Libro Idiomas 22-11-2021 8 NORMAL PRN

PROPOSAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTE OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN CATEGORY III, IN THE UNIVERSITY CITY OF

THE ANDEAN UNIVERSITY NÉSTOR CÁCERES VELÁSQUEZ

Quinteros Arenas, Amy Roswet

ABSTRACT

This article is based on Supreme Decree 009-2019-MINAM "Special regime for
the management and handling of waste electrical and electronic equipment", with
the aim of optimizing the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment
in its category III, In the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez of Juliaca,
a diagnosis of the management of this waste was carried out, to identify the gener-
ating sources, know the amount of waste of electrical and electronic equipment
that was generated, evaluate the fulfillment of the management stages, and carry
out a projection of these residues. And the proposal was made based on the analysis
of the information collected and taking into account the current regulations on
waste electrical and electronic equipment. The results obtained in the diagnosis
determined that the main generating sources of waste electrical and electronic
equipment in the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, are computer la-
boratories, specialized libraries with internet access and administrative areas, in
the segregation of the total of the generation of waste electrical and electronic
equipment in subcategory III, the highest amount of waste is generated in subcat-
egory A3 (personal computers that include CPU, mouse, monitor and keyboard)
with 6,149.35 kg, followed by subcategory B1 (printers ) with 677.68 kg, and the
third subcategory B6 (plotter) with 240.90 kg. And from the evaluation to the four
management stages both in generation, segregation, storage and delivery are inad-
equate. Where it is concluded that from the diagnosis made in the management of
waste electrical and electronic equipment in its category III, it is deficient due to
administrative procedures and the confusion of functions. A proposal of actions to
improve was made to optimize the management of electrical and electronic equip-
ment waste, emphasizing critical management aspects.

Keywords: Electrical and electronic equipment, waste electrical and electronic
equipment.

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INTRODUCTION

In the statistics of the National Superintendency of Customs and Tax Admin-
istration (SUNAT) in the period 2012 - 2017 it was reported that 162,817 (Tn) of
computer equipment have been consumed in the national market. Most of the elec-
trical and electronic devices consumed in our country are imported.

There are around 25.9 million active cell phones and 4 million computers and
on average every two years a cell phone is renewed and every five to seven years
a computer, be it desktop or laptop, this renewal is done because they have reached
their useful life or because the advancement of science and technology makes them
outdated every certain period, becoming waste electrical and electronic equipment.

In this context, the Ministry of the Environment in 2012 promulgated the "Spe-
cial Regime for the management and handling of waste from electronic and
electrical equipment", where it establishes a set of obligations and responsibilities
for the proper management and handling of waste from electrical equipment. and
electronic, these include the following activities: storage, collection, transporta-
tion, and final disposal, taking into account the conditions to protect the
environment and human health.

Likewise, the purpose of this work is to optimize the management of this waste
and carry out the diagnosis Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez of Ju-
liaca, estimate the waste of electrical and electronic equipment that will be
produced and take measures for the management of waste of electrical and elec-
tronic equipment to comply with current regulations, in computer laboratories,
specialized libraries and administrative areas. In this sense, it is the responsibility
of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez to comply with current legis-
lation on the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, which
contains rules and regulations where the procedures to be followed are indicated,
in this way it contributes effectively to strengthening institutional.

Methods

According to the research of (Sampieri, 2014) it is a type of descriptive study
with a quantitative scope because only information on the variables is collected,
and the research design is non-experimental with a cross-sectional approach since
the study is carried out without the manipulation of variables, and data is collected
at a single time.

Techniques and instruments for data collection, for the process of obtaining
data and general information, direct observation and interview techniques were
applied.

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PROPOSAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTE OF ELEC-TRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN
CATEGORY III, IN THE UNIVERSITY CITY OF THE ANDEAN UNIVERSITY NÉSTOR CÁCERES VELÁSQUEZ

- Direct, technical observation consists of the action of observing and analyzing
situations in situ, specifically the management of waste electrical and electronic
equipment in its category III was identified and evaluated.

- Interview, in this procedure the interview was conducted with the administra-
tive staff of each pavilion of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez,
in a personalized way on the most important issues such as the segregation,
storage and delivery of waste electrical and electronic equipment.

Data collection sheets, 4 data collection sheets were used for data recording:

- Identification of sources that generate waste electrical and electronic equip-
ment: in which a tour is made through all the pavilions of the university city, to
identify the places with electrical and electronic equipment.

- Segregation of waste from electronic and electrical equipment waste: in which
data is recorded as: mass (kg), and quantity (Und).

- Management files: in which the management stages of electronic and electrical
equipment waste were evaluated in its category III.

- Quantification of electronic and electrical equipment: in which the data for the
projection of electronic and electrical equipment waste is recorded, information
such as: quantity (Und).

The data collection instrument is structured with questions that seek infor-
mation on the objectives of the study. The questionnaire made to the administrative
staff contains questions related to the segregation, storage and delivery of elec-
tronic and electrical equipment waste - category III, which were validated by a
panel of experts made up of professors from the Faculty of Engineering and Pure
Sciences of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez of Juliaca.

For the identification of the generating areas, a tour was carried out in the An-
dean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, requesting authorization from the
deans to enter the sources that have electrical and electronic devices, as well as
preparing a registry of images in each Faculty, where from now on it will be de-
termined as follows.

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Table 1. Faculties in the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez.
Code Faculty

F01 Faculty of Education Sciences.
F02 Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences.
F03 Faculty of Health Sciences.
F04 Faculty of Dentistry.
F05 Faculty of Accounting and Financial Sciences.
F06 Faculty of Engineering and Pure Sciences.
F07 Faculty of Systems Engineering.
F08 Faculty of Administrative Sciences.
F09 Multiple services pavilion.
F10 Auditorium of the Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences.
F11 Auditorium of the Faculty of Accounting and Financial Sciences.
Source: Own elaboration (2019)
For segregation, according to the special regime for the management and han-
dling of waste electrical and electronic equipment, so in category III the
subcategorization is as follows:

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CATEGORY III, IN THE UNIVERSITY CITY OF THE ANDEAN UNIVERSITY NÉSTOR CÁCERES VELÁSQUEZ

Table 2. Subcategories of electronic and electrical devices in category III - com-
puter and telecommunications equipment.

