called “Risk management in the design phase for
construction projects using the PMBOK guide”, from the Nueva Granada Military
University, uses the methodology proposed by the PMBOK guide that contains the
identification, qualitative analysis and quantitative, and finally contingency plans

67

Elmer Mochica Mamani

for risk management of an infrastructure project, specifically buildings, during the
design phase. It is concluded that the risks that most affect this type of projects are
operational and technical risks.

Ortiz (2015), in the doctoral thesis of the Polytechnic University of Valencia,
called "Risk management in the work through reserves for contingencies from the
perspective of the construction company", the use of reserves from a practical point
of view is described for contingencies by construction companies to manage risks
during phase 40 of works execution. The result is a contingency reserve manage-
ment model to be used in other international studies.

Tamayo and Hincapié (2016), in the master's thesis of the EAFIT University,
called “A state of the art of qualitative and quantitative analysis of risks in pro-
jects”, a state of the art of the existing methodologies and tools for qualitative
analysis is carried out and quantitative risks in projects, finding that there are 28
qualitative methods and 11 quantitative methods. Likewise, it is concluded that a
risk analysis cannot be considered complete if it does not have a qualified mathe-
matical support that complements everything investigated and analyzed.

Torres and Ramírez (2017), in the master's thesis of the Pedro Ruiz Gallo Na-
tional University, entitled "Factors that influence the quality of the technical files
of the building projects of the Regional Government of Lambayeque, period 2014
- 2015", find that of the technical factors that most influence the quality of the
technical files, 38% is the non-use of the critical path or the risk analysis to deter-
mine the execution period of the work.

Espino (2014), at the University of Seville, developed the doctoral thesis called
"Development of a risk management model according to the UNE ISO 31000
standard for the treatment of claims in buildings" a risk management model based
on standards is implemented international standards (ISO 31000, ISO 31010 and
ISO 60812), adapting it to the building sector and particularly to the director of
works execution, with the ultimate objective of reducing the probability of a failure
or a claim occurring.

Martínez, Moreno and Rubio (2012), published in the Engineering Magazine
DYNA the study “Risk management in engineering projects. The case of the PTS
university campus. University of Granada”, in which the risk analysis of the case
of a new university campus of the University of Granada is carried out. The study
concludes that the magnitude and complexity of large engineering projects entail
risks that must be adequately managed to achieve their objectives.

Diez-Silva, et al, in their article “Measurement of performance and the fulfill-
ment of goals in project management. Perspective of the public manager”,
published in the LAN magazine, they analyze the measurement of performance in

68

THE EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE MEETING OF GOALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS
BY DIRECT ADMINISTRATION IN THE REGION OF PUNO

project management and the influence that this has on the fulfillment of goals in
the execution process, they have reviewed and compared the theoretical part and
the empirical study, establishing the importance of using performance measure-
ment tools as a factor in meeting goals in the project management process.

THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT

The PMBOK Guide (PMI, 2017).

Mentions that a project is a temporary endeavor that is undertaken to create a
unique product, service, or result. The temporary nature of projects implies that a
project has a defined beginning and end.

Construction Standard G.50 Safety During Construction (RNE, 2006) defines
construction as a building, including excavations and temporary constructions,
structural transformations, renovation, repair, maintenance (including cleaning and
painting work), and the demolition of all kinds of buildings and structures. Public
use and service works: earthworks, demolition works, road works, ditches, termi-
nals, road interchanges, airports, piers, ports, canals, reservoirs, rain and maritime
works (terminals, breakwater reinforcements), roads and highways, railways,
bridges, tunnels, underground works, viaducts and works related to the provision
of services such as: communications, drainage, sewerage, and water and energy
supply. Electromechanical assembly, assembly and disassembly of buildings and
structures of prefabricated elements. Processes of preparation, qualification and
transport of materials.

Project under construction, by its very nature, each building or infrastructure is
the result of a construction process, it has a unique character and its design and
development involves a limited effort in time. (Ortiz, 2015). The development,
design and execution of construction projects takes place in a complex context,
inherently characterized by uncertainty and risk, which must be managed; reason
for the present investigation.

It is the building or infrastructure, which, according to Ortiz (2015), has the
following characteristics:

Product under construction

It is a durable product, depending on the useful life of the infrastructure, which
is generally not less than several decades.

It is unique, because even in similar projects there will always be some relevant
factor that is modified.

69

Elmer Mochica Mamani

It is capital intensive, you have to invest so much in development, design and
execution.

It is complex, because a large number of elements interact and as it is the result
of a constructive process, it induces uncertainty and risk.

This means providing citizens with alternatives to the private vehicle that are
increasingly sustainable, effective and comfortable, and at the same time, raising
awareness of the need for a more efficient use of the private vehicle.

Therefore, it is necessary to manage the demand for private mobility that re-
quires high awareness and citizen participation.

Uncertainty, probability of occurrence Ortiz (2015), taken from ISO 31000
(2010), defines uncertainty as the state, even partial, of the deficiency in the infor-
mation related to the understanding or knowledge of an event, its consequences or
of its probability. As mentioned by Lledó (2013), uncertainty occurs when we do
not know the probability of an event occurring. Each event or fact has the possi-
bility of happening or happening. An unlikely event that occurs has a probability
of occurrence close to 0%, while an event that is almost certain to occur has a
probability of occurrence very close to 100%; Mathematically, the probability of
occurrence is usually represented on a scale from 0 to 1.

Riesgo Ortiz (2015), describes risk as a future event, of uncertain occurrence and
with a negative impact on the work. Other definitions, such as those taken from
ISO 31000 (2010), define risk as the effect of uncertainty on the achievement of
objectives. Godfrey (2004) defines risk as the possibility of an adverse event oc-
curring. Jaafari (1990) defines risk as the presence of potential or real restrictions
that could stand in the way of the correct execution of a project, causing total or
partial failures during the execution, start-up or life of a building or infrastructure.
Finally, Young (2007) defines risk as any event that could prevent the work from
meeting the expectations placed on it by any stakeholder in accordance with the
provisions of the contracts.

