Building Services - Bathroom and Restroom Design

building services

BATHROOM & RESTROOM DESIGN

CHE HASNAH YAAKOB I NOR AZIDA ISHAK I NURHIDAYAH AZHAR



BATHROOM &

RESTROOM DESIGN

CHE HASNAH YAAKOB
NOR AZIDA ISHAK

NURHIDAYAH AZHAR

Copyright

Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah
Bandar Darulaman, 06000 Jitra, Kedah
Tel : 04-9146100
Fax : 04-9174232
http://www.polimas.edu.my/

Terbitan Pertama : July 2022
Copyright © Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah
2022
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
or used in any manner without the written permission of the
copyright owner except for the use of quotations in a book
e-ISBN 978-967-0055-01-5

i

Author's Biography

Che Hasnah Yaakob

Timmerman

InNdousrtrAiezsida Ishak
NurHidayah Azhar

prepared by :

Juliana Silva

ii

Acknowledgement

We would like to convey our utmost
gratitude to the Department of
Polytechnic and Community College
Education particularly the E-learning
and Instructional Division (BIPD) for
funding our e-book project
We hereby declare that this module is
our original work. To the best of our
knowledge it contains no materials
previously written or published by
another person. However, if there is
any, due acknowledgement and credit
are mentioned accordingly in the e-
book.

iii

Preface

This e-book is specially written for polytechnic
students who are pursuing Diploma in
Architecture. The topics

The content is designed in line with the latest
syllabus prescribed in Malaysian polytechnics,
and covers the topic of bathroom and water
supply in building. Each chapters begin with
Learning Outcomes, brief explanation on
related matters and quick check questions to
improve understanding. This e-book includes
guidelines, chart, diagrams and illustrations.

This e-book is developed into few volumes,
focusing part by part of the building services
component. Volume One, which concentrated
on bathroom and restroom design were
derived from topic 1 in DCA20092 - Building
Services 1.

Hopefully, this book will contribute towards
on understanding of the bathroom and public
restroom design.

iv

Abstract

This e-book is specially written for polytechnic
students who are pursuing Diploma in
Architecture

The content is designed in line with the latest
syllabus prescribed in Malaysian polytechnics,
and covers the topic of bathroom and water
supply in building. Each chapters begin with
Learning Outcomes, brief explanation on
related matters and quick check questions to
improve understanding. This e-book includes
guidelines, chart, diagrams and illustrations.

This e-book is developed into few volumes,
focusing part by part of the building services
component. Volume One, which concentrated
on bathroom and restroom design were
derived from topic 1 in DCA20092 - Building
Services 1.

Hopefully, this book will contribute towards
on understanding of the bathroom and public
restroom design.

v

CONTENT

Bathroom VS Restroom 03
UBBL 04
Types of Sanitary Wares/Fittings 06
Soil Fittings 07
Waste Fittings 10
Materials for Sanitary Fittings 15
Symbols for Sanitary Fittings 16
Consideration of Sanitary Layout 17
Toilet for Disable 19
Toilet Specification for Disable 20
DPM-Damp Proff Membrane 22
DPC- Damp Proof Coating/Course 23
25
Public Restroom Design 26

Sustainable Design Principal for Public
28
35
Restroom 40
Planning Guideline For Public Restroom

Design Guidelines

References



BATHROOM AND RESTROOM

DESIGN



1



BATHROOM VS RESTROOM

BATHROOM RESTROOM

A bathroom is a room in the A public toilet is a room or small
home for personal hygiene building with one or more toilets
activities, generally containing (or urinals) available for use by
a sink (basin) and either a the general public, or by
bathtub, a shower, or both. It customers or employees of a
may also contain a toilet. business. Public toilets are
commonly separated into male
and female facilities, although
some are unisex, especially for
small or single-occupancy public
toilets.

