BI GRAMMAR

BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR
ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNER

By

MISS CHEETALAKCHUMY BALU

• Lessons are tightly focused on core concepts of grammar
• A wealth of explanations & examples are provided on every topic

( SUITABLE FOR PRIMARY & SECONDARY SCHOOL )

PREPARED BY : MISS CHEETALAKCHUMY

INTRODUCTION

Grammar is a very old field of study and known as the system of a
language. Grammar is simply a reflection of a language at a particular time. We
need to study grammar to learn a language because many people in the world
speak their own native language without having studied its grammar. But if we
are serious about learning a foreign language, we should learn grammar in a
proper ways. Grammar can help us to learn a language more quickly and more
efficiently. It's important to think of grammar as something that can help us, like
a best friend. When we understand the grammar of a language, we also can
understand many things ourselves without having to ask a teacher or look in a
book.

Therefore, this book can help us to learn English Grammar easily and
effectively. Many people have problems with English grammar, but it isn’t
really as difficult as you might think, I assure. Here you will find really clear
explanations and examples, so you can easily review all important English
grammar building blocks. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have
been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem
areas.

Proper grammar is also essential for understanding English as a second
language as well as for learning a new language, since all languages follow
grammatical patterns. It is very simple to learn English with help of correct
grammar. Learn all parts in English Grammar without getting complicated. We
gladly wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency.

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CONTENTS PAGE
6
NO TITLES
14
1 NOUNS
Proper Nouns 17
Common Nouns 20

5 Kinds of Nouns
Singular Nouns
Plural Nouns
Collective Nouns
Countable Nouns
Uncountable Nouns
Gender Nouns (Masculine, Feminine & Neuter )

2 PRONOUNS
Personal Pronouns
Subject Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Possessive Adjective
P:ossessive Pronouns
Indefine Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns

3 ARTICLES
A, An, The & No Articles

4 VERB
Auxiliary Verbs
Lexical Verbs
Dynamic Verbs
Stative Verbs
Finite Verbs
Nonfinite Verbs
Regular Verbs
Irregular Verbs
Infinitive
Modal Verbs
Verb Phrases
Forms Of Irregular Verbs
Subject-Verb Agreement
Transitive Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
The Imperative Forms Of Verb
Gerunds

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5 TENSES 37

The Simple Present Tense - Am, Is and Are 52
57
The Present Progressive Tense - Have and Has 68
72
The Present Perfect Tense 76
The Present Continuous
The Simple Past Tense- Was and Were

The Past Progressive Tense

The Past Continuous

The Future Tense

Present Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous

Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
The List Of Constructions
Irregular Past Participles

6 DETERMINERS
Demonstrative Determiners
Interrogative Determiners
Quantifying Determiners
Possessive Determiners
Numbers
Using Determiners Together

7 ADJECTIVES
Kinds Of Adjectives
The Order Of Adjectives
Adjective Endings
Comparisons Of Adjectives
Irregular Comparative-Superlative Forms
Adjective Phrases

8 ADVERBS
Adverb Phrases
Adverb Of Manners
Adverb Of Time
Adverb Of Place
Adverb Of Frequency
Adverb Of Durations
Adverb Of Emphasis

9 PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions Of Place

Prepositions Of Time
Prepositions Of Directions
Prepositions With Special Uses
Prepositions With Adjectives, Verbs And Nouns

10 CONJUNCTIONS
Linking Words – And, But , Or

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Conjunctions With Lists 82
Other Words For And, But, Or 83
Conjunction Of Time
Conjunction Of Place 93
Conjunction Of Reason
Conjunction Of Purpose 103

11 INTERJECTIONS 107
12 PUNCTUATION 113
120
Full Stop / Period 122
142
Ellipsis 143
Question mark 145
Comma 148
Exclamation mark 154
Colon 156
Semi colon
Apostrophe
Quotation Mark

Dash
Hypens
Parentheses / Brackets

Capitalitations
Rules
13 SENTENCES
Kinds of Sentences

The Imperative
The Subject and the Object
Direct and Indirect Objects
Verb With No Objects
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences

Conditional Sentences
Positive and Negative Sentences
Questions

Question Tags
14 DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech
Indirect Speech
Indirect Commands
Indirect Questions
15 SYNONYMS
16 ANTONYMS
17 TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
18 PHRASAL VERBS
19 PREFIXES

20 SUFFIXES
21 IDIOMS
22 PROVERBS
23 SIMILIES
24 METHAPORS

10 ENGLISH VOCABULARY IMPROVEMENT TIPS

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1. NOUNS

 A noun is a part of speech that word that functions as the name of some specific
thing or set of things, such as living creatures like person and animal, objects,
places, things, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.

 All nouns can be classified into two groups of nouns, either common or proper.

• Refer to the specific individual name.
Proper • These nouns are capitalized.

• A noun that is not proper.
Common • These nouns are not capitalized.

PROPER NOUNS

Person Sir Balu, Madam Panchavarnam, Miss Uma, Mr. Shanthakumar,

Shanthini

Animals Jacky, Johny, Browny

Place Sungai Petani, Kuala Lipis, Kedah, Singapore, India

Brand of Sony, Casio, Panasonic, Honda, Audi, Toyota

Things

Months & Days May, August, Ramadhan, Citthirai, Thursday

Festivals & Mothers Day, Fathers Day, Deepavali, Independence Day,

special events Labor Day, New Year, Memorial Day

Famous Mount Everest, Lake Michigan, Himalayas, Dead Sea, Pacific

places, Ocean, Niagara Falls, Mount Fuji, Yellow River, Taj Mahal,

buildings, Empire State Building, Eiffel Tower, Golden Gate Bridge,

lakes, Sydney Opera House, Great Wall of China & Statue of Liberty

monuments &

mountains.