The PMBOK Guide (PMI, 2017) defines project risk as an uncertain event or
condition that, if it occurs, has a positive or negative effect on one or more of the
project's objectives, such as scope, schedule, cost and quality. A risk can have one
or more causes and, if it materializes, one or more impacts. A cause can be a spec-
ified or potential requirement, an assumption, a constraint, or a condition that
creates the possibility of both negative and positive consequences. The develop-
ment of a Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan requires a methodology of participation
and social awareness, information and education by local authorities, detailed anal-
ysis of the initial situation and proposals, progressive implementation of measures
with evaluation of results, and pilot, educational and promotional projects.

70

THE EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE MEETING OF GOALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS
BY DIRECT ADMINISTRATION IN THE REGION OF PUNO

Processes and knowledge areas of project management A process is a set of
interrelated actions and activities that are carried out to create a predefined product,
result or service They are characterized by their inputs to be used, by the tools and
techniques to be applied and by the outputs that are obtained.

Source: Adapted from Echeverria (2013)
Figure 01
The PMI PMBOK Guide (2017) considers 49 Project Management Processes, 05
Process Groups and 10 Knowledge Areas. As mentioned, this study will develop
the processes described in Table 04, with their inputs, tools and techniques and
outputs.
Risk Management The risk management of a project is a set of processes that
interact with each other and with other areas of knowledge of the management of
All information necessary to do the work such as: previously prepared documents,
templates, organization policies, outputs from other processes, etc. Here the work
is done. The tools and techniques collect inputs and convert them into outputs:
other documents, lists, products, etc. Results of each process: documents, sched-
ules, risk plans, etc., and as a final output the product or service that we are
developing.
Plan risk response. In this process, you develop options, select strategies, and
agree on actions to address the overall project risk exposure, as well as address
individual project risks. Each risk response includes the identification and assign-
ment of a risk response owner to take responsibility for each agreed risk response.
the response to adopt according to the type of risk.

71

Elmer Mochica Mamani

Table 1 Summary of strategies for threats, opportunities and general risk of
the project.

Strategy to threat General Risk Strategy Strategy to opportunity

Climb To avoid Climb
To avoid To explore Exploit
Transfer Transfer / Share To get better
To mitigate Mitigate / Improve Share
To accept To accept To accept

Inputs Tools and Techniques Project outputs that aim to increase the probability
and impact of positive events and decrease the probability and impact of negative
events in the project. (PMI, 2017). There are several methodologies or risk man-
agement standards (Annex A), of which the most acceptable and chosen for the
development of this research is the standard recommended in the "Guide to the
fundamentals for project management" (PMBOK) of the PMI, Sixth Edition
(2017). This guide indicates that there are seven processes to follow for risk man-
agement and they are:

1. Plan risk management: Result Risk management plan.

2. Identify the risks: Risk Register Result.

3. Carry out the qualitative risk analysis: Updated Risk Register Result with qual-
itative prioritization.

4. Carry out the quantitative risk analysis: Updated Risk Register Result with
quantitative prioritization.

5. Plan the response to risks: Result of Updated Risk Register with Response
Plan.

6. Implement Risk Response: Process of implementing agreed risk response
plans.

7. Monitor risks: Process of monitoring the implementation of agreed risk re-
sponse plans, monitoring identified risks, identifying and analyzing new risks,
and evaluating the effectiveness of the risk management process throughout
the project.

72

THE EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE MEETING OF GOALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS
BY DIRECT ADMINISTRATION IN THE REGION OF PUNO

To carry out the risk management of the project under study, we opted for what is
recommended in the standard: “Guide to the Fundamentals for Project Manage-
ment” or “A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge” (PMBOK
Guide), sixth edition (2017) of the Project Management Institute (PMI), since it
collects the processes of other methodologies and is adopted by Peruvian regula-
tions. This standard contains ten Knowledge Areas, the eighth of which refers to
Project Risk Management. The results of its development referred to the group of
Planning processes, its analysis and discussion are presented below:

RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN. For its preparation (Table 10), the Project Con-
stitution Act (annex B) and the Project Stakeholders Registry (annex C) were used
as inputs. The tool used is the Stakeholders matrix

RISK MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGY

PROCESS DESCRIPTION TOOLS SOURCE OF INFOR-
MATION
Plan Risk Manage-
ment Prepare the risk Man- Stakeholder matrix, Project, interested parties,

agement plan PMBOK guide related bibliography

Identify the risks identify what risks Checklist, Risk Ma- Project, similar studies, re-
trix, Risk Breakdown lated bibliography
may affect the project
and document their Structure (RBS)

characteristics

CONCLUSIONS

A risk management methodology in construction projects, as well as the afore-
mentioned tools, which were applied and adapted to the needs of the construction
project of the multifamily building "Malecon Balta", allows us to focus on the most
important activities of the project and have, on the one hand, a control strategy to
mitigate unfavorable events and, on the other, an optimization strategy to take ad-
vantage of favorable events within our construction projects. Among the countless
activities to be carried out within any construction project, what is achieved
through a culture of risk management is that the project team can concentrate its
efforts on those critical activities that will determine its success or failure. For this
reason, the application of the five construction risk management processes is es-
sential: Planning, Identification, Analysis (qualitative and quantitative), Response
and Supervision or Control.

The Guide to the Fundamentals of Project Management (PMBOK Guide) sug-
gests that unknown risks cannot be managed, so the importance of managing risks

73

Elmer Mochica Mamani

successfully and effectively requires a clear understanding of risk and all its ele-
ments. The structuring of the project risks and their respective qualification and
quantification allowed us to carry out a more in-depth analysis of them and there-
fore make the best decisions for the performance of the project team.

The Earned Value Curves become a fundamental tool for Risk Control, both
for costs and for the execution time of our project, since it allows us to monitor
how the work is being executed and therefore, take measures to counteract the
negative effects or otherwise optimize the opportunities that may arise.

BIBLIOGRAPHYC REFERENCE

ALOP. Manual sobre riesgos en la construcción, daños a la obra y pérdida de be-
neficios anticipada. España. ALOP.

Álvarez, Y. (2017). Diseño de un plan de gestión de riesgos para asegurar el valor
de los proyectos de una empresa metalmecánica en la región de Arequipa, caso
empresa IMCO S.A.C. Arequipa, Perú: Universidad Nacional de San Agustín
de Arequipa.

