Strong Appalachian Women foothills Display until 10/15/23 $8.95 Digest Powerful Women Granny Witches Dolly Parton History
Mother Appalachia: A Cradle of Life and Time By Carmen Eckard Appalachia: ancient bones, older than eras when dinosaurs roamed untraveled spaces. Cradle of the Earth, life's genesis, Nature's cot, green-kissed, nestling between the granite jaws of yawning time. Maybe a mother, surely. Her presence lives in these deepwood valleys, whispers among wind-woven treetops and stones worn by relentless time. Women, yes, Appalachian daughters, strong earthbound spirits as silent as the mountains that cradle the sky. Born of ancient boulder, and under the green-canopied mystery, they carry the hushed hymns of the hills in their blood. Their roots entwine, their fingers reach. Their hands flow like rivers, tracing the curve of earth and heart, kindling love like a forest's dance of fire. Their eyes—deep and knowing as ancient caverns, gaze from beneath the brows of bedrock wisdom. We stand, we see, we understand. Appalachia is more than mountain stone and rushing river, it is a history, alive and whispering. Beneath our feet pulses an age-old testament to life's tenacity in the face of fading footprints left in time's relentless grains of sand. Appalachia, unchanging, is more than mere mountains— in it, we see our reflection. A mirror, perhaps, surely, a home.
Send a check for $32 to: Foothills Digest 3838 Cleary Road Laurel Springs, NC 28644 Name: Address: Phone: Card Number: Expiration: CVV Code: subscribe On the cover: North Carolina is full of beautiful hiking trails that lead to stunning views of our mountains. We recommend the Mountainsto-Sea Trail, The Appalachian Trail, plus the many trails off the Blue Ridge Parkway. Be sure to get out and hike to make the most of North Carolina's year of the Trail.
4 foothills Digest 3838 Cleary Rd Laurel Springs, NC 28644 Summer 2023 Phone: 828.475.1323 E-mail: [email protected] Website: foothillsdigest.com Stock by Adobe Stock and Shutterstock Created using Adobe Suite & Edited for Grammar with Open AI PRINTED IN USA PARTNER COMPANY: ECKARD PHOTOGRAPHIC CARMEN ECKARD Editor in Chief Author, unless otherwise noted JON ECKARD Principal Photographer JOEY OSBORNE Partner SPECIAL THANKS Karter and Rena Hall Anna Fariello "Put it before them briefly so they will read it, clearly so they will appreciate it, picturesquely so they will remember it and, above all, accurately so they will be guided by its light." -Joseph Pulitzer
5 Letter from the Editor: Dear Readers, This issue holds a special place in my heart! For as long as I can remember, I've drawn strength from femininity, both within myself and in others. The exploration of this topic has been a captivating journey, and I feel privileged to share the stories of some truly remarkable women with you. Unfortunately, the tales of Appalachian women have largely been overlooked by history. Many of these women were unable to read or write, leading to their stories often not being faithfully handed down through generations. Furthermore, the severe demands placed on an Appalachian woman - due to societal expectations and the harsh wilderness they inhabited - meant most of their lives were consumed with maintaining their own homestead. The sheer magnitude of this work was extraordinary, yet it seemed ordinary because it was a common way of life. Appalachian women have embodied strength throughout our history. This strength, born out of necessity for survival, seems to be woven into our very DNA. Today, we inhabit a world vastly different from that of our ancestors, making it vital that we not only remember and preserve their traditions and crafts, but also celebrate the unique culture we are currently shaping. The key takeaway from this issue, I hope, is this: we are the resilient Appalachian women. The responsibility and honor lie within us.
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7 Women in the mountains have always had a strength all their own. They've been the backbone of families, the backbone of communities, and the backbone of our region." - Anne Ponder, former chancellor of UNC Asheville. "Appalachian women are tough as nails and soft as silk." - Lorraine Hale Robinson, author and historian from East Tennessee. Appalachian women are tough as nails and soft as silk." - Lorraine Hale Robinson The women of Appalachia are warriors, who face every challenge with grit, determination, and grace." - Nikki Giovanni, poet from Knoxville, Tennessee. Appalachian women are like the mountains themselves - strong, enduring, and beautiful." - Ann Pancake Appalachian women have always been the keepers of the flame." - Sharyn McCrumb Appalachian women are a testament to the power of resilience, the strength of community, and the beauty of simplicity." - Ron Rash The strongest oak of the forest is not the one that is protected from the storm and hidden from the sun. It's the one that stands in the open where it is compelled to struggle for its existence." - Wilma Dykeman The women of the Appalachian Mountains are like the rocks that line the streams - they have weathered storms, endured hardships, and stood the test of time." -Meredith Sue Willis Appalachian women are survivors, innovators, and leaders. They have always been on the front lines of change in their communities, working tirelessly to make the world a better place." - Elizabeth LaPrelle The women of Appalachia are warriors, who face every challenge with grit, determination, and grace." - Nikki Giovanni Appalachian women are some of the strongest and most resilient people you will ever meet. They have overcome incredible obstacles and are still standing tall." - Crystal Wilkinson Women in the mountains have always been the backbone of the community." -Lee Smith The women of Appalachia are a force to be reckoned with. They have faced incredible challenges throughout history, but they have never given up. Their strength and resilience is a testament to the power of the human spirit." - Silas House
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5 Letter From the Editor 7 Quotes 11 Strong Appalachian Women 20 Remarkable Women of the Region 32 Cecil Sharp's Photography 34 Appalachian Women on Screen 38 Excellent Cherokee Women 42 Granny Witches 50 Granny Witch Remedies 52 Moon Garden 56 Granny Witch Stories 60 Women of the 18th and 19th Centuries 64 Soap Making 66 In the Kitchen 68 Beekeeping 70 Quilting Bees 74 The 1900s 76 Velvie Rector 84 Selelia Griffin 82 Kathryn's Strength, Polio be Damned 86 Dolly Parton, Queen of Appalachia 100 Granny Eckard 106 State of Women in 2023 108 Rhiannon Giddens: A Treasure 110 The Fabulous Fortune Feimster 112 Women-Owned Businesses 114 Elechia Morgan 116 Appalachian Trail 120 Granny Gatewood 122 Benefits of Having Diverse Friends 124 Media and the "H Word" 116 Barefoot 118 Author Shannon Hitchcock 120 Story Quilts: Appalachian Women Speak 122 Our Stories Told By Women 126 Appalachian Women Poem 128 Women Scaling Mountains 130 Shannon Hitchcock 134 Our Stories Table of Contents
