International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 44
Figure 3.2: ANNOX MOBILE Schematic Circuit
The figure below shows the interaction between how the Remote XY and Arduino Wemos D1 applications
with android smartphones.
Figure 3.2: Interaction between Arduino Wemos D1 and Remote XY applications with android
smartphones.
ANNOX MOBILE is designed to be easy to carry and lightweight. The build uses only 2 pieces of acrylic,
size of 30cm x 26.6cm. An 80mm screw is used for mounting both acrylic.
Figure 3.3: Measurement of ANNOX MOBILE
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 45
4. Operation of ANNOX MOBILE
ANNOX MOBILE can be used as a teaching aid in classrooms or labs. Students were divided into
groups of 3 to 4. Lecturers taught using ANNOX MOBILE and explain the functions, truth table and
equations of each gets available. Meanwhile, the students can see the gets operation by a flashing LED.
Indirectly, they can relate to the truth table of each get based on the get function or operation. [5]
5. Impact Of Innovation
The ANNOX MOBILE has been successfully produced as planned. By using this kit in teaching and
learning process, students’ understanding has increased in June 2019 session, 83% of students were able
to answer the questions correctly. This kit is proven to be effective due to:
a. attractive method of instructions (switches) through the smartphone and output of flashing LED.
b. students understand the topic easily because they can see the real system of operation with their naked
eye in order to understand the topic.
c. lighten the burden of lecturers to ensure the mastery of the topic by students.
6. Costing
No Item Quantity Price
1. Arduino Wemos D1 1 RM 31.00
2. Arduino plastic case 1 RM 6.00
3. IC 74HC595 4 RM 6.00
4. LED 5 mm 27 RM 6.90
5. Female to Female 2 RM 6.00
6. cAorncnliecc(t3o0r cm x 26.6cm) 1 RM 165.00
7. IC socket 4 RM 3.20
8. Remote XY application 1 RM 25.99
TOTAL RM 250.09
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 46
7. Recommendations For Improvements
Some of the suggestions are:
a. ANNOX MOBILE can be used as a main reference to create another mini trainer.
b. reducing the size of ANNOX MOBILE to smaller sizes, easier to carry to the classroom.
8. Conclusion
ANNOX MOBILE kit has been proven to be an effective tool to solve the problem of understanding
symbol, equation and truth table among student at PTSB. Based on the findings obtained, this kit is very
helpful to ensure the improvement of student performance in Digital Electronics subject. It’s attracts and
encourages students to learn and understand the symbols, equations and truth tables for each gate. By
applying this methodology in classroom, students’ result in continuous and final assessments could be
improved greatly.
Acknowledgement
Special thanks to our colleague for continuous supports.
References
[1] http://spmp.ptsb.edu.my/utama.jsp?nokprequest=74040 1025430
[2] https://cyaninfinite.com/getting-started-with-the- wemos-d1-esp8266-wifi-board/
[3] https://lastminuteengineers.com/74hc595-shift-register- arduino-tutorial/
[4] http://remotexy.com/en/help/whatiscode/
[5] Digital Systems Principles and Applications Tenth Editon. Prentice Hall International Edition.
Ronald J. Tocci, Neal S. Widmer, Gregory L.Moss
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 47
DUAL LANGUAGE PROGRAMME IN MALAYSIAN SCHOOLS: AN
ALTERNATIVE GUIDELINE WITH INDISPENSABLE COMPONENTS
Ashairi Suliman
Department of Education Leadership and Policy, Faculty of Education,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
[email protected]
Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Nor
Department of Education Leadership and Policy, Faculty of Education,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
[email protected]
Melor Md Yunus
Department of Innovation in Teaching and Learning, Faculty of Education,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract
In Malaysia, the implementation of DLP highlights the use of English as the instructional medium in the
teaching and learning of science and mathematics. Malaysia has based DLP on the Policy of Teaching
Science and Mathematics in English (PPSMI). To ensure a better programme implementation, DLP
requires an alternative guideline in terms of the essential elements needed in its execution. There-fore, this
paper describes the seven components fundamental in the Malaysian DLP implementation. These
components derive from the studies done concerning five interest groups; students, teachers, school
administrators, parents and experts. To recapitulate, an educational programme requires collaboration
from all domains to ensure the de-sired outcomes attainable.
Keywords: Dual Language Programme (DLP); alternative guideline; education; science and mathematics;
educational programme
1. Introduction
In a drastic attempt to address the decline in English proficiency, the government reintroduced English
as medium of instruction for Science and Mathematics in 2003 (Hazita, 2016). In fact, it was also due to
the aim and vision of becoming a developed nation that leads the Malaysian Ministry of Education to
propose the teaching and learning of Science and Mathematics in English (PPSMI) as part of the
government policy. Ashairi, Mohamed Yusoff and Melor (2017) asserted that PPSMI derives from the
need to develop human capital in line with the objective of achieving developed nation status. However,
after endless debate and arguments regarding the implementation of the policy, it was announced that the
policy would be put to an end in 2012.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 48
In order to cater to the needs of some parents who sup-port for the continuation of PPSMI, the Ministry
of Education implemented a soft-landing approach named ‘To Uphold Bahasa Malaysia To Strengthen
Bahasa Inggeris’ (MBMMBI) policy. Under this policy, an initiative which resembles PPSMI has been
introduced. The Dual Language Programme (DLP) is commonly assumed to be the rebirth of the PPSMI
policy. Undeniably, it resembles PPSMI but differs in several aspects of its implementation. According to
Ashairi, Mohamed Yusoff and Melor (2017), DLP provides flexibility to the schools, teachers, students
as well as parents their preferred language of instruction, making it very much open to the willingness of
the schools to be part of it. To note, the programme is launched with three main objectives;
i. Enabling students to have the access and exploration of knowledge in order to compete globally and
to in-crease the marketability of the students in the working field.
ii. Assisting and capturing students’ enthusiasm of STEM education at tertiary level.
iii. Increasing students’ contact hours to the English language that will indirectly solidify their command
of the target language.
2. Malaysian DLP Current Practice
To accentuate, DLP is a voluntary educational programme. That means students are given the
flexibility to enroll in the programme as long as the guideline is fulfilled. There are four guidelines before
DLP could commence. According to Ministry of Education Malaysia (2015), they are;
a. Sufficient resource
b. Principal/ /Teachers’ readiness to practise DLP
c. Parental demands and support
d. School performance in Bahasa Melayu
As for the first criteria, the school needs to ensure that the textbooks, reference books, teaching aids
and other teaching and learning supporting materials are sufficient and able to cater to the needs of DLP
teachers and students. Then, the head of the school needs to have both, short term and long term plan
ensuring the number of teachers accommodate the number of students involved in DLP. Moreover, the
parents must submit a written consent to the school, stating that their children will participate in the DLP.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 49
The final criteria states that the performance of the school in the Bahasa Melayu subject must be in par or
better than the average national grade in the national examinations.
3. Methodology
The components derive from the data garnered with five different groups. They are the students,
teachers, school administrators, parents and experts. Data were collected nationwide for a duration of nine
months. There were 2162 students, 435 teachers, 80 school administrators, 768 parents and 13 experts
involved in the study employing survey questionnaire, semi-structured interviews and focused group
discussions. The findings were later converted into the alternative guideline.
4. Components in the DLP Implementation
From the studies that have been conducted pertaining to the Malaysian DLP implementation, seven
components have been garnered. They are perceived to be fundamental to acknowledge as they could have
affected the effective-ness of the programme. The seven components are illus-trated in the following table.
Table 1: Components in DLP Implementation
1 Staff Quality and Professional Development
2 Students’ Participation and Involvement
3 School Readiness
4 Family and Community
5 Support and Resources
6 Programme Structure
7 Curriculum and Assessment
These components are an alternative to what has been practised in the existing implementation. The
first four components deal with the interest groups (teachers, stu-dents, administrators, parents and the
ministry itself). Whereas the remaining three components are concerned with the provision of teaching
and learning materials, the guideline of structure of the programme as well as continu-ous assessment of
the programme. All these are working hand in hand to ensure that the programme may benefit the
educational system and achieve the desired objectives.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 50
5. Conclusion
The proposed components serve to consolidate the cur-rent practice in the implementation of Dual
Language Pro-gramme (DLP) in the Malaysian context. There are other aspects that need to be highlighted
as well in its execution such as the elements of programme structure, students’ involvement and
assessment. If these elements are acknowledged well, the programme may succeed and the history of
PPSMI policy may be avoided. Similarly, it would lead to an effective teaching and learning process
besides improve the public acceptance towards the pro-gramme. Hence, it takes everyone involved in the
pro-gramme to work together so the programme would be a successful one.
References
[1] Ashairi Suliman, Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Nor & Melor Md Yunus. Dual language programme in
Ma-laysian secondary schools: glancing through the stu-dents’ readiness and unravelling the
unheard voices. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies 17(4): 128 – 145. (2017).
[2] Hazita Azman. Implementation and challenges of English language education reform in Malaysian
pri-mary schools. 3L: The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies 22(3): 65 – 78.
(2016).
[3] Ministry of Education Malaysia. Garis Panduan Pelaksanaan Dual Language Programme. (2015).
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 51
INTEGRATED PROFILING SYSTEM (i-PRO)
Ahmad Rozelan Yunus
Fakulti Pengurusan Teknologi dan Teknousahawanan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Norida Abdullah
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Mohd Fauzi Kamarudin
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Mohd Shamsuri Md Saad
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Muhamad Hazrul Md Esa
Pejabat Pendaftar
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Abstract
Personality profiling is a systematic process to record and analyses employees’ personality traits.
Integrated Profiling System (i-PRO) is a holistic project based on personality profiling and adaptation of
established personality framework and instruments. The main targeted users are organization personnel
and students, besides individuals. The main novelty aspects of i-PRO is, it could be customized based on
client needs such as any specific Human Resource Management functions, such as recruitment, job
promotion, success plan, as well as for the organizations’ Training Need Analysis (TNA). For students, i-
PRO is useful for academic programs choice. Based on these functions, individuals and organization
management would be able to screen everyone’s profiles and tap individual’s potential. i-PRO is a vital
part of any organizations as it minimized many occupational or academic issues related to job-individual
or academic programs-individual mismatch.
