A study of Passive voice in the News Presented to Dr. Jutharat Jitpranee By Sakkrarin Pangrach 651153009 Ananya Seekheow 651153013 Aratchaya Sriwichai 651153014 EDE 1202 Linguistics Digital Technology for English 1 st year student, Faculty of Education, English Program Chiangrai Rajabhat University
a Preface This report is part of the English course EDE1202. The purpose of this report is to examine how to use the passive voice in the news, how to use tenses in the news, and learn passive words such as regular or irregular verbs and transitive or intransitive verbs from BBC News and CNN News. We were interested in research on the use of the passive voice by major news outlets such as BBC News and CNN News, with a total of 80 articles on 4 topics including accident, economy, murder, and society. The authors thought it was an interesting hot topic. Therefore, it is very learnable. The authors highly anticipate that the preparation of this document will provide useful information for students and those interested in studying Sakkrarin Pangrach 651153009 Ananya Seekheow 651153013 Aratchaya Sriwichai 651153014 Authors
b Table of contents Topic Page Preface a Table of contents b Introduction 1 Literature - Literature 1 2 - Literature 2 18 - Literature 3 26 - Literature Review 30 Purpose 39 Methodology 40 Results 49 References 55 Appendix 57
1 1. Introduction The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words, the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence. Passive voice is a sentence in which the subject is the passive voice. It uses “verb to be + verb box 3” instead of a regular verb. The president did not speak but who is spoken by others, so we use the passive voice. When using passive voice to focus on the recipient of an action, because we don't know or don't want to say who did that. In generally, the passive voice is used in formal contexts. Switching from active voice to passive voice will make the sentence clearer and easier to read. If we write the sentence in the passive voice, we change the order to have the subject first and the object last: Mandy is talked to by Michael. This not only makes for a wordier sentence but it also changes the nuance. In the passive voice, the emphasis falls on Mandy. She is still the passive recipient of the action, only now we emphasize this fact. In recent years, this emphasis on the person being done to rather than the person doing has come under fire with regards to describing violence, especially gender violence. Numerous studies have found that we tend to use the passive voice when talking about acts of violence. For example: The student was attacked by three men. Critics of this way of describing violence say that we’re using the passive voice to reduce the crime to something less serious, that we are letting the attackers off the hook. See how your emotional reaction changes when you read the sentence this way: Three men attacked the student. The emphasis is now on the three men and what they did: attacking a student. They now seem more culpable, don’t they? In this project, I found the undertones to be interesting. When I want to know how much latent audio is being used in news and how it is used
2 2. Literature Literature 1 Passive Voice คืออะไร? Passive Voice คือ ประโยคภาษาอังกฤษที่สื่อสารในรูปแบบของการถูกกระทำ ประโยคใน Passive Voice จะใช้เพื่อบอกว่าประธานที่เป็นคน หรือสิ่งของนั้นถูกทำอะไร แทนการบอกว่าใครกระทำสิ่งใด โครงสร้างของ Passive Voice Subject + verb to be + past participle ตัวอย่างประโยค Passive Voice ทั้งนี้ประโยค Passive Voice จะสามารถใช้ได้ในทุกรูป tense ทั้ง 12 tenses แต่จะยกตัวอย่างเฉพาะ tense ที่จะพบเจอบ่อยๆ เช่น The T-shirts designed by Murakami were sold out. Traffic laws in our city were changed to enforce stricter rules. My cousin was fired from her job because of COVID-19. หลักการใช้Passive Voice 1. เพื่อเน้นวัตถุหรือสิ่งของที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานของประโยค • You are required to attend the service at church. 2. ในกรณีที่เราไม่รู้ว่าใครเป็นคนทำกริยานั้น ในบางกรณี เราไม่รู้จริงๆ ว่าประธานของประโยคนั้นเป็นใครหรือเป็นอะไร จึงต้องใช้ประโยคกรรมวาจกเพื่อ ละประธานของประโยค (ที่เราไม่รู้) ออกไป และพูดถึงกริยาที่เกิดขึ้นอย่างเดียว เช่น • Second-handed products were imported to Thailand from Japan. 3. ในกรณีที่เราไม่จำเป็นต้องรู้ว่าใครเป็นคนทำกริยานั้น การละประธานนั้นนอกเหนือจากสาเหตุว่าเราไม่รู้ว่าผู้กระทำเป็นใครแล้ว ยังละได้โดยจงใจเพื่อให้เห็นว่าเรา ต้องการเน้นถึงสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นมากกว่าจะเน้นว่าใครเป็นผู้กระทำหรือว่าพยายามจะเลี่ยงถึงการพูดถึงประธาน (ที่มีเพศ) เพื่อรักษาความเป็นกลาง ในส่วนของการละประธานเพื่อที่จะเน้นการกระทำและผลนั้น เช่น • The victim was injured during a fight last night in an illegal casino. ดังนั้น เราจะเห็นว่าโครงสร้างประโยคจำเป็นจะต้องมี verb to be เสมอ คำกริยาช่อง 3 ส่วนใหญ่แล้วจะ เติม ed ยกเว้นบางคำที่จะต้องผัน แต่หลักที่จะต้องทำให้แน่ใจก็คือ เราจะต้องเปลี่ยน verb to be ตามไวยากรณ์ ในเรื่องของ tense ที่บอกเวลาให้เหมาะสมตามความต้องการของผู้พูด เช่น Past simple tense, Present simple tense หรือ Present Perfect Tense เป็นต้น การใช้verb to be ในประโยค ใน Tense ต่างๆ
3 Present Simple Tense ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง: Subject + is/am/are + V.3 • Coffee is roasted before being brewed for customers. • Fake news is banned on the platform because it is misleading. Present Continuous Tense ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง: Subject + is/am/are + being + V.3 • The bridge is being closed at the moment so it can be repaired. • She is being treated in a hospital after the accident. Present perfect Tense ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง S + has/have + been + V3 • Anne has been asked to resign from the position. • My car has been stolen since last week. Present perfect continuous ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice (เราไม่นิยมใช้passive voice ใน present perfect continuous) โครงสร้าง S + has/have + been + being + V3 • This road has been being repaired for the past five years. ถนนเส้นนี้ถูกซ่อมแซมมาได้ห้าปีแล้ว (และการซ่อมแซมก็ยังคงดำเนินการอยู่) Past Simple Tense ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง: Subject + was/were + V.3 • After my father was taken to see my business, he was impressed by my success. • Stray cats were neutered by the council to stop the increase of their population. Future Simple Tense ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง: Subject + will + be + V.3 • The weather forecast section during the show will be canceled in the next few days. • Her computer will be fixed next week at a computer store. Past perfect ในรูปแบบ Passive Voice โครงสร้าง: S + had + been + V3 • The breakfast had been cooked already when I woke up. • Joe had been warned about his inappropriate behaviors several times before he was fired. Past perfect continuous (เราไม่นิยมใช้passive voice ใน past perfect continuous) โครงสร้าง: S + had + been + being + V3 • A flying object had been being observed for over an hour last night.