Category III: IT AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT
Subcategories of electronic and electrical appliances

A1. Great computers.

A2. Mini computers.

A3. Personal computers (includes CPU, mouse, monitor, and keyboard). CPU

A. COMPUTER EQUIPMENT Monitor

Keyboard

Mouse

A4. Laptops (notebook, notepad, laptop).

A5. Tablets

A6. External hard drive.

A7. Electronic device for reading digital books.

A.8 Digital agendas.

A.9 Table or pocket calculators.

B. PRINTING EQUIP- A10. Other devices for the storage, processing, presentation or communication of information elec-
MENT0 tronically.

B1. Printing machine.

B2. Photocopier.

B3. Scanners

B4. Multifunctional.

B5. Electric or electronic typewriter.

B6. Plotter (In all cases including your edible print cartridges, toner, among others).

C1. Systems and user terminals.

C. TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT C2. Fax terminals.

C3 Telex terminals.

C4. Fixed telephones (wired and wireless).

C5. Mobile phones (cell phones).

C6. Smart watch.

C7. Automatic answering machines.

C8. Modem.

C9. Routers.

C. Mobile satellite navigation devices.

C. Electronic and electrical devices for radars.

C12. Antennas or equipment for the transmission of information, including accessories and periph-
erals.
C13. Other electronic and electrical apparatus for transmitting sound, images or other information

by telecommunication.

Source: Own elaboration (2019)

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Results

It was identified that the main sources of generation of electrical and electronic
equipment waste in the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez are: com-
puter laboratories, specialized libraries with internet access, and administrative
areas.

The following figure shows the generation of WEEE - Category III in the ware-
house of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, where the waste
generated for more than 30 years was stored, being clearly that subcategory A3 is
the most generated.

185.00 kg
2.50 kg
1.50 kg
22.80 kg
31.20 kg

240.90 kg
104.00 kg
100.50 kg
123.20 kg

677.68 kg
2.00 kg
42.60 kg

6,149.35 kg

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Figure 1. Summary of generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment -
category III, by subcategories.

Source: self made

Of the total generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment in subcat-
egory III in the UANCV university city of Juliaca, it is shown that the greatest
amount of waste is generated in subcategory A3 (personal computers that include
CPU, mouse, monitor and keyboard) with 6.149.35 kg, followed by subcategory
B1 (printers) with 677.68 Kg, and the third subcategory B6 (plotter) with 240.90
kg.

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CATEGORY III, IN THE UNIVERSITY CITY OF THE ANDEAN UNIVERSITY NÉSTOR CÁCERES VELÁSQUEZ

0.00 kg 7,683.23 kg
6,125.59 kg
101.80 kg
33.45 kg

360.05 kg
662.75 kg

110.25 kg
47.69 kg

241.65 kg
0.00 kg
0.00 kg

0 2000 4000 6000 8000

Figure 2. Total generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment - cate-
gory III, by Faculties.

Source: self made

According to the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment cate-
gory III, 7,683.23 kg was generated in the Andean University Néstor Cáceres
Velásquez, with the auditorium of the Faculty of Legal and Political Sciences (F10)
having the highest amount of waste of electrical and electronic devices with
6,125.59 Kg, because it considers them as a temporary storage of waste electrical
and electronic devices generated in the university city, followed by the Faculty of
Engineering and Pure Sciences (F06) who has 662.75 Kg and, finally the Faculty
of Systems Engineering (F07) who has 360.05 Kg of WEEE generated.

The results obtained from the management files for the stages of generation,
segregation, storage and delivery of waste electrical and electronic equipment in
category III, computer and telecommunications equipment: computer equipment,
printing equipment, and telecommunication equipment In the different laborato-
ries, libraries, and administrative areas that have been visited, the procedures
required by the special regime for the management and handling of waste from
electrical and electronic equipment are not followed.

Where in generation, it is observed that for F01 to F11, in computer laborato-
ries, specialized libraries with internet access, and administrative areas, it is
fulfilled that electrical and electronic devices are repaired for reuse.

For the segregation, it is shown that for F01 to F11, that there is adequate man-
agement of waste electrical and electronic equipment, since this waste is separated

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by subcategory and waste electrical and electronic equipment damaged is stored
separately.

For storage, it is shown that for F01, F02, F04, F11, both in computer labora-
tories, specialized libraries with internet access, and administrative areas, do not
have a temporary storage, since these faculties deliver waste electrical equipment
and electronic to the asset control unit of the Andean University Néstor Cáceres
Velásquez.

The UANCV has a temporary warehouse, located in the auditorium of the Fac-
ulty of Legal and Political Sciences (F10), where waste electrical and electronic
equipment from computer laboratories, specialized libraries with internet access,
and administrative areas are stored. of the faculties in the university city, meets
some requirements for an appropriate facility to store waste electrical and elec-
tronic equipment. Where if there is a conditioned space for the temporary storage
of waste electrical and electronic equipment, it is covered and protected from en-
vironmental conditions and separated from other waste, it has the installed capacity
for the temporary storage of waste electrical and electronic equipment. electronic
devices that they generate, the floor is made of cement, they have security mecha-
nisms to avoid losses due to theft or theft. More do not store waste electrical and
electronic equipment on shelves, or any element that prevents its contact with the
floor, and does not keep a record of entry and exit of waste electrical and electronic
equipment. In this sense, it was necessary to collect evidence, which is set out
below.

In Delivery of electronic and electrical equipment waste, the Andean Univer-
sity Néstor Cáceres Velásquez has a contract with the company Inversiones Merma
S.A.C. Which started in January 2018, but it was until January 2020 that the first
service was performed. Therefore, in the diagnosis made to the UANCV Univer-
sity City of Juliaca, it is found to be inadequate.

For the projection of waste electrical and electronic equipment category III,
the operational electrical and electronic equipment in each faculty was considered
multiplied by the percentage established by MINAM, obtaining the following re-
sults:

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PROPOSAL FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WASTE OF ELEC-TRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN
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10,970.60 kg

103.45 kg
0.00 kg

436.00 kg
1,465.95 kg
1,656.80 kg
2,631.45 kg
1,792.65 kg

294.25 kg
855.80 kg
1,091.00 kg

643.25 kg

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Figure 3. Operating electronic and electrical devices - category III, in the
UANCV university city of Juliaca.