Keywords: Personality Profiling, Integrated Profiling System, Personality Traits
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 52
1. Introduction
Personality profiling is a systematic process to record and analyses employees’ personality traits. By
understanding individual personality, the organization management team would be able to understand
what may influence ones’ personal and social life behaviors.
2. The Tool
Integrated Profiling System (i-PRO) is a holistic project based on the integrated personality profiling
tool and adaptation of established personality framework and instruments. The conceptual framework of
this tool covers combination of various personality traits domains as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework or i-PRO
In whole, domains of the profiling developed for i-PRO covers 3 + 1 domains. Three main domains
are; 1) Personality; 2) Competency; and 3) Core Values, and “Ethics & Spiritual” as Domain Across.
These three main domains were broken into few sub-domains as shown in Table 1 below.
MAIN DOMAINS SUB DOMAINS DOMAIN ACROSS
Ethics & Spiritual
PERSONALITY 1. Self-Orientation
2. Career Orientation
3. Psycho-Social
4. Dominant brain
5. Self-Representation Leadership
COMPETENCY 1. Entrepreneurial
2. Interpersonal National Identity
CORE VALUES 1. Readiness for change
2. Resilience
3. Loyalty
4. Integrity Professionalism
Table 1: i-PRO Main Domains and Sub-domains
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 53
These profiling domains was adapted from various instruments such as Holland Person-Environment
Fit, Hogan Personality, and Myer-Briggs Type Indicator. It also embedded the organization core values,
the institution 20 years’ strategic plan and the Malaysian Education Blueprint. All these aspects have been
integrated as a fundamental domain of the instrument. This is regard to the importance of the instrument
tailored to the need of the organization [1].
This tool aimed to provides integrated information regarding trait personality, career interest and self-
orientation of all personnel. i-PRO would be able to help in many Human Capital functions such as
recruitment, placement and for Training Need Analysis (TNA). In one clear benefits for UTeM, is the use
of i-PRO in the selection process for recruitment.
3. Underlying Theories
i-PRO empowers the three steps process of the Trait and Factor Theory of Vocational Choice [2],
[3]. and Person-Environment Fit Theory [4].
3.1. Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice
The traits and factors aspect was begin pondered by Frank Parsons. The fundamental of Trait and
Factor Theory of Occupational Choice is the assumption that individuals strive to use self-understanding
and knowledge of their competence as a basis for the development of their potential [4].
The importance aspect in career choice is congruency between people's personal traits and job
requirements. The higher degree of congruency, the greater the chances of the person to achieve
productivity and satisfaction. To make decision of a career choice, Parsons put together three steps that
are; 1) know own self), 2) know the job, and 3) matching personal with job [6] (Refer to Figure 2). The
fundamental of i-PRO is to empowers these three steps into its process of analyzing individuals career
interest.
Figure 2: The Trait & Factor Theory of Occupational Choice: The Three Steps
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 54
3.2. Person-Environment Fit Theory
The Person-Environment Fit theory (P-E Fit) was a result of the Holland researches on personality
focusing on typologies and heavily influenced by Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice. This
theory is designed based on description of the individual's interest that will reflects one's personality.
Six categories of personalities of Holland's P-E Fit theory consist of Realistic (R), Investigative (I), Artistic
(A), Social (S), Enterprising (E) and Conventional (C). Each type of personality formed as a result of
interaction between various personal aspects and physical environment. The fundamental of i-PRO is to
utilize the congruency aspects of The Holland's P-E Fit theory into its process of analyzing individuals’
congruency to their working or study environment.
4. Conclusion
Personality profiling strategy for screening the right workers can become an important strategic
approach in the development of dynamics capabilities in organization. The i-PRO or similar tool would
be able to provide an overview to the organization top management in improving managing the human
capital for IR 4.0.
References
[1] Musa, H., Safri, N., Yunus A.R., Mohd Azlishah Othman, M.A. (2017). The Characteristics of Users
in the Adoption of Low Loss Microwave Transmission Glass: A Conceptual Paper. Procedia-Social
and Behavioral Sciences, 548-554.
[2] Yunus, A.R., (2004), Personality congruence and compliance: A study among Students of a Higher
Learning Institution in Sabah, Unpublished Fundamental Research Report. Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
[3] Saad, MSM., Yunus AR., Kamarudin MF., Ibrahim I. (2018). An integrated personality profiling
framework to identify and produce talent in a technical university, World Transactions on
Engineering and Technology Education 16 (1), 80-83
[4] Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work
environments. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
[5] Munandir (1996). Program Bimbingan dan Kaunseling di Sekolah. Jakarta: Depdikbud.
[6] Parsons, F. (1907). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 55
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUNTERPRODUCTIVE WORK
BEHAVIOR, ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, PERSONALITY TRAITS AND
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG INDUSTRIAL STAFF
Norida Abdullah
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Ali Hafizar Mohd Rawi
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Mohd Firdaus Abdullah
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Abstract
Employees who display Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB) are more likely to develop stress
related problems, intention to resign, experience low self-esteem, and increased lack of confidence at
work. Various factors that may predict CWB. These include individual differences such as employees’
personal traits, work stress, and emotional intelligence (EI). The theoretical perspective that related with
this study is Social Exchange Theory- Blau (1964) (SET), Big Five Personality Traits, and Perceived
Organizational Support. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the relationship among
perceived organizational support, personality traits, emotional intelligence and counterproductive work
behavior among technical staffs. This study is a descriptive survey research design. A quantitative survey
administered to a target population of industrial staff from CTRM, Melaka branch. Results from this study
show that there is positive relationship between personality traits and counterproductive work behavior.
Finding from this study will help the human resource management to propose the alternatives employee
assistant program for the benefit of staffs at the industry.
Keywords: counterproductive work behavior, organizational support, personality traits, emotional
intelligence
1. Introduction
Research done previously found that various factors that may predict CWB. These include individual
differences such as employees’ personal traits and abilities, work stress such as difficult work conditions,
harsh supervision, and emotional intelligence (EI). Other research suggested that organizational diversity
could influence turnover intention [1, 12]. Employee turnover refers to a group of employee movements
that create a vacancy within the organization unit. Turnover intention is define as an employee’s intent to
find a new job with another employer within the near future. Employees’ turnover always implies a high
cost to companies, seriously hindering efficient, effective customer service and undermining
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 56
competitiveness. Ponniah et al. [2] found that organizational diversity and diversity programs could
decrease turnover intention and the actual turnover rate.
Based on the study done on productivity and profitability, concluded / indicated that factors
contributing to the deficit in organizations’ profitability due to physical and /or emotional health problems,
stress, burnout of employees, poor management strategies, and lack of effective training programs [3].
Study done by Zain et al. [4] showed that when organization is concerned about the employees then
employees would try to change their inner feelings to achieve organizational objectives. It means that if
employees are emotionally intelligent, they can manage their emotions in a better way while interacting
with others. Employees with a high level of emotional intelligence can modify their inner feeling and
emotions according to the situation due to which they can tackle counterproductive work behaviors in a
better way.
Therefore, this study aim to identify the relationship among perceived organizational support (POS),
personality traits (PT), emotional intelligence (EI) and counterproductive work behavior (CWB) among
industrial staffs.
2. Methodology
2.1 Objective of the study
To identify whether a relationship exists among perceived organizational support, personality traits,
emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior among technical staffs.
2.2 Sample and Population / Participants
The population of this study consists of approximately 2,000 technical staff employed at CTRM of
Melaka branch. The questionnaire distributed to 350 staff randomly and enough in order to generalize the
results [5].
2.3 Instruments and data analysis
There are four instruments used to measures construct variables involve in this research such as,
Counterproductive work behavior (CWB), Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Personality Traits
(PT), and Emotional Intelligence (EI). Frequency analysis used to determine the demographic
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 57
characteristics of the sample. Explanatory factor analysis used to test the construct validity of the
measurement model while structural equation modelling (SEM) used to test the hypotheses.
3. Results and Discussion
Figure 1: Research Finding
Based on previous literature review done by other researchers, found that Perceived Organizational
Support (POS) influences Counterproductive Work Behavior (CWB), such as related with management
strategies [3, 12], strengthen employee’ meaning of work [6], organization behavior and interest of
organization [7]. For Personality Traits (PT) and CWB, previous study [6, 8, 4, and 9] found that
personality has the potential to influence CWB process. Another study done by [4, 10, and 11] found that
emotional intelligence moderate the CWB. Findings from this study will confirm the results as mentioned
by other researchers in order to sustain the productivity for the industry to overcoming the psychological
and emotional issues of the human capital development in the industry as shown in the Figure 1.
4. Conclusion
The present study intends to explore and examine the relationship among perceived organizational
support, personality traits, emotional intelligence and counterproductive work behavior among technical
staffs employed at CTRM of Melaka branch. Hopefully, the HRM at the industrial level will continue take
the necessary action towards staff well-being at the work place in order to sustain the productivity for the
industry and for the nation. Focusing from the HRM based on the variables mention in the Employee
Assistant Program (EAP) will not only help in overcoming the psychological and emotional issues but it
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 58
has the potential to result in positive functioning of an individual of the human capital development in the
industry.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank for the cooperation given from the industry CTRM, C-TED Coe
group, and SICOM group research. We also would like to express our gratitude to Universiti Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka for supporting these research activities through grant PJP/2019/PBPI/ (5D)/S01694.
References
[1] Spector, P. E. (2010). The relationship of personality to counterproductive work behavior (CWB):
An integration of perspectives. Human Resources Management Review, 21(4), 342-352.
[2] Ponniah Raman, Murali Sambasivam, Naresh Kumar. (2016). Counterproductive work behavior
among frontline goverment emotional exhaustion. Journal of Work and Organizational
Psychology, 32, pg 25-37. Published by Elservier.
[3] Zerbes. M-V., Cioca. L-I., Neamu. V-S. (2019). Occupational health programs and workplace
absenteeism. Quality-Access to Success, 20 (SI), January 2019. Pg 129-134.