4 Future simple โครงสร้าง: S + will + be + V3 • The product photos will be uploaded to the company website. • I will be promoted to manager this year. • All customers will be given discount coupons this season. Future continuous (เราไม่นิยมใช้passive voice ใน future continuous) โครงสร้าง: S + will + be + being + V3 • Plants all across Thailand will be being built over the course of the next eight years. โรงงานทั่วประเทศไทยจะถูกสร้างขึ้นภายในระยะเวลาแปดปีต่อจากนี้ Future perfect โครงสร้าง: S + will + have + been + V3 • The experiment will have been completed by next year. การทดลองจะเสร็จสมบูรณ์ภายในปีถัดไป • All work will have been done by this evening. งานทั้งหมดจะเสร็จภายในเย็นนี้ Future perfect continuous (เราไม่นิยมใช้passive voice ใน future perfect continuous) โครงสร้าง: S + will + have + been + being + V3 • These projects will have been being worked on for over three years by next month. โปรเจคเหล่านี้จะถูกดำเนินการรวมเป็นระยะเวลากว่าสามปีในเดือนถัดไป นอกจากนี้ verb to be ยังสามารถใช้ตามหลังกริยาช่วยที่เราเรียกว่า modal verbs ได้อีกด้วย เช่น may, might, will, ought to และ can, หรือคำกริยาอื่นๆที่จำเป็นจะต้องตามหลังด้วยคำกริยา infinitive. เพื่อให้เข้าใจมากขึ้น ลองไปดูประโยคตัวอย่าง เช่น • International travelers have to be quarantined after their arrival. • Students’ homework can be submitted online nowadays. • The ceremony for all graduates will be postponed until further notice. บางครั้งเรายังสามารถใช้รูปกริยา Verb to be ที่เติม ing ได้อีกด้วยในกรณีที่เราต้องการจะพูดถึง Passive Voice ที่ตามหลังคำกริยาที่ต้องตามหลังด้วย verb ing หรือคำบุพบท เช่น • Obese children dislike being bullied at school. • My grandfather was excited about being visited without notice. • The boy cried after being punished for something he did not do.
5 ตารางสรุปโครงสร้างการใช้Passive voice รูปประโยค โครงสร้าง Present simple S + is/am/are + V3 Present continuous S + is/am/are + being + V3 Present perfect S + has/have + been + V3 Present perfect continuous* S + has/have + been + being + V3 Past simple S + was/were + V3 Past continuous S + was/were + being + V3 Past perfect S + had + been + V3 Past perfect continuous* S + had + been + being + V3 Future simple S + will + be + V3 Future continuous* S + will + be + being + V3 Future perfect S + will + have + been + V3 Future perfect continuous* S + will + have + been + being + V3 Modal verb S + modal verb + be + V3 ความสำคัญของ Passive voice Passive voice นั้นมีส่วนช่วยในการสื่อสารเพื่อแสดงให้เห็นเด่นชัดในเรื่องของรูปประโยคว่าประธานเป็น ผู้ถูกกระทำ ซึ่งสามารถใช้ในการขยายความให้เกิดรูปแบบประโยคที่ดูสละสลวยมากยิ่งขึ้น ซึ่งก็มักถูกใช้ในการ เขียนเชิงเรียงความ (Essay) การบรรยาย (Descriptive) หรือการเล่าเรื่อง (Narrative) เสียเป็นส่วนใหญ่
6 Passive voice การใช้งานจริงในการเขียนข่าว เรื่องควรรู้ การพาดหัวข่าว 1. พาดหัวข่าวในภาษาอังกฤษ มักจะไม่ใส่ "Verb to be" โดยเว้นไว้เพื่อกระชับตัวอักษร ไม่ให้กินพื้นที่ 2. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคที่เป็น Future tense มักใช้Present ในความหมาย อนาคต ( to + V1 ไม่ผัน) 3. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคที่เป็น Past tense มักใช้Present เน้นสถานการณ์ให้น่าสนใจ (S + V1 ผันตามปกติ) 4. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคที่เป็น Continuous Tense มักใช้S + V.ing 5. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคเน้นประธานถูกกระทำ มักใช้Past participle (S + V3 ) ตัวอย่าง 1. พาดหัวข่าวในภาษาอังกฤษ มักจะไม่ใส่ "Verb to be" โดยเว้นไว้เพื่อกระชับตัวอักษร ไม่ให้กินพื้นที่ - African nationals 'mistreated, evicted' China over coronavirus. ประโยคเต็มคือ - African nationals is 'mistreated, evicted' in China over coronavirus. ชาวแอฟริกัน 'ถูกทารุณขับไล่' ในประเทศจีนเนื่องจากไวรัสโคโรนา เครดิต : ส านักข่าว อัลจาซีร่า ประโยคพาดหัวข่าว ที่ตรงกับข้อ 1 (ไม่ใส่ "Verb to be" ) และข้อ 5 (ประธานถูกกระทำ) Coronavirus: South African bride and groom (are) arrested over lockdown wedding. Coronavirus: เจ้าสาวและเจ้าบ่าวชาวแอฟริกาใต้ ถูกจับในงานแต่งงานที่มีการประกาศปิดพื้นที่ เครดิต : www.bbc.com
7 1. พาดหัวข่าวในภาษาอังกฤษ มักจะไม่ใส่ "Verb to be" โดยเว้นไว้เพื่อกระชับตัวอักษร ไม่ให้กินพื้นที่ - Trump (is) mobilizing U.S. military to deliver coronavirus vaccine ทรัมป์ระดมกำลังทหารสหรัฐฯเพื่อส่งมอบวัคซีนไวรัสโคโรนา เครดิต : www.cnn.com 1. พาดหัวข่าวในภาษาอังกฤษ มักจะไม่ใส่ "Verb to be" โดยเว้นไว้เพื่อกระชับตัวอักษร ไม่ให้กินพื้นที่ - China's ambassador to Israel, Du Wei, (is) found dead in his Tel Aviv home ตู้เหว่ย ทูตจีนประจำอิสราเอลถูกพบศพในบ้านที่เทลอาวีฟของเขา เครดิต : สำนักข่าวรอยเตอร์
8 2. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคที่เป็น Future tense มักใช้Present ในความหมาย อนาคต ( to + V1 ไม่ผัน) - Doctors try to untangle why they're seeing 'unprecedented' blood clotting among Covid-19 patients แพทย์พยายามที่จะคลี่คลายสาเหตุที่พวกเขาพบการแข็งตัวของเลือดอย่างไม่เคยปรากฏมาก่อน ในผู้ป่วย Covid-19 เครดิต : สำนักข่าวซีเอ็นเอ็น 3. พาดหัวข่าว ประโยคที่เป็น Past tense มักใช้Present เน้นสถานการณ์ให้น่าสนใจ (S + V1 ผันตามปกติ) Coronavirus: Hospital cleaner dies after contracting Covid-19 ไวรัสโคโรนา: พนักงานทำความสะอาดโรงพยาบาลเสียชีวิตหลังจากติดโรค Covid-19 เครดิต : www.bbc.com
9 - Swedish city uses chicken manure to encourage social distancing เมืองสวีเดนใช้มูลไก่เพื่อส่งเสริมการเว้นระยะห่างทางสังคม เครดิต ส านักข่าวซีเอ็นเอ็น(Website) หมายเหตุ :: ร้านค้า/หน่วยงาน/ ธุรกิจต่างๆ ที่ไม่ใช่สิ่งมีชิวิต แต่สามารถกระทำการได้เพื่อเน้นการเปิดดำเนินการ เราสามารถใช้ ประโยค Active voice ได้ Tattoo parlours and nail salons open in US ร้านสักและร้านทำเล็บเปิดในสหรัฐอเมริกา Some US states have begun to open non-essential businesses as part of a drive to bring an end to the lockdown. บางรัฐในสหรัฐอเมริกาได้เริ่มเปิดธุรกิจที่ไม่จำเป็นซึ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของการขับเคลื่อนเพื่อยุติการปิดพื้นที่ เครดิต :สำนักข่าว : บีบีซี(www.bbc.com)
10 ตัวอย่างประโยค Passive Voice จากดิกชันนารี ภาษาอังกฤษออนไลน์ - 1. Present simple tense : Passive voice : S + V. to be + V3 - He is expected to be hit with a hefty fine. เขาคาดการณ์ว่าเขาจะถูกปรับอย่างหนัก - How to stay fit when the gym is closed and you are stuck at home. อยู่อย่างไรดี เมื่อโรงยิมถูกปิดและคุณติดอยู่ที่บ้าน - 1. Present simple tense : Passive voice : S + V. to be + V3 - Passengers are seen on the deck of the Diamond Princess cruise ship, docked at the Yokohama Port on February 7 ผู้โดยสารถูกพบเห็นที่บนดาดฟ้าของเรือสำราญ Diamond Princess ซึ่งจอดอยู่ที่ท่าเรือโยโกฮาม่าในวันที่ 7 กุมภาพันธ์ เครดิต : สำนักข่าว CNN (ภาพข่าวโดย Sadayuki Goto/Kyodo News/AP)