3

UBBL

BAHAGIAN III
RUANG KAWASAN, CAHAYA


DAN PENGUDARAAN

UBBL-
43.Dimensi minimum tandas, jamban
Universal
pam dan bilik mandi. Dalam semua
Building By
bangunan saiz tandas, jamban pam dan
Law 1984 bilik mandi hendaklah –

(a) bagi tandas atau jamban pam,
dengan pasangan jamban duduk, tidak
kurang daripada 1.5 meter kali 0.75
meter;

(b) bagi jamban pam dengan pasangan
selain daripada pasangan jamban
duduk, tidak kurang daripada 1.25
meter kali 0.75 meter;

  (c) bagi bilik mandi, tidak kurang
daripada 1.5 meter persegi dengan

lebarnya tidak kurang daripada 0.75
meter, dan;

(d)bagi bilik mandi dengan pasangan

jamban, tidak kurang daripada 2 meter

persegi dengan lebarnya tidak

kurangdaripada 0.75 meter.

4

UBBL

BAHAGIAN III

RUANG KAWASAN, CAHAYA


DAN PENGUDARAAN

44. Tinggi bilik bilik dalam bangunan UBBL-

kediaman, rumah kedai, sekolah, dll. Universal

Building By

(1)Tinggi bilik bilik dalan bangunan Law 1984
kediaman selain daripada rumah kedai
hendaklah-

(c) Bagi bilik mandi, jamban
pam,tandas,anjung, langkan, berenda,
garaj dan sebagainya, tidak kurang
daripada 2 meter.

5

TYPES OF SANITARY

WARES/FITTINGS

CONSIDERATIONS

FOR DESIGNNING SANITARY APPLIANCES
A sanitary appliances should be designed :

1. Durable
2. Hard
2. Smooth
3. Easily cleaned
4. Non-absorbent surfaces

TYPES OF SANITARY WARES/FITTINGS
It is divided into:
1. Soil fittings
2. Waste appliance

6

SOIL

FITTINGS

WATER CLOSET

Most widely used pattern is the ‘wash-down’, which the contents of the
Pan are removed by a gravity water flush.
This W.C’s are cheap, simple, efficient and rarely blocked by misuse.
The pan shape has been developed from the long and short hopper types - to
provide the min. of fouling area which designed to maintain a 50mm min.
water seal.

Types of Water Closet

1.SQUATTING WATER CLOSET 2. PEDESTAL WATER CLOSET

3. PEDESTAL WATER CLOSET 4. PEDESTAL WATER CLOSET

7

SOIL

FITTINGS

URINAL

URINAL is a sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only. Urinals are
often provided in public toilets for male users They are usually used in
a standing position.

Types of Urinal

1.CERAMIC SLAB URINAL 2. CERAMIC STALL URINAL

3. CERAMIC BOWL URINAL

8

SOIL

FITTINGS

SLOP HOPPER

SLOP HOPPER sink or sluice sink. This slop hopper, also referred to as slop or
sluice sinks (the newer term), are used to empty and fill pails as well as
rinsing out mops. These units can be mostly found in hospitals, clinics,
industrial or commercial laundry or cleaning rooms.

Types of Slop Hopper

9

WASTE

FITTINGS

WASH BASINS

Is a bathroom sink that is permanently installed and connected to a
water supply and drainpipe; where you can wash your hands and face.
Many wash basin designs are available. They can be obtained to fit
into a corner of the room and may be supported on brackets, a
pedestal or by a ‘built in’ corbel.

Types of Wash Basins

2. WALL HUNG/WALL MOUNTED

1.PEDESTAL TYPE 3. COUNTERTOP TYPE

10

WASTE

FITTINGS

SINKS

SINK is a water basin fixed to a wall or floor and having a drainpipe and
generally a piped supply of water.
Sinks are designed for culinary and other domestic uses. They may be made
from glazed fireclay, enameled cast iron or steel, stainless steel ,glass fiber
reinforced polyester.
Stainless steel sinks may have single or double bowls, with left- or right-hand
drainers or double drainers. These can be built into a work surface or be
provided as a sink unit with cupboards under. The waste outlet is a standard
40 mm nominal diameter.