Source: self made

In figure 3; It is shown that by 2020 the electrical and electronic devices oper-
ating in the UANCV university city of Juliaca are 10,970.60 Kg. of the waste of
electrical and electronic devices to be generated by 2025, being the Faculty of En-
gineering and Pure Sciences (F06) who has the largest number of electrical and
electronic devices operating with 2,631.45 Kg, followed by the Faculty of Ac-
counting and Financial Sciences (F05) who has 1,792.65 Kg and, finally, the
Faculty of Systems Engineering (F07) who has 1,656.80 Kg of electrical and elec-
tronic devices operational.

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Amy Roswet Quinteros Arenas

5000

4500 y = 329.12x - 663392
R² = 1
4000 3,071.77 kg
3500 2,742.65 kg 2027 2028 2029 2030
3000 2,413.53 kg
2500 2,084.41 kg
2000 1,755.30 kg

1500

1000

500

0 2031
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026

AEE Operativos
Year 2020 = 10,970.60 Kg

Figure 4. Projection of waste electronic and electrical equipment category III, in
the UANCV university city of Juliaca.

Source: self made

Figure 4 shows the generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment es-
timated for the period 2021-2025 (5 years), for the year 2021 1 755.30 Kg of waste
electrical and electronic equipment would be generated, if these were not delivered
to the EO-RS for the year 2022, 2,084 kg of waste from electrical and electronic
equipment would accumulate and so on, with an annual increase of 329.1 kg.

The manual seeks to improve actions in the management of waste electrical
and electronic equipment at the Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez,
there is an "Environmental Management Plan", which aims to optimize the envi-
ronmental conditions in the facilities of the University, the well-being of the
university community, responsibly complying with legal provisions, providing
knowledge and practice in environmental management.

And according to him (DS N ° 009-2019-MINAM / Special management re-
gime for the management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, 2019) The
management of waste electrical and electronic equipment, category III, should be
included in the Plan of Environmental Management (Solid Waste) of the Institu-
tion.

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CATEGORY III, IN THE UNIVERSITY CITY OF THE ANDEAN UNIVERSITY NÉSTOR CÁCERES VELÁSQUEZ

Manufacturing Minimization Reusable Donation
Not reusable
Distribution and Reconditioning
marketing (Second use)

Segregation

Use Storage

Final disposition Security padding

Figura 5. Action to improve in the management of WEEE

Source: self made

Conclusions

The Andean University Néstor Cáceres Velásquez, as a generator of waste
electrical and electronic equipment, is not aware of its responsibilities for the man-
agement of this waste. The improvement actions proposed as a result of the study
are focused on the irregularities detected, providing a diagnosis and actions to im-
prove the management and handling of WEEE.

From the diagnosis carried out, it is shown that in the management of waste
electrical and electronic equipment in its category III, it is deficient due to admin-
istrative procedures and the confusion of functions. It has weak points in the
generation by not preventing the maintenance of electrical and electronic equip-
ment to be able to donate them to rural areas, there is an inadequate segregation,
an incorrect storage that makes the handling is deficient. This is due to organiza-
tion, planning, control and monitoring of this type of waste.

The proposals that have been developed are framed to optimize these weak
points, emphasizing critical management aspects, the implementation of which de-
pends on the university authorities and the real value they give to this type of waste.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cano, F. A. M., & Franco, V. A. H. (2013). Elaboración de un manual para el

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Comité técnico NTP 900.065, de normalización de gestión ambiental. (2012).
Gestión ambiental. Gestión de residuos . Manejo de residuos de aparatos
electrónicos y eléctricos. Generación, recolección interna, clasificación y al-
macenamiento . Centros de acopio .
Comité técnico NTP 900.066-1, de normalización de gestión ambiental, & Resi-
duos., S. gestión de. (2016). Gestión Ambiental. Gestión de residuos . Manejo
de residuos de aparatos electrónicos y eléctricos - RAEE . Parte 1 : Trata-
miento de RAEE con monitores y pantallas. Lima 27.
Dirección general de Calidad ambiental, M. del A. (2015). Guia de manejo de re-
siduos de aparatos electrónicos y eléctricos.
El Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. (2012). Directiva 2012/19/UE del parla-
mento europeo y del comsejo. 38–71.
IPES. (2013). Gestión y Manejo de Residuos de Aparatos Electrónicos y Eléctricos
(Raee) en el Perú. http://www.lamolina.edu.pe/Investigacion/ciqtobia/Pre-
sentaciones/IIISRRSSP/Reciclaje de Residuos
Sólidos/Gestion_Manejo_Residuos_Aparatos_Electricos_Electroni-
cos_Peru.Pdf
IPES, Espinoza, O., Villaverde, H., & Martinez, C. (2011). Diagnóstico del ma-
nejo de RAEE.

310

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED
SCORECARD AT THE ANTONIO RAIMONDI INSTITUTION

IN THE PROVINCE OF EL COLLAO – 2019

Diaz Flores, Ludy Steef

ABSTRACT

The purpose of analyzing the strategic objectives based on the mission and vision
of the company, it was identified and evaluated the key performance indicators
that helped to meet and measure the contribution to the achievement of constant
objectives obtaining a quality and efficiency in business investment with the in-
crease of profits. The integral scorecard was used, considering as main strategic
lines the establishment, accreditation of educational quality, student satisfaction,
institutional strengthening. By the end of the 2016 school year, the results are
aimed at improving profitability by 5%, decreasing the dropout rate by 90%, in-
creasing educational resources by 25%, improving the level of user satisfaction by
95%, improve service compliance by 15%, reduce claims by 30%, improve com-
petent training by 40%.