[4] Zain, R., Ayesha, A., Qasim, A.N., Shahzad, A., Muhammad, S. Hussain. (2018). Does perceived
organization support influence the employees emotional labor? Moderating & mediating role of
emotional intelligence. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. October –December
2018, Vol 6, No. 4, pg 526-543, Eissn: 2415-007X.
[5] Hair Jr, J. F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivarivariate Data Analysis.
(7th edition). Upper Saddle, New Jersey: Pearson prentice Hall.
[6] Akgunduz. Y., Alkan. C., & Gok. O. A. (2018). Perceived organizational support, employee
creativity and proactive personality: The mediating effect of meaning of work. Journal of
Hospitality and Tourism Management. 34, 105-114.
[7] Diego, P. & Rizzi, C. (2010). Understanding Socialization practice: factors fostering and hindering
evolution. Society and Business Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 144-154.
[8] Chang, K., & Smithikrai, C. (2010). Counterproductive behaviour at work: an investigation
into reduction strategies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(8),
1272-1288.
[9] Ferreira, M. F & Nascimento. E. (2016). Relationship between Personality Traits and
Counterproductive Work Behaviors. PsiscoUSF, Braganca Paulista, vol 21, no 3, p 677-
685.http://dx.doi.org/10.1590//1413- 82712016210319.
[10] Despande. S. P., Joseph., J. J., & Shu. X. (2015). The impact of emotional intelligence on
counterproductive behavior in China. Management Research News, 28(5), 75-85.
[11] Petrides, K. V., Frederickson. N., & Furnham. A. (2014). The role of trait emotional
intelligence an academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual
Differences, 36, 277-293.
[12] O.A. Shonubi., N. Abdullah., R. Hashim., N, Abd. Hamid. (2018). Psychological influence of
organizational communication on employee job satisfaction on organization commitment: A
Review. Journal of Human Capital Development, 9 91), 1-10.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 59
FROM ZERO TO HERO: GAMIFIED-LEARNING IN ESL CLASSROOM
Karmila Rafiqah M. Rafiq
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Fetylyana Nor Pazilah
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Melor Md Yunus
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Harwati Hashim
Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract
The education industry in this 21st-century era has changed significantly, whereby technological tools are
used in aiding teaching and learning. Despite employing many technological tools in education, the
declining of English language proficiency, particularly in English as a second language (ESL)
vocabularies, is still a worrying sight for many educators. Thus, it is vital to innovate a creative tool in
aiding ESL learning. Taking into consideration the learners’ age, three games were created and innovated
using PowerPoint as a medium for vocabulary teaching and learning. These games were tested out in a
quasi-experimental study towards lower secondary students in a suburban Malaysian school, whereby a
pre-test of 30 questions was given out followed by three interventions of PowerPoint games in three
different class sessions. Then, a post-test of 30 questions was given, followed by a survey with 10 items,
to gather the perceptions of learners in using games to learn ESL vocabularies. The main findings showed
that learners improved massively in the post-test and they have positive perceptions towards gamified-
learning. The implication of this innovation is to encourage teachers to use games in teaching ESL so that
learners are able to learn in a fun environment. Studies in the future can look into the types of games
suitable for learners with different levels of proficiency. Hence, innovating an effective tool, which could
promote learning is undeniably crucial in this 21st-century world.
Keywords: English as a second language (ESL), gamified-learning, motivation, vocabulary, technology-
enhanced language learning.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 60
1. Introduction
It is important to have effective English as a second language (ESL) vocabulary instruction such as
direct instruction, repeated exposure, contextualising words, and opportunities for word interaction and
active engagement [1], [2]. Yet, vocabulary is commonly taught through drilling and memorizing pattern
for words [3] so the teaching and learning processes are less fascinating. Using games can assimilate a
playful learning setting which can influence the way students interact with the language [4].
Games have become increasingly popular in recent years as they produce positive outcomes and give
a strong impact and contribution to the learners’ attitude and behaviour [4], [5]. Games are beneficial in
many ways such as motivating [6], interesting, enhance soft skills of learners and most importantly, it
improves learning [4], [5], [7]. It also condones to the digital age era, where technology is a necessity [8],
[9]. Thus, it is vital to innovate vocabulary games creatively to aid in ESL vocabulary learning.
2. Methodology
This quasi-experimental study was participated by 37 Malaysian secondary school students. There was
a pre-test, three interventions of PowerPoint game innovation and a post-test. Document analysis was
carried out before the innovation and a survey was employed after the post-test to triangulate the data. The
4-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=agree, 4=strongly agree) survey gathered the
learners’ perceptions of gamified-learning, with 10 items adapted from [10]. Data were analysed using
descriptive statistics.
3. Results
The post-test results as shown in table 1 portrayed a massive improvement. No student received a
grade F in the post-test, as compared to 22 of them received that grade in the pre-test. For grade A, none
of them got it in the pre-test but 3 got A for post-test.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 61
Table 1: The pre-test and post-test results
Grades Marks No. of students
Pre-test Post-test
A 85-100
B 70-84 03
C 60-69 1 16
D 50-59 19
E 40-49 47
F 0-39 92
22 0
Table 2 showed the learners’ perceptions of gamified-learning. Overall, the survey showed that
learners are posi-tive towards gamified-learning as they like to attend class (100%) and get to explore their
own learning (100%). They are also positive towards the lesson (94.6%).
Table 2: Learners’ perceptions of gamified-learning
Items Percentages (%)
SD D A SA
1. Like to attend class 0.0 0.0 37.8 62.2
2. Concentrate fully 0.0 18.9 62.2 18.9
3. Respond positively 0.0 5.4 73.0 21.6
4. Not stressful 2.7 5.4 37.8 54.1
5. Appreciate teachers 2.7 0.0 62.2 35.1
6. Understand better 5.4 18.9 62.2 13.5
7. Interesting 0.0 2.7 43.2 54.1
8. Improve my thinking 2.7 10.8 48.6 37.8
9. Like the content 0.0 8.1 56.8 35.1
10. Opportunity to explore learning 0.0 0.0 62.2 37.8
4. Discussion and Recommendation
The improvement in vocabulary showed that learners managed to gain more knowledge through
gamified-learning. One of the reasons, which contribute to the improvement is the natural learning
environment that gamified-learning invoked in the classroom. When learners are in a relaxed setting, their
attention span will be longer [2], [5], [7], which allows them to absorb more input and improve their
learning.
Plus, gamified-learning is motivating because it is fun and interesting [4]. Learners in this era prefer a
technological-based approach in learning [8] so that they are able to be more engaged in the learning. This
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 62
provides an opportunity for learners to either learn independently or cooperatively with their peers [1].
Gamified-learning also produces better learners who are given the opportunity to explore their own
learning, as they will gain more knowledge.
As gamified-leaning is able to provide a fun and natural learning context, it is much preferred by
learners nowadays. It is hoped that teachers could incorporate entertainment in education as it will be
fruitful for learners. In the future, teachers can explore different game genres to cater to different
proficiency learners. Hence, gamified-learning can be one of the panacea to solve vocabulary and
motivation issues in the ESL context.
References
[1] O. Boyinbode, “Development of a Gamification Based English Vocabulary Mobile Learning
System,” Int. J. Comput. Sci. Mob. Comput., vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 183–191, 2018.
[2] T. L. Kingsley and M. M. Grabner-Hagen, “Vocabulary by Gamification,” Read. Teach., vol. 71,
no. 5, pp. 545–555, 2018.
[3] P. Rahman, K. Sulaiman, and E. Hafid, “The Effectiveness of Adobe Flash Video Games to Enhance
Vocabulary Comprehension of the Second Grade Students At Smpn 2 Takalar,” ETERNAL
(English, Teaching, Learn. Res. Journal), vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 183–193, 2016.
[4] H. Hashim, K. R. M. Rafiq, and M. M. Yunus, “Improving ESL Learners’ Grammar with Gamified-
Learning,” Arab World English J., vol. Special Is, no. 5, pp. 41–50, 2019.
[5] H. Tobar-Muñoz, S. Baldiris, and R. Fabregat, “Augmented Reality Game-Based Learning:
Enriching Students’ Experience During Reading Comprehension Activities,” J. Educ. Comput. Res.,
vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 901–936, 2017.
[6] B. Morschheuser, M. Riar, J. Hamari, and A. Maedche, “How games induce cooperation? A study
on the relationship between game features and we-intentions in an augmented reality game,”
Comput. Human Behav., vol. 77, pp. 169–183, 2017.
[7] N. Y. K. Zakaria, H. Zaini, F. Hamdan, and H. Norman, “Mobile Game-based Learning for Online
Assessment in Collaborative Learning,” Int. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 80–85, 2018.
[8] H. Hashim, “Application of Technology in the Digital Era Education,” Int. J. Res. Couns. Educ.,
vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1–5, 2018.
[9] M. M. Yunus, “Innovation in Education and Language Learning in 21st Century,” J. Sustain. Dev.
Educ. Res., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 33–34, 2018.
[10] M. E. Ismail, P. Utami, M. I. Ismail, N. Hamzah, and H. Harun, “Development of Massive Open
Online Course (MOOC) based on ADDIE model for Catering Courses,” J. Pendidik. Vokasi, vol. 8,
no. 2, pp. 184–192, 2018.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 63
i-PRO: A SMART INTEGRATED PSYCHOMETRICS PROFILING SYSTEM
Ahmad Rozelan Yunus
Fakulti Pengurusan Teknologi dan Teknousahawanan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Mohd Fauzi Kamarudin
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Norida Abdullah
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Muhamad Hazrul Md Esa
Pejabat Pendaftar, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Mohd Shamsuri Md Saad
Pusat Bahasa dan Pembangunan Insan, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
[email protected]
Abstract
Personality profiling is a systematic process to record individuals’ personality traits. By understanding
individual personality, the organization management team would be able to understand what may
influence ones’ personal and social life behaviors. Integrated Profiling System (i-PRO) is a holistic
framework based on the integrated personality profiling tool and adaptation of established personality
frameworks and instruments. The system consist of three major domains of individuals’ characteristics
which are personality, competency and UTeM core values. i-PRO is a vital part of any organizations as it
enables them to minimize many occupational or academic issues related to job-individual or academic
programs-individual mismatch.