Types of Sink

11

WASTE

FITTINGS

BATH

Baths are manufactured in acrylic sheet, reinforced glass fibre,
enamelled pressed steel and enamelled cast iron. The acrylic sheet
bath has the advantage of light weight to ease installation, it is
comparatively inexpensive and is available in a wide range of colours.
However, special cleaning agents must be used otherwise the surface
can become scratched. The corner bath is something of a luxury. It
may have taps located to one side to ease accessibility.

Types of Bath

12

WASTE

FITTINGS

SHOWERS

A shower is more economic to use than a bath as it takes less hot water
(about one-third), it is arguably more hygienic and it takes up less space. It
can be classified as fixed type and flexible type.
The shower outlet (rose) should also be at least 2 m above the floor of the
shower tray.

Types of Showers

13

WASTE

FITTINGS

BIDET

A bidet is a bowl or receptacle designed to be sat on for the purpose
of washing the human genitalia, perineum, inner buttocks, and anus.
The modern variety includes a plumbed-in water supply and a
drainage opening, and is thus a type of plumbing fixture subject to
local hygiene regulations.

Types of Bidet

14

MATERIALS FOR

SANITARY

FITTINGS

1. CERAMICS 4. GLASS REINFORCE

POLYESTER
Glazed earthenware- good in color,
cheap, easy to form into different Hard, expensive
shapes. In most cases, water closet
and basins are made out of glazed
earthenware
Glazed fireclay : hard and durable
material
Glazed stoneware : hard and non
absorbent even when it is not
glazed
Vitreous china : give good finish and
non absorbent but not suitable for
hard use

2. PRESSESD


STEEL
5. CAST IRON
Mild steel- cheap but corrosive, so
need to galvanised, used for sink etc. Hard, heavy
Stainless steel- expensive but give
good appearance, very hard used for 6. TERRAZO
water closet, sink, urinal etc.
Used to make large appliance, could
3. ACRYLIC
be cast in-situ
PLASTIC/PERSPEX
Reavell University
very cheap, light weight, good
appearance BS Civil Engineering | Graduated June 2014

- Graduated Salutatorian, Class of 2014
- Vice President, Association of Student Engineers
- Recipient of Student Leadership & Achievement Award

15

SYMBOLS FOR

SANITARY

FITTINGS

Plumbing Fixture Symbols




Sanitary Layout (AutoCad Drawing)

16

CONSIDERATION

OF SANITARY

LAYOUT

1.Bathroom access

A separate wc, or a wc within a bathroom, must not be
accessed directly off a kitchen, living room, or dining
room. This can be overcome in difficult circumstances by
the use of twin doors (ie exit from living room, and
entrance to bathroom). A bathroom can open off a room
that is used solely as a bedroom or dressing room,
however if it contains the only wc in the house it must be
accessible from a door not through the bedroom.

2.Lighting and ventilation considerations External

Ventilation is required for a bathroom and/or wc
according to current building regs. This can be provided
either with a window or an electric extractor fan.

3.The bathroom fittings and attachments needed for
your chosen suite

Remember that you will need to be able to maintain
your bathroom to keep it looking clean - chrome is
popular because it is easy to clean and matches most
bathroom suites.

17

CONSIDERATION

OF SANITARY

LAYOUT

4.Size considerations

Not all baths are rectangular, if space is an
issue many baths are available to fit corners,
combine a shower, or are simply shorter than
average to fit in a confined space.

5.The correct selection of lighting

In a bathroom is fairly important, not only to

ensure that you can see yourself properly, for

instance when shaving, but also to prevent

accidents from slipping on unseen water spills.

18

TOILET FOR

DISABLE

Plumbing Fixture Symbols




The Design Layout

19

TOILET

SPECIFICATION


FOR DISABLE

1.The toilet must have enough

clear space for wheelchair
maneuver, including a 360 4. When a swing door is used,
degree turn and space to
park beside the toilet bowl a. It should swings outwards so
for side transfer. that it would be easier for
anyone to enter the toilet in
2. The door opening should not
be less than a clear 900 mm. b. case the person inside has a
fall and is lying behind the
3. The door should be either door, and
sliding or should swing
outwards. c. It should be provided with a
horizontal pull-bar on the inside
of the out- swinging door.