Keywords: Strategic Axes, Mission, Vision, Performance Indicators, Institution

INTRODUCTION

The implementation of management tools in strategic planning is obviously
unavoidable in recent years, the need in the global sphere to have quality initiatives
in institutions that focus all their resources to meet institutional objectives, com-
plemented by a system of monitoring and feedback that allow us continuous
learning, are main aspects in the management that organizations consider to max-
imize their returns on investment. In order for any institution to survive today, it
cannot focus exclusively on generating short-term profits, but must develop the
necessary capacities to progress in the future, even if this means a reduction in its
current profits. Worldwide there are many management tools that help strategic
planning such as, benchmarks (Benchmarking), customer relationship manage-
ment (Customer Relationship Management), change management programs
(Change Management Programs), outsourcing (Outsourcing), Another of the man-
agement tools most used by large and small companies according to the (CEEI,
2015) European Center for Business and Innovation, is the Balanced Scorecard,

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Ludy Steef Diaz Flores

this tool allows the formulation and implementation of the strategy in any type of
private organization such as public, foundations, etc. Nor should it be thought that
it is exclusive to large companies, but is also applicable to SMEs, since it facilitates
their strategic planning and management control. In addition, most SMEs do not
have a formal planning process and their vision is limited to the short term, there-
fore, the BSC (balanced scorecard) is ideal to incorporate the long-term vision and
the implementation of the process of ongoing review of the strategy. However,
there are some qualifications to be made regarding SMEs that can be applied, in
principle, it should not be applied when a very small company is being created,
although later, when it has been in operation for a few years, the company should
have a minimum number of workers of per example seven, that is to say that for
very small companies its realization does not make much sense, since they do not
have a great complexity. The research as such will aim to resolve the issue of in-
stitutional performance and development in order to identify the factors that are
present and that can contribute to the growth or inhibition of the company without
neglecting the increase in its profits, the satisfaction of its clients, the synergy be-
tween areas and the loyalty of its workers.

THEMATIC DEVELOPMENT

The development of this research is based on the following authors: Igor An-
soff, Taylor, Norton and Kaplan among other theses related to the subject that will
help us to better develop the implementation of this integrated scorecard system
applied to companies.

ANSOFF (1984), a great strategy theorist, identifies the appearance of Strate-
gic Planning with the 1960s and associates it with changes in strategic impulses
and capacities. For other authors, Strategic Planning as a management system for-
mally emerged in the seventies, as natural results of the evolution of the concept
of Planning: Taylor stated that the essential role of "management" required the
planning of the tasks that employees would perform, the manager thought what,
how and when to perform the tasks and the worker did.

KAPLAN AND NORTON (2001), They developed the Balanced Scorecard, a
management system that links the achievement of long-term strategic goals with
the daily operations of an organization. According to Kaplan and Norton "The
scorecard measures the performance of the organization from four balanced per-
spectives: finances, customers, internal processes, and training and growth."

We must consider that the Balanced Scorecard is a management tool that
"translates the strategy and mission of an organization into a broad set of perfor-
mance measures, which provide the necessary structure for a strategic management
and measurement system."

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD AT THE ANTONIO RAIMONDI INSTITUTION
IN THE PROVINCE OF EL COLLAO – 2019

- Belonging to the information age, technology is a fundamental basis in or-
ganizations that manufacture goods such as services, so it requires new capabilities
to achieve competitive success.

ECHEVERRÍA (2009), Thesis "Implementation of the Balanced Scorecard as
a management tool in the strategic planning of the Ecuadorian accreditation body",
concludes that the implementation of a Balance Scorecard or comprehensive con-
trol panel for the Ecuadorian accreditation body aligned with each other with the
strategic planning thus achieving the value proposition, control of goals with daily
operations, quantify resources to achieve short-term goals, improvement of the
performance of human capital with specializations of technical competencies, un-
derstood by the same education, training and professional training In the same way,
obtaining a quality management that will be the key when offering a good or ser-
vice that seeks to meet the client's requirements, all this reflected in efficiency and
effectiveness with greater business profits.

PAMELA M. HIDÁLGO (2008) Thesis "Graduation Topic: Design and im-
plementation of a Management Control system based on the Balanced Scorecard
and Process Management Methodology", concludes that after executing this im-
plementation to an English teaching institute , it was validated that the follow-up
process for the execution of the project has incorrect attributes, the presentation of
teaching services has incorrect tasks, incorrect sequence and omitted attributes, in
the same way the promotion and marketing of teaching services contains incorrect
attributes and attributes omitted among other errors in the four areas of the score-
card such as: Finance, customers, internal operations and development reaching
conclusions such as "Redefine with the client the deadlines for the completion of
the project", "Hold a meeting with the client", "Analyze the characteristics of the
client and their needs", Formalize policies so that the design of the processes is
appropriate and the monitoring of them is efficient through the Balanced Score-
card.

The Balanced Scorecard is a management tool whose creators Norton and
Kaplan base their study on aligning daily actions with medium-term goals, which
implies alignment with strategic planning. It is based on four perspectives: learning
and growth, internal processes, customer and financial; Well implemented in the
organization contributes to its vision, noting that currently financial indicators do
not ensure success in organizations, therefore the need to establish management
indicators that allow assessing the progress of the objectives set by the company.

The Antonio Raimondi Private Institution is an institution that is dedicated to
the provision of services (at an educational level), the activities carried out day by
day do not necessarily lead to the fulfillment of the objectives, so it is difficult to

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Ludy Steef Diaz Flores

evaluate and make decisions to correct problems given that the information avail-
able is late, hence the need to implement the Balanced Scorecard in the institution.

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

It is made up of forty-three people, constituting itself in our universe and be-
cause it is a number with which we can deal during our research we will work with
this population.

The teaching staff is made up of professionals who are clearly dedicated to the
education sector, as shown below:

- 34 Teachers

Each of them belongs to the different teaching areas requested by the educational
institution.

The administrative offices are made up of professionals, a total of:

- 9 Administrative

These professionals have a greater knowledge of management tools; Among
them are the director, secretary, O.V.E. staff, auxiliary and cleaning, they are the
ones who assist to achieve the objectives established by the management.

BALANCED SCORECARD

Kaplan and Norton (2001) developed the Balanced Scorecard, a management
system that links the achievement of long-term strategic goals with the daily oper-
ations of an organization. According to Kaplan and Norton "The scorecard
measures the performance of the organization from four balanced perspectives:
finances, customers, internal processes, and training and growth."