Academia. Uso simulación Monte Carlo evaluación proyectos.

Agirre, I. (2007). Sistema de planificación estocástico de proyectos: implicaciones
en la gestión de riesgos. La Rioja, España: Universidad de la Rioja.

Aparicio, M. y Duran, D. (2012). Análisis de la gestión de riesgos de un proyecto
de inversión pública en turismo de sol y playa durante su fase de inversión: el
caso del proyecto acondicionamiento turístico de la playa de Centro de Mán-
cora. Lima, Perú: Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería.

Asmat, M. (2016). Gestión de riesgos en proyectos según el PMBOK ® Linea-
mientos generales para su implementación. Piura, Perú: Colegio de Ingenieros
del Perú. Barrantes, M. (2011). Estudio de caso: Administración del riesgo
aplicada a un proyecto carretero. México DF, México: Universidad Iberoame-
ricana. Buchtik, L. (2012). Secretos para dominar la gestión de riesgos en
proyectos. Uruguay: Gráfica Mosca.

Caro, D. (2015). Afectación de la TIR por materialización de riesgos en proyectos
de infraestructura vial. Medellín, Colombia: Universidad EAFIT.

CIBERTEC. Gestión de los riesgos del proyecto. Lima: División de Alta Tecnolo-
gía– DAT.

Cubillo, J. (2009). Plan de proyecto de la construcción del condominio Tachi. San

José, Costa Rica: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica.

74

THE EFFICIENCY OF RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE MEETING OF GOALS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF WORKS
BY DIRECT ADMINISTRATION IN THE REGION OF PUNO

De Los Ríos, M. (2009). Plan de gestión de riesgos para la construcción del túnel
de conducción superior en el proyecto hidroeléctrico el diquís del Instituto
Costarricense de Electricidad. San José, Costa Rica: Universidad para la
Cooperación Internacional (UCI).

Departamento Nacional de Planeación (2017). Riesgos en proyectos de infraes-
tructura. Colombia: DNP.

Echeverría, D. (2013). Manual para Project Managers. Cómo gestionar proyectos
con éxito. España: Wolters Kluwer España, S.A.
Espino, M. (2014). Desarrollo de un modelo de gestión de riesgos según la norma
UNE ISO 31000 para el tratamiento de reclamaciones en edificación. Sevilla, Es-

paña: Tesis doctoral de la Universidad de Sevilla.
Fernández, H. (2001). Gerencia de proyectos aplicada paso a paso. Recuperado

www.gerenciadeproyectos.com. (1)
García, J., Rodrigue, F. y Hruskovic, P. (2010). Gestión de Riesgos en Proyectos
de Construcción. 1er Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería de Proyectos.
Gascón, O. (2017). Guía 2018 Project Manager Professional PMP®.
Gerens.pe. Gestión de riesgos: ¿qué es? ¿por qué emplearla? ¿cómo emplearla?
Recuperado de https://gerens.pe/blog/gestion-riesgo-que-por-que-como.
Lledó, P. (2013). Director de proyectos: Cómo aprobar el examen PMP sin morir

en el intento. Victoria, BC, Canadá: Pablolledó.
Martínez, C., et al. (2014). Estudio de los factores críticos para el éxito en la

construcción de edificaciones en la ciudad de Santo Domingo, República
Dominicana al año 2014. Revista Ciencia y Sociedad.
Martínez, G., Moreno, B. y Rubio, M. (2012). Gestión del riesgo en proyectos de
ingeniería. El caso del campus universitario Pts. Universidad de Granada
(España). Revista Dyna.

75



NEOLIBERALISM AND COVID - 19 AND EFFECTS ON
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS

Mamani Larico, Javier Beltrán

ABSTRACT

The objective of this work was to analyze the antecedents of the last 30 years of
the Peruvian economy and link them with the reality of Covid - 19 and its effects.
According to the WHO (World Health Organization) our country is currently ex-
periencing the pandemic as well as in more than 100 countries. Covid-19 has
highlighted the damage caused by neoliberal policies adopted as an expression of
globalization. In almost all countries, some more than others, the public service
capacity of their states was impaired. In developing countries this damage was no-
table: after forty years of neoliberalism, today they have poor public health and
education systems and growing gaps in social infrastructure. This phenomenon has
notoriously exposed the shortcomings and errors of the national economic policy
since its recomposition, initiated by the government of Alberto Fujimori (1990 -
2000) to the present day.

Keywords: Economic policy, neoliberalism, economic sectors, covid - 19.

INTRODUCTION

In this context of the pandemic declared by the government of Peru (Supreme
Decree No. 008-2020-SA, 2020), of high risk of transmission of covid-19 in Peru,
the local governments of Peru and as well as the municipalities of The Puno region
is creditor of an annual institutional budget in order to satisfy the needs of social
welfare for the development of its inhabitants with the sources of financing ac-
cording to the general budget law of the public sector for fiscal year 2020 (Decree
of Urgency N ° 014-2019), according to (González B.1980) indicates that re-
sources are increasingly demanding compared to limited municipal resources,
which represents a tool of public administration, which is an estimate of income
and forecast of expenses that must be met during a certain fiscal period.

On the other hand, the public budget is a State management instrument for the
achievement of results in favor of the population, through the provision of services

77

Javier Beltrán Mamani Larico

and the achievement of coverage goals with equity, effectiveness and efficiency
by public entities. (level, Review, and Formulation 2018), establishes the spending
limits during the fiscal year, for each of the public sector entities and the income
that finances them, in accordance with the availability of Public Funds, in order to
maintain balance prosecutor (Ari A. 2015).

Covid-19 will cause a great impact throughout the country, starting from the
economy to the budget execution of the country and all its regions (Cabrera D.,
Vargas A., y Grajales C. 2014), therefore it also has its effects on the provincial
municipalities of the Puno region and its population that is the subject of this re-
search. The Puno region is affected with the stoppage of all its works scheduled
according to the assigned budget, as a consequence of the deficient budget execu-
tion.

According to what has been raised, it is necessary to analyze what are the ef-
fects of covid-19 on budget execution in the provincial municipalities of the Puno
region? and thereby determine the consequences on the development of the city,
dismissal of workers, economic crisis in all sectors due to lack of operation and
liquidity of the company, among others.