Names of Australia - Australians India - Indians

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people who Indonesia - Indonesians Italy - Italians
live in a Korea - Koreans Malaysia - Malaysians
particular New Zealand - New Zealanders Russia - Russians
country Switzerland - the Swiss Thailand - Thais
USA - Americans Vietnam - the Vietnamese

COMMON NOUNS

People students, teacher, parent, doctor,

Animals dog, parrot, hen, horse, fish

Places school, library, zoo, temple, cave

Things window, cake, ladder, books, watch

Notice that special names for young animals.

Animal It’s young

Dog Puppy

Cat Kitten

Cow Calf

Horse Foal

Sheep Lamb

Goat Kid

Frog Tadpole

Fox Cub

Elephant Calf

Kangaroo Joey

Bear Cub

Lion Cub

Tiger Cub

Whale Calf

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KINDS OF NOUN
 These nouns can be divided by 5 categories ;

i ) Abstract ii )Collective

iii )Compound iv )Concrete

v )Verbal

Abstract Something can think about but anger, belief, friendship, honesty,

can't perceive with five senses wealth, trust, love

(see or touch)

Collective Names a group or collection of army, bouquet, audience, gang,

persons, animals, places or team, band, swarm, flock, panel

things.

Compound Made up of two or more words. grasshopper, bodyguard,

homemade, father-in-law,

Concrete blackboard
Something that is physical which Countable –

can be perceived with five sunset, flowers, planet, clock,

senses (can be touched or books

seen) Uncountable –

water, sand, music, snow, honey

Verbal Refer to actions acting, painting, crawling, dancing,

teaching

SINGULAR NOUNS
 When you are talking about one person, animal, place, or thing, use a singular

nouns.
 Use an before words beginning with vowels while use a before words starts with

consonants.
 Examples : an airplane, a letter, a bicycle, a map, a boy, a photograph, a bus, an

apple, a refrigerator.
PLURAL NOUNS
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 When you are talking about two or more people, animals, places, or things, use plural

nouns.

Most nouns are made plural by adding -s bird - birds broom - brooms

at the end. doll - dolls egg - eggs

When the last letters of singular nouns beach - beaches box - boxes

are ch, sh, s, ss or x, you usually add -es bus - buses bush - bushes

to form the plural. dress - dresses brush - brushes

Nouns like these are made plural by family - families lady - ladies

changing y to i, and adding -es. library - libraries puppy - puppies

If there is a vowel before the y? key - keys tray - trays

In that case, add -s to form the plural. toy - toys boy - boys

If a noun ends in -f, you often change f to calf - calves loaf - loaves

v, and add -es half - halves thief - thieves

Often nouns that end in -f, just chef - chefs roof - roofs

Need -s to form the plural. handkerchief - handkerchiefs

With some words that end in -fe, you knife - knives life - lives

change f to v, and add -s. wife - wives

Some nouns that end in -o, you add -es tomato - tomatoes hero - heroes

to form the plural. potato - potatoes

The word changes form mouse-mice man-men
goose-geese ox – oxen

tooth- teeth foot - feet

Same as the singular noun sheep, fish, deer, aircraft, salmon

Always plural pants, scissors, sneakers, shorts,

slippers, trousers, stockings

Can use a pair of with these plural nouns:

a pair of trousers a pair of pants a pair of glasses
a pair of sandals
a pair of scissors a pair of chopsticks

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COLLECTIVE NOUNS
 Collective noun is the name that given to a group of nouns to refer to them as one

entity.
 There are some specific names given for certain groups of nouns to make things

more interesting and unique.

PEOPLE ANIMALS OBJECTS

A class of students. A catch of fish. A group of islands.

An army of soldiers. An army of ants. A galaxy of stars.

A choir of singers. A flight of birds. A wad of notes.

A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A forest of trees.

A band of musicians. A haul of fish. A stack of wood.

A bunch of crooks. A flock of sheep. A fleet of ships.

A gang of thieves. A hive of bees. A string of pearls.

A crowd of people/ A herd of deer/ cattle/ An album of stamps/

spectators. elephants/ goats/ buffaloes. autographs/ photographs.

A group of dancers. A litter of cubs. A hedge of bushes.

A team of players. A host of sparrows. A library of books.

A troupe of artists/ A team of horses. A basket of fruit.

dancers.

A pack of thieves. A troop of lions. A bowl of rice.

A staff of employees. A zoo of wild animals. A pack of cards.

A regiment of soldiers. A pack of wolves. A pair of shoes.

A tribe of natives. A litter of puppies/ kittens. A bouquet of flowers.

An audience of A swarm of bees/ ants/ rats/ A bunch of keys.

listeners. flies.

A panel of experts. A team of horses/ ducks/ A chest of drawers.

oxen.

A gang of labourers. A murder of crows. A pack of lies.

A flock of tourists. A kennel of dogs. A range of mountains

A board of directors. A pack of hounds. A cloud of dust.

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Some nouns name the amount or form of something.

a loaf of bread a bar of soap
a ball of string a bar of chocolate

The words a piece of mean a single serving or part of something.

a slice/ piece of bread a slice/ piece of cheese
a piece/ square of chocolate a slice/ piece of cake
a sheet/ piece of paper a piece of chalk
a piece of information a piece of advice

COUNTABLE NOUNS
 Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms.
 They can be counted either relatively or completely and expressed in numerical

terms.
 Examples :
I need to buy four new suitcases for my trip. - Four is a numerical terms.
Does anyone want some oranges? - Some is being used to count the
noun orange(s).
She had a pet dog. - Dog is also a countable noun as its plural is dogs.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
 These nouns are the names of things that cannot be counted and have only a

singular form ( use singular verbs in a sentence).
 Examples :

The furniture was damaged in moving out. - Furniture is an uncountable noun;
therefore, we use the singular ‘was’ in referring to it.
Is 250gms of sugar enough? - Here, sugar is an uncountable noun as sugar itself
cannot be counted. It can only be weighed.

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He always answers questions with honesty. - Honesty has no plural and cannot be
counted in physical terms either.