The use of the Balanced Scorecard as a strategic management system has two
dependent tasks: building the Balanced Scorecard and the use of it, for such pur-
poses it is essential to build objectives and indicators, in each of the four
perspectives of the Scorecard Comprehensive: Financial Perspective, Customer
Perspective, Internal Process Perspective, Learning and Growth Perspective. It is
important to emphasize that traditionally the vision was individual, but today or-
ganizations have changed to a shared vision that allows the members of the
organization to be empowered, creating the commitment of many people.

Applying a Balanced Scorecard successfully communicates a strategy through
an integrated set of financial and non-financial indicators.

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STRATEGIC MAPS
Creation of Strategic Maps

Similar to a tree the creation of a strategic map, the roots represent the strate-
gies, the nutrients around the roots constitute the culture of the organization, the
trunk is the intangible capital, the branches represent the financial perspectives,
processes and clients, now we will graphically represent the exposed:
Figure 1: Example of the Preparation of a Strategic Map

Source: http://claroskarla.blogspot.com/
According to (Porter, 1992), the achievement of the Value Strategy is a com-

plex process of interrelated actions. Based on the previous graph, the linking of the
strategies in each of the perspectives allows us to create a strategic map for
RESEARCH METHOD

The focus of the investigation is detailed, the process carried out is explained,
we analyze the sample taken from the population, noting that the practical case
was developed in the private institution Antonio Raimondi, all this allowed us to
verify the hypothesis raised through processing of the information obtained.

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Ludy Steef Diaz Flores

RESEARCH DESIGN

As it was an applied research, an on-site visit was carried out to collect funda-
mental information to solve the research problem, thus obtaining information that
allowed a descriptive analysis since the characteristics and particularities found in
the interviews with the workers of the the facts that were investigated; As a strat-
egy, we divide the people who work in this company into two important groups:
teaching staff and administrative staff, in order to analyze the information from
two points of view.

TYPE OF STUDY

Being applied research, since it is an aspect related to administrative science
and that will help to solve a problem in the institutional administration and in par-
ticular of the I.E.G.N.E. ANTONIO RAIMONDI, a field investigation was carried
out, at the scene of the events, collecting information in the offices of the institution
with the highest authority and the teachers. The interviews allowed us to have an
impression of our research, the information in the physical files available to the
institution was validated and the knowledge of teachers and other workers, their
performance and what they should do was checked.

METHOD

Throughout the process, we sought to obtain particular information that
through inferences and the application of the inductive and deductive method, gen-
eral or particular results were reached; In these processes, a reasoned analysis of
the information and the objects present was required to be able to verify the hy-
potheses and proposed objectives.

INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The instruments used to collect the data are a total of three and it was used in
different stages. It was described in the chronological order in which they were
applied to the 43 workers

1) CHECKLIST

It is an instrument that allowed us to observe the behavior of the workers, for
which we established a list with five attitudes applied to the 43 workers, which are
presented in the corresponding annexes.

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD AT THE ANTONIO RAIMONDI INSTITUTION
IN THE PROVINCE OF EL COLLAO – 2019

Table N ° 1: Checklist - Observation

ORD ATTITUDES YES NO

01 The worker plans to carry out daily activities

02 Use some tool to manage your daily progress

03 Daily activities relate to long-term goals

04 Someone supervises the activities that the worker performs daily

05 The worker follows the provisions of his superior
Source: self-made

2) INTERVIEWS

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the I.E.G.N.E. ANTONIO
RAIMONDI with the intention of obtaining complementary information that fa-
cilitates the knowledge and interpretation of their attitudes by not having a
management tool that links daily activities with long-term goals, as well as com-
plementary information related to planning and the organization. It was made from
a general guide of four questions, one of them aimed at knowing what workers
think about the use of tools that allow them to better manage the progress of activ-
ities with the goals set in strategic planning, a question designed to find out the
position of the worker regarding the application of management indicators as a
means of evaluating the worker's performance and two questions aimed at explor-
ing the worker's feelings regarding the organizational climate.

Here are the questions:

• What do you think about using tools that allow you to link your daily work with
long-term goals?

• What do you think of the current evaluation indicators?

• What do you think about interpersonal relationships in the organization?

• Do you think that the training they receive allows them to efficiently carry out
their daily activities?

3) SURVEY

To support our research, a survey was developed whose design allowed us to
observe if the company has management tools that help improve performance, on

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Ludy Steef Diaz Flores

the other hand, to know if they have management indicators, which will help to
have a better concept of the company.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

In order to explore and support this research, a survey was carried out, which
helped us to have a better concept of the company, observe their knowledge about
planning and if they themselves know the place where they work, a survey is taken
that shows us the following Results: it shows us that everyone in the company
knows the company's strategic plan and that they are followed by each worker, in
the same way that daily objectives or activities are executed with prior planning
and are the product of the day to day, the largest amount of workers are aware of
the existence of performance indicators, a higher percentage claim to have a su-
pervisor who or who monitors their daily activities in the institution, in the same
way that the fulfillment of their activities is not relatively optimal, it is in a low
range, the use of computer and management tools is unknown by workers, when
asked about the tool of the Quadr or integral command, no worker knows about
the business management tool, so it is novel to hear about the existence of a man-
agement tool, so all workers affirm that by implementing this tool, the company
will improve considerably, at the same time Seventh question: How do you con-
sider the level of achievement of goals and objectives of the Educational Institution
"ANTONIO RAIMONDI"? 14.29% consider optimal, 21.43% consider normal,
35.71% consider low and finally 28.57% consider null.

In a large percentage, the daily activities carried out by workers are not super-
vised, which implies work without a common objective, work isolated from the
units, which causes inoperability, problems originating from the general manager
who has to supervise the planning of activities daily to the workers in their areas
to achieve the proposed objectives, possible to achieve since the workers comply
with the provisions issued by the head of the unit.

The Balanced Scorecard allowed through the generalized incorporation of non-
financial measures to the conventional information and control systems, and ap-
plying absolute transparency, they will grant information to their users with all the
internal indicators that are used in their management, it is like this that we found a
proposal for a Balanced Scorecard applicable to the Antonio Raimondi Educa-
tional Institution in the city of Ilave. An organization chart based on the
Institution's Mission was proposed, determining the strategic lines and strategic
objectives aligned in the long term.