Keywords: Personality Profiling, Integrated Profiling System, Personality Traits
1. Introduction
Personality profiling is a systematic process to record and analyses individuals’ personality traits. By
understanding individual personality, the organization management team would be able to understand
what may influence ones’ personal and social life behaviors.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 64
2. The Concept
Integrated Profiling System (i-PRO) is a concept based on the integrated personality framework and
instruments. The conceptual framework of this tool covers combination of various personality traits
domains as shown in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1: Conceptual Framework or i-PRO
In whole, domains of the profiling developed for i-PRO covers 3 + 1 domains. Three main domains
are; 1) Personality; 2) Competency; and 3) Core Values, and “Ethics & Spiritual” as Domain Across.
These three main domains were broken into few sub-domains as shown in Table 1 below.
MAIN DOMAINS SUB DOMAINS DOMAIN ACROSS
PERSONALITY 1. Self-Orientation
2. Career Orientation
3. Psycho-Social
4. Dominant brain
COMPETENCY 5. Self-Representation Leadership Ethics & Spiritual
1. Entrepreneurial
2. Interpersonal National Identity
CORE VALUES 1. Readiness for change
2. Resilience
3. Loyalty
4. Integrity Professionalism
Table 1: i-PRO Main Domains and Sub-domains
This concept aimed to provides integrated information regarding trait personality, career interest and
self-orientation of all personnel. i-PRO would be able to help in many Human Capital functions such as
recruitment, placement and for Training Need Analysis (TNA).
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 65
3. The Theories
i-PRO empowers the three steps process of the Trait and Factor Theory of Vocational Choice [1], [2].
and Person-Environment Fit Theory [3].
3.1. Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice
The traits and factors aspect was begin pondered by Frank Parsons. The fundamental of Trait and
Factor Theory of Occupational Choice is the assumption that individuals strive to use self-understanding
and knowledge of their competence as a basis for the development of their potential [3].
The importance aspect in career choice is congruency between people's personal traits and job
requirements. The higher degree of congruency, the greater the chances of the person to achieve
productivity and satisfaction. To make decision of a career choice, Parsons put together three steps that
are; 1) know own self), 2) know the job, and 3) matching personal with job [4]. The fundamental of i-
PRO is to empowers these three steps into its process of analyzing individuals career interest.
3.2. Person-Environment Fit Theory
The Person-Environment Fit theory (P-E Fit) was a result of the Holland researches on personality
focusing on typologies and heavily influenced by Trait and Factor Theory of Occupational Choice. This
theory is designed based on description of the individual's interest that will reflects one's personality.
Six categories of personalities of Holland's P-E Fit theory consist of Realistic (R), Investigative (I),
Artistic (A), Social (S), Enterprising (E) and Conventional (C). Each type of personality formed as a result
of interaction between various personal aspects and physical environment. The fundamental of i-PRO is
to utilize the congruency aspects of The Holland's P-E Fit theory into its process of analyzing individuals’
congruency to their working or study environment.
4. Conclusion
Personality profiling strategy for screening the right workers can become an important strategic
approach in the development of dynamics capabilities in organization. The i-PRO or similar tool would
be able to provide an overview to the organization top management in improving managing the human
capital in organization.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 66
References
[1] Yunus, A.R., (2004), Personality congruence and compliance: A study among Students of a Higher
Learning Institution in Sabah, Unpublished Fundamental Research Report. Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
[2] Saad, MSM., Yunus AR., Kamarudin MF., Ibrahim I. (2018). An integrated personality profiling
framework to identify and produce talent in a technical university, World Transactions on
Engineering and Technology Education 16 (1), 80-83
[3] Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices: A theory of vocational personalities and work
environments. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
[4] Parsons, F. (1907). Choosing a vocation. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 67
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE FROM WASTE WOVEN FABRIC AT
DIFFERENT ORIENTATION OF WARP
Aznin Baharudin
Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Kuala Pilah,
Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
[email protected]
Eryna Nasir
Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Kuala Pilah,
Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
[email protected]
Atiyyah Musa
Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Campus Kuala Pilah,
Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract
The current trend is to change fashion from a dumping garment into sustainable product. Hence the
objective of this study are to produce lightweight concrete from recy-cled woven fabric with warp
orientation variants and to identify the best curing time for the concrete in the vari-ants. The orientation
are sandwiches of warp and weft at 900, warp 900 and warp 900, and lastly with warp 900 and warp 450
which were for 3 days, 7 days and 21 days. The results concluded that the higher the days of curing made,
the stronger is the concrete.
Keywords: Warp, concrete, lightweight, curing, composite
1. Introduction
Concrete is a hardened building material created by combining a chemically inert mineral aggregate
usually sand, gravel, or crushed stone, a binder (cement), chemical additives, and water. Although people
commonly use the word "cement" as a synonym for concrete, the terms in fact denote different substances.
The cement, which encompasses a wide variety of fine-ground powders that harden when mixed with
water, represents only one of several components in modern concrete. The concrete surface should be hard
enough to prevent surface damage such as blister, cracking and curling. Thus, curing process is required
to promote higher strength and durability.
In this project, the use of sand was replaced by fashion waste to produce a lightweight pot. Higher
fashion dumping creates bigger dumping land and burning field which is bad for the environment. Hence,
the use of waste fabric could save the environment at minimal cost and significant mechanical properties.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 68
2. Materials and Method
The methods for this work include the use of waste from cotton fabric, sample preparation, fabric
identification and flexural test. The test was done in laboratory at UiTM Kuala Pilah. The process flow is
shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Process of sample preparation
2.1 Materials
2.1.1 Fibre and Fabric
The fabric used was cotton woven with twill 3/1 structure. The burning test was conducted to identify
the characteristic of the fabric. The burn test is a quick way to determine the fibre type whether it is
cellulosic, protein or man-made fibre.
2.1.2 Preparation for Concrete Sample
Table 1 shows the different orientation and direction for each concrete sample. There are three variants
orientation for the sample which is Warp 90̊, Warp 90̊ + Warp 90̊ and Warp 90̊ + Warp 45.̊ Table 2 shows
the curing time for each sample type.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 69
Table 1: Orientation and Direction of the Sample
Table 2: Sample Naming
SAMPLE DAYS OF CURING ORIENTATION
A1 3 WARP 90º
A2 7
A3 21 WARP 90º
B1 3
B2 7 WARP 90º
B3 21 WARP 90º + WARP 90 ˚
C1 3 WARP 90º + WARP 90 ˚
C2 7 WARP 90º + WARP 90 ˚
C3 21 WARP 90º + WARP 45˚
WARP 90º + WARP 45˚
WARP 90º + WARP 45˚
2.1.3 Cement
Commercial cement consisting of 62% of limestone, 23% of silica, 6% of alumina, 3% of magnesia,
4% of iron oxide, 0.3% calcium sulfate, 2.5% sulfur trioxide and 1% of alkaline was used to make the
lightweight concrete pot.
2.2 Flexural Strength Test
The main test conducted is flexural strength test to determine the flexural modulus or flexural strength
of material. Figure 2 shows the flexural strength test with imitation of the actual machine. The maximum
force of the flexural strength for the particular sample was recorded.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 70
Figure 2: Flexural Strength Test
3. Findings and Discussion
The results in Table 3 and Figure 3 show that the strongest orientation of the warp is at 90˚ + 45˚ for
21 days of curing. The concrete pot can withstand 41.78 kg weight of load as compared to other orientation
at different number of days of curing. This is due to the compact structure of the orientation. Days of
curing also shows some effects on the strength of every sample. The more days of curing, the stronger the
concrete is.
Table 3: Breaking Load for different Number of Days of Curing
TYPES OF WEIGHT OF LOAD (KG )
SAMPLE
3 DAYS 7 DAYS 21 DAYS
SAMPLE A
SAMPLE B 4.178 8.356 23.168
SAMPLE C 6.456 12.534 33.424
10.634 12.912 41.780
LOADS FOR SAMPLES AT DIFFERENT DAYS OF CURING
weight of load (kg) 45 SAMPLE A
40 SAMPLE B
35 SAMPLE C
30
25 7TH DAY 21ST DAY
20 Days of curings
15
10
5
0
3RD DAY
Figure 3: Loads for sample at different days of curing
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 71
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the arrangement of warp orientation in a cement concrete for pot is one of the main
factors affecting the flexural strength test apart from the number of curing days. The longer the curing
time, the stronger would be the cement concrete. Right arrangement of fabric with right time of curing
would produce a strong product with minimal cost especially when waste materials become one of the
key ingredients in the manufacturing.
Acknowledgments
Our gratitude goes to the the management, staff and students of Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus
Kuala Pilah for their fullest support and hardwork.
References
[1] Berra, M. and Ferrara, G. “Normal weight and total-lightweight high-strength concretes: A
comprative experiment study, “SP-121, 1990, pp.701-733.
[2] Kayali, O.A. and Haque, M.N. “A new generation of structural lightweight concrete,”ACI, SP-171,
1997, pp.569-588.
[3] Berra, M. and Ferrara, G. “Normal weight and total-lightweight high-strength concretes: A
comprative experiment study, “SP-121, 1990, pp.701-733.
[4] Kayali, O.A. and Haque, M.N. “A new generation of structural lightweight concrete,”ACI, SP-171,
1997, pp.569-588.
[5] World Applied Sciences Journal 21 (9): 1356-1360, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications,
2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.21.9.20213.
[6] Building and Environment, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 291-296, 1990. Printed in Great Britain, title Palm
Kernel Shell as a Lightweight Aggregate in Concrete D. C. OKPALA.
[7] Sabaa and Ravindrarajah on title ‘Lightweight concrete made from waste polystryrene and fly ash
,world applied science journal 21(9) :1356-1360,2013).
[8] Hegger J, Voss S. Investigations on the bearing behaviour and application potential of textile
reinforced concrete. Eng Struct 2008;30(7):2050–6.