GENDER NOUNS

 Masculine nouns are words for men, boys, and male animals.
 Feminine nouns are words for women, girls, and female animals.
 Common nouns are words for both males and females such as accountants,

parents, artists, managers, designers, pupils, engineers, singers, lawyers, teachers,

and etc.
 Neuter nouns are words for things that are neither male nor female such as card,

socks, floor, wind, cake, flowers, sky, computers and etc.
 Examples for human beings:

MASCULINE FEMININE

Actor Actress

Brother Sister

Emperor Empress

Father Mother

Gentleman Lady

Grandfather Grandmother

Grandson Granddaughter

Headmaster Headmistress

Man Woman

Master Mistress

Nephew Niece

Prince Princess

Son Daughter

Steward Stewardess

Uncle Aunt

Wizard Witch

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Examples for animals : MALE FEMALE
ANIMAL
Rooster Hen
Chicken Bull Cow
Cattle Buck Doe
Deer Jack Jenny
Donkey Drake Duck
Duck Fox Vixen
Fox Gander Goose
Goose Stallion Mare
Horse Lion Lioness
Lion Ram Ewe
Sheep Tiger Tigress
Tiger

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2. PRONOUNS

 Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns with a clear antecedent.
 There are many different types of pronouns, each serving a different purpose in a

sentence.

TYPES DESCRIBTION EXAMPLES
PERSONAL
PRONOUNS  Can be the subject of a I, he, she, it, they, we, and

clause or sentence. you.

 Can also be objective, where me, her, him, it, you, them,
they are the object of a verb, and us.
preposition / infinitive phrase.

 Can show number feminine (she, her, hers)

(singular/plural) and gender masculine (he, him, his)

(feminine/masculine/neuter ) neuter (it, its, they, them,

their, theirs)

1st person - the one speaking I, me, my, we, us, our
2nd person - the one spoken you, your, and yours.
to  he, him, his, she, her, hers,

3rd person - the one spoken it, its, they, their, and

about theirs

SUBJECT  Often found at the beginning I owe that person RM 3,000.
PRONOUNS
of a sentence. – I is the subject pronoun.

 More precisely, the subject of He and I had a fight. – This
a sentence is the person or sentence has two subjects
thing that lives out the verb. because he and I were both

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OBJECT involved in the fight.
PRONOUNS  By contrast, objects and The guy I borrowed money

object pronouns indicate the from showed me a crowbar

recipient of an action or and told me to

motion. pay him immediately.

 I tried to dodge the crowbar,

 They come after verbs and but he hit me with it anyway.

prepositions (to, with, for, at, Just then, the police arrived

on, beside, under, around). and arrested us.

POSSESSIVE  Refer to an understood noun, my, your, our, their, his, her
ADJECTIVES showing possession by that and its.
noun of something.

 They are technically
adjectives, though, because
they modify a noun that
follows them.

POSSESSIVE  Refer to a previously named mine, yours, ours, theirs, his,
PRONOUNS
or understood noun. hers, its

INDEFINITE  Do not point to any particular few, everyone, all, some,

PRONOUNS nouns, but refer to things or anything, nobody, each,

people in general. either, neither, any, both,

 Most indefinite pronouns several, many, most, both.

express he idea of quantity.
 Each person has a chance.

 May also be used as

determiners.

 The accident is nobody’s

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 Use apostrophes to indicate fault.

possessive case.

RELATIVE  These pronouns are used to who, whom, which, whoever,
PRONOUNS
connect a clause or phrase to whomever, whichever, and

a noun or pronoun. that.

INTENSIVE / These pronouns are used to myself, himself, herself,
REFLEXIVE
PRONOUNS emphasize a noun or themselves, itself, yourself,

pronoun. yourselves, and ourselves.

 They are object pronouns
that we use when the subject
and the object are the same
noun.

 Cannot replace personal
pronouns.

DEMONSTRATIVE They focus attention on the these, those, this, that, and

PRONOUNS nouns that are replacing. such.

INTERROGATIVE  These pronouns are used to who, whom, which, what,

PRONOUNS begin a question. whoever, whomever,

 Interrogative whichever, and whatever.
pronouns

produce information

questions that require more
than a “yes” or “no” answer.

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3. ARTICLES

 The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called articles.
 They are used before nouns.
 The words a and an are called indefinite articles
 Use a or an before singular nouns.
 The word the is called the definite article.
 Use the before a noun when talking about a certain person or thing.

 Use a before words beginning with the other letters of the alphabet, called

consonants. For example, say:

a basket a rainbow

a bowl a monster

a car a pillow

a hill a watch

a house a zoo

 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use an (not a) before these

words that begin with h:

an heir an honor an hour

 Use an before words beginning with vowels (a, e, i, o, u). For example, say:

an axe an igloo

an egg an orange

an envelope an umbrella

an ice cream an uncle

 But some words don’t follow this rule. For example, use a (not an) before these

words that begin with u:

a uniform a university

 We don't use a / an with possessive pronouns, demonstratives or cardinal

numbers.

My shirt is dirty. This car is expensive.

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 We use ONE (or more) instead of a/ an when the number is important.

There is only one exit from the airport. One person is in the reception.

 We use the with:

a) A singular or plural noun when it is clear/ obvious which person or thing we are

talking about.

There is a lamp in my bedroom. (mention the lamp for the first time)

The lamp is next to the desk.

b) Anything which we identify immediately.

We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last night.

c) Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the drums, the flute, the piccolo).

She plays the piano.

d) Something that is unique or there is only one.

the sun the moon the internet the nature

e) Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges and deserts (always in capitals).

the Mississippi River the Black Sea

the Everest the Sahara Desert

f) Directions (cardinal points).

the west the south-east the north-west.

 We use NO ARTICLE with:

a. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or uncountable nouns we do not use

THE.

Religion is an important issue.

Mexican food is spicy.

b. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is part of the title).

I have read Romeo and Juliet.

c. Towns, cities, states and countries.

Cape Town Montana Vietnam

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(Except – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands, The Czech Republic, The
Philippines)

d. Lakes, single islands, continents or mountains.