11 - 2. Present continuous : Passive voice : S + is, am, are + being + V3 - No one is being quarantined. ไม่มีใครเลยที่ถูกกักบริเวณ - 2. Present continuous : Passive voice : S + is, am, are + being + V3 - Drive-through funerals are being held in the epicenter of Spain's coronavirus pandemic งานศพแบบเรียบง่ายกำลังถูกจัดขึ้นในศูนย์เฝ้าระวังการแพร่ระบาดของไวรัสโคโรนาในประเทศสเปน - drive-through = ขับรถผ่าน, งานหรือกิจกรรมที่เน้นเรียบง่าย อาจไม่ต้องลงจากรถ - drive-through funerals = งานศพแบบขับรถผ่าน(เน้นเรียบง่าย) เครดิต : สำนักข่าว CNN - 3. Past simple : Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - They were unable to pay the rent, and were evicted from their home. พวกเขาไม่สามารถจ่ายค่าเช่าและถูกขับไล่ออกจากบ้าน - 3. Past simple : Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - Police said the suspect shot people at different locations in Nova Scotia, many of them randomly. He was killed in a confrontation with police. ตำรวจกล่าวว่า ผู้ต้องสงสัยยิงประชาชนตามสถานที่ต่าง ๆ ในโนวาสโกเชีย หลายคนโดนสุ่มยิง มือปืนถูกฆ่าตายใน การเผชิญหน้ากับตำรวจ เครดิต : สำนักข่าว BBC
12 - 3. Past simple : Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - China's hero doctor was punished for telling truth about coronavirus. แพทย์ฮีโร่ของจีนถูกลงโทษ เนื่องจากบอกความจริงเกี่ยวกับ coronavirus เครดิต : www.cnn.com - 3. Past simple : Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - Healthy Wuhan residents say they were forced into mass coronavirus quarantine, risking infection ชาวบ้านในหวู่ฮั่นที่มียังมีสุขภาพดี กล่าวว่าพวกเขาถูกบังคับให้เข้าไปในสถานที่กักกันไวรัสโคโรนาขนาดใหญ่ ทำให้ เสี่ยงต่อการติดเชื้อ เครดิต : www.cnn.com - 3. Past simple : Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - She alerted colleagues to several cases of the virus, and eight of them were summoned by police for sharing the information. เธอแจ้งเตือนเพื่อนร่วมงานถึงเรื่องผู้ป่วยที่เกิดจากไวรัสหลายคน และแปดคนถูกตำรวจเรียกตัวเนื่องจากเปิดเผย ข้อมูล เครดิต : www.rfa.org
13 - 3. Past simple: Passive voice : S + was , were + V3 - Wuhan begins allowing people to leave for the first time since it was locked down 76 days ago, despite fears of a second wave of infection if such restrictions are eased too soon. หวู่ฮั่นเริ่มอนุญาตให้ผู้คนออกบ้านได้เป็นครั้งแรกนับตั้งแต่ถูกล๊อคไว้76 วันก่อน แม้จะมีความกลัวว่าจะเกิดการติด เชื้อครั้งที่สอง เนื่องจากมาตรการดังกล่าวอาจถูกปลดเร็วเกินไป - 5. Present perfect : Passive voice : S + has, have + been + V3 - Nearly 400 Rohingya refugees who left Bangladesh by boat nearly two months ago have been rescued at sea, the Bangladesh Coast Guard has said, while confirming that at least 32 people died on the journey. ผู้ลี้ภัยชาวโรฮิงยาเกือบ 400 คนที่เดินทางออกจากบังคลาเทศโดยเรือเมื่อเกือบสองเดือนก่อนได้รับการช่วยเหลือ ทางทะเล เจ้าหน้าที่หน่วยยามฝั่งบังคลาเทศกล่าว, ขณะที่มีการยืนยันว่ามีผู้เสียชีวิตอย่างน้อย 32 คนในการ เดินทาง เครดิต : สำนักข่าว CNN - 5. Present perfect : Passive voice : S + has, have + been + V3 - Wuhan is the centre of a deadly coronavirus outbreak, and all 11 million residents have been advised to stay at home as the Chinese city remains under quarantine. หวู่ฮั่นเป็นศูนย์กลางของการระบาดของไวรัสโคโรนาที่รุนแรง และผู้อยู่อาศัยทั้งหมด 11 ล้านคนได้รับคำแนะนำให้ อยู่บ้านเนื่องจากเมืองจีนยังคงถูกกักบริเวณ เครดิต : สำนักข่าว BBC
14 - 5. Present perfect : Passive voice : S + has, have + been + V3 - "Doctors have been abused, beaten up, denied entry and residence." "หมอถูกทำร้ายทุบตีปฏิเสธไม่ให้เข้าและอยู่อาศัย" เครดิต :สำนักข่าว : ซีเอ็นเอ็น (www.cnn.com) - 5. Present perfect : Passive voice : S + has, have + been + V3 - Two cats in New York have been infected with the novel coronavirus, making them the first pets in the US known to be infected, federal officials say เจ้าหน้าที่กล่าวว่า, แมวสองตัวในนิวยอร์กติดเชื้อ coronavirus ทำให้พวกมันเป็นสัตว์เลี้ยงสองตัวแรกใน สหรัฐอเมริกาที่รู้ว่าติดเชื้อ เครดิต :สำนักข่าว : ซีเอ็นเอ็น (www.cnn.com)
15 - 6. Past perfect : Passive voice : S + had + been + V3 - They were very disappointed and felt like they had been ripped off. พวกเขารู้สึกผิดหวัง และเหมือนถูกหลอก มาดูตัวอย่างการพาดหัวข่าวภาษาอังกฤษ จากหลายสำนัก ข่าวเดียวกันแต่เขียนใช้Tense ต่างกัน --- ขอโทษผู้อ่านด้วยครับ ข่าวอาจดูเศร้า ๆ --- เหตุการณ์มีคนปลอมตัวเป็นเจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจไปก่อเหตุยิง : แคนาดา เหตุการณ์นี้ ข่าวเน้นผู้กระทำที่ก่อเหตุ จึงใช้Active voice แทน Passive voice แต่ A man dressed as a police officer killed at least 16 people in Canada’s Nova Scotia province. It’s the worst mass shooting in the country for decades. ชายคนหนึ่งแต่งตัวเป็นตำรวจสังหารอย่างน้อย 16 ศพในจังหวัดโนวาสโกเชียของแคนาดา เป็นการสุ่มยิงแบบไม่เลือกหน้า หนึ่งในเหยื่อนั้นเป็นตำรวจหญิงของแคนาดา ชื่อ Heidi Stevenson สุดท้ายคนร้ายถูกวิสามัญ เมื่อเผชิญหน้ากับตำรวจ เป็นเหตุการณ์ยิงที่เลวร้ายที่สุดของประเทศ ที่ไม่เคยมีเหตุ รุนแรงแบบนี้มานานหลายสิบปีแล้ว เครดิต :สำนักข่าว : บีบีซี(www.bbc.com) Past simple : Active voice : S + V2
16 Present simple tense : Active voice : S + V1 Gunman kills 16 in Nova Scotia in Canada's worst mass shooting มือปืนฆ่า 16 คนในโนวาสโกเชียในการยิงครั้งใหญ่ที่สุดของแคนาดา เครดิต :สำนักข่าว อัลจาซีราอังกฤษ(www.aljazeera.com) Present simple tense : Active voice : S + V1 Gunman kills at least 16 in rampage across Nova Scotia มือปืนฆ่าอย่างน้อย 16 คนในการอาละวาดทั่วโนวาสโกเชีย เครดิต :สำนักข่าว : ซีเอ็นเอ็น (www.cnn.com)
17 Present simple tense : Active voice : S + V1 Gunman kills at least 16 in Nova Scotia in Canada's worst mass shooting มือปืนฆ่าอย่างน้อย 16 คนในโนวาสโกเชีย ในการเหตุการณ์ยิงครั้งใหญ่ที่สุดของแคนาดา
18 Literature 2 Everyone drinks water. Water is drunk by everyone. "Voice" is a grammatical category that applies to verbs. Voice in English expresses the relationship of the subject to the action. Voice has two values: active: the subject does the action passive: the subject receives the action Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. The active voice is the "normal" voice - the one that we use most of the time. In the active voice, the object receives the action of the verb: active subject verb object → Cats eat mice. The passive voice is less common. In the passive voice, the subject receives the action of the verb: passive subject verb object ← Mice are eaten by cats. See how the object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb: subject verb object active Everybody drinks water. passive Water is drunk by everybody. Active Voice Cats eat mice.