The process map in many of the cases allows internal clients to identify the
macro processes and fundamental business processes, allowing to analyze flow
and workloads, time required to carry out the process and the number of employees

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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BALANCED SCORECARD AT THE ANTONIO RAIMONDI INSTITUTION
IN THE PROVINCE OF EL COLLAO – 2019

or workers necessary to comply with the established workload, it can also be seen
as a strategy of continuous improvement and innovation to reduce the execution
time of a process, what is stated and other details are proposed as a complement to
this proposal that should be developed by the IEGNE ANTONIO RAIMONDI or
as part of another study.

CONCLUSIONS

In 2016, the Educational Institution "Antonio Raimondi" was in a worrying
situation, with unsatisfactory results, subtracting indicators such as: profitability,
desertion, educational resources, academic performance, community satisfaction,
compliance with the service, complaints, among others, is thus the decision to carry
out the design and implementation of the Balanced Scorecard.

With the proposal for the implementation of the Balanced Scorecard, the fol-
lowing indicators were proposed. Improve profitability by 5% with respect to the
financial perspective, with respect to the client's perspective, reduce school drop-
outs by 90%, achieve a satisfaction level of 95%, increase academic performance
by 5% , expand complementary services by 25%, with respect to the internal pro-
cess perspective, maintain service compliance by 15%, decrease the number of
complaints by 30%, with respect to learning and growth perspectives increase by
6 programs for institutional development, improve the competitiveness of teachers
by 40%.

Once the Comprehensive Scorecard is implemented in the Antonio Raimondi
Educational institution with respect to the financial performance indicators, it is
concluded that an increase of 1.91%, with respect to the process indicator in the
conformity of the service increased by 4.47%, with regard to complaints it was
reduced to 17 per year.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

MARCHAND N. W. (2013) metodología de implantación del modelo balanced
scorecard para la gestión estratégica de tic. Caso: universidad nacional agra-
ria de la selva. Tesis de Pregrado. Universidad de Piura. Piura – Perú.

MICULICICH W. S. L. (2011) sistema de gestión de estrategias e indicadores uti-
lizando metodologías de inteligencia de negocios en una universidad privada.
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ALAY D. M. E., PIZARRO F. J. J. (2015) propuesta de implementación de un
cuadro de mando integral, mediante el análisis de la gestión administrativa
actual de la carrera de contaduría pública autorizada, Facultad de Ciencias
Administrativas, Universidad de Guayaquil. Tesis de Pregrado. Universidad
de Guayaquil – Ecuador.

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ANDRADE M. J. C. (2012) diseño de un modelo de cuadro de mando integral para
una empresa productora y comercializadora de materiales de acero ubicada en
la ciudad de Guayaquil. Tesis de Pregrado. Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
sede Guayaquil – Ecuador.

CIFUENTES y MUÑOZ (2010) en su trabajo de investigación denominado “Mo-
delo de Gestión Balanced Scorecard aplicado a la Escuela de Graduados
Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Chile. Tesis de Pregrado. Uni-
versidad de Chile.

DAVIS M. A. K. (2012) descripción y análisis de la elaboración e implementación
del cuadro de mando integral dentro del servicio de registro civil e identifica-
ción en el período 2007- 2010. Tesis de Pregrado. Universidad Academia de
Humanismo Cristiano. Santiago – Chile.

FLOR F. X. A. (2011) re-implementación del balanced scorecard – cuadro de
mando integral – como herramienta de control y seguimiento de la planifica-
ción estratégica en la dirección de la industria aeronáutica de la F.A.E. Tesis
de Maestría. Instituto de Altos Estudios Nacionales. Ecuador.

GÓMEZ, M. M. (2006). Introducción A La Metodología De La Investigación
Científica. Córdoba: Brujas.

NIÑO ROJAS, V. M. (2011). Metodología de la Investigación. Bogotá: Ediciones
de la U.

PACHECO GIL, O. (2000). Teoría y Práctica de Proyectos Educativos. Guayaquil:
Editorial Pedagógica.

ZUÑIGA R. J. (2014) cuadro de mando integral en el Instituto Tecnológico de
Tlahuac. Tesis de Maestría. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. Santiago de
Querétaro – México.

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
COMPOST (MSWC) FROM SELECTED CITIES A CASE STUDY

FROM INDIA FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION

Lima Kacha, Ferber Cancio

ABSTRACT

Utilizations of Municipal Solid Waste is important to curb the ever rising demand
of scarce land for its disposal. Chang Ing life style patterns, particularly in urban
areas, has led to increase in generation of MSW. Municipal solid waste fromIndian
cities estimated to have 40% - 60% organic matter, which could be recycled as
compost. The most suitable way to recycle it with low investment is aerobic
composting using windrow method. With the compliance of MunicipalSolid
Waste (Management and Handling) Rules 2000, many cities in India are making
compost with organic portion of MSW. Before applying MSWC for agricultural
uses, it is important to inventories heavy metals in compost to assess its toxicity.
In the present study the compost samples were quantified for its toxicity from three
highly populated cities of India, i.e., Delhi (Capital of India), Ahmedabad (Gujarat)
and Bangalore (Karnataka). The MSWC samples were ana- lysed for total heavy
metals and in extractable fractions. Few samples were found with higher concen-
tration of metals then the prescribed limits for its application as compost in Indian
MSW rules, whereas, samples have not showed sig nificant heavy metals concen-
tration in extractable fractions. Therefore, studied MSW compost samples had
demon- strated its suitability to use as green compost. (India, 2002)

Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste; Compost; Indian Cities; Fractionation;
Heavy Metals

1. Introduction

In India, composting of biodegradable municipal solid wastes has been made
mandatory by the Supreme Court (SC) following the recommendations made by
the Bur man Committee report in 1999. Subsequently, the Municipal Solid Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules 2000, also encourage this [1,2]. In May 2007,
the Supreme Court of India laid down that compost and bio methanation technol-
ogies were appropriate in view of thequality of MSW generated. Such as MSW
had high organic waste (40% - 60%), high moisture contents and therefore low