Lake Victoria Jamaica Asia

e. Planets monopoly
supper
Mars Jupiter Saturn

f. Sports or games

soccer tennis skiing

g. Meals

breakfast lunch dinner

 Nouns that don't show quantity are normally used without a or an. The article
the, however, may be used with nouns that don't show quantity.

I like sunshine.
I sometimes have fruit for breakfast. You’ve got dirt on your face.
A clock measures time.
Put sugar in your tea to make it sweet. I need time to think of a new plan. Would you
pass me the salt, please.
Can I borrow the paint when you’ve finished?

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4. VERBS

 A verb is a word that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.
Examples: He talks to Sameer, She sings a song

 They tell you what people, animals or things are doing
 There are ten different types of verbs :

TYPES EXPLANATIONS EXAMPLES

Auxiliary An auxiliary verb (also know as a It will rain tonight.

Verbs helping verb) determines the mood or

tense of another verb in a phrase.

Use auxiliary verbs to say:

 that someone is able to do something,

 that someone is allowed to do

something,

 that someone has to do something.

The primary auxiliaries are be, have,

and do.

The modal auxiliaries include can,

could, may, might, must, ought to,

shall, should, will, and would.

The modal auxiliary verbs are always

followed by the base form of the main

verb.

Lexical Verbs A lexical verb (also known as a full or It rained all night.

main verb) is any verb in English that

isn't an auxiliary verb.

It conveys a real meaning and doesn't

depend on another verb.

Dynamic Verbs A dynamic verb indicates an action, I bought a new

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process, or sensation. guitar.

Stative Verbs A stative verb (such as be, have, know, Now I own a Gibson

like, own, and seem) describes a state, Explorer.

situation, or condition.

Finite Verbs A finite verb expresses tense and can She walked to

occur on its own in a main clause. school.

Nonfinite A nonfinite verb (an infinitive or While walking to

Verbs participle) doesn't show a distinction in school, she spotted a

tense and can occur on its own only in a bluejay.

dependent phrase or clause.

Regular Verbs Regular verbs (also called weak verbs) call - called
form the past tense by adding -ed, -d, or walk – walked

-t to the base form or present tense form send - sent

of the verb

Irregular Verbs Irregular verbs (also called strong verbs) give - gave

form the past tense or the past participle stick - stuck

(or both) in various ways but most often

by changing the vowel of the present

tense form.

Transitive A transitive verb is followed by a direct She sells seashells.

Verbs object.

Intransitive An intransitive verb doesn't take a direct He sat there quietly.

Verbs object.

THE INFINITIVE
 The infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is often preceded by the word to.
 Infinitives often appear after other verbs.
The rain began to fall.
Sally and I agreed to meet this afternoon.
I’ve arranged to see the doctor at 3 o’clock.
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I hope to visit Disneyland someday.
I like to ride my bike in the street.
My parents have decided to buy a new car.
Paul is learning to swim.
I didn’t mean to upset you.

 Some verbs have an object before the infinitive.
Simon asked me to help him.
The teacher told us not to run in the corridor.
Susie persuaded her friends to play on the team.
The manager allowed the staff to leave early.

 Infinitives often appear after adjectives. In these examples the adjectives are
printed in color.

The boys were afraid to cross the busy road.
I’m very pleased to see you again.
This problem will be difficult to solve.
The shelf is too high to reach.
Don’t you think it’s rude to ignore the new girl in class?
The experiment was interesting to watch.
You’re welcome to come with me.

 You can also use infinitives after some nouns and pronouns to say what you are
using something for.

Take a book to read.
I phoned for a taxi to take us to the airport.
Has everyone got something to drink?
I’ve got lots of nice clothes to wear.
Find a space on the floor to sit in.

 Infinitives sometimes follow words like how, what, which and where.
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My brother is learning how to cook.
I don’t know what to say.
Shanthini can’t remember where to hang her coat.
 Infinitives are also used after helping verbs such as will, can, should, may and

must. After these helping verbs use infinitives without the word to.
I can swim.
We think she will win the race.
You must try harder.
Do you think we should wait?

MODAL VERBS

MODAL EXAMPLE USES
VERB
Can They can control their own budgets. Ability / Possibility
We can’t fix it.
Could Can i borrow you book ? Inability / Impossibility
Can you help me?
May Could I borrow your dictionary? Asking for permission
Might Could you say that again more slowly?
We could try to fix it ourselves. Request
I think we could go to war again.
He gave up his old job so he could work for Asking for
us.
May I have another cup of coffee? permission.
China may become a major economic power.
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be Request
eating their dinner now.
You never know, they might give us a 10% Suggestion
discount.
Future possibility

Ability in the past

Asking for permission

Future possibility

Present possibility

Future possibility

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Must We must say good-bye now. Necessity / Obligation
Ought to They mustn’t disrupt the work more than Prohibition
Shall necessary.
Should We ought to employ a professional writer. Saying what’s right or

Will Shall I help you with your luggage? correct.
Would Shall we say 2.30 then?
Shall I do that or will you? Offer
We should sort out this problem at once.
I think we should check everything again. Suggestion
You should check your posture when using
the computer. Asking what to do
Profits should increase next year. Saying what’s right

I can’t see any taxis so I’ll walk. Recommending
I'll do that for you if you like.
I’ll get back to you first thing on Monday. action
Profits will increase next year.
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with Giving advice
me?
Would you pass the salt please? Uncertain prediction
Would you mind waiting a moment?
"Would three o`clock suit you?" - "That’d be Instant decisions
fine."
Would you like to play golf this Friday? Offer
"Would you prefer tea or coffee?" - "I’d like
tea please." Promise

Certain prediction

Asking for permission

Making a Request

Making a Request

Making arrangements

Invitation

Stating Preferences

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can and could
 Could is the simple past tense form of can. Use can and could to say that

someone is able to do something.
She can draw really good pictures.
Can you ride a bike?
She could already read before she started school.
Sarah could not come to the party because she was ill.
 You may also use can and could to say that someone is allowed to do

something.
My mom says you can come to our house for dinner.
Mom said I could have ice cream after my dinner.
 Can and could are also used for asking for information or help, for offering

something, and for suggesting something.
Could you show me where the accident happened?
We can go to the library instead.

will and would

 Use will and would when you are asking someone to do something.