19 The active voice is the "normal" voice of an English sentence. Intransitive verbs (verbs with no direct object) are always in the active voice. Transitive verbs are usually in the active voice: subject verb Johnny laughed. Anton got up late. People drink water. In the active voice, the subject is the person or thing responsible for the action of the verb. All tenses are possible in the active voice, as well as all sentence types, positive, negative or question. Use of active The active voice is the "default" voice in English. All intransitive verbs can only be in the active voice, and all transitive verbs usually are active voice - unless we deliberately make them passive. In spoken English, we almost always use active voice. It is the natural choice, more precise and generally shorter. In written English, active voice is usually easier and more interesting for the reader. Passive voice can sound dull and bureaucratic, and is typical of official writing. In the interests of "plain English" that the average person can understand, many governments now encourage civil servants to write in the active voice. The active voice is: direct and specific uses fewer words - always a good thing dynamic Except on occasions when the passive voice is actually useful, the active voice is the voice of choice. Passive Voice Mice are eaten by cats. Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there are several good reasons to sometimes use the passive. On this page we look at how to construct the passive voice and when and why to use it. How do we make the passive? The basic structure of a passive clause is very simple: subject + auxiliary verb be + main verb past participle + by + agent optional
20 The auxiliary be is conjugated in all tenses. The main verb is always the past participle. The agent is the original "doer" of the action. Look at some examples: subject auxiliary verb be main verb past participle by I am employed by Apple. You will be woken at 6. It will have been finished by then. We have been notified by Head Office. You are being transferred next week. They will be paid. Notice above↑: auxiliary be can be conjugated for all persons and tenses main verb is invariable: past participle if there is an agent (Apple, Head Office), it is introduced by by Agentless passive The subject of an active sentence "does" the action. In a passive sentence, we express the doer (or agent) through a by phrase (the long passive) or, very often, we remove it completely (the short passive). In the following example, the agent is "the Allies": active The Allies firebombed Dresden. passive long Dresden was firebombed by the Allies. short Dresden was firebombed. The short passive is also known as the "agentless passive". Soon you will see how useful it can be.
21 Negatives and questions The table below shows examples of the passive with negative sentences, question sentences and negative-question sentences: subject auxiliary verb be main verb past participle - You are not paid to watch YouTube. They will never be employed by us. ? Are they cleaned regularly? Has your wallet been stolen? -? Is he not notified immediately? Will they not be dismissed? Haven't they been forgotten? Notice above↑: position of auxiliary be or first auxiliary for questions possible positions of not, n't, never to create negation Use of the passive When and why do we use passive voice? There are several times when the passive voice is useful, and usually the decision has to do with the "doer" (agent) or the "receiver" of the action. For example, we use the passive when: 1. we want to emphasize the receiver of the action: President Kennedy was killed by Lee Harvey Oswald. cf: Lee Harvey Oswald killed President Kennedy. 2. we don't know who did the action (the agent): My wallet has been stolen. cf: Somebody has stolen my wallet. 3. we think the agent is not important or interesting: Our house is being painted. cf: XYZ Company is painting our house. 4. the agent is obvious: I am paid weekly. cf: My company pays me weekly. 5. we are making general statements or announcements: Passengers are reminded to fasten their seatbelts. cf: The Captain reminds passengers to fasten their seatbelts.
22 6. the agent is everyone: The emergency services can be called by dialling 999. cf: The public can call the emergency services by dialling 999. 7. we are writing formal or scientific texts: Potassium was added and mixed in. The solution was heated to 80°C and then allowed to cool. cf: The technician added potassium and mixed it in. The technician heated the solution to 80°C and then allowed it to cool. 8. we want to avoid responsibility for our own actions (typically found in government reports): Mistakes were made and unfortunately never rectified. cf: The Prime Minister made mistakes and unfortunately never rectified them. Look at this sentence: He was killed with a gun. Normally we use by to introduce the agent. But the gun is not the original doer of the action. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. Somebody is the agent. The gun is the instrument. The get-passive Although we normally construct the passive with be + past participle, it is also possible (in informal language) to use get + past participle. So if France beat England at football, we could turn this to passive and say "England were beaten by France" (be-passive) or "England got beaten by France" (get-passive). And we might also add: "But France will get thrashed by Russia." For formal English and exams you should use the be-passive, but in informal language people sometimes use the get-passive. Forms of passive The passive voice is not a tense itself. But for transitive verbs each tense, as well as other verb forms such as infinitives and participles, can be produced in the passive voice. Some of the more complicated tenses (mostly perfect continuous) are rarely used in the passive, but they are possible.
23 Here are some examples of the passive voice with many of the possible forms using the verb sing: infinitive to be sung perfect infinitive to have been sung participle sung perfect participle having been sung gerund being sung Simple Continuous Perfect Present am, are, is sung am, are, is being sung have, has been sung Past was, were sung was, were being sung had been sung Future will be sung will be being sung will have been sung Active and Passive Examples: The table below shows example sentences in active and passive voice for the basic tenses as well as various other verb forms, including infinitives and participles. active passive Present Simple How does one pronounce his name? How is his name pronounced? Present Continuous Ati's helping Tara. Tara's being helped by Ati. Present Perfect Kid has served dinner. Dinner has been served. Present Perfect Continuous The police have been watching that house for weeks. That house has been being watched for weeks. Past Simple They didn't fix my phone yesterday. My phone wasn't fixed yesterday. Past Continuous They were interrogating him when I called. He was being interrogated when I called.
24 Past Perfect I wondered why they hadn't invited me. I wondered why I hadn't been invited. Past Perfect Continuous She wasn't sure how long they'd been following her. She wasn't sure how long she'd been being followed.* Future Simple They will hang him at dawn. He will be hanged at dawn. Future Continuous They won't be questioning him when you get there. He won't be being questioned when you get there. Future Perfect They will have repaired your car by 7pm. Your car will have been repaired by 7pm. Future Perfect Continuous They'll have been treating her for exactly three months tomorrow. She'll have been being treated for exactly three months tomorrow.* infinitive I don't want anyone to disturb me. I don't want to be disturbed. perfect infitive They seem to have taken it. It seems to have been taken. participle I saw the cat eating it. I saw it being eaten by the cat. perfect participle Having finished my work, I went home. My work having been finished, I went home. gerund I insisted on them paying me. I insisted on being paid. going to Is he going to sing Thriller at the party? Is Thriller going to be sung at the party? used to Ram used to take care of everything. Everything used to be taken care of by Ram. can They can question him for six hours. He can be questioned for six hours. could It could have badly hurt you. You could have been badly hurt. may The papers say they may release him. The papers say he may be released.