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Ferber Cancio Lima Kacha

calorific values around 800 1200 kcal/kg [3]. Indian Government is also encour-
aging MSW management by the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Rural Mission
(JNNURM) scheme, where a part of budget could be shared by state government
for running waste processing plant in states and districts. On the other way as or-
ganic components is high in MSW from Indian cities, thus it is not suitable for
waste to energy generation or for refuse derived fuel (RDF), incineration, pyrolysis
etc. The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation has in creased in India from
100 g/day/person to 450 g/day/ person after Independence (1947). The total MSW
generation in India is around 48 million tons per annum and this would increase to
300 million tons by the year 2047 (Table 1). Municipal solid waste in Indian mega
cities is mainly disposed in landfills by means of open dumping however; a small
fraction from that is used for composting in Delhi (National Capital Territory of
India) and Mumbai, while in Chennai and Kolkata composting facility is being
implemented and is presently, in pilot stage [4]. In other cities like Bangalore
and Ahmedabadis being taken up on an experimental basis by eitherNon Govern-
ment Organisation (NGO’s) or Private Companies. Jha et al. [4], had also tabulated
data of physical characterisation of meteropolitan cities of India for two decades
(1971-2002) and that shows that there is notmuch difference in physical charac-
teristics though MSW generation has increased to great extent. (Census, 2001)

Study for Its Sustainable Utilisation

Table 1. MSW generation for 100 years in India.

Years 1947 1997 2047

Urban population 56.9 247 -
(millions)* 295 490 927
48 300
Daily per capita waste 6 20.2 140
generation (grams)** 0.12 7.1 39
0.87
Total waste generated
(million tones)**

Area under land fills
(thousand of hectares)**

Annual methane emissions
(million tones)**

Source: *Census of India 2001, **Singla and Pandey [5].

wrong place”, as botanist regards weed as “a plant in the wrong place”, waste
generally refers useless remains with lack of value. A basic way to deal with waste
is to restore value from it. But in most of the developing countries, in major cities
MSW is made to compost. Generally, manual segregation has been done for MSW,

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST (MSWC) FROM SELECTED
CITIES A CASE STUDY FROM INDIA FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION

but if segregation is not done properly, there is possibility of heavy metals to enter
in our food chain. Therefore, need arises to inventories the metal in MSW.

Composting is a simplest way to restore value in MSW. Aerobic composting
with windrows method after proper segregation of MSW is recognized as a cost
effective method that results in an end product that can be used as soil amendment.
Several authors [7,8] have reported beneficial effects of compost on soil produc-
tivity. These developments can be examined from the perspectives of waste
management, agriculture and climate change. The technology to be used for this
purpose is relatively simple and affordable, while the end product is beneficial for
soil and ensures significant saving of scarce land (required for land filling). How-
ever, public private part nership efforts are constrained due to quality require
ments, marketing, pricing issues and ways to make it sustainable on a long term
basis [9]. The reducing, reus ing, recycling and rebuying the 4 R’s is key of divert
ing organic materials from landfill and prevents green house gases (GHG’s) emis-
sions, reduces pollutants, con- serves resources and reduces the need for new
disposal facilities. (Census, 2001)

In this paper, chemical characterization for macronu

trients (C, N and P) and heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb andCd) of MSW compost
had been done for three Indian mega cities i.e., Ahmedabad (Gujarat), Bangalore
(Kar nataka) and Delhi (Capital of India) to assess its quality for applying as soil
conditioner and fertilisers. There are limited works reported in India on the impact
of MSWC on vegetative crops. Begum [11], reported application of MSWC of
Bangalore city on tomato plant that on appli cation of MSW compost around 192
g/pot, the Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb contents of tomato plant were found in high levels.
Many other authors have reported metals uptake by the application of Industrial
solid waste on plant in India [12]. (Census, 2001)

The population of the studied cities is, Ahmedabad 5.8millions, Bangalore 6.5
millions and Delhi 13.8 million (Census 2001). The physical characterisation of
MSW in metropolitan’s cities of India is given in Table 2. Around100 300 tones
of segregated MSW per day are collectedto make compost in Delhi, Bangalore and
Ahmedabad. InDelhi and Ahmedabad MSW is collected by municipal authorities
and given to private companies to make compost. In Bangalore, Karnataka Com-
post Develop ment Corporation (KCDC) Limited is collecting MSW and making
compost. The compost collected for present study is being made by aerobic com-
posting by windrows methods with mechanically or manual segregation. A regular
monitoring of quantification of heavy metals should be necessary as excessive ap-
plication of compost may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in soil surface
[13,14]. Not only are these heavy metals non-bio-degradable and become toxic at
some levels, but also they tend to accumulate along the food chain, where hu man

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is the last link [15,16]. Beside that, for heavy metals distribution and transportation
to soil and ground water was studied by sequential extraction [17,18]. In this paper,
regulatory compliance has given more focused then agricultural productivity to
study the quality of compost. (Census, 2001)

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Processing

The ten representative samples of municipal solid waste compost was collected
from three metropolitans cities of India, i.e., from Pirana landfill compost, Ahmed-
abad;KCDC sites, Bangalore; Okhla MSWC, Delhi. These samples were collected
by stainless steel auger in air- tight polythene bags after proper mixing and then
labeledcarefully. The samples were carried to laboratory and stored in a cold room
at a temperature of 4˚C for further analysis. Samples were dried at room tempera-
ture, ho mogenised and sub-sampled by quartering and ground to pass through 2
mm sieve. These processed samples were sub sampled for further analysis. (Or-
ganic Materials, 2012)

2.2. Methodology Used for Analysis of Samples

The pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of samples were measured immedi-
ately after bringing them to the laboratory, using 1:10 ratio of w/v with deionised
dis tilled water by pH meter and EC meter respectively. Other parameters Moisture
Contents (MC), Kjeldhal’sNitrogen and Phosphorus (by Olsen and Bray method)
in samples were measured according to methodology given

3. Result and Discussion

All the result gathered from analyses of samples col lected from the study
areas were given in Tables 3 and 4 and in

3.1. pH and Electrical Conductivity (EC),Organic Matter (OM) and Mois-
ture Contents (MC)

The average value of pH for Ahmedabad city was 8.06, for Bangalore as 8.19
and for Delhi as 7.82. The pHvalue was observed for compost samples as
slightly alka line in nature and was well within the standard limits of

Characterisation of Municipal Solid Waste Compost (MSWC) from Selected
Indian Cities A Case

Study for Its Sustainable Utilisation

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST (MSWC) FROM SELECTED
CITIES A CASE STUDY FROM INDIA FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION

Table 3. Physio-chemical properties of municipal solid waste compost.