Will you please stop making that noise?

Would you pass me that book, please? Please, will you close the door?
 You can also use will and would to offer something or to suggest something.

Will I carry the bag for you? Would you like another drink?

Which cake would you like?

shall and should
 You can use shall and should to ask for advice, offer something and suggest

something.

Should I bring waterproof clothes? Shall we go home now?

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ought to
 You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s duty.
You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight.
We ought to lock the door when we leave home.
The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.
must
 Use must to talk about things that you have to do.
I must mail this letter today.
You must speak louder. I can’t hear you.
Children must not play with matches.

may and might
 Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something and to tell someone

that they are allowed to do something.
“May I go out to play now?” “Yes, you may.”
May I borrow your pen?
John may leave now, but Sally may not.
 Use may and might to talk about things that are possible or likely.
Take an umbrella. It might rain.
I may not have time to go swimming tonight. We might go to the party later.
“Are you going to the concert?” “I don’t know. I might or I might not.”

VERB PHRASES
 A verb phrase consists of a verb and a preposition such as after, into and over.

The preposition gives the verb a special meaning.
 Here are some sentences that contain phrasal verbs.
Who looks after ( takes care of) the baby when your parents are at work?
Mike has blond hair and blue eyes. He takes after ( looks like) his mother.
Dad bumped into ( met by chance) an old friend at the station.
My sister is getting into ( is starting to be interested in) pop music.=
 Here is a table to remind you of the forms of irregular verbs.

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Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle
am, is, are was
be beats being beat been
beat beating beaten
becoming became become
become becomes beginning began begun
bending bent
begin begins biting bent
blowing bit bitten
bend bends breaking blew blown
bringing broke broken
bite bites building brought brought
burning built built
blow blows bursting burned burned
buying burst burst
break breaks catching bought bought
choosing caught caught
bring brings coming chose chosen
creeping came come
build builds cutting crept crept
digging cut
burn burns doing dug cut
drawing did dug
burst bursts drew done
drawn
buy buys

catch catches

choose chooses

come comes

creep creeps

cut cuts

dig digs

do does

draw draws

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Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle
drinks drinking drank
drink drives drove drunk
drive eats driving ate driven
eat falls eating fell eaten
fall feeds falling fed fallen
feed feels feeding felt
feel fights feeling fought fed
fight finds fighting found felt
find flies finding flew fought
forgets flying forgot found
fly freezes forgetting froze flown
forget gets freezing got forgotten
freeze gives getting gave frozen
goes giving went got
get grows going grew given
give has growing had gone
go hears having heard grown
grow hides hearing hid had
have hits hiding hit heard
hear holds hitting held hidden
hide hurts holding hurt hit
hit keeps hurting kept held
hold kneels keeping knelt hurt
hurt knows kneeling knew kept
keep lays knowing laid knelt
kneel leads laying led known
know leading laid
lay led
lead

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Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle
learns learning
learn leaves learned learned
leave lends leaving left left
lend lets lending lent lent
lies letting let let
let lights lay lain
lie loses lying
light makes lighting lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose meets losing lost lost
make pays making made made
meet puts meeting met met
pay reads paying paid paid
put rides putting put put
read rings reading read read
ride rises riding rode
ring runs ringing rang ridden
rise says rising rose rung
run sees running ran risen
say sells saying said run
see sends seeing saw said
sell shakes selling sold seen
send shines sending sent sold
shake shoots shaking sent
shine shows shining shook shaken
shoot shuts shooting shone shone
show sings showing shot shot
shut shutting showed shown
sing singing shut shut
sang sung

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Simple Third Person Present Simple Past
Present Singular Participle Past Participle
sinks sank
sink sits sinking sat sunk
sit sitting slept sat
sleeping slept
sleep sleeps smelling smelled smelled
speaking spoke spoken
smell smells spending spent spent
spreading spread spread
speak speaks stealing stole stolen
sticking stuck stuck
spend spends sweeping swept swept
swelling swelled swollen
spread spreads swimming swam swum
swinging swung swung
steal steals taking took taken
teaching taught taught
stick sticks tearing tore torn
telling told
sweep sweeps thinking told thought
throwing thought thrown
swell swells understanding threw understood
waking understood woken
swim swims wearing woke worn
weeping wept
swing swings winning wore won
writing wept written
take takes won
wrote
teach teaches

tear tears

tell tells

think thinks

throw throws

understand understands

wake wakes

wear wears

weep weeps

win wins

write writes

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SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

 When you write a sentence you must make sure that the subject and the verb
agree.

 When you use a verb, you have to say who or what is doing the action.
 This ‘who or what’ is the subject of the verb.
 The subject and the verb match each other.
 You say that the subject and the verb agree when they match each other.
 If the subject is a singular noun, or the pronoun he, she or it, you need a

singular verb. Most singular verbs end in s.
 Look at the subjects and their verbs in these examples. The subjects are in bold

and the verbs are in color.
He always drinks milk when he’s hot.
She eats bananas for breakfast.
Mom walks to work every day.
My sister dances like a professional dancer.
The baby falls when she tries to walk.
Our cat climbs the trees in our garden.

 This form of the verb is called the third person singular. You use it when the
subject of the verb is not you or the person you are speaking to, but some other
person.

 Here are some more third person singular verbs that end in s.

plays sings shines rides smiles
draws paints blows thinks stops
reads rains travels talks starts

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 The third person singular form of some verbs is made by adding es at the end.
Some examples are verbs that end in sh, ch, ss, x, zz and o.

brushes watches kisses fixes
rushes reaches misses mixes
polishes teaches passes buzzes
crashes catches presses does
washes touches dresses goes

 Here are some sentences with verbs in their third person singular form. The
subjects are in bold and the verbs are in color.