In order to comply with the proposed objective, tables have been prepared from
the friendly consultation information of the MEF, making comparisons and seeing
the budgetary and economic effects that have led to the economic crisis in the Puno
region.

METHODS

Scope or Place of Study

This research was developed in the local and provincial governments of the Puno
region, for the analysis of budget execution in times of the covid-19 pandemic.

Description of Methods

The quantitative approach, analytical-deductive methods, data collection instru-
ment, documentary analysis, application of the data collection technique and data
processing through data tabulation were used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Effects of Covid - 19 in the budget execution of the district municipality of Puno.

78

NEOLIBERALISM AND COVID - 19 AND EFFECTS ON MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS

Table 1. Budget execution at the level of activities and projects

Province PIM Certification Accrued Turned Advance %

2106: Huancané 33,475,945 18,313,431 9,509,827 7,843,862 28.4

2101: Puno 114,805,258 65,584,491 29,598,994 26,970,729 25.8

2108: Melgar 56,951,996 33,699,766 14,015,343 13,301,389 24.6

2110: San Antonio de Putina 44,314,157 24,385,909 10,709,779 10,300,822 24.2

2111: San Román 113,604,963 80,867,289 27,323,358 25,520,526 24.1

2107: Lampa 42,298,212 26,289,139 9,853,986 9,284,383 23.3

2113: Yunguyo 28,487,668 17,824,271 6,605,126 6,151,682 23.2

2105: El Collao 48,715,973 25,762,123 10,698,909 9,760,157 22.0

2112: Sandía 59,689,947 36,003,940 11,904,069 11,180,489 19.9

2109: Moho 19,829,343 10,746,791 3,868,496 2,954,741 19.5

2104: Chucuito 94,991,182 59,003,582 18,012,078 17,328,832 19.0

2102: Azángaro 110,471,000 64,470,859 20,419,673 18,932,674 18.5

2103: Carabaya 109,822,990 45,627,277 19,284,177 18,248,973 17.6

TOTAL 877,458,634 508,578,868 191,803,815 177,779,259 21.9

Source: Ministry of economy and finance

As shown in table 1. Budget execution at the level of activities and projects; in
which it can be seen that the provinces with the highest budget execution from
January to May 2020 are the province of Huancané with 28.40%, the province of
Puno with 25.80% and the province of Melgar with 24.60% of budget execution.
On the other hand, we have the provinces with the lowest budget execution, which
are: Carabaya province with 17.60%, Azángaro province with 18.50 and Chucuito
province with 19% budget execution, which shows that there was a poor budget
execution as a result of the State of Emergency that was decreed by the Peruvian
government.

79

Javier Beltrán Mamani Larico

Table 2. Budget execution at the project level

Province PIM Certification Accrued Turned Advance
2102: Azángaro 63,734,688 34,235,172 5,403,180 4,809,212 %

8.5

2103: Carabaya 66,145,221 18,133,846 5,327,376 4,990,802 8.1

2112: Sandía 33,127,762 16,707,245 2,222,232 1,900,078 6.7

2101: Puno 30,796,486 14,211,500 6,915,666 5,715,772 22.5

2106: Huancané 14,062,438 6,205,045 2,735,797 1,928,256 19.5

2111: San Román 44,506,996 35,369,653 8,258,506 7,646,685 18.6

2108: Melgar 23,871,342 12,552,060 4,176,524 3,999,066 17.5

2113: Yunguyo 14,166,226 10,955,071 2,474,558 2,340,311 17.5

2107: Lampa 22,365,860 13,639,517 3,490,860 3,092,504 15.6

2109: Moho 12,310,117 5,989,431 1,601,121 754,297 13.0

2104: Chucuito 55,673,558 36,599,514 6,946,469 6,747,100 12.5

2105: El Collao 23,644,375 9,349,491 2,955,582 2,692,522 12.5

TOTAL 429,847,855 228,610,206 57,952,923 51,827,005 13.5

Source: Ministry of economy and finance

As shown in table 2. Budget execution at the project level; in which it can be
seen that the provinces with the highest budget execution from January to May
2020 are the province of Puno with 22.50%, San Antonio de Putina province with
21.40% and the province of Huancané with 19.50% execution budgetary. On the
other hand, we have the provinces with the lowest budget execution, which are:
Sandia province with 6.70%, Carabaya province with 8.10% and Azángaro prov-
ince with 8.50% budget execution, which clearly shows the effect of covid-19,
since they paralyzed investments in all entities, which generated poor budget exe-
cution.

80

NEOLIBERALISM AND COVID - 19 AND EFFECTS ON MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS

Table 3. Budget execution at the financing source level

Funding Source PIM Certification Accrued Turned Advance
%
107,816,590 24,512,372
1: Ordinary Re- 143,589,837 34,531,595 13,249,272 22,835,651 17.1
sources 18,589,949 6,211,096
10,496,623 2,241,534
2: Directly Raised 52,424,617 337,144,110 145,589,542 12,089,121 25.3
Resources 59,975,982
21,225,146 5,357,102 10.4
3: Resources for Of-
ficial Credit 2,108,317 10.6
Operations

4: Donations and
Transfers

5: Determined Re- 600,243,052 135,389,068 24.3
sources

TOTAL 877,458,634 508,578,866 191,803,815 177,779,259 21.9

Source: Ministry of economy and finance

As shown in Table 3. Budget execution at the financing source level; In the
provinces of the Puno region, it should be noted that with the Fte Fto Resources
directly raised from the total programmed budget, 25.30% was executed, and the
Fte Fto resources determined with 24.30% execution, also the Fte Fto Ordinary
Resources was executed at 17.10% and the Fte Fto with less execution is Resources
for Official Credit Operations with 10.40% of the total budget, this showed that
until the first semester the programmed budget was not executed as a result of the
State of Emergency.