25 might Somebody might buy it. It might be bought. must Passengers must wear seat belts. Seat belts must be worn. should You should have told me. I should have been told. ought to They ought to forgive him. He ought to be forgiven. *possible but rather awkward and therefore rare
26 Literature 3 Passive Voice: When to Avoid It and When to Use It The passive voice is often maligned by teachers and professors as a bad writing habit. Or, to put it in the active voice, teachers and professors across the English-speaking world malign the passive voice as a bad writing habit. Here’s a tip: Want to make sure your writing shines? Grammarly can check your spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. It even proofreads your text, so your work is extra polished wherever you write. What is the passive voice? In general, the active voice makes your writing stronger, more direct, and, you guessed it, more active. The subject is something, or it does the action of the verb in the sentence. With the passive voice, the subject is acted upon by some other performer of the verb. (In case you weren’t paying attention, the previous two sentences use the type of voice they describe.) But the passive voice is not incorrect. In fact, there are times when it can come in handy. Read on to learn how to form the active and passive voices, when using the passive voice is a good idea, and how to avoid confusing it with similar forms. The difference between active and passive voice While tense is all about time references, voice describes whether the grammatical subject of a clause performs or receives the action of the verb. Here’s the formula for the active voice: [subject]+[verb (performed by the subject)]+[optional object] Example: Chester kicked the ball. In a passive voice construction, the grammatical subject of the clause receives the action of the verb. So, the ball from the above sentence, which is receiving the action, becomes the subject. The formula: [subject]+[some form of the verb to be]+[past participle of a transitive verb]+[optional prepositional phrase] Example: The ball was kicked by Chester. That last little bit—“by Chester”—is a prepositional phrase that tells you who the performer of the action is. But even though Chester is the one doing the kicking, he’s no longer the grammatical subject. A passive voice construction can even drop him from the sentence entirely: Example: The ball was kicked. How’s that for anticlimactic?
27 When (and when not) to use the passive voice If you’re writing anything with a definitive subject who’s performing an action, you’ll be better off using the active voice. And if you search your document for instances of was, is, or were and your page lights up with instances of passive voice, it may be a good idea to switch to active voice. That said, there are times when the passive voice does a better job of presenting an idea, especially in certain formal, professional, and legal discussions. Here are three common uses of the passive voice: 1. Reports of crimes or incidents with unknown perpetrators Example: My car was stolen yesterday. If you knew who stole the car, it probably wouldn’t be as big a problem. The passive voice emphasizes the stolen item and the action of theft. 2. Scientific contexts Example: The rat was placed into a T-shaped maze. Who places the rat into the maze? Scientists, duh. But that’s less important than the experiment they’re conducting. Therefore, passive voice. 3. When you want to emphasize an action itself and the doer of the action is irrelevant or distracting: Example: The president was sworn in on a cold January morning. How many people can remember off the top of their heads who swears in presidents? Clearly the occasion of swearing in the commander in chief is the thing to emphasize here. In each of the above contexts, the action itself—or the person or thing receiving the action—is the part that matters. That means the performer of the action can appear in a prepositional phrase or be absent from the sentence altogether. In each of the above contexts, the action itself—or the person or thing receiving the action—is the part that matters. That means the performer of the action can appear in a prepositional phrase or be absent from the sentence altogether. Creative ways to use the passive voice in writing The above examples show some formal uses of the passive voice, but some writers take advantage of the shift in emphasis it provides for other reasons. Here are moments when the passive voice is a stylistic decision that suits the author’s writing goals. 1. Avoid getting blamed There are times when you want to get away with something without making it crystalclear who’s at fault. The classic. Example: “Mistakes were made.” —most politicians Who made them? Is anyone taking responsibility? What’s the solution here? One political scientist dubbed this structure the “past exonerative” because it’s meant to exonerate a speaker from whatever foul they may have committed. In other words, drop the subject, get off the hook.
28 2. Beat around the bush Jane Austen is a master of poking fun at her characters so euphemistically that it seems almost polite, and the passive voice is one of her favorite methods for doing that. Example: “[He] pressed them so cordially to dine at Barton Park every day till they were better settled at home that, though his entreaties were carried to a point of perseverance beyond civility, they could not give offense.” —Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility • Austen could have rephrased this sentence like so: “Though Mr. Middleton carried his entreaties to a point of perseverance beyond civility, they could not give offense.” • Though maybe she means something closer to: “Mr. Middleton pushed his invitations beyond the point of politeness and into pushiness, but he still meant well.” In cases like this, the passive voice allows for more polite phrasing, even if it’s also a little less clear. 3 Make your reader pay more attention to the something This is like the president getting sworn in: the thing that gets the action of the verb is more important than the people performing the action. Example: “That treasure lying in its bed of coral, and the corpse of the commander floating sideways on the bridge, were evoked by historians as an emblem of the city drowned in memories.” —Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera Here, you could invert the sentence to say “Historians evoked that treasure (and so on).” But that would take the focus away from that oh-so-intriguing treasure and the corpse. And since the historians are less important here, the author makes the choice to stress the key idea of the sentence through the passive voice. Here’s another famous example that puts the emphasis on what happens to the subject, instead of on what the subject is doing: Example: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” —The Declaration of Independence, 1776 “All men” (and these days, women, too) get boosted to the front of the phrase because their equality and rights are the focus. It makes sense that a statement declaring independence would focus on the people who get that independence, after all.
29 Writers use the passive voice. Can you? The above examples lean toward the literary side of things, but don’t forget that there are times when the passive voice is useful and necessary in daily life. In each of the sentences below, the passive voice is natural and clear. Rewriting these sentences in the active voice renders them sterile, awkward, or syntactically contorted. Passive: Bob Dylan was injured in a motorcycle accident. Active: A motorcycle accident injured Bob Dylan. Passive: Elvis is rumored to be alive. Active: People rumor Elvis to be alive. Passive: Don’t be fooled! Active: Don’t allow anything to fool you! Passive voice misuse Sometimes what looks like passive voice isn’t passive voice at all. If you’re not careful, even the most careful eye can mistake the following sentences for passive voice. Example: Chester’s favorite activity is kicking. The bank robbery took place just before closing time. There is nothing we can do about it. There were a great number of dead leaves covering the ground. Despite what any well-meaning English teachers may have told you, none of the sentences above are written in the passive voice. The sentence about the leaves, in fact, was (wrongly) presented as an example of the passive voice by none other than Strunk and White in The Elements of Style. Here’s how to remember: using the verb to be doesn’t automatically put a verb phrase into the passive voice. You also need a past participle. That’s how to keep passive voice masqueraders from fooling you. Passive voice is summed up here: • The passive voice isn’t a grammatical error; it’s a matter of style • Use the active voice if it makes your sentence sound clearer and more natural • Forming passive voice requires the verb “to be” and a past participle • The passive voice is your friend when the thing receiving an action is the important part of the sentence—especially in scientific and legal contexts, times when the performer of an action is unknown, or cases where the subject is distracting or irrelevant • When it comes to good writing, don’t be passive—even if your sentences sometimes need to be
30 Literature Review Passive Voice Definition of Passive Voice Nordquist (2018) states that the passive voice is formed by using the appropriate form of the verb to be (for example, is) and a past participle (for example, formed). However, passive constructions are not always made up of “be” and “a past participle”; it is also made up of the "get"-passive. The form of a verb in which subject is affected by the action of the verb. In other words, the form of a verb in which subject of the sentence has an action done to it by someone or something else. In passive voice the subject is acted upon. The passive voice emphasizes the receiver of the action. Passive voice is the indirect writing style, which means the subject receives the verb’s action. (Joshi, 2014) Uses of Passive Voice According to Murray and Anna (2016), although active voice is generally preferred in academic writing, passive voice is acceptable under certain conditions. 1. To emphasize the receiver of the action instead of the agent. Examples: a. Quizzes are given regularly. b. Grades for all students are averaged. c. Questions are encouraged. 2. To keep the focus on the same subject through several sentences or paragraphs. Example: My sister and I grew up and went to school in Jamaica. We were educated according to the British system. In 1997 we were given the opportunity to come to the United States. We decided to finish high school before leaving our own country. We were concerned that the education in this country might not be as good as the one we had there, and we wanted to improve our English too. 3. When we do not know who performed the action. Example: Ray’s calculator was made in Germany. 4. When we do not wish to mention the agent of the action. Example: A mistake was made. 5. When we want to sound objective or avoid using the subject “I” Examples: a. Studies have shown . . . b. It is well-known . . . c. Hamlet is considered . . . d. It can be assumed . . . e. It has been established . . .