She always brushes her teeth at bedtime.
Dad polishes his shoes until they shine.
My brother watches television after school.
Kim catches the ball with one hand.
Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread.
The bee buzzes around the flowers.
My friend Sanjay goes to the same school as I do.

 Make the third person singular form of most verbs that end in y by just change the
y to an i and then add es.

carry – carries hurry – hurries
cry – cries fly – flies
study – studies worry – worries
copy – copies marry – marries

A cat carries its kitten with its mouth.
Mr. Chen hurries to work every morning.
The baby cries a lot at night.

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 Some verbs that end in y have a vowel before the y. Just add s at the end of
these words to make the third person singular form.

buy – buys say – says pray – prays
pay – pays annoy – annoys stay – stays

Mom buys bread at the supermarket.
Mr. Carter pays all his bills with a credit card.
My friend says he has a salt-water aquarium.
She annoys me with her silly jokes.
Anna stays with her aunt on weekends.

 Use a plural verb if the subject is a plural noun.
 Plural verbs are also used with the pronouns I, we, you and they.
 Do not add s, es or ies to plural verbs.

The stars shine brightly on a clear night.
Mom and Dad love us a lot.
Do you all know the words?
We have finished our game of tennis.
They have both worked very hard.

 Suppose the subject of a noun refers to a group of people. Depending on the
meaning of sentence, you may use either a singular or a plural verb.

The audience was enjoying the play.
The audience have all gone home.
The class has thirty students.
The class are handing in their papers.
The band is performing until midnight.
The band were arguing among themselves.
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TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS

 Some verbs have an object.
 The object of a verb is the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.

Alice eats a banana for breakfast.
▲ ▲ ▲
The subject The verb is the
does the action action word The object is affected
by the action

The subject of the verb is Alice. She is the person who does the action: she eats.
The object of the verb is a banana. A banana is affected by the action of the verb.
So in this sentence, the object of the verb ‘eat ’ is ‘a banana’.

 Verbs that have objects are called transitive verbs.

John likes apples.
Sam knows the answer to the question.
My sister cooks all our meals.
My brother rides his bike in the street.
Dad buys tea at the market.
Mom writes stories in her spare time.

 Some verbs don’t have an object.
 A verb that does not have an object is called an intransitive verb.

In China, lots of people walk to work.
The boys play in the yard after school.
Mr. Carter always drives very carefully.
Doris is a very successful businesswoman.
Michael and I both entered the race. He won but I lost.

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 Some verbs can be either transitive or intransitive.
 Notice that the transitive meaning and the intransitive meaning are sometimes

different.

Transitive Verbs ` Intransitive Verbs
The pilot flies the plane very well. Eagles fly high in the sky.
The boys play football on weekends. The boys play in the yard on weekends.
My mom runs her own company. My mom runs in the park for fun.
We walk the dog every evening. We walk on the beach every evening.

THE IMPERATIVE FORM OF VERBS

 When you give an order or command, use the base form of a verb, such as give,
read or come. This base form is called the imperative.

Stop and look before you cross the road.
Come to the front of the class.
Show me your homework.
Read the first sentence out loud.
Choose a partner and stand in a circle.

 Imperatives are very direct. To be more polite, you can use please before the
imperative.

Please show me your homework.
Please read the first sentence out loud.
Please come to the front of the class.

 To make negative imperatives, use do not or don’t before the base form of the
verb.

Do not bring calculators into the exam room.
Please don’t change anything on my computer.

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GERUNDS

 A gerund is the -ing form of a verb used as a noun.
 Sometimes a gerund is called a verbal noun because it comes from a verb.
 Sometimes it is difficult to know whether an ing word is a gerund or a present

participle.
 If you can replace the ing word or its phrase with the pronoun it, then the word is a

gerund.

Running is a good way to keep fit.
Susan is very good at drawing.
He loves dancing and singing.
Have you ever tried sailing?
I don’t like watching television.
We enjoyed visiting our grandparents.

 Some gerunds can be used in front of other nouns, like adjectives.

a washing machine = a machine that does washing
a shopping bag = a bag for carrying your purchases
walking boots = boots you wear for walking in the countryside
gardening clothes = clothes you wear for gardening

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5. TENSES

TENSES EXPLANATIONS EXAMPLES
Simple
Present Verbs have forms called tenses Ratha collects stamps. ( Singular )
Tense
that tell you when the action My friends collect stamps. ( Plural )

happens. If the action happens

regularly, sometimes or never, We move to our new house in a

use the simple present tense. month.

The new grammar book comes out

The simple present tense is in September.

also used to state facts as it

expresses a general truth or a I am Sheela.

customary action. She is Miss Shalini. ( Singular )

They are good friends. ( Plural )

Use the simple present tense to

tell the events of a story that is

happening now. He has a lot of stamps. ( Singular )

I have a younger brother. ( You + I )

Use the simple present tense to We have art lessons on Mondays.

talk about things that will ( Plural )

happen in the future.

There are short ways of saying and

Use the simple present tense to writing am, is and are with

talk about things that are pronouns. These short forms are

planned for the future. called contractions.

Full Form Short Form
Am ( I ), is ( he, she, it – I am I’m

singular ), and are ( you, they, you are you’re
we - plural) also verbs, but not he is he’s
action words. They are the she is she’s
simple present tense of the it is it’s
verb be.

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we are we’re

The verbs have and has are they are they’re
used to say what people own or I am not I’m not

possess. These words are the they are not they aren’t

simple present tense of the he is not he isn’t
she isn’t
verb have she is not

it is not it isn’t

we are not we aren’t
you are not you aren’t

The Present The present progressive tense I’m playing chess with my friend.

Progressive is used to talk about things that She’s riding a horse.

Tense are continuing to happen. We’re rushing to the airport to meet

Mr. Kugan.