20

TOILET

SPECIFICATION


FOR DISABLE

The toilet should not be
smaller than

1600mm x 2000mm

Picture show the layout plan of a

good toilet for the disabled, its

side view and also its three

dimensional drawings.




The lauout and fixtures must be
standardized so that visually
impared people can find the
paper, sink and toilet flush easily.

21

DPM-DAMP

PROFF


MEMBRANE

Damp-proofing in construction
is a type of waterproofing
applied to building foundation
walls to prevent moisture from
passing through the walls into
interior spaces.

A damp-proof membrane (DPM)
is a membrane material applied
to prevent moisture
transmission.

A common example is

polyethylene sheeting laid

under a concrete slab to

prevent the concrete from

gaining moisture through

capillary action.

A DPM may be used for the DPC.
(DPM) is a horizontal barrier in
a solid floor designed to resist
moisture rising through the
structure.

22

DPC- DAMP

PROOF


COATING/
COURSE

Sandwich Membrane
Damp Proof Membrane below Slab

Damp Proof Membrane above Slab 23

DPC- DAMP

PROOF


COATING/
COURSE

MATERIAL USED FOR DPM

Flexible materials like butyl rubber, hot bitumen, plastic sheets, copper etc.
Semi-rigid materials like mastic asphalt
Rigid materials like impervious bricks, stones, slates, cement mortar or cement
concrete painted with bitumen
Stones
Mortar with water poofing compounds
Course sand layers under floors
Continuous plastic sheets under floors

24

PUBLIC

RESTROOM


DESIGN

SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN

PRINCIPAL FOR

PUBLIC

RESTROOM

Public sanitation facilities should be
built and managed in accordance




with sustainable design principles.
Sustainable designed sanitation
facilities aim to lessen their impact
on the environment through energy
and resource efficiency.

25

SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN PRINCIPAL


FOR PUBLIC

RESTROOM

CONSIDERATION MUST BE GIVEN

TO THE INCLUSION OF THE

FOLLOWING OBJECTIVES IN THE

DESIGN STAGE:

minimising water and non-renewable resource

consumption

promoting health and hygiene

reducing initial investment cost without spoiling

functionality

meeting the demand of intended users

enhancing of the durability of materials and equipment

easy to extend, upgrade and replicate

safe disposal of waste products with focus on possible

reuse options


reducing of environmental pollution

providing options to reuse waste products

meeting minimal space requirements

26

SUSTAINABLE

DESIGN PRINCIPAL


FOR PUBLIC

RESTROOM

Toilets located in either public or in high-density residential settings
need to be inclusive and safe environments. They need to be facilities
that people feel confident to use, are easy to maintain, and are
resource efficient. To achieve this, restroom/toilets need to be well
located, well designed and effectively managed.
The usual demands placed on a high traffic and heavily used facility
requires extra thoughts for each process.
A well-designed public restroom has to be:

clean and dry
well ventilated
safe and user-friendly
vandalism proof
easy to maintain
and needs to have a carefully planned layout

27

PLANNING

GUIDELINES FOR


PUBLIC

RESTROOM

GARIS PANDUAN REKA BENTUK

BILIK AIR (KUBIKEL TANDAS DAN

KUBIKEL MANDI) AWAM DI

SELURUH NEGARA (GPRBBAA) BY

JKR

This GPRBBAA is intended to be used in the preparation of
design of public restrooms for all public and private sector
development projects in Malaysia, and includes the
restrooms in buildings/places/premises as follows

I. All government and quasi-government offices;

II. All schools, hostels and institutions relating to

education and training;


III. All other public places/premises including those
located under the jurisdiction of the local authorities
or PBT, in collaboration with the relevant PBT; And

IV. Mosque buildings and Surau at areas PBT.

28

PLANNING


GUIDELINES FOR

29
PUBLIC

RESTROOM

01 GENERAL

1.1 Area, ceiling height and overall layout of the restroom
as well as its interior amenities shall facilitate and provide
comfort to all users.