31 According to Joshi (2014), it is generally advised to use the passive voice sparingly because use of the active voice makes a writing direct, clearer, consise, explicit, more natural and vibrant. Active voice is easier to understand than the same sentence in passive voice. However, using passive voice is preffered in the following situations: 1. The active subject is unknown. • Syllabus of the school has been changed. (we do not know who changed it. 2. To make the active object more important. • Passengers were alerted. (It is not important to know who alerted them.) 3. Active subject is obvious. • Three persons have been arrested for committing a theft. (obviously by the police) 4. To emphasize the action of the sentence rather than the agent of the action. • More than hundred people were killed in plan crash. 5. To describe scientific or mechanical processes to avoid the personal pronoun or to emphasize the reesearch and not the researcher. • The experiments on animals are being conducted regularly. 6. The passive is often used in news reports: • Your concerns have been conveyed to the administration. 7. Using the passive voice when speaking or writing, because the sentence in the active voices does not sound good. Active : His mother bore him in Japan in 1985. (sound awkward) Passive: He was born in Japan in 1985. (sounds good) Active : We call him Doctor Brown. (sounds awkward) Passive: He is called Doctor Brown. (sounds good) 8. Using passive voice when you want to make more polite or formal statements. Active : You have not completed the project. (less polite) Passive: The project has not been completed. (more polite) 9. Using passive voice to avoid responsibility. Active : We made a mistake. Passive: A mistake was made. 10. Using passive voice for sentence variety in your writing. 11. Using passive voice when avoid extra-long subjects.
32 There are some situations where we typically choose a passive voice rather than an active voice (Hewings, 2001, p.60) : 1. Prefering passives when the agent is not known, is ‘people in general’, is unimportant, or is obvious, because in an active sentence we need to include the agent as subject. Using a passive allows us to omit the agent by leaving out the prepositional phrase with “by”. Example : a. My office was broken into when I was on holiday. (unknown agent) b. An order form can be found on page 2. (agent = people in general) c. These boxes should be handled with care. (unimportant agent) d. She is being treated in hospital. (obvious agent; presumably ‘doctors’) 2. Using passives in factual writing to omit the agent, particularly in describing procedures or processes. Example: Nuclear waste will still be radioactive even after 20,000 years, so it must be disposed of very carefully. It can be stored as a liquid in stainless-steel containers which are encased in concrete. The most dangerous nuclear waste can be turned into glass. It is planned to store this glass in deep underground mines. 3. In spoken English, using a subject when we do not know who the agent is. In formal English, particularly writing is prefers to use a passive. Compare: a. They’re installing the new computer system next month. b. The new computer system is being installed next month. (more formal) Notice also that some verbs have corresponding nouns. These nouns can be used as the subject of passive sentences, with a new passive verb introduced: The installation of the new computer system will be completed by next month. 4. In English we usually prefer to put old information at beginning of a sentence (or clause) and new information at the end. Choosing the passive often allows us to do this. a. The three machines tested for the report contained different types of safety valve. The boron Group in Germany manufactured the machines. 5. It is often more natural to put agents (subjects) which consist of long expressions at the end of a sentence. Using the passive allows us to do this. Example: I was surprised by Don’s decision to give up his job and move to Sydney. is more natural than ‘Don’s decision to give up his job and move to Sydney surprised me.’
33 Rules of Passive Voice According to Rudy and Smith (2013; 412), the way a sentence is changed into a passive sentence must follow some of the following requirements: a. The active sentence to be modified must have an object. In this case the verb must be a transitive verb (a verb that has an object). b. Subjects in active sentences are transformed into objects in passive sentences, and conversely objects in active sentences are converted into subjects in passive sentences. c. The verb in the passive sentence must be a Past Participle (verb of the third form) or V3 preceded by “to be” (is, am, are, was, were, being, been) followed by the word "by". d. Passive sentence in the form of continuous, then the predicate form is: e. The order of the sentence must be in accordance with the tenses. 2.1.4 Forming Passive Voice There are some forms used in passive voice: verb tenses, modal verb, ‘to’-infinitive, -ing form, and have and get. 1. Verb Tenses Used in Passive Voice According to Murray and Anna (2016), the following is a summary of passive forms of all verb tenses. In passive constructions, the verb is performed by someone or something other than the subject; often, the action is done to the subject by someone else. To be + Past Participle (V3) To be + being + Past Participle (V3)
34 Table 1. Verb Tenses Used in Passive Voice No. Tenses Formula Examples of Sentences 1. Simple Present To make a generalization, to present a state of being, or to indicate habitual or repeated action. Am/is/are + past participle - Sonia is taught by Professor Brown. - All humans are created equal. - The cafetria is cleaned. 2. Present Continuous To describe an ongoing activity or a temporary action. Am/is/are + being + past participle - Classes are being conducted in Spanish. - He is being hired to work at McDonald’s. 3. Present Perfect To describe an action occurring in the past but relevant. Has/have + been + past participle The language institute has been opened to relocate students off the main campus. 4. Present Perfect Continuous To describe an ongoing action beginning before now and is still relevant to the present. Has/have + been +being + past participle Recently, the work has been being done by John 5. Simple Past To indicate a general or habitual action occurring in the past or at a specific time in the past. Was/were + past participle - The money was given to me to buy new clothes. - We were always driven to mall by my friend’s older brother. 6. Past Continuous To indicate an ongoing action in the past or an action continuing through a specific past tense. Was/were + being + past participle One afternoon, Mary was being kissed by Paul when her mother passed by. 7. Past Perfect To indicate an action completed prior to a particular time or before another action in the past. Had + been + past participle Mary had been kissed many times before that day. 8. Past Perfect Continuous To indicate a continuing action that began before a past action or time. Had + been + being + past participle The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. 9. Simple Future To indicate an action that is expected to take place at a future time. Will/Shall + be + past participle Or Am/is/are + going to be + past participle - They will be married by a priest and a rabbi. - The gown is going to be adjusted to fit Mary.
35 10. Future Continuous To indicate an action in future with emphasis on continuing action. Will + be + being + past participle At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed 11. Future Perfect To indicate an action in future action expected to be completed before another future action or time. Will + have + been + past participle By next week, your application will have been reviewed. 12. Past Future To declare an event or action to be undertaken (voluntary or planned), make estimates or predictions, and make future promises while in the past. Would/Should + be + past participle I knew the task would be finished in an hour.
36 Passive with Modal Verb According to Sulistyo (2010, p.27), the passive form of a sentence using modal verb and followed by Verb3. - will/shall be driven - could be driven - would be driven - had better be driven - may be driven - ought to be driven - might be driven - must be driven - can be driven - should be driven Examples: a. The form must be filled directly by Lingga. b. This truck had better be driven by an experienced driver. c. The door must be closed. Passive Meaning with –Ing Form Sulistyo (2010, p.47) states that there is other form of passive that really different but still meaning passive. The passive uses verb need + V-ing. Examples: a. The wall needs repainting. b. Your books need revising. Passive with Causative Use of Have and Get According to Sulistyo (2010, p.47), causative is the verb that can make people or thing do something without subject do it directly. The passive use verb have or get + V3. Examples: a. I will have this car washed. b. They will get this tank filled in. Types of Passive Voice There are two types of passive voice : passive voice with agent and passive voice without agent. 1. The Passive Voice with Agent The agent is the doer of an action. In passive voice, the receiver is the subject and the agent is often not mentioned. When it is included, it occurs as a prepositional phrase with “by” (Thewlis, 2000, p.51). According to Alter (1993, p.249), the agent is mentioned to define the subject, without agent the passive voice will not complete or the meaning will not clear to be understood by the reader. Example: The wallet was found by an employee. The wallet is a subject as a receiver, was found is passive voice as action, and by an employee is an agent.