Use the present progressive

tense to talk about actions in get + ing = getting

the present, or things that are rob + ing = robbing

still going on or happening now. nod + ing = nodding

stop + ing = stopping

You have to double the last jog + ing = jogging

letter of some verbs before you swim + ing = swimming

add -ing. chase + ing = chasing

cycle + ing = cycling

If a verb ends in e, you usually drive + ing = driving

have to drop the e before you smile + ing = smiling

add -ing

I am learning how to swim.

Make the present progressive She is reading a book.

tense by using am, is or are My brother and I are playing a

with a verb that ends in ing. computer game.

The present progressive tense I am going to the library tomorrow.

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is also used to talk about things We are having a barbecue on

that are planned for the future. Sunday.

All my friends are coming to my

Use do, does and did to talk party next week.

about actions. We’re taking my cousin to the zoo

Use do with the pronouns I, later today.

you, we and they, and with

plural nouns. Do you like ice cream? Yes, I do.

Does it rain often here? Yes, it does.

Use does with the pronouns he,
she and it, and singular nouns. I don’t enjoy difficult math tests.
You can also use do and does Sophie doesn’t want to go to school.

as helping verbs to ask and We always do exercise together.

answer questions. Mom does the cooking.

Use do not and does not to Learn these contractions:

make other verbs negative. do not = don’t

does not = doesn’t

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The Present Use the present perfect tense Moganes has scored two goals.

Perfect to talk about happenings in the I’ve just finished my shower.

Tense past that explain or affect the Uncle Kumar has lost his wallet.

present. Jay has gone out.

The verbs have and has are It has not rained for months.
used as “helping” or auxiliary Have you found your keys yet?
verbs to form the present Roselin has made two spelling
perfect tense is used to say mistakes.
what people own or possess. They have opened a new shop

Use have with the pronouns I,
we, you and they, and with
plural nouns.

Use has with the pronouns he,
she and it, and with singular
nouns such as ‘my dad’ and
‘the teacher’.

The past participle of a regular

verb usually ends in -ed, just

like the simple past tense. But

the past participles of irregular
verbs don’t follow this rule

The Present The present continuous tense is For actions happening now

Continuous most often used for the  Look! Someone is trying to
Tense following: break into your car.
- For actions happening now
- For future arrangements  This work is good! Your
-To express annoyance at handwriting is
getting better and better.

 Where's John? - He's
playing soccer in the sports
hall.

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repeated actions.  This calculator isn't
working properly. Do you
For actions happening now have another one.
When we want to talk about an
 Why are you talking? You
should be listening to me.

action that is happening now or For future arrangements
at this time (and is unfinished),  Our grandmother is
we use the present continuous
tense. We also use this tense visiting us at Christmas.
when we want to make clear  Sorry, I can't stay after
that the action is temporary.
school today; I'm
For future arrangements playing tennis with Uma.
 My mother's going to the
dentist tomorrow.
 Are you doing anything on
Sunday morning?

We usually use the present To express annoyance at
continuous tense for future repeated actions
events that have already been
arranged.  You are always
interrupting me when I'm
To express annoyance at talking and I don't like it!
repeated actions
Usually the present simple is  She's always tapping her
used for repeated actions. For pencil on the desk and it's
example, He always gets up getting on my nerves!
before 7 o'clock, but .. the
present continuous is the  My ESL
correct choice when the teacher's always giving dete
speaker wants to express ntions; how can anyone be
annoyance at a repeated so mean?

 I'm getting tired of you
always coming late to class.

 Why is it always raining in
Germany?

 Why are you
always criticising me?

action.

The Simple Use the simple past tense to Krishan learned to play the guitar
Past Tense
talk about things that happened very quickly.

in the past. The simple past The giant panda gave birth to a cub

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tense is also used to talk about last night.

things that happened in stories

The simple past tense of most jump + ed = jumped
lifted
verbs ends in -ed. These verbs lift + ed = laughed
looked
are called regular verbs. laugh + ed =

look + ed =

If the verb ends with -e, just add agree + d = agreed
-d hate + d = hated
= died
die + d = lived
live + d

You must double the last letter fan + ed = fanned

of some verbs before adding - pat + ed = patted

ed grab + ed = grabbed

rip + ed = ripped

With verbs that end in -y,

change the y to i before adding bury + ed = buried

-ed carry + ed = carried

cry + ed = cried

The simple past form of some fry + ed = fried

verbs does not end in -ed. Such hurry + ed = hurried

verbs are called irregular verbs try + ed = tried

which does not change at all

beat, burst, cost, cut, hit, hurt, put,

Most irregular verbs, however, read, split, shut, let

take a different form in the

simple past tense.

bend - bent break - broke

The verbs was and were are bring - brought buy - bought

also forms of the verb be. fall - fell fly - flew

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Was is the simple past tense of get - got hear - heard

am and is. Use was with the keep - kept lose - lost

pronouns I, he, she and it, and sell - sold shoot - shot

with singular nouns. sleep - slept go - went

Were is the simple past tense

of are. Use were with the He was not well yesterday.
pronouns you, we and they, Last year she wasn’t tall enough to

and with plural nouns. reach the high shelf.

The simple past tense form of

have and has is had. Use had The Romans were brave soldiers.
when you're talking about There weren’t any clouds in the sky.

wishes. Were you still in bed when I

phoned?

The simple past form of do is

did. I wish I had a new bike.

Kathleen wishes she had a big

sister.

I did my homework but forgot to take

it to school.

The Past Use the past progressive tense Ranjani was doing his homework.

Progressive to talk about actions that were Mages was making a model of a

Tense going on at a certain moment in bridge.

the past. Miss Farah was cleaning the

chalkboard.

Use the past progressive tense Nur Atiqah was packing her books

to talk about things that were into her schoolbag.

happening in the past and had The twins were fighting in the

not stopped happening. They corner.

were continuing. Michael and Chong were washing

the paint brushes.

You can also use the past I knew you could do it if you tried.

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progressive tense to say what She could not come because she

was happening when was ill.

something else happened. Miss Lee said we could go home

early.