02 LOCATION

2.1 Restrooms in the main building

2.1.1 For a restroom located within the main building, such
as the business complex, office buildings, and multipurpose
halls, the restroom location should be as far as possible in a
place where it can accept natural light lighting and
ventilation. Adequate for the convenience of the users.

2.1.2 In certain circumstances, and/or if the restroom has
to be placed in places not to have an eye on lighting and
removal, the following items should be noted:-

I. Adequate lighting from the lights, as stated in paragraph
6.0 Part 2: Design guidelines.

II. Effective mechanical flow of air, as stated in paragraph
7.0 Part 2: Design guidelines.

PLANNING

GUIDELINE FOR

PUBLIC

RESTROOM




02 LOCATION

12.2 Separate bathroom

2.2.1 For restrooms housed in a dedicated building

1. For restrooms only (isolated from any major buildings) in
certain public places/premises such as recreational parks,
tourist areas, pedestrian mall and so on, the following points
should be noted:-

I. Restroom buildings should be easily visible which is not
hidden and not far away from the public's views and routes, for
the safety of consumers, other than avoiding vandalism.
II. The design of the restroom shall be a resting conc
ept and
treat it with a greenery, as well as user-friendly, to function not
only as a self-cleaning, but also relaxing the body.

2.3 Signboards and show directions

2.3.1 Signs and bright, clear-to-light signage to the restroom,
should be provided enough for the convenience of users.

30

PLANNING


GUIDELINES FOR


PUBLIC

RESTROOM

03 RATIO OF RESTROOM

3.0 RATIO OF FEMALE AND TOILET NUMBER OF MEN

3.1 Studies carried out by some related
bodies/associations abroad found that women took
approximately two times longer than men for small
water activity. Women take an average of about 3
minutes more than 1 minute 24 seconds taken by
men. These timing differences often lead to a longer-
waiting user line in female toilets.

3.2 To overcome this problem, the number of female
toilets cubicle should be added. The ratio of the
number of men and women's toilet cubicle suitable
based on the study was 2:3. The ratio can be equated
by providing adequate urinal in the male bathroom.

31

PLANNING

GUIDELINE FOR

PUBLIC

RESTROOM




04 FACILITIES

4.0 FACILITIES NEEDED TO BE PROVIDED

4.1 Public water room in office and institutional buildings

4.1.1 for public bathrooms in office buildings (Government,
semi-government and private sector) and institutional buildings
such as schools, hostels and others, the following basic facilities
should be provided:-

I. Cubicle-cubicle toilets in the number ratio as stated in 3.2.
Both the type of toilet with squat (TC) and seat toilets (TD)
must be provided. Ratio of number 3 TC: 2 TD proposed;




II. Cubicle-cubicle bath, if necessary/applicable only, for
example, in the dormitories;

III. Cubicle of toilets for the disabled or OKU;

IV. Urinal (male toilet only);

V. The washing counter of the hand wash is either once with
the dressing or separate counter; And

VI. Room/washing Store (Janitor's room)

32

PLANNING


GUIDELINES FOR


PUBLIC

RESTROOM

04 FACILITIES

4.2 Public Water Room on site/other public premises

4.2.1 for restrooms on public areas/premises such as
shopping complexes, recreational and/or tourist spots,
public transport stations and others, the following
basic facilities are to be provided:-

I. Cubicle-cubicle toilets: Both types of TC and TD in
the number ratio as stated in 4.1.1 (i);

II. Cubicle-cubicle a shower bath, if applicable only;

III. Special bathrooms for OKU;

IV. Cubicle special toilets for young children who still
need help;

33

PLANNING

GUIDELINE FOR

PUBLIC

RESTROOM




04 FACILITIES

Urinal (male bathroom only);
A dressing counter with BBT for adults and children, or
separately, depending on the location and size of the
water;
Diaper and child feeding room/space;
Lounge (as per place); And
Room/Washing store.