37 According to Riggenbach and Samuda (2000, p.314) the passive voice includes the agent with a “by”-phrase if that information is important. The reasons why the agent is important to include: a. There is a new information example: Wheat is grown in eastern Companies. It is planted by men, and it is harvested by women and children. b. Include the proper names of famous people example: Hamlet was written by William Shakezpeare, and when the agents’ identify is surprising or unexpected, for example I can’t belive. c. When the agents’ identify is surprising or unexpected. example: I can’t believe it! This novel was written by a fourteen-year-old. Passive Voice without Agent According to Alter (1993, p.250), there are some reasons to make a passive voice without agent, the examples are follows: a. When the agent is unknown and not necessary to write because the person is clearly understood implicity. For example ‘They will send him to jail’. The sentence become passive is ‘he will be sent to jail’. b. The main interest of the sentence is on the action, not on the doer because the agent is not identified clearly. For example ‘Somebody repaired the bridge last week’. The passive sentence is ‘The bridge was repaired last week’. c. When the verb is followed by two objects. For example ‘someone gave me a ticket to the concert’. The passive sentence is ‘I was given a ticket to the concert’. The objects are consisted of to show the personal and the adverb so the personal is become the subject in passive sentence d. Adverbial particle is not ommited in the passive voice because the passive just omit the agent. For example ‘somebody locked the dog out last night’. The passive sentence is ‘the dog was locked last night’. Passive Voice with ‘to’-Infinitive According to Sulistyo (2010, p.29), the subject that followed by infinitive with to usually there are command, suggestions, and request. The example is they warn us to run. The passive voice is we warned to run. Alter (1993, p.250) states that the verb like claim, understand, think, may, believe, are followed by the to-infinitive when used in the passive voice. The example is They believed that she is an heiress to a large fortune. The passive voices is she is believed to be an heiress to a large fortune.
38 Methodology Methodology is the general research strategy that outlines the way in which research is to be undertaken and, among other things, identifies the methods to be used in it. These methods, described in the methodology, define the means or modes of data collection or, sometimes, how a specific result is to be calculated. (Howell, K. E, 2013). According to Bussinessdictionary.com (2018), methodology is the process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making business decisions. The methodology may include publication research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and could include both present and historical information. According to Swales, J.M. & Feak, C.B. (2004, p.254), the tenses that are used in methodology of the scientific writing are past tense and simple present. Past tense used to describe what was done In your methods section. it is customary to use a form of the simple past tense to describe what you did in your study. Passive voice is often used. Examples: The standard protocol was followed for the preparation of the media from stock solutions. The example are in the past tense, but in the passive voice. Present tense used for diagrams and figures If you use figures or diagrams to help explain what you did, refer to the figure or diagram using the present tense. Examples: Table 1 above demonstrates the success of cloning in various animal species.
39 3. Purposes Purpose 1. To study how to use passive voice in the news. 2. To study how to use tense structures in the news. 3. To learn passive voice words such as Regular or Irregular verbs and Transitive or Intransitive verbs in both sources.
40 4. Methodology 1. News title: 15 people remain hospitalized following Brovary crash, according to Ukrainian health minister Author: By Tara Subramaniam, Kathryn Snowdon, Jack Guy, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt and Leinz Vales, CNN Date: January 19, 2023 Number of words: 223 Words 2. News title: Russia's war in Ukraine Author: By Tara Subramaniam, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne Vogt, Mike Hayes and Leinz Vales, CNN Date: January 25, 2023 Number of words: 124 Words 3. News title: Brian Walshe accused of killing and dismembering his wife Ana Walshe, prosecutors say Author: By Eric Levenson, Kristina Sgueglia and Jason Carrol, CNN Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 213 Words 4. News title: Climate activist Greta Thunberg released after being detained by German police at coal mine protest Author: By Rachel Ramirez, Laura Paddison, Inke Kappeler, Lindsay Isaac and Nadine Schmidt, CNN Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 641 Words 5. News title: A teenage mother and her 10-month-old baby were gunned down while running from a ‘cartel-style execution’ in central California that left 6 dead, police say Author: By Aya Elamroussi, CNN Date: January 19, 2023 Number of words: 839 Words 6. News title: Opinion: ‘True crime’ makes entertainment of someone else’ s tragedy Author: By Rachel Monroe Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 1045 Words 7. News title: New York man arrested, charged with assault and aggravated harassment in alleged New Year’s Eve anti-Asian attack Author: By Celina Tebor, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 351 Words
41 8. News title: London police officer admits to dozens of offenses against women, including 24 cases of rape Author: By Eve Brennan, Alex Hardie and Sana Noor Haq, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 963 Words. 9. News title: Romanian authorities seize nearly $4 million in assets from Andrew Tate in alleged human trafficking, rape investigation Author: By Jorge Engels, Philip Wang and Emma Tucker, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 567 Words 10. News title: Husband of missing Massachusetts mother Ana Walshe was accused of threatening to kill her and a friend in 2014, police report shows. Author: By Elizabeth Wolfe, Sara Smart, Rashard Rose and Amanda Watts, CNN Date: January 13, 2023 Number of words: 1124 Words 11. News title: Every year, ‘Invasion Day’ forces Australia to confront some painful truths Author: By Hilary Whiteman, CNN Date: January 27, 2023 Number of words: 1865 words 12. News title: South Korea brought K-pop and K-dramas to the world. The Korean language could be next Author: By Jessie Yeung, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 1541 words 13. News title: No recession after all? Business leaders are more hopeful as China reopens Author: By Julia Horowitz, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 713 words 14. News title: Australian runner aims for world record with 150 marathons in 150 days Author: By Kathleen Magramo, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 446 words 15. News title: Confidence in London’s police force crumbles as sex crime cases against officers pile up Author: By Nina dos Santos and Mick Krever, CNN Date: January 25, 2023 Number of words: 1855 words
42 16. News title: Prosecutors drop charges against NYPD officer accused of acting as foreign agent for China Author: By Lauren del Valle and Eric Levenson, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 731 words 17. News title: Chile's government distributed faulty birth control pills. Now more than 150 people are pregnant. Author: By Kara Fox and Ana Schlimovich, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 2812 words 18. News title: In parts of Ancient Greece, first-cousin marriage was not only allowed but encouraged, DNA shows Author: By Lianne Kolirin, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 588 words 19. News title: A major oil exporter is hosting a UN climate summit. Opinions are divided Author: By Nadeen Ebrahim and Mohammed Abdelbary, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 2046 words 20. News title: The rise of the K-drama heroine. Author: By Hahna Yoon, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 1999 words 21. News title: Jay Briscoe, US pro wrestling star, dead at 38. Author: By Lianne Kolirin, CNN Date: January 19, 2023 Number of words: 310 words 22. News title: Opinion: The great gas stove debate has been reignited Author: By Kirsi Goldynia, CNN Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 2746 words 23. News title: Tokyo High Court acquits three former Tepco executives over 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident: NHK Author: By Junko Ogura, Emiko Jozuka and Tara Subramaniam, CNN Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 241 words 24. News title: Police report says driver was speeding in crash that killed University of Georgia football player and staffer Author: By Isabel Rosales, Jaide Timm-Garcia and Ryan Young, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 964 words