[9] E. Adiel Sasi, A. Peled, 3D fabrics as reinforcement for cement-based composites, Compos. Part A
74 (2015) 153e165.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 72
DEVELOPMENT OF MUCOADHESIVE GEL FOR THE EFFECTIVE
DELIVERY OF POSACONAZOLE IN THE TREATMENT OF ORAL
CANDIDIASIS
Abdullah Khan, Nurul Fatihah bt Ahmad, Chai Siau Mun and Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam
School of Pharmacy, KPJUC Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
[email protected]
Abstract
Recent reports revealed to have over two million cases of oral candidiasis worldwide, particularly common
in HIV patients. Oral candidiasis is frequently occurred without the limitation of ages. Malaysia is reported
to have an estimated 5850 cases of oral candidiasis that is over 19 per 100,000. Posaconazole is a broad-
spectrum antifungal agent which is recommended for the treatment of oral candidiasis. However,
Posaconazole is only available as systemic dosage forms which would cause various adverse reactions
and drug interactions. Since mucoadhesive gels are known to increase the contact time with the biological
surface, a localized antifungal therapy will be more effec-tive when the drug is incorporated into a
mucoadhesive gel base while avoiding systemic undesired effects. The main objective for this study was
to develop and evaluate Posaconazole mucoadhesive gels for the effective treat-ment of oral candidiasis.
Ten formulations were developed with varying concentrations of mucoadhesive polymers (Sodium
alginate and Carbopol 934) and Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). All formulations were evaluated for
physical appearance, drug content uniformity, pH, viscosi-ty, spread-ability and the in-vitro drug
diffusion. All for-mulations were found to have uniform distribution of drug, and pH values closed to the
oral mucosa, suitable viscosity for a mucoadhesive preparation. The formulation with higher concentration
of Carbopol 934 was firmer and stronger, with higher viscosity, lower spread-ability, prolonged release
of drug, and lower cumulative percent-age drug release (formulation F4 and F9) while the in-crement of
percentage of PEG 400 was found to increase the cumulative percentage drug release (formulation F4).
The study suggests that this mucoadhesive gel formulation of Posaconazole will be promising alternative
to the con-ventional therapy.
Keywords: Oral candidiasis, Posaconazole, and mucoadhesive gel.
1. Introduction
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal infection frequently observed in
immunocompromised patients, such as those suffering from AIDS, diabetes mellitus, various metabolic
disorders, poor nutrition, poor denture hygiene, and those undergoing cancer or antibiotic therapy. The
primary cause of OC is Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts. In Malaysia, a recent article
reported an estimated 5850 cases of oral candidiasis annually (19 per 100, 000) and was most predominant
in HIV-infected patients Besides, prospective laboratory-based surveillance study conducted at the
University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) revealed the increased incidence and prevalence of
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 73
Candida infections due to the increased population of immunocompromised and chronically ill patients
in hospitals.
General Objective
To develop and evaluate Posaconazole mucoadhesive gel for the treatment of oral candidiasis.
Specific Objective
To develop muco-adhesive gel with different concentration of gelling agents To evaluate physical
characteristic of developed mucoadhesive gels.
To evaluate the in-vitro diffusion rate of the developed mucoadhesive gels.
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials
Posaconazole was purchased as a pure powder from pharmaceutical industry. Carbopol 934, Sodium
Alginate, Polyetylene Glycol (PEG) 400, Triethanolamine, Methanol, Sodium dihydrogen Phosphate,
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate, and distilled water were obtained from Centre of Excellence in
Pharmaceutical Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College.
2.2. Apparatus and Equipment
Laboratory glassware such as 25ml beaker, 250ml beaker, 500ml beaker,1000ml beaker,10ml
measuring cylinder, 50ml conical flask, 10ml volumetric flask, 10ml volumetric flask, 100ml volumetric
flask, 1ml micropipette, magnetic stirrer, quartz cuvette, glass slide, filter paper, retort stand, syringe with
needle, collapsible tube and glass jar.
Digital weighing balance, UV-Visible spectrophotometer, pH meter, Modified Franz Diffusion cell,
Ultrasonic bath sonicator, Homogenizer, Brookfield Viscometer RVDV Pro 1, Vacuum filter machine,
pH meter and Laboratory water bath which available in Analysis and Research laboratory of KPJUC were
used in this study.
2.3. Preparation of Gels
In this study, ten formulations were developed with varying concentration of mucoadhesive polymers
(Sodium alginate and Carbopol 934) and Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400), and the fixed amount of
active ingredient Posaconazole. All the formulations were evaluated for physical appearance, drug content
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 74
uniformity, pH, viscosity, spreadability and in-vitro drug diffusion and the kinetics of drug release. There
were 3 phases in the preparation of Posaconazole mucoadhesive gels.
Phase 1 involved the preparation of ten gel bases using Sodium alginate (SA) and Carbopol 934 (CP
934) as the gelling agents in varying percentages as shown in the Table 1.
Phase 2 involved the dispersion of Posaconazole in the specific percentage of polyethylene glycol 400
(PEG 400) as the solubilizing agent and humectant (3% and 5%) as shown in the Table 1.
Phase 3 involved the incorporation of dispersed Posaconazole in the desired gel base.
Table 1: Composition of various formulation developed using the mucoadhesive polymers/gelling
agents.
Formulation Drug (g) CP 934 SA PEG 400 TEA Distilled
(% w/w) (% w/w) (g) (% w/w) (% w/w) (g) Water
F1 1 0 2.0 3 q.s. Up to 10 g
F2 1 0.5 1.5 3 q.s. Up to 10 g
F3 1 1.0 1.0 3 q.s. Up to 10 g
F4 1 1.5 0.5 3 q.s. Up to 10 g
F5 1 2.0 0 3 q.s. Up to 10 g
F6 1 0 2.0 5 q.s. Up to 10 g
F7 1 0.5 1.5 5 q.s. Up to 10 g
F8 1 1.0 1.0 5 q.s. Up to 10 g
F9 1 1.5 0.5 5 q.s. Up to 10 g
F10 1 2.0 0 5 q.s. Up to 10 g
Notes: CP 934 – Carbopol 934; SA – Sodium alginate; PEG 400 – Polyethylene glycol 400;
TEA – Triethanolamine; q.s. – sufficient quantity.
2. 4. Evaluation of Development Gel Formulation
2.4.1 Physical Appearance
Visual appearance was observed for each of the developed gels for transparency, colour, homogeneity,
stability, and texture.
2.4.2 Determination of Drug Content Uniformity
Accurately weight 0.1 gram from varying area of a formulated mucoadhesive gel. Each of the three
gels was dissolved in about 5.0 ml of methanolic phosphate buffer which was prepared by mixing
methanol and sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) in a ratio of 50:50. The gel solution was stirred
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 75
continuously for 5 minutes and transferred into a 10.0 mL volumetric flask. A final volume of 10.0 mL
was made with the methanolic phosphate buffer. The solution was filtered by using vacuum filter machine
and then analysed spectrophotometrically by using double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer at
wavelength of 260 nm and methanolic phosphate buffer as the blank solution. The measurement of
absorbance for each gel solution was repeated for another two times and the average of the readings was
calculated. The procedure was repeated for the other formulated gels. The concentration of drug was
calculated from each of the absorbance by using the formula obtained from the prepared calibration curve
of Posaconazole (Rai et al., 2014).
2.4.3 Determination of pH
The pH of each of the formulated mucoadhesive gels was measured by using a digital pH meter. The
pH meter was calibrated with standard buffer solution before each measurement. A pH reading was
recorded after bringing the pH meter in direct contact with one of the formulated gel s and allowed to
equilibrate. The measurement for each developed gel repeated for another two times and the average of
the readings was calculated. This procedure was repeated to determine the pH of the other formulated gels
(Garcia et al., 2017)
2.4.4 Determination of Viscosity
Brookfield DV-11+ Pro viscometer was used to determine the viscosity of the developed gels at a
constant temperature. Spindle No. 62 was assembled to the viscometer which was then dipped into each
formulated gel. The spindle was allowed to rotate at a speed of 10 rpm for 5 minutes and the viscosity was
recorded. The measurement for each developed gel was repeated for another two times and the average of
the readings was calculated and noted. The procedure was repeated to determine the viscosity of the other
formulations (Abdel-Mottaleb, Mortada, Elshamy, & Awad, 2007).
2.4.5 Determination of Spreadability
0.1 g of gel was accurately weighed from each developed formulation and was placed on a clean glass
slide. The initial diameter was measured in centimetre (cm) using a ruler and recorded. Each gel was then
covered by 10 glass slides (similar size) with a total weight of 50 grams. The spreading of gel was allowed
for 5 minutes where no further spreading was expected. The final diameter of the spreaded gel was
measured in centimetre (cm) using a ruler. The measurement for each developed gel was repeated for
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 76
another two times and the average of the readings were calculated. The procedure was repeated to
determine the spreadability of the other formulations (Kuchekar, Mohite, & Phadtare, 2016).
2.4.6 In-vitro Drug Diffusion Study
The in-vitro diffusion study was carried out by using simulated Franz diffusion cell to identify the
amount of Posaconazole that diffused from the developed gels through the dialysis membrane into the
receptor compartment within a period of time. 500 mg of gel was accurately measured from each
developed formulation and was evenly distributed on a piece of dialysis membrane which was previously
cut into the required size and immersed in sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for 24 hours. The dialysis
membrane was then mounted between donor compartment (upper part) and the previously filled receptor
compartment (lower part) of the diffusion cell where the mucoadhesive gel faced towards the donor
compartment (Martin et al., 2015).
The receptor compartment was filled with methanolic phosphate buffer (50:50) with pH 6.8 as the
receptor medium up to a level which enabled an optimal contact with another surface of the dialysis
membrane. The temperature within the diffusion cell was maintained at 37°C by the water jacket of the
diffusion cell by using a water bath. Besides, a constant vortex was created in the receptor medium by
using a magnetic stirrer which was allowed to rotate at a speed of 50 rpm. A 3 ml sample was withdrawn
from the receptor compartment through the sampling port at pre- determined time interval (0.5 hour, 1.0
hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3.0 hours, 3.5 hours, 4.0 hours, 4.5 hours, 5.0 hours, 5.5 hours, and
6.0 hours). Fresh receptor medium was replaced into the receptor compartment after each withdrawal of
sample to maintain the sink condition.