34

DESIGN

GUIDELINES

1.0 SIZE

TOILET CUBICLE

1.1.2 Minimum dimension all typical toilet cubicle
should be 1200mm width and 1800mm length
measured from a tile-finished wall surface.

1.1.3 Minimum dimension cubicle special toilets for
the toddler shall be 1200mm wide and 1800mm
length measured from the surface of the tile-finished
wall.

1.1.4 Minimum height of all types of walls must be
2100mm.




Pedestal Type Toilet

Squart Type Toilet

35

DESIGN

GUIDELINES

TOILET FOR DISABLE

1.2 Non-disabled toilet (OKU)
1.2.2 Minimum dimensions and all OKU bathroom requirements should be based on the
MS 1184:1991 Code Of Practice For Access For Disabled People To Public Buildings.

1.3 Cubicle Bath
1.3.2 if applicable and needs to be prepared, the minimum dimension cubicle should be
1200mm width and 1800mm length between the surface of all types of wall-finished
walls.
1.3.3 Minimum height of all types of walls must be 2100mm.

36

DESIGN

GUIDELINES

2.0 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CUBICLES

2.1 Toilets and Cubicle other Spaces.
2.1.1 In general, the layout of the entire restroom should enable users to move
from one space to another within the bathroom.
2.1.2 The position of the toilet cubicles and other space / facilities provided
should be easy to see, as well as provide privacy for the users.




37

DESIGN

GUIDELINES

2.0 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CUBICLES
2.2 Buffer / Intermediate Room

2.2.1 All restrooms, especially indoors, facing / opening to the
lobby or any public space, shall have buffer / intermediate
spaces. In addition to functioning as a visual barrier to protect
any activity in the bathroom from public view, this space also
acts as an odor buffer so that any (unpleasant) odor from the
toilet cubicles does not extend directly to the lobby / public
space.

2.2.2 With buffer space (and depending on layout), the main
entrance to the restroom may not be necessary.

2.3 Bathroom for Disabled

2.3.1 In public premises, separate bathrooms for women and
men should be provided

2.3.2 If only 1 bathroom is provided, it should be located
outside, but adjacent to the public restroom for easy access,
except for use

38

DESIGN

GUIDELINES

2.0 ARRANGEMENT OF THE CUBICLES
2.4 Special Toilet Cubes For Toddlers

2.4.1 A specially designed cubicle is provided in the bathroom
(female and male) for the use of infants who still need help.

2.5 Restroom
2.5.1 The lounge (if provided) shall be located outside the
bathroom or near the entrance / entrance to the bathroom -
[This space should always be dry, and, as far as possible, not
located in the toilet area of ​the toilet and / or BBT.

2.6 Kids' Diapers and Nursery

2.6.1 The space for mothers to change diapers and / or
breastfeeding shall be provided outside, but adjacent to the
women's restroom.

2.7 Room Cleaners

2.7.1 The room for all washing equipment, also as a place for
worker’s resting place, shall be provided and placed outside
but but adjacent to either a female or male restroom.

39

REFERENCES

Caw. Arkitek, IPJKR (2008). Garis Panduan Reka Bentuk Bilik Air (Kubikel
Tandas & Kubikel Mandi) Awam Di Seluruh Negara

Hall, F., & Greeno, R. (2017). Building Services Handbook (Nineth ed.).
New York: Routledge.

Grondzik, W., Kwok, A., Stein, B., & Reynolds, J. (2011). Mechanical and
Electrical Equipment for Buildings. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
Inc.

International Code Council, Thornburg, D., Kimball, C., & Bracken, W.
(2018). 2018 International Building Code Illustrated Handbook. New
York: McGraw Hill Professional.

Meadows, D. (2014). Preparing a Building Service Life Plan for Green
Buildings. New York: McGraw Hill Professional.

Water Environment Federation. (2017). Design of Water Resource Re
covery
Facilities, Manual of Practice No.8 (Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw
Hill Professional.

Varghese, P. C. (2011). Building Construction. New Delhi: PHI Learning
Private Limited.

40