Total MSW fromcity Popula- MC (%) C (%) N (%) P (%) C/N
(tons/day) tion OM (%)
(milli)

Ahmadabad 1200 5.8 42.16 29.32 21.56 0.85 2.82 (±0.37) 25.36
(±2.64) (±5.00) (±4.04) (±0.27)

Bangalore 2200 6.5 46.78 31.61 26.61 1.13 2.92 (±0.34) 23.55
(±9.20) (±7.02) (±5.18) (±0.46)

Delhi 6500 13.8 37.52 23.83 19.56 1.03 2.52 (±0.29) 18.99
(±3.28) (±5.07) (±6.68) (±0.46)

OM Organic Matter, MC Moisture Contents, C Total Carbon, N Kjeldhal’s Nitro-
gen, P total Phosphorus, C/N Carbon/ Nitrogen ratio. (Indian Census 2001).

Table 4. Average concentration (mg/kg) of heavy metals in municipal solid
waste compost (MSWC).

pH EC (mS/cm) Cu Cr Ni Pb Cd

Indian standards - 300 50 50 100 5

forcompost from 5.5 - 8.5
MSW

Ahmadabad 8.06 (±0.37) 0.71 (±0.07) 36.68 21.14 26.04 8.18 3.69
(±9.32) (±9.87) (±8.20) (±1.91) (±1.34)

Bangalore 8.19 (±0.29) 0.58 (±0.11) 34.43 (±7.5) 7.28 (±1.56) 2.18 6.58 2.32
(±0.80) (±1.64) (±1.62)

Delhi 7.82 (±0.42) 0.83 48.47 36.42 34.52 21.76 2.61
(±0.078) (±7.92) (±10.74) (±2.56) (±4.32) (±1.65)

EC Electrical Conductivity

is soil pH increase to some extend. This increase in pH isdue to the minerali-
sation of C and subsequent productionof OH− ions by ligand exchange as well as
introductionof basic cations, such as K+, Ca++ and Mg++. Brady and Weil [27], had

reported that micronutrients and metalca tions are most soluble and available for

plant uptake un der acidic conditions so MSWC would help in mitigatingthe heavy

metals availability.

EC is an important parameter to determine the com- post quality as high salt
concentration can inhibit the seed germination [28] so it is essential to measure
the ECof compost before its application as a soil conditioner. (Census, 2001)

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Ferber Cancio Lima Kacha

3.2. Total Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N) andPhosphorus (P)

Carbon, Sulphur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus were esti mated in the collected
compost samples to access their fertility on agricultural use. The average value for
total Cwas 21.56%, total N 0.85% and total phosphorus was 2.82% for Ahmedabad
city, Bangalore compost was found with total C as 26.61%, total N as 1.13% and
total phosphorus as 2.92%, whereas Delhi’s compost samples had total C concen-
tration as 19.56 %, total N 1.03% and total phosphorus as 2.52% (Table 3). These
parameters are essential to understand the compost characterisation which is to be
effectively used as fertilizer. The ratio of C/N was also analysed and found with in
the acceptable range 19 - 25, as 20 - 40 C/N ratio is considered best tobe used.
Many authors reported that this ratio can be fur ther improved by adding common
waste materials asanimal waste, bagasse or garden waste etc. The concen tration
of N in MSWC has been seen to increase with composting time as C is utilized by
microorganism [30]. Immature compost can cause N immobilization due to a high
compost C/N ratio [31]. In this study Ahmedabad and Bangalore has C/N ratio as
25.36 and 23.55 respec tively, whereas, in Delhi as 19. Zhang et al. [32], had been
reported that MSWC effectively supply P to soil with soil P concentration increas-
ing with increasing ap- plication rates. Thus, MSWC from studied sites could.
(Census 2001)

3.3. Fractionation of Heavy Metals

The determination of total concentration of heavy metals could not provide
useful information about the risk of bioavailability, transport, toxicity and the ca-
pacity for remobilization of heavy metals in the environment [18,35-40]. However,
the chemical speciation or frac tionation of the heavy metal allows the prediction
of its bioavailability and is related to its different natures in cluding the bonding
strength, either in free ionic form or complexed by organic matter, or incorporated
in the mineral fraction of the sample [16].

Fractionation data to know the bioavailability of metals is more important
when a municipal solid waste compost to be used as organic fertilizer, as each
fraction would provide the leaching probability of studied metals and subsequently
its toxicity. Six fractions had been studied for this paper (F1 to F6) (Figure 1).
These frac tions are Water soluble fraction (F1), Exchangeable fraction (F2), Car-
bonate bound fraction (F3), Fe Mn oxide fraction (F4), Organic bound fraction are
also called mobile fractions and Residual fraction (F6).

4. Conclusion

This study indicates that compost characteristics fromstudied metropolitan cit-
ies of India were found suitableto be used as green compost. As the MSWC

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CHARACTERIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE COMPOST (MSWC) FROM SELECTED
CITIES A CASE STUDY FROM INDIA FOR SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION

studied had C/N ratio around 19 - 25 (recommended range 20 - 40) and metal con-
centration were observed well within ac ceptable range of the Municipal Solid
Waste (Manage ment and Handling) Rules, 2000 of India and with insig nificant
leachable fraction of heavy metals. The MSWC from Delhi was found with slightly
higher concentration of metals then other cities, which could be easily con trolled
by proper segregation of metallic components from MSW. There is need for peri-
odic monitoring of heavy metals in MSWC so that quality could be insured and
contamination could be prevented. The quality of compost could be further im-
proved by adding cowdung, bagasse, garden waste etc. The utilisation of MSWC
would not only help in recycling of MSW but also in crease the fertility of soil and
decrease the volume of waste. Also, there is a need to make compost popular
among the farmers for its sustainable utilisation.

5. Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to University Grant Commission (UGC) and Department
of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for providing support to
carry out this research work.

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