Each sample was analysed spectrophotometrically by using double-beam UV-Visible
spectrophotometer at wavelength of 260 nm and methanolic phosphate buffer as the blank solution. The
procedure was repeated for the other formulations. The percentage of drug release at the pre-determined
time intervals were calculated and graphs of percentage of drug release versus time were plotted for all of
the developed formulations (Basha et al. 2011)
2.4.7 In-vitro Drug Release Kinetic Study
In order to identify the release pattern of Posaconazole from each of the developed mucoadhesive gel
formulations, the results obtained from the in-vitro diffusion study were fitted to and analysed by four
mathematical models which include Zero order model, First order model, Higuchi model, and Hixson
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 77
Crowell model. With the four different kinetic models, four graphs were plotted for each formulation;
Zero order model as cumulative percentage of drug released against time, First order model as log
cumulative percentage of drug remained against time, Higuchi model as cumulative percentage of drug
released against square root of time, and Hixson Crowell model as cube root of percentage of drug
remained against time.
3. Result
All formulations (except F1) were found to have uniform distribution of Posaconazole and appropriate
pH values which matched with the normal oral mucosa pH range. The formulations with higher
concentration of Carbopol 934 are appeared to be firmer and stronger with higher viscosity, lower
spreadability, prolonged release of drug, and lower cumulative percentage of drug release. The increment
of percentage of PEG 400 was found to increase the cumulative percentage of drug release. The results
obtained from the in-vitro study were fitted to and analysed by four mathematical models which include
Zero Order model, First Order model, Higuchi model, and Hixson Crowell model. Results are presented
in Figure 1, Table 2, and Table 3.
3.1. In-vitro Drug Diffusion Study
Figure 1: Graph of Cumulative Percentage Drug Release Against Time in 50%
Methanolic Phosphate Buffer with pH 6.8
Cummulative Percentage Drug Release (%) 120 F4, 72.49 F2, 85.93 F9, 77.47 F6, 95.42
100 F7, 87.61
F5, 65.29
80 F3, 80.48
60 F8, 83.19
40
20 F10, 68.73
0
1234567
0 Time (Hour)
F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 78
3.2. Physical Appearance and Content Uniformity
Table 2: Physical Appearance and Content Uniformity
Homogeneity NA Homo Homo Homo Homo Homo Homo Homo Homo Homo Drug Content pH Viscosity Spreadability
Formulation
Uniformity (%) (cps) (cm)
F1 7.04 1960 4.7
± 0.2
NA ± 0.05 ± 12 3.9
± 0.1
F2 98.6 6.83 10966 3.4
± 0.1
± 0.23 ± 0.07 ± 12 2.6
± 0.2
F3 98.3 6.73 37013 2.2
± 0.1
± 0.21 ± 0.11 ± 60 4.9
± 0.2
F4 99.4 6.75 59740 4.2
± 0.2
± 0.17 ± 0.07 ± 60 3.5
± 0.1
F5 98.8 6.85 75184 2.8
± 0.1
± 0.24 ± 0.08 ± 60 2.3
± 0.1
F6 99.2 6.97 1848
± 0.16 ± 0.07 ± 12
F7 99.0 6.81 10162 ±
± 0.22 ± 0.07 12
F8 98.5 6.82 36514
± 0.27 ± 0.09 ± 60
F9 98.7 6.79 59181
± 0.19 ± 0.12 ± 60
F10 98.9 6.76 74475
± 60
± 0.25 ± 0.09
Notes: Hete – Heterogeneous, Homo – Homogenous
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 79
3.3. In-vitro Drug Release Kinetics Study
Table 2: In-vitro Drug Release Kinetics Study
Correlation Coefficient
Formulation Zero First Order Model Higuchi Model Hixson Crowell
Code Order Model Model
NA NA NA
F1 NA 0.9682 0.9388 0.9855
F2 0.9734 0.9886 0.9607 0.9969
F3 0.9782 0.9883 0.9833 0.9886
F4 0.9638 0.9914 0.9451 0.9960
F5 0.9909 0.9474 0.9723 0.9914
F6 0.9685 0.9870 0.9526 0.9952
F7 0.9680 0.9870 0.9647 0.9974
F8 0.9754 0.9706 0.9813 0.9806
F9 0.9623 0.9897 0.9538 0.9971
F10 0.9943
4. Discussion
Posaconazole was found to be homogeneously dispersed in all the developed formulations except for
F1 in which sedimentation occurred. The sedimentation may be due to the inadequacy of gel thickness
since sodium alginate was used alone as mucoadhesive polymer in F1. All other formulations showed
content uniformity within the range of 95.1% to 99.4% which were within the acceptable range of 90.0%
to 110.0% of the label claim according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
The pH readings of all formulations were found to be lied within the normal pH range of oral mucosa.
Furthermore, it was noted that the viscosity of the formulation was increased with the increased
concentration of Carbopol 934 since Carbopol 934 was reported to produce high viscosity within the range
of 30500 cps to 39400 cps (0.5% in pH 7.5). It was also prominent that the formulations which contained
higher amount of PEG 400 demonstrated lower viscosity values due to the low viscosity of PEG 400.
Besides, a reduction in the spreadability was observed with the increment of percentage of Carbopol 934
in the formulation. The in-vitro drug diffusion study showed prolonged drug release with the increment
of Carbopol 934 concentration. This was due to the elevation in viscosity of the formulation as well as the
development of gel layer with longer diffusional path.
The cumulative percentage of drug release was increased as the percentage of PEG 400 increased since
PEG 400 resulted in the formation of a network with more interconnected porous. The in-vitro drug release
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 80
kinetic study suggested that F1, F2, F6, and F10 followed zero order kinetic which liberated Posaconazole
slowly and constantly from the formulations without being influenced by the initial concentration.
All Posaconazole mucoadhesive gel formulations were also found to be well matched with both
Higuchi model and Hixson Crowell model which suggested that all formulations liberated Posaconazole
by diffusion mechanism and the presence of alteration in diameter and surface area with the progression
of dissolution respectively.
5. Conclusion
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that F4 and F9 which exhibited prolonged drug
release and optimum profile were considered as effective sustained release formulations. F6 was
considered as effective immediate release formulation.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 81
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF ALBENDAZOLE PASTILLES FOR
PAEDIATRIC USE
Abdullah Khan, Vidya Venu, Kawslya Muthiah and K.Anandarajagopal
School of Pharmacy, Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science with Health Sciences (HONS), KPJ
Healthcare University College, Kota Seriemas, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan.
[email protected]
Abstract
The helminths are parasites like worms. Helminth parasites cause a wide range of complications such as
soil transmit-ted helminth infection particularly among toddlers and childrens. More than 1.5 billion
people or 24 percent of the world's population is infected with soil-borne helminth infections. Helminth
infections are widespread in tropical and subtropical areas, with the highest numbers in sub-Saharan
Africa, the Americas, China, and East Asia. Over 267 million preschool-age children and over 568 million
school-age children live in areas where these parasites are intensively transmitted and are in need of
treatment and preventive interventions. In Malaysia, studies on the prev-alence and clinical manifestations
of intestinal parasitic infections in hospitalised patients have been carried out since the sixties. Clinical
features of severe trichuriasis have been described in a few studies carried out in Hospi-tal Kuala Lumpur.
These studies indicate that rectal pro-lapse occurred in 50% of children with severe trichuriasis. Several
studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of A. !umbricoides, T. trichiura and N. americanus infections
in underprivileged communities such as Orang Asli children in estates, squatter areas and poor Malay
villages. The prevalence of enterobiasis both in rural and urban com-munities in Malaysia is high. The
overall prevalence is between 40.4-57.8%. It is estimated that 25% of the world population are infected
by A. lumbricoides and this causes up to a million cases of disease annually; 500-600 million people
worldwide are infected by T. trichiura and about 500 million by hookworm. The distribution of S. ster-
coralis infection usually follows that of hookworm. It is estimated that 50-100 million of the world's
population are infected by S. stercoralis. The worldwide infection by Enterobius vermicularis is about 200
million and it is the commonest helminthic infection in the United States (40 million). In contrast to soil-
transmitted helminthiasis, en-terobiasis is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Intestinal
helminthic infections are endemic and widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics in poor and socio-
economically deprived communities; where poverty, overcrowding, poor environmental health and low
educational levels are more obvious problems. Al-bendazole is a benzimidazole derivative. It has broad-
spectrum activity against wide variety of helmintic para-sites. Albendazole has significant therapeutic
action in treating soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection. The formulation of dosage forms suitable
for pediatrics and geriatric patients is a major area of concern for pharma-ceutical professionals. Pastilles
are soft, gummy particles commonly available in the market as confectionaries that equally attracts both
the children and the adults. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the present study was to develop an
attractive dosage form for Albendazole for the treatment of helminth infections in Paediatric patients.
Pastilles due to their pleasant appearance and taste will improve the patients’ compliance with enhanced
accepta-bility. METHODS: The pastilles were prepared using gel-atin as the base and binding agent by
melt and mould technique. The formulations were subjected to physico-chemical evaluation such as
weight variation, thickness, content uniformity, disintegration and in-vitro dissolution. The thickness of
the optimized formulation was found to be 0.8mm and weight variation was within the limit of aver-age
weight ± 10 %. The disintegration time for formulated pastilles increased with the increased amount of
gelatine. The lowest disintegration time (50 seconds) was shown by F1 containing 5% gelatine at and the
highest disintegra-tion time (80 seconds) was shown by F3 containing 10% of gelatine. Drug content of
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 82
prepared pastilles was found to be 97 ± 0.3%. RESULTS: The results of the dissolution rate suggest the
influence of gelatine concentration on drug release. However, the difference was very small, and it may
be attributed to the increased binding property with the increase in gelatine concentration which is also
evi-dent from the disintegration test. Formulation F1 contain-ing 5% gelatine showed 85% drug release
within 20 minutes followed by F2 (85%) containing 7.5% gelatine and F3(79%) containing 10% gelatine
at 25 minutes. CONCLUSION: From the studies it is concluded that al-bendazole pastilles will be a better
alternative to conven-tional oral dosage forms. However, large scale production and stability studies are
required to produce at commer-cial scale.