43 25. News title: Deadly Yeti Airlines crash highlights dangers of flying in Nepal. Author: By Rhea Mogul, Manveena Suri and Jessie Yeung, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 898 words 26. News title: At least 68 killed in Nepal’s worst airplane crash in 30 years. Author: By Asha Thapa, Kathleen Magramo and Sugam Pokharel, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 876 words 27. News title: ‘I Have a Dream’ is MLK’s most radical speech — not because of what he said then, but because of how America has changed since Author: By John Blake, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 2371 words 28. News title: University of Georgia football player and staff member killed in car crash hours after championship celebration Author: By Hannah Sarisohn and Wayne Sterling, CNN Date: January 15, 2023 Number of words: 727 words 29. News title: Opinion: Why Prince Harry is such a threat to a certain kind of man Author: By Louis Staples Date: January 13, 2023 Number of words: 1290 words 30. News title: Brutality of prehistoric life revealed by Europe’s bog bodies Author: By Katie Hunt, CNN Date: January 11, 2023 Number of words: 891 words 31. News title: Are you a restaurant worker who recently came back to the industry? Tell us about it Author: By Alicia Wallace, CNN Date: January 16, 2023 Number of words: 128 words 32. News title: Two global recessions in one decade? That hasn’t happened in over 80 years Author: By Julia Horowitz, CNN Date: January 10, 2023 Number of words: 443 words 33. News title: Retail sales continued to fall in December as shoppers battled inflation Author: By Alicia Wallace, CNN Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 882 words 34. News title: Disney names Nike executive Mark Parker as new chairman Author: By David Goldman, CNN Date: January 11, 2023 Number of words: 485 words
44 35. News title: Exclusive: Rocket CEO says housing isn’t a buyer’s or a seller’s market. Now it’s even Author: By Matt Egan, CNN Business Date: January 13, 2023 Number of words: 393 words 36. News title: China posts one of its worst economic performances in decades because of Covid Author: By Laura He, CNN Date: January 17, 2023 Number of words: 895 words 37. News title: NBC News president Noah Oppenheim exits, replaced by new head of editorial and two others in network shakeup Author: By Oliver Darcy, CNN Business Date: January 11, 2023 Number of words: 403 words 38. News title: China to launch state-backed transport platform for ride-hailing, trucking Author: By Reuters. Date: January 18, 2023 Number of words: 203 words 39. News title: World’s top chip maker mulls global expansion with plants in Europe, Japan Author: By Diksha Madhok, CNN Date: January 13, 2023 Number of words: 427 words 40. News title: Egg prices exploded 60% higher last year. These food prices surged too Author: By Alicia Wallace, CNN Date: January 13, 2023 Number of words: 633 words 41. News title: Hinkley Point: Bus crash road 'was gritted night before accident' Author: By Fiona Lamdin Date: 18 January Number of words: 679 words 42. News title: Nepal air crash: Indian passenger's video caught plane's last moments Author: by Zoya Mateen Date: 16 January Number of words: 791 words 43. News title: Swansea: Two died after Christmas Day river car crash Author: by Rachel Curtis and Jay Kyle Jenkins Date: 17 January Number of words: 194 words 44. News title: Caterham dog attack: Dog walker was mauled to death Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: by 13 January Number of words: 619 words
45 45. News title: Ukraine's interior ministry leadership killed in helicopter crash Author: by James Waterhouse in Brovary, and Paul Kirby Date: 18 January Number of words: 998 words 46. News title: Nepal plane crash: Briton among dozens who died Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 16 January Number of words: 278 words 47. News title: Leeds: Woman and child pedestrians killed in Scott Hall Road car crash Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 16 January Number of words: 210 words 48. News title: Henley regatta drone crash could have been fatal, says AAIB Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 13 January Number of words: 307 words 49. News title: Instagram blocked hashtag in memory of Iran plane crash victims Author: by Rana Rahimpour Date: 7 January 2022 Number of words: 487 words 50. News title: M5 crash: Two die on motorway in Gloucestershire Author: by Date: 2 June 2016 Number of words: 228 words 51. News title: Decision looms on future of Britishvolt gigafactory Author: by Theo Leggett Date: 13 January Number of words: 383 words 52. News title: iPhone 14: Can India replace China as the world's factory? Author: by Nikhil Inamdar Date: 6 October 2022 Number of words: 982 words 53. News title: Lab-grown alternatives aim to cut palm oil dependence Author: by Katherine Latham Date: 16 January Number of words: 970 words 54. News title: Putin is weaponising food, says boss of fertiliser giant Yara Author: by Faisal Islam & Noor Nanji Date: 17 January Number of words: 986 words 55. News title:How Aussie farmers are hoping to win over tequila fans Author: by Ann Deslandes and Lillian Perlmutter Date: 23 June 2022 Number of words: 986 words
46 56. News title: Global recession warning as World Bank cuts economic forecast Author: by Jonathan Josephs Date: 10 January Number of words: 586 words 57. News title: The sci-fi technology tackling malarial mosquitos Author: by Richard Baimbridge and Will Smale Date: 23 May 2022 Number of words: 609 words 58. News title: The public relations and ad firms refusing fossil fuel clients Author: by Suzanne Bearne Date: 28 July 2022 Number of words: 794 words 59. News title: UK economy beats expectations with November growth Author: by Dearbail Jordan Date: 13 January Number of words: 654 words 60. News title: Cutting UK taxes now would be a mistake, says IMF Author: by Dharshini David Date: 18 July 2022 Number of words: 643 words 61. News title: Andrew Gosden: Arrested men still under investigation a year later Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 3 January Number of words: 208 words 62. News title: Bruna Fonseca: Man arrested after death of 28-year-old woman in Cork Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 1 January Number of words: 173 words 63. News title: Knife crime: Some Cardiff shops sell blades to underage teens Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 26 September 2022 Number of words: 441 words 64. News title: Brooklyn shooting: Subway attack suspect held without bail Author:ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 15 April 2022 Number of words: 407 words 65. News title: Harry has turned against military, says ex-commander Author: by Andre Rhoden-Paul and defence correspondent Jonathan Beale Date: 6 January Number of words: 872 words 66. News title: Newport News: Boy aged six detained after shooting teacher in US Author: by Matt Murphy Date: 7 January Number of words: 384 words
47 67. News title: Sandy Hook 10 years on: How many have died in school shootings? Author: by Robin Levinson-King Date: 14 December 2022 Number of words: 544 words 68. News title: UVA shooting: Three members of football team killed, suspect in custody Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 14 November 2022 Number of words: 247 words 69. News title: Scunthorpe: Attempted murder arrest after stabbing Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 6 January Number of words: 162 words 70. News title: Scunthorpe: Attempted murder arrest after stabbing Author: ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 6 January Number of words: 595 words 71. News title: Census in India: Baffling lack of data is hurting Indians Author: by Sharanya Hrishikesh Date: 18 January Number of words: 1050 words 72. News title: Andrew Tate: Bodyguard says 'Some girls thought they'd be his next wife' Author: by Lucy Williamson Date: 17 January Number of words: 1010 words 73. News title: Dame Jocelyn Bell-Burnell: NI scientist awarded Royal Society's highest prize Author: by ไม่ปรากฏชื่อผู้แต่ง Date: 24 August 2021 Number of words: 401 words 74. News title: Marshall Islands: Chinese pair plotted 'mini-state' in Pacific nation Author: by Frances Mao Date: 8 September 2022 Number of words: 601 words 75. News title: Mining firm Glencore pleads guilty to UK bribery charges Author: by Beth Timmins Date: 21 June 2022 Number of words: 568 words 76. News title: ‘Raise sick pay’ to lower virus health and economic risks Author: by Simon Jack Date: 14 August 2020 Number of words: 557 words 77. News title: Ukraine war: Russia's Wagner Group commander requests Norway asylum Author: by Matt Murphy Date: 16 January Number of words: 618 words