Was and were are called

helping verbs, or auxiliary Learn these contractions:

verbs. They help to form the cannot = can’t

past progressive tense when could not = couldn’t

you join them to the present

participle (the form of verbs He realized he might catch the

ending in -ing) earlier train if he hurried.

Put your purse away or it might get

Could is the past tense of can. stolen.

Might is used as the past tense Sally did her hair in front of the

of may. You can also use might mirror.

to talk about things that are Jane did all the laundry by herself.

possible

Learn these contractions:

Did is the simple past tense of did not = didn’t

do and does.

I knew you would enjoy

The verb would is another Disneyland.

helping or auxiliary verb. Use
would as the past tense of will. I am tired now. I’d like a rest

It is polite to use would like

when you are offering people If you are tired you should go to bed

things, or asking for something early.

yourself

Should is a helping or

auxiliary verb. Use should to

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talk about necessary actions or
things that people ought to do.

The Past The past continuous tense is  At this time last week I was
Continuous most often used for actions lying on the beach in Florida.
Tense happening at some time in the
past.  My mother was working in
For actions happening at the garden so she didn't hear
some time in the past the telephone when I called
When we want to talk about an her yesterday.
action that was happening over
a period of time in the past, we  Sorry, I wasn't listening.
use the past continuous tense. Can you say it again please?

 What were you doing at 8
o'clock yesterday?

 I went to lunch too early. The
food was still being
cooked. (passive)

The past continuous is very  You phoned while I was
often used with the past simple having a bath.
to say that something
happened in the middle of  It started to rain just as
something else. In each of the we were getting ready to
following examples, the single have our picnic.
event (past simple) happens in
the middle of a longer action  Many people were
(past continuous). shopping in the market when
the bomb exploded.

 She was wearing a pink
dress and an orange hat!

 What were you doing when
the lights went off last night?

 Were you watching me
when I showed you how to do
it?

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The Future Use the future tense for things We shall play a game of chess after
Tense
that have not happened yet, but lunch. You will be sick if you eat too

are going to happen. much.

Use the verbs shall and will as
helping verbs or auxiliary verbs I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.

to form the future tense.

Use shall or will with I and we. Sharon is ill. She will not be at the

Use will with you, he, she, it party. You will enjoy visiting New

and they Zealand. Dad will be back for

dinner.

There are other ways of talking

about future actions and He will make lots of friends at his

happenings.You can use going new school.

to.
I’m sure Mom and Dad are going to

You can also use the simple be proud of me.

present tense to talk about When are you going to clean your

things that have been arranged room?

for the future

The new supermarket opens

tomorrow.

Next month I go to summer camp.

We have a history test next week.

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MORE TENSES
Below is a list of some of the less common tenses, followed in each case by
examples. Note that the continuous tenses convey the idea of an event or state going
on for a period of time:

Present perfect continuous
 I have been working in the garden all day, and now I'm extremely tired.
 She has been living in a one-room apartment since she left home.
 How long have you been playing the piano?
 He's been learning German for two years, but he still can't speak it very well.
 We've been painting our house since last Friday, but we're still a long way
from finishing.
 We haven't been living in Germany very long.
 Why are you sweating? Have you been running?

Past perfect continuous
 I had been working in the garden all day, and all I wanted to do was sleep.
 She had been living in a one-room apartment for a year before getting
married.
 How long had you been playing the piano before the accident with your
hand?
 He'd been learning German for two years, but he stopped when he returned
to Japan.
 We'd been painting our house for two weeks, but we were still a long way
from finishing.

Future continuous
 At this time next week I will be sitting in the plane on the way to New York.
 Don't call me after 10 o'clock. I'll be sleeping.
 If you want to see Miho tomorrow, you will have to go to the school. She will
be taking a test all afternoon.
 I won't be working on my car this weekend. My mother-in-law will be here.

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Future perfect
 I hope my mother will have finished cooking dinner by the time I get home.
 You can come at 6 o'clock. I will have done my homework by then.
 There's no point calling her at home. She will have left for work already.
 On June 25 2020 they will have been married for 60 years.

Future perfect continuous
 By the time I retire I will have been working here for 45 years!
 If she reaches her 60th birthday, she will have been smoking for half a
century!

Learn these short forms called contractions:

I am I’m
am not I’m not / aren’t (only in questions)
is not
are not isn’t
they are aren’t
we are they’re
we’re

I have I’ve
you have you’ve

he has he’s
she has she’s

it has it’s
we have we’ve
they have they’ve
have not haven’t
has not hasn’t
was not wasn’t
were not weren’t

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IRREGULAR VERBS

 Many common verbs have unusual present and past tense forms. These are called
irregular verbs.

 Remember that the simple past tense of most verbs is made by adding ed at the
end: look becomes looked.

 Notice that the simple past tense of these common irregular verbs is quite
different.

Irregular Verb Simple Past Tense Irregular Verb Simple Past Tense
break broke
bring brought keep kept
buy bought
catch caught kneel knelt
come came
do did know knew
fall fell
feed fed leave left
feel felt
fly flew lose lost
get got
go went meet met
have had
ring rang

run ran

see saw

sell sold

sleep slept

speak spoke

write wrote

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IRREGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES

 Remember that irregular verbs don’t have a simple past form that ends in -ed.
 Irregular verbs also have unusual past participles that don’t end in -ed.
 The past participle of some verbs is the same as the simple past tense.

Irregular Verb Simple Past Tense Past Participle
fight fought fought
have had had
lose lost lost
teach taught taught
win won won

 Here are more examples of irregular past participles.

Irregular Simple Past

Verb Past Tense Participle Example

keep kept kept I have kept the letter you sent me.

catch caught caught The police have caught the thieves.
Karthik has brought his favorite jacket to
bring brought brought school.
The children have made a birthday card for
make made made their mom.
sell sold sold They’ve sold their car and now they

buy bought bought have bought motorcycles.

PREPARED BY : MISS CHEETALAKCHUMY