Keywords: Albendazole, soil-transmitted helminths, pastilles
1. Introduction
Albendazole is an antihelmintic agent used mainly for Echinococcosis therapy, a parasitic worm that
causes liver and lung cysts. The function of Albendazole is to paralyze and kill the worms.The mechanism
of action of albendazole is it binds to the β – tubulin of parasite and inhibits the polymerization which
eventually disrupts the cytoplasmic microtubule formations. The glucose uptake by parasite will also be
inhibited. This study was designed to formulate a new alternative for current albendazole preparation in
the market by formulating medicated pastilles that are incorporated with Albendazole. The formulated
dosage form is believed to ease the administration in pediatric and geriatric patients and improve the
patient compliance on the aspect of acceptability and ease of administration. The medicated pastilles that
incorporated with albendazole will be sucked and held in mouth to dissolve and absorbed to produce the
desired activity.
Primary objective
To prepare and evaluate albendazole pastilles using gelatin in different concentrations as a binder
Secondary objective
To prepare blank pastilles using different concentration of polymer
To incorporate drug in the prepared pastilles.
To evaluate drug release from the albendazole pastilles.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Materials
Albendazole was obtained as a gift sample from PHARMANIAGA SDN. BHD., Malaysia: Sucrose,
Gelatin and all the other chemicals used in the study were obtained from the Centre of Excellence in
Pharmaceutical Sciences, KPJ Healthcare University College, Nilai.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 83
2.2. Apparatus and Equipment
Laboratory glassware such as measuring cylinder, beakers, volumetric flask, spatula, sieves, glass rod,
UV-Visible spectrophotometer, dissolution apparatus, Vernier callipers Laboratory water bath were used
from the Research laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, KPJUC were used in this
study.
2.3. Preparation of pastilles
The pastilles were prepared by the melt and mold technique. The quantity of the drug and the
excipients were taken for 20 pastilles for each batch as the per details given in the Fig. no. 1 and table no.
1. The powder sucrose was sifted and incorporated into enough binder solution to obtain proper
consistency (Modyala et al., 2014). The albendazole was diluted with acetone and added to the mass. The
mass is then heated to allow acetone to evaporate (Prashant et al., 2016). The resultant dispersion was
poured into the molds and allow to cool till solidify (Duryodhan et al., 2015). The produced pastilles were
removed and stored for evaluation.
Figure 1: Preparation of pastilles
Table 1: Formulation of pastilles using gelatin as binder
Ingredients (mg) F1 F2 F3
Albendazole 200 200 200
Sucrose 500 500 500
Gelatin 5% 7.5% 10%
Color 2-3drops 2-3drops 2-3drops
Flavor Q.S Q.S Q.S
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 84
2.4 Evaluation of developed Albendazole pastilles
The prepared pastilles were evaluated for pharmaceutical parameters like weight variation, thickness,
disintegration studies, content uniformity and in vitro dissolution studies.
2.4.1 Weight variation
The study was conducted by weighing 20 pastilles. The standard deviation average weight was
calculated for the pastilles using SPSS.
2.4.2 Thickness
The study was conducted using Vernier Calipers. The study was determined by checking the thickness
of ten lozenges of each formulation. The reading was recorded, and standard deviation average thickness
was calculated for the pastilles using SPSS.
2.4.3 Content Uniformity
20 pastilles crushed and were taken in a 100-mL volumetric flask and added 15 mL of acetone. Then
the mixture was shaken well to make it homogenous and phosphate buffer was added to make up the
volume to 100 ml. 1mL of the solution was withdrawn and transferred to next 10 ml. volumetric flask and
adjusted with acetone to make the volume of 100ml. The dissolved albendazole was investigated
spectrophotometrically at 230 nm.
2.4.4 Disintegration studies
This study was done using disintegration apparatus. Pastilles placed into each tube and suspend the in
the beaker containing pH 6.8 phosphate buffer for 30 minutes. The disc is used in this test. The assembly
is then removed from the liquid (Sondarva & Bhadra, 2015).
2.4.5 In vitro dissolution studies
In vitro dissolution studies will be carried out using USP type II apparatus of dissolution apparatus
(ELECTROLAB) at 100rpm with buffer medium at pH 6.8. The temperature was maintained at 37 ± 0.5ºC
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 85
during the dissolution process. A pastille is placed in each vessel and sample was withdrawn at different
time intervals (5 to 30 minutes) and was analyzed using UV spectrophotometer at 230nm (Meena et al.,
2012), (Ghanbarzadeh et al., 2016).To obtain sink condition, the equal quantity of the withdrawn sample
was replaced with fresh dissolution medium
3. Results
3.1 Analytical method
λ max of Albendazole found to be 230 nm in Phosphate buffer 6.8 pH by UV spectrophotometry.
Calibration curve of Albendazole was prepared in phosphate buffer at 230nm. Linearity was found
between the range of 0.1mg/ml and correlation coefficient (R²) was found to be 0.9901.
3.2 Evaluation of Prepared Albendazole Pastilles
The prepared albendazole pastilles was evaluated for the physicochemical parameter and the results
were as in (Table 2 and Table 3)
Table 2. Evaluation parameters for prepared albendazole pastilles
Formulation F1 F2 F3
Thickness 0.8±0.2 0.8±0.2 0.8±0.2
Weight Variation 2.3±0.22 2.3±0.22 2.3±0.22
Drug Content Uniformity (%) 95 ±0.95 96 ±0.45 99 ±0.25
Disintegration (sec) 50±3 70±4 80±4
Figure 2: The pastilles containing Albendazole
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 86
Table 3: In vitro release of drug from prepared albendazole pastilles
Time (minutes) F1 F2 F3
00
5 74.71 0 0
10 78.50 68.68 61.43
15 82.94 70.31 65.63
20 88.97 74.68 66.91
25 97.84 85.43 78.70
30 - -91.45 82.44
- -
Figure 4: Cumulative percentage of drug release from albendazole pastilles
4. Discussion
4.1. Formulation Albendazole pastilles with natural polymer
Albendazole is a broad-spectrum drug of benzimidazole which produces anti-helminthic activity.
Albendazole has significant therapeutic action in treating soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infection.
Albendazole will be patient-centered pharmaceutical formulation if prepared as pastilles in order to
enhance patient acceptability. Albendazole is a poorly water-soluble drug and it is a prodrug where the
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 87
drug will be active through an oxidation process. The poor water-soluble drug will affect the
bioavailability of the pastilles. Therefore, suitable polymers must be used in order to formulate the
pastilles. Natural polymer gelatin is been widely used to prepare the pastilles. Natural polymers are
biodegradable as well as biocompatible and non-toxic. The pastilles were prepared using the melting and
molding techniques. The base consisting of gelatin in three different concentration was prepared by adding
the other excipients. Then, the albendazole was diluted in acetone and added to the prepared base. All the
formulation was found to be uniform in appearance and thickness indicating the suitability of the method
to prepare the pastilles. The bright green colour and apple green flavour of prepared albendazole pastilles
will be an advantage as it attracts the children’s compliance for administration of this dosage form.
4.2 Evaluation of Albendazole pastilles
The present study was an attempt to prepare pastilles using the pure drug of Albendazole. The prepared
pastilles were evaluated for the following parameters
4.2.1 Thickness
The thickness of pastilles needs to be evaluated as it is the main parameter for administration,
packaging of the pastilles, also it will ensure the uniformity of the preparation and the drug content.
Thickness is needed for pastilles in order to withstand handling, packing, and shipping. The thickness of
an optimized batch was found to be 0.8mm which is good enough to keep in the mouth and dissolve
slowly. Thickness up to 1.5mm is accepted in mouth dissolving dosage form (Sondarva & Bhadra, 2015).
4.2.2 Weight variation
Weight variation was evaluated in order to determine the uniformity of size and the drug content.
Weight variation was within the limit of average weight ± 10% indicates the uniformity of the prepared
albendazole pastilles (Bharkad et al.,2015).
4.2.3 Content uniformity
Content uniformity of drug was evaluated to determine the consistency in dosage units. The drug
content of the pastilles found to be approximately 97%. This results the drug was uniformly distributed
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 88
throughout the pastilles and the percentage drug content was within the limit for albendazole preparations
(Duryodhan et al., 2015).
4.2.4 Disintegration Studies
Disintegration studies were done as it is an important factor for drug release. Basically, disintegration
testing is used as a quality-assurance measure. The disintegration time for formulated pastilles increased
with the increasing amount of gelatin. The lowest disintegration time was shown by F1 containing 5%
gelatin at 50 seconds and the highest disintegration time was shown by F3 containing 10% at 80 seconds
this may be due to the increased binding effect of gelatin at higher concentration (Sondarva & Bhadra,
2015).
4.2.5 In vitro dissolution studies
The dissolution is defined as the amount of drug substance that goes into solution per unit time under
standardized conditions of liquid/solid interface, temperature and solvent composition. Dissolution study
is an important parameter to indicate the bioavailability of the prepared pastilles. For estimation of in vitro
drug release, for oral dosage forms including mouth dissolving dosage form, dissolution studies of the
formulation are carried out (Yamsani et al., 2015)
In the present study dissolution of prepared pastilles was carried out in phosphate buffer with a pH of
6.8 using ELECTROLAB USP type II dissolution apparatus. Samples were withdrawn at 5 minutes
interval and replaced with equal amount of the buffer to maintain the sink conditions. Absorbance was
measured at 230nm.
The results show that the dissolution rate was influenced by the concentration of gelatin. However,
the difference was very little, and it may be attributed to the increased binding property with increased in
gelatin concentration which is also evident from the disintegration test. The dissolution rate is presented
in table no. 3. Formulation F1 containing 5% gelatin showed 89% drug release within 20 minutes followed
by F2 (85%) containing 7.5% gelatin and F3 (79%) containing 10% gelatin. This dissolution rate is
suitable for mouth dissolving dosage and the therapeutic activity may be achieved faster.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 89
5. Conclusion
The present study was aimed at formulating Albendazole pastilles for the treatment of helminthic
infections. From the results of the study, it can be concluded this pastille are viable and can be formulated
of using gelatin which is easily available and comparatively cheaper. Since children are the chief
population who are at risk of helminth infection. Pastilles could be an attractive dosage form for
administration of albendazole in children due to their taste and appearance and the type of dosage form.