81

Javier Beltrán Mamani Larico

Table 4. Budget execution at the generic level of expenses

Generic PIM Certification Accrued Turned Advance
%
5-21: Personal and social 95,170,316 81,145,160 32,469,506 30,487,322
obligations 34.1
29,710,799 24,308,593 3,141,859
5-22: Pensions and other 285,663,188 161,073,194 91,759,871 2,677,495 10.6
social benefits 9,512,938 7,237,282 2,620,538 87,079,012 32.1
2,819,318 2,317,745 27.5
5-23: Goods and services 8,165,039 794,848 693,090 24.6
500,000 500,000 588,006 6.1
5-24: Donations and 7,500 500,000 0.0
transfers 0 0
441,926,410 0
5-25: Other expenses 230,296,927 58,691,043
52,470,753 13.3
6-24: Donations and
transfers

6-25: Other expenses

6-26: Acquisition of non-
financial assets

7-28: Public debt service 4,483,126 3,222,862 1,927,907 1,658,926 43.0

TOTAL 877,458,634 508,578,866 191,803,815 177,779,259 21.9

Source: Ministry of economy and finance

As shown in Table 4. Budget execution at the generic level of expenses; in
which it clearly shows that in the generic of spending 2.3 goods and services, of a
total budget of 441,926,410 soles, only 13.30% was executed, this as a conse-
quence of the paralysis of investments in the different provinces of the Puno
region. On the other hand, we have the generic of 2.1 personal expenditure and
social obligations, of a budget of 9,170,316 soles, 34.10% of the total budget was
executed, which did not have as much effect, because all the entities complied with
the personnel payment, and another detail we also have the generic of expenditure
2.3. Goods and services, out of a budget of 285, 663,188 soles, 32.10% of the total
assigned budget was executed. Therefore, we conclude that investments were the
most affected by the state of emergency, which generated a deficient execution of
the institutional budget of each province of the Puno region.

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the analysis of the data obtained through tables 1, 2, 3 and 4 of
budget execution of the local governments of the provincial municipalities of the
Puno region, a low execution is obtained as a result of the state of emergency and
the quarantine due to the pandemic of the covid declared by the government, which
affected the normal development of activities and works scheduled for this period.

82

NEOLIBERALISM AND COVID - 19 AND EFFECTS ON MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTS

Budget execution at the level of activities and projects; It can be seen that the
province with the highest budget execution from January to May 2020, is the prov-
ince of Huancané with 28.40%, On the other hand, the province of Carabaya shows
a lower budget execution with 17.60%, which shows a deficient 21.9% budget ex-
ecution as Puno region, as a consequence of the State of Emergency decreed by
the Peruvian government.

Regarding budget execution at the project level; You can see that the province
with the highest budget execution from January to May 2020, is the province of
Puno with 22.50%, on the other hand we have the province with the lowest budget
execution is the province of Sandia with 6.70%, which clearly shows the negative
influence of the covid-19 effect on investments in capital goods by local govern-
ments in the Puno region.

BIBLIOGRAPHYC REFERENCE

Ari A. (2015). Evaluación De La Ejecución Presupuestaria y su Incidencia En El
Cumplimiento de Metas Institucionales de la Universidad Nacional del Alti-
plano - Puno, Periodos 2015 Y 2016. Tesis UNA: 1–254.

Cabrera D., Vargas A., y Grajales C. (2014). Infección del nuevo coronavirus:
Nuevos Retos, Nuevos Legados. Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del
Seguro Social 52: 438–41

González B. (1980). Esquemas Interpretativos de la Administración Pública
Norteamericana. Revista de Administración Pública 12(2): 15–37.

Ministerio de sanidad., and Centro de Coordinación de Alertas y Emergencias
Sanitarias. 2020. Información Científico Técnica Versión 17 Abril 2020. 17
de Abril: 1–54. https://www.aemps.gob.es/.

Ibisate, F. J. (1998). Neoliberalismo y globalización. El Salvador: Biblioteca P.
Florentino Idoate, S.J.

Lent, J. (2020). Open Democracy. Retrieved julio 20, 2020, from open Democ-
racy: https://www.opendemocracy.net/es/el-coronavirus-marca-el-fin-de-la-
era-neoliberal-que-sera-lo-siguiente/

ONU (2020). Retrieved 2020, from Noticias ONU:
https://news.un.org/es/story/2020/06/1475672

Posibl. (2020). Posibl. Retrieved, from: https://www.posibl.com/es/news/socie-
dad/la-pandemia-disminuira-el-ingreso-per-capita-a-nivel-mundial-algo-que-
no-sucedia-desde-1870-22336744

83

Javier Beltrán Mamani Larico

Puchades, D. (2019). Economía simple.net. Retrieved 2020, https://www.econo-
miasimple.net/neoliberalismo-que-es-caracteristicas-y-origen.html

Yirda, A. (2019). Concepto definición de. Retrieved 2020, from concepto defini-
ción. https://conceptodefinicion.de/neoliberalismo/

Nacional y Revisión, and D E L A Formulación. 2018. “Evaluación de La Ges-
tión de Los Programas Presupuestales Al Primer Semestre 2017,
Seguimiento de Las Transferencias Del Nivel Nacional y Revisión de La
Formulación 2018.”: 1–56.

Decreto Supremo Nº 008-2020-SA, Diario Oficial “El Peruano”, Lima, Perú, 11
de marzo de 2020.

Decreto Supremo Nº 044-2020-PCM, 2020, Diario Oficial “El Peruano”, Lima,
Perú, 15 de marzo de 2020.

84

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE
PROCEDURE OF CLAIM IN FÚNCIÓN TO THE RELATIONSHIP

OF CONSUMPTION

Sanchez Garcia, Joseph Juliano

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this document is to analyze and address the problems involved in
the administrative complaint procedure at the National Institute for the Defense of
Competition and the Protection of Intellectual Property – INDECOPI, and with it,
to specify the level of effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the same, given the vicis-
situdes that occur in consumer relations in order to incorporate improvements in
the development of this, sometimes controversial, administrative procedure. On
the other hand, the investigation will examine general aspects of the administrative
complaint procedure such as its most specific aspects, object, characteristics, en-
vironment in which it was created, which differentiate it from other procedures and
cause its current use and effects. This through the methodology of data collection
instruments in order to achieve an inference with which improvements can be pro-
posed to it and better results, answering questions such as: How beneficial or
satisfactory is the result with respect to the claims initiated on the consumer rela-
tions that are intended to be solved?, To what extent does the administrative
complaint procedure influence the resolution of disputes over consumer relation-
ships? This will determine whether the complaint procedure is effective; or if,
contrary to sensu, it is a procedure that requires urgent reform because it is insuf-
ficient in the face of the vicissitudes originated in consumer relations. The research
will be of a quantitative nature, will use methods of observation, statistical, through
the analysis of sample of a population of files of procedures of complaint pro-
cessed.

Keywords: INDECOPI, claim, infringement, administrative procedure, concilia-
tion.

INTRODUCTION

Currently in Peru, during the decade of the 1990s to 2010, a marked improve-
ment in economic growth arrives with greater notoriety, as well as an increase in

85

Joseph Juliano Sanchez Garcia

the acquisition, apprehension of goods and services in exchange for a considera-
tion, known as consumption (CABANELLAS, 2006; Escalante, 2016), and with,
as expected, an increase in conflicts caused by consumer relationships between
consumers and suppliers during the marketing of products and services. Given this,
the need to establish procedures that allow to attend and resolve in a better way all
the vicissitudes that occur or could occur, thereby introducing new concepts such
as the claim that is the oral or written manifestation by a consumer originated by
the alleged infringement by a supplier to their rights as such, contained in Law No.
29571, Code of Protection and Defense of the Consumer" (ROZAS, 2018, p. 18),
with the purpose that consumers enjoy the rights and effective mechanisms for
their protection, and that the State prevents, corrects and eliminates behaviors and
practices that affect their legitimate interests" (CERNA, 2009, p. 6). But of course,
all this through an established due procedure that directs the claims adduced, there-
fore it is pertinent to specify that the complaint procedure is included in the
trilateral procedures, a trilateral procedure by its very nature is authorized to dif-
ferentiate itself from the general and common rule in what has to do properly with
the number of participants in the procedure, for the special role of the administra-
tive authority" (MORÓN, 2019a, p. 63), which, as great lawyers on the subject
refer, whose satisfaction is sought through authentic human rights that require spe-
cial protection in the face of the warning of a harmful reality (WAJNTRAUB &
NEGRÓN, 1996, p. 2).

In 2011, the Regulation of the Book of Claims of the Consumer Protection
Code enters into force, through Supreme Decree No. 011-2011-PCM, bringing
with it the administrative procedure of claim, as a tool that allows to manage more
quickly and free of charge the controversies raised in the different consumer rela-
tions that occurred between consumers and companies that offer a product or
service.

Thus, assuming this responsibility, INDECOPI seeks to meet the expectations
of consumers and establish its procedure as the way par excellence for conflict
resolution, in a timely and effective manner. Thus, the imperative need arises to
examine each party that makes up the administrative complaint procedure and how
they perform when prosecuting a procedure initiated by controversies in consumer
relations. Having on the one hand natural persons who acquire goods in order to
satisfy an individual need and on the other hand companies that satisfy that need
(Baltal & Carrión, 2010, p. 1).

This investigation will analyze the main aspects of the administrative com-
plaint procedure, its characteristics, object, principles, as well as the context in
which it is applied in order to benefit the victims, together with the efforts of state
entities to administer justice effectively (Cabana Grajales & Cabrera Pan-
toja, 2017).

86

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE OF CLAIM IN
FÚNCIÓN TO THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONSUMPTION

Similarly, being that it is a procedure highly promoted and promoted by IN-
DECOPI so that consumers can resolve their disputes in the most expedient and
effective way, the evolution of the same will be analyzed in relation to its modifi-
cations and the index of complaints filed, as well as with respect to those claims
that did not occur in a complaint.

Likewise, through the research, it seeks to identify some controversial issues
of a practical nature in the application of the administrative complaint procedure
and with it, make contributions to improvement in relation to it and some sugges-
tions that allow overcoming the inconveniences that may have arisen in the
implementation of said procedure.

METHODOLOGY

The problem to be investigated is located in:

-Place: Peru

-Field: Legal Sciences

-Area: Consumer Law

-Linea: Administrative procedure

1.1. Place of Study.

The administrative complaint procedures initiated by consumers regarding
conflicts in consumer relations before the Regional Office of Moquegua of the
National Institute For The Defense Of Competition And The Protection Of Intel-
lectual Property - INDECOPI.

1.2. Population and sample size.

1.3. Detailed description of methods, use of materials, equipment or inputs.

(a) Sampling design

Sampling, case studies, experimental method

POPULATION:

It consists of 1000 claims files, attended by the INDECOPI Regional Office of
Moquegua during the years 2019 to 2021 (finite population).

SAMPLE:

A probabilistic sampling was carried out in the case of known population,
claims and the Administrative Conciliation Acts registered in the Regional Office

87

Joseph Juliano Sanchez Garcia

of Moquegua of the NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR THE DEFENSE OF COM-
PETITION AND PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY -
INDECOPI during the years 2019-2021, the following formula will be used.

Parameter Value
N 1,000
Z 1.960
P 50.00%
Q 50.00%
e 3.00%

Sample size "n" = 516.48

RESULTS

In the present, the data and results obtained in the analysis and evaluation of
the information collected in the research process are presented as follows:

Table 1. Organizational aspect of the claims entered

Level Claims Claims Claims
2019 2020 2021
On the other side - face-to-face
Part - virtual 356 90 110
Total 120 410 586

476 500 696

88

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE OF CLAIM IN
FÚNCIÓN TO THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONSUMPTION

Table 2. Organizational aspect of the claims processed.

Level Claims Claims Claims
2019 2020 2021

Reconciled 30.00 % 35.00% 40.00%

They concluded in denunciation 50.00 % 55.00% 57.00%

Not reconciled 20.00 % 10.00% 3.00%

Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

Source: Direct elaboration by the Executor.

Until 2010 there was a single procedure for infringement of consumer protec-
tion rules, which was processed before the Consumer Protection Commission and
had a processing period of 120 working days from the processing of the com-
plaint. However, given the sustained increase in the number of complaints filed,
the Commission presented a high procedural burden that was impossible to handle,
which caused damage to the administered, who did not obtain a ruling within the
established legal period. In response to this need to be able to attend the procedures
more quickly is that it is incorporated into the administrative procedure of claim in
the year 2011, the evolution of the same that we have reviewed in the present is in
the interval of the years 2019 to 2021

Regarding Table 1, we can visualize that there was a considerable increase in
relation to the claims presented from 2019 to 2021, this is due to the increase in
conflict with respect to consumer relations and also to the goods and services not
attended or not provided by companies because of the situation that occurred in the
second quarter of 2020 due to the pandemic caused by Covid-19, which prevented
the contracted services and products purchased from being delivered on the estab-
lished date and with the contracted quality. We can also visualize a notable
increase in claims filed by virtual means in contrast to face-to-face, this also orig-
inated by the situation and the incentive to present virtually because it is more
comfortable and allows to use fewer resources.