Moreover, it has the advantage that it can be used in geriatric population and the patient who have
dysphagia. Further studies should be carried at larger scale and verify the stability of the dosage form
during long time storage.
Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the Management of KPJ Healthcare University College and the Centre of
Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, KPJUC for the support and encouragement
References
[1] Benbassat, N., Kostova, B., Nikolova, I., & Rachev, D. (2013). Development and evaluation of novel
lozeng-es containing marshmallow root extract. Pak J Pharm Sci, 26, 1103-1107.
[2] Bharkad, V., Kada, V., Shinde, S., Jadhav, S., Zameeruddin, M., & Shendarkar, G. (2015).
Formulation and Evaluation of Lozenges Tablet of Flucona-zole. American Journal of Pharm
Research, 5(1). Deangelis, K, M. (2007). Phosphate Buff-er.(online).
http://www.unl.edu>cahoonlab>phosphate (Last assessed 23 September 2017)
[3] Dupinay, P., Torres, R., & Capon, C. (2013). Medicinal table with prolonged release of the active
princi-ple: Google Patents.
[4] Duryodhan, N., Aparna, C., & Srinivas, P. (2015) For-mulation and evaluation of medicated
lozenges of albendazole for pediatric use. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical
Research. 3(5).
[5] Ghanbarzadeh, S., Khalili, A., Jouyban, A., Emami, S., Javadzadeh, Y., Solhi, M., & Hamishehkar,
H. (2016). Dramatic improvement in dissolution rate of albendazole by a simple, one-step,
industrially scalable technique. Research in pharmaceutical sciences, 11(6), 435.
[6] Gibson, M. (2016). Pharmaceutical preformulation and formulation: a practical guide from candidate
drug selection to commercial dosage form: CRC Press.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 90
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NANOGEL FOR EFFECTIVE
DELIVERY OF ERYTHROMYCIN IN THE TREATMENT OF ACNE
VULGARIS
Abdullah Khan, Thevacharaan Ragunathan, Jeevetha Paramasivan and Anandarajagopal Kalusalingam
School of Pharmacy, KPJUC Healthcare University College, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
[email protected]
Abstract
Background: Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial disease of the pilosebaceous unit. Macrolides such as
Erythromycin can be used for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Objectives: The main objective of this study
was to formulate and evaluate Erythromycin nanogel for effective treatment in Acne vulgaris. Methods:
Formulation of Erythromycin nanogel using Chitosan and Carbopol 934P as a polymer was done by
simple dispersion and mixing method with the addition of glycerol, Tween 80 and distilled water. The
formulation was evaluated for physicochemical properties such as pH, viscosity, spread ability, drug
content and in vitro diffusion study. Results: F5 with composition of Erythromycin 10 g, Chitosan 0.1 g,
Carbopol 0.05 g, Glyc-erol 2.0 ml, Tween 80 0.01 ml, Water 3.0 ml and TEA 0.20 ml, found to have the
lowest percentage of drug release, 80.32% after 150 minutes. The highest drug release is from F6 with
composition of Erythromycin 10 g, Chitosan 0.025 g, Carbopol 0.10 g, Glycerol 4.0 ml, Tween 80 0.01
ml, Water 3.0 ml and TEA 0.20 ml showing 98.3% release in 60 minutes. The percentage of the drug
contains was ob-tained uniformly and within the acceptable limits Conclu-sions: The topical anti-acne
nanogel of Erythromycin was successfully formulated and evaluated for different pa-rameters. This study
showed that erythromycin containing nanogel is effective in treating the mild to moderate acne lesions as
adjuvant therapy.
Keywords: Acne Vulgaris; Erythromycin; nanogel; polymer.
1. Introduction
Acne vulgaris is a type of skin disorder which affects up to 85% of the population from all over the
world. Propionibacterium acnes plays a major role in the formation of the plug-in the follicular duct and
cause inflammation. Anti-infective therapy such as macrolides Erythromycin can be initiated in patients
with moderate to severe cases. The potential for the emergence of resistance with topical antibiotics
therapy is low. Nanogel is an advanced type of drug delivery system which is developed to overcome the
limitation of conventional drug delivery. The use of transdermal drug delivery with nanotechnology will
help maximize the therapeutic outcome with minimal adverse effect.
Transdermal drug delivery system allows the drug to be delivered through the skin to achieve local or
systemic action. The focus in providing a suitable administration route of the drug is to improve patient
compliance, convenient, easy to use, and non-invasive with the maximum therapeutic effect. It also
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 91
reduces the sudden spike of the drug concentration in the blood which reduces the incidence of overdose,
provides steady plasma levels and easy detection of the drug (Kalpana., 2010).
Nanogel may be defined as highly cross-linked Nano-sized with the size range between 20 to 200nm
which is composed of monomer or copolymer either ionic or non-ionic in nature. Nanogel becomes
popular in pharmaceutical technology because of their higher loading capacity, high stability, and
responsiveness to environmental factors such as pH temperature and ionic strength (Vinogradov, 2009).
Primary objective
To formulate nanogel containing Erythromycin
Secondary objective
Evaluation of nanogel
Physical examination of formulated nanogel
Measurement of pH
To perform drug content uniformity test
In-vitro release study of nanogel
2. Methodology
2.1. Materials
Erythromycin base, the pure drug was obtained as a gift sample from SM Pharmaceutical Sdn Bhd,
Sungai Petani, Kedah, and polymer, Chitosan is brought from Orion. Other chemicals such as Tween 80,
Glycerol, Triethanolamine (TEA), Carbopol 934P, Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate, and Sodium
Dihydrogen Phosphate were obtained from the Centre of Excellence in Pharmaceutical Sciences, KPJ
Healthcare University College research laboratory.
2.2. Apparatus and Equipment
Laboratory glassware such as 50m beaker,100ml beaker,500ml beaker,1000ml beaker,10ml
measuring cylinder,50 ml measuring cylinder,100ml measuring cylinder, 250mg conical flask,10ml
volumetric flask,250ml volumetric flask, 500ml volumetric flask, micropipette, magnetic stirrer, glass rod,
whatman filter paper and quartz cuvette.
Digital weighing balance, Hot plate, UV-Visible spectrophotometer, pH meter, Modified Franz
Diffusion cell, Ultrasonic bath sonicator, Homogenizer, Brookfield Viscometer RVDV Pro 1 which
available in Analysis and Research laboratory of KPJUC were used in this study.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 92
2.3. Preparation of Erythromycin loaded Nano dispersion
Erythromycin nanogel was prepared by Chitosan and Carbopol 934P. Accurately weighed amount of
Erythromycin, the active ingredient, polymer Chitosan and stabilizer Tween 80 are dissolved in glycerol
with continuous stirring to form a drug phase. This drug-containing phase was sonicated on Ultrasonic
bath sonicator for 30 minutes. The aqueous phase is prepared by dissolving Carbopol 934P in water with
constant stirring at 5000rm at 40℃ for 30 minutes. With the help of syringe with needle positioned directly
into the aqueous phase, the organic phase was added drop by drop. Homogenizer at the speed of 5000rpm
was used to form nanodroplets. Homogenization was continued for 1 hour. Triethanolamine with enough
quantity was added to neutralize the formulation. The mentioned method was applied to ten different
formulations with different proportion of Chitosan, Carbopol 934A and glycerol as presented in the table
2.1.
Table 2.1: Formulation of Erythromycin nanogel with different composition of polymers
Formulation F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10
Composition 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
0.025 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10
Erythromycin (g) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.025 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.025 0.05 0.10
Chitosan(g) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
Carbopol(g) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Glycerol(ml) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Tween 80(ml) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Water(ml)
TEA (ml)
2.4. Evaluation of Erythromycin nanogel
2.4.1 Physical evaluation
The physical evaluation of Erythromycin nanogel was done by observation to evaluate the colour,
odour, texture, and homogeneity of the nanogel. All the formulated transdermal nanogel were filled into
a clear glass jar which allows for visual inspection to determine the homogeneity and texture of nanogel.
International Science and Social Science Innovation Competition (i-SIC2019) 93
2.4.2 pH determination
One gram of gel was diluted with 100ml purified water to obtain the reading. The electrode of pH
meter was immersed into the diluted nanogel and the pH reading was noted. The measurement was
repeated three times for each formulation and the average value is calculated (Inamdar Yashashri, 2018).
2.4.3 Viscosity
Prepared nanogel was filled into sample holder up to mark on the sample holder. The spindle 63 was
attached to the Brookfield Viscometer. The spindle was dip into topical nanogel allowed to rotate at 50
rpm. The viscosity of the formulated nanogel was measured and recorded. All the measurement was
performed at room temperature 25℃.
2.4.4 Measurement of spread-ability
From each formulation 0.5g was weighed accurately and placed on the glass slide. Nanogel containing
glass slide was pressed by placing 10 pieces of glass slides on the top for 5 minutes to expel air and provide
a uniform film of the nanogel. The spread ability of the nanogel was measured in terms of diameter. The
experiment was repeated for 3 times and the average was calculated.
2.4.5 Total drug content
This was done by dissolving 0.5g of nanogel formulation in 50ml of phosphate buffer pH 6.8 in a
conical flask. The mixture was stirred at 50rpm for 1 hour to obtain maximum solubility of the drug. The
solution was filtered through Whatman filter paper. The filtrate was used to determine the absorbance
value of the sample by using UV-Spectrophotometry at 285nm. The concentration of Erythromycin was
calculated from the prepared standard calibrated curve.
2.4.6 In-vitro drug diffusion test
The drug release from the formulation was determined by using the Modified Franz diffusion cell. The
receptor medium used in this test was freshly prepared phosphate buffer pH 6.8. From the prepared
formulation, 0.5g was spread uniformly on the dialysis membrane after being soaked for 24 hours in
phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The dialysis membrane was placed on the top of the receptor compartment which
contained receptor medium and magnetic stirrer. The assembly was placed on a thermostat hot plate with
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ISIC2019_PROCEEDING
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