In relation to Table 2, the reconciled claims, it is verified that there is a trend
of improvement between the years of 2019 to 2021, presenting a 5% growth. How-
ever, considering that it is a procedure that aims to reach solutions through
conciliation, it falls short of the procedures that were not reconciled but that ended
in denunciation, consequently, we could say that it is moderately effective in con-
trast to the procedures that are not reconciled but that conclude in denunciation. On
the other hand, we have the procedures that were not reconciled and that did not

89

Joseph Juliano Sanchez Garcia

reach a complaint, in relation to these, they had a tendency to decrease in the period
of study time, which allows us to conclude that the procedure is effective but that
it requires improvements to reach a more optimal level. This in order to achieve
the suitability that INDECOPI promotes so much, satisfying consumers with a pro-
cedure that meets expectations regarding what they receive.

CONCLUSIONS

The Administrative Complaint Procedure is one of the main novelties intro-
duced by the Regulations of the Book of Complaints of the Consumer Protection
Code, after its entry into force in 2011. Its creation was based on the need to pro-
vide greater speed to the procedure for infringement of consumer protection rules
that, at that time, was processed only as administrative complaints.

With regard to the performance of this procedure, it has been obtained that the
percentage of reconciled claims reached a level below the average, that is, their
development is moderately good. However, when compared with the procedures
that did not conclude as reconciled but that fell into a complaint, it can be inferred
that this predominant 60% shows that in some matters it is better to file an admin-
istrative complaint directly, without having to go through the complaint procedure,
making the claim unnecessary. On the other hand, the index shown in non-recon-
ciled claims is very low, which allows us to conclude that as much as the complaint
and denunciation procedure contribute to a majority percentage for the resolution
of consumer disputes.

Under the order of ideas of the previous paragraph, it is recommended to rein-
force aspects of the percentage of non-reconciled claims that fall into complaint,
in relation to the conciliator so that he can provide better information to the parties
regarding what are the infractions that possibly occurred and reinforce the com-
munication between both so that they can reach a better agreement, in other words,
to better promote conciliation between the parties.

The main characteristic of the Administrative Complaint Procedure is speed,
as it constitutes a more expeditious mechanism for the processing of disputes aris-
ing from consumer relations. By virtue of this, and in order for that procedure to
be, in effect, speedy, the evidentiary activity within it is purely documentary, and
not carried out for the purpose of acting those means, but to clarify the positions
of both parties that there could or may not be a possible infringement of consumer
rights and thus avoid a more cumbersome procedure such as the complaint.

90

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE OF CLAIM IN
FÚNCIÓN TO THE RELATIONSHIP OF CONSUMPTION

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
Baltal, J., & Carrión, D. (2010). Determinación del Derecho del Consumidor como

Disciplina Jurídica Autónoma. Derecho & Sociedad, 0(34), 69–81.
Cabana Grajales, M. A., & Cabrera Pantoja, J. (2017). De los mecanismos alterna-

tivos de solución de conflictos en Colombia
CABANELLAS, G. (2006). DICCIONARIO JURÍDICO ELEMENTAL. He-

liasta, II.
CERNA, M. (2009). Avances y Orientaciones del Nuevo Código de Protección y

Defensa del Consumidor. Revista de La Competencia y La Propiedad Intelec-
tual, 35.
MORÓN, J. (2019a). Comentarios a la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo Ge-
neral Tomo I (G. Jurídica (ed.); Décima ter).
MORÓN, J. (2019b). Comentarios a la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo Ge-
neral Tomo II (G. Jurídica (ed.); Décima ter).
ROZAS, J. (2018). Eficacia del Sistema de Conciliación Admininistrativa del Ins-
tituto Nacional de Defensa de la Competencia y de la Propiedad Intelectual -
INDECOPI. Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad Del Cusco, 1, 230.
WAJNTRAUB, J., & NEGRÓN, B. (1996). Derechos Constitucionales del Con-
sumidor.

91



NETWORK MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE SNMP
PROTOCOL FOR THE INFORMATIC AREA OF THE PUBLIC
MINISTRY - PUBLIC PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE PUNO 2015

Mamani Canaza, Simon Orlando

ABSTRACT

The present research has as purpose to implement a Network Monitoring System
based on the SNMP protocol (Simple Network Management Protocol), allows to
improve the administration process (Monitoring), detect possible connection fail-
ures, and the obtaining different types of information, being an informatics tool to
support decision-making. The methodology used for the development of the soft-
ware was the RUP methodology (Rational Unified Process), which consists of 4
phases: Initiation, Elaboration, Construction and Transition. For the visual repre-
sentation of the architecture and design of the software, UML (Unified Modeling
Language) was used, the database manager was MySQL, the programming lan-
guage for the interface, it was java using the IDE (Environment of Integrated
Development) Eclipse. The following Conclusions were reached, the use of the
SNMP protocol allows to improve the management process (monitoring), which
correctly allows to visualize the devices connected within the network and to be
able to detect possible failures in real time, the network monitoring diagnosed (ob-
taining information) in a correct way 90% of the devices connected to the Network.
and the requirements for the development of the Network Monitoring System were
analyzed, in order to improve the administration of the Computer Equipment
within the network. Where 100% of the work personnel affirm that "Yes" they are
satisfied with the operation of the System. 4) The Network Monitoring System
Interface was developed in a friendly manner, according to the opinion of the total
staff, 100% affirm that "Yes" they are satisfied, they affirmed that the Network
Monitoring System works according to their requirements.

Keywords: Devices, Interface, Java, SNMP Protocol, Network.

93

Simon Orlando Mamani Canaza

INTRODUCTION

Today, the top Managers of Institutions and Companies have begun to give
importance to the management of information and the way in which the network
is used, for this reason, the network administrator must be constantly supervising
and controlling the devices, to guarantee an adequate level of service. The admin-
istration (monitoring) of networks, allows to manage network resources, monitor
the devices periodically and thus achieve that the network administrator detects:
disk capacity, connectivity of devices in the network, network performance, status
of devices, etc. It is essential to know the information to make decisions, and thus
be able to reduce as much as possible, the failures that may occur in computer
equipment.

The Network Monitoring System based on the SNMP Protocol will allow to
improve the management process (monitoring) of the Computer Equipment con-
nected to the Network in the Information Technology Area of the Public Ministry
- Public Prosecutor's Office of the Fiscal District of Puno, the use of the SNMP
protocol will immediately monitor the entire network system, which will allow to
manage the network to improve the management of network resources, minimize
the risks of a possible failure, minimize the cost associated with the operations and
prevent any type of problem from happening while remaining well the network in
good functioning.

METHODS

The research was based on the RUP methodology (Rational Unified Process),
this being a software development methodology, it is a set of methodologies adapt-
able to the context and needs of each organization, through the phases (initiation,
elaboration, construction and transition). Start-up phase, during the start-up phase,
a complete analysis of all the requirements required to achieve the network moni-
toring system was carried out, trying to capture as much information as possible
so that the system is more efficient and punctual. Elaboration Phase, in this elabo-
ration phase, the iterations were oriented to the development of the base line of the
architecture, covering more the workflows of requirements, business model (re-
finement). Analysis, Design and a part of implementation. Construction Phase, in
the construction phase the construction of the product was carried out through a
series of iterations. For each iteration, some Use Cases were selected, their analysis
and design were refined, and their implementation and testing proceeded. Is done
a small waterfall for each cycle. Transition Phase, in the transition phase it was
guaranteed that there is a product ready for delivery to the user community. After
completing the User manuals. This phase includes installation, configuration,
training, support, maintenance and other tasks.

94

NETWORK MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE SNMP PRO-TOCOL FOR THE INFORMATIC AREA OF THE
PUBLIC MINISTRY - PUBLIC PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE PUNO 2015

The human resources were the Boos of the Informatics area and Engineers of
the Informatics area, the material resources were 01 Corel Duo computer, Software
to be used was the Eclipse IDE, since it does not require the purchase of a license,
network tools and computers equipped with SNMP. The software requirements
have the set of programs that will serve as a tool to develop the network monitoring
system, including: StarUML, MySQL, JAVA, among others. StarUML, this pro-
gram helps us to make use case diagrams, sequence diagrams, class diagrams,
allowing us to capture the User is requirements. MySQL is a relational database
administration system, which allows working in a Client/Server environment, very
important since it will store all the information that is required.

In the preliminary design phase, the modular design of the network monitoring
system is included, these are accesses, menus, new devices, updates, statistics, re-
quirements, reports, impressions and outputs. In the detailed design, to carry out
the design of the UML diagrams, each of the user's requirements must be verified,
when developing the software, it was first considered how many users will interact
with the system, this will have the Administrator user. In programming, it is struc-
tured in the Eclipse IDE work platform with Java programming language, with the
MySQL database engine, to have a friendly handling of the system in general. In
the proof test, test procedures were carried out at the program level, to verify the
reliability of the information, and ease of use by the users. For the functional test
of the system, Metrics by Function Points was applied. For the validation of the
software, a survey will be carried out with the users.

RESULTS

According to the RUP methodology, we will detail below all the processes
carried out during the research work. In the Definition of Requirements, the infor-
mation required to be achieved by the Information System is contemplated. The
requirements found were: for the User interface, device registration, obtaining de-
vice information and a friendly interface; For the database, the documents
(formats) are shown with which it was possible to obtain the requirements for the
realization of the tables, the information of storage disks and detailed information
of the devices.

In the Network Monitoring System, some processes are added (these are in a
tentative function) which could provide greater ease for the entire process of mon-
itoring devices in the IT area of the Public Ministry - Office of the Attorney
General of the Fiscal District of Puno, these are the monitoring of the devices ac-
cording to their status, see statistics in real time.

In the analysis of the use case diagram, the interaction of the user with the
Monitoring system is detailed, according to the requirements obtained in the first

95

Simon Orlando Mamani Canaza

phase, this analysis is shown through the use cases. Use Cases: Access for the Ad-
ministrator User in the System. Actor: Administrator User. Purpose: Access
allowed to the Administrator User. Description: In figure 01, Use Case for the Ad-
ministrator of the Information Technology area of the Public Ministry - Public
Prosecutor's Office of the Fiscal District of Puno, shows the Administrator inter-
acting with the Network Monitoring system, which is the only one authorized to
carry out this process, carry out updates of the devices connected to the network;
request information from these, among others.

Figure 01. Use Case for the Informatics Area Administrator.
Source: Direct Elaboration by the Executor.

In the analysis of the design, finding all the necessary references, we will pro-
ceed to the design phase, here the design model was obtained (sequence diagrams,
collaboration diagrams), the design of the database begins with the design of the
dictionary of data, is when you make specifications of the elements of the database.
This dictionary defines each element, which is recorded, calculated and stored, it
contains the characteristics of the element, such as size, possible values and calcu-
lation.

96

NETWORK MONITORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE SNMP PRO-TOCOL FOR THE INFORMATIC AREA OF THE
PUBLIC MINISTRY - PUBLIC PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE PUNO 2015

Figure 02. System Database Modeling.
Source: Direct Elaboration by the Executor.

The following sequences are displayed in the sequence diagram:

Figure 03. Sequence of data register.
Source: Direct Elaboration by the Executor.

97

Simon Orlando Mamani Canaza

Figure 03 shows us the registration that the user (Administrator) will make, regis-
tering the new devices connected to the network in the IT area of the Public
Ministry - Public Prosecutor's Office of the Fiscal District of Puno.

Figure 04. Sequence of conducting monitoring.
Source: Direct Elaboration by the Executor.
In figure 04, The administrator enters the Network Monitoring system, this vali-
dates his account, allowing access to the Monitoring Module once the Monitoring
process has been carried out, the reporting process will end.

Figure 05. Sequence of IP assignment change.
Source: Direct Elaboration by the Executor.

98