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11 The term "strong Appalachian woman" often refers to a woman who embodies the resilience, resourcefulness, and strength of character that are associated with the Appalachian region. These women may come from diverse backgrounds and may have different experiences, but they share a common thread of determination, toughness, and a deep connection to their community and the natural environment. For many, the term "strong Appalachian woman" also carries a sense of pride and admiration for the unique culture and traditions of the region. It acknowledges the challenges and hardships that many Appalachian women have faced throughout history, including poverty, isolation, and discrimination, and celebrates their perseverance and strength in the face of adversity. Appalachian women have a unique cultural heritage that has shaped their experiences and identities. They have often been characterized as strong, resilient, and resourceful due to their history of living in remote, rural areas where selfsufficiency and community support were essential for survival. Appalachian women have often had to face significant challenges, such as poverty, isolation, and limited access to education and healthcare. Strong Appalachian Women
12 Despite these challenges, Appalachian women have persevered and often found strength and inspiration in their connection to the natural world and their communities. They have a deep appreciation for traditional values such as family, faith, and hard work, and often have a strong sense of identity and pride in their Appalachian heritage. While there is no one-size-fits-all description of Appalachian women or any other group of women, they have a unique cultural heritage and set of experiences that have shaped their identity and contributed to their strengths and resilience. Here are some of the adjectives that are commonly used to describe these remarkable women and what they say about the character and spirit of the region. Resilient: Life in the Appalachian region has always been challenging, with harsh weather, difficult terrain, and limited economic opportunities. Despite these obstacles, Appalachian women have shown an incredible resilience and ability to adapt to changing circumstances. They have weathered economic downturns, natural disasters, and social upheavals with a strength and grace that is truly inspiring. Resourceful: In order to survive and thrive in the Appalachian region, women have had to be incredibly resourceful, using their ingenuity and creativity to make the most of what they have. Whether it's growing their own food, making their own clothes, or
13 finding ways to earn a living in a difficult economy, Appalachian women have always been masters of making do with what they have. Determined: Appalachian women are known for their determination and tenacity, refusing to give up in the face of adversity. They have fought for their rights, their families, and their communities, often against incredible odds. Whether it's advocating for better education, healthcare, or economic opportunities, Appalachian women have always been at the forefront of the fight for justice and equality. Independent: Appalachian women have a strong sense of independence, valuing their freedom and autonomy. They are not afraid to speak their minds or challenge the status quo, and are often the ones who lead the way in pushing for change and progress. Tough: Appalachian women are some of the toughest and most resilient people you'll ever meet. They have faced countless challenges and obstacles, from economic hardship to natural disasters, and have emerged stronger and more resilient than ever. Whether it's enduring harsh winters or navigating treacherous terrain, Appalachian women are known for their toughness and ability to persevere. Courageous: To live in the Appalachian region requires a certain level of courage and bravery. Women in the region are often tasked with difficult and dangerous work, from mining coal to hunting game. They have faced physical danger and personal hardship with a courage and determination that is truly remarkable. Tenacious: Appalachian women are nothing if not tenacious. They are not easily deterred by setbacks or obstacles, and are often the ones who keep pushing forward when others have given up. Whether it's fighting for their families or working to build stronger communities, Appalachian women are known for their tenacity and determination. Empathetic: Appalachian women have a deep sense of empathy and compassion for others. They value family and community, and are often the ones who provide support and care for those in need. Whether it's cooking a meal for a sick neighbor or offering a listening ear to a friend in need, Appalachian women are known for their kindness and generosity.
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15 Generous: Appalachian women are known for their generosity, both in spirit and in action. They are often the first to offer a helping hand or donate their time and resources to those in need. Whether it's volunteering at a local food bank or donating to a charity, Appalachian women are known for their generous and giving nature. Compassionate: Compassion is a core value for many Appalachian women, who value empathy and understanding above all else. They are often the ones who are most attuned to the needs of others, and who work tirelessly to ensure that everyone is treated with kindness and respect. Nurturing: Appalachian women are often seen as the backbone of their families and communities, providing nurturing care and support to those around them. They are the ones who keep their families fed, clothed, and cared for, and who create a warm and welcoming environment for all who enter their homes. Whether it's tending to a sick child or comforting a friend in need, Appalachian women are known for their nurturing and caring nature. Creative: Appalachian women are incredibly creative and resourceful, using their talents and skills to make beautiful works of art, crafts, and music. They are often the ones who preserve and pass down traditional folk arts, such as quilting, basket weaving, and bluegrass music. Appalachian women are known for their creativity and ingenuity, finding beauty and inspiration in the world around them. Hardworking: Appalachian women are some of the hardest-working people you'll ever meet. They are often tasked with difficult and demanding work, whether it's farming, mining, or working in factories. They approach their work with a strong sense of pride and dedication, and are often the backbone of their local economies.
16 Intelligent: Appalachian women are smart, savvy, and insightful, with a deep knowledge of the region and its history. They are often the ones who keep the traditions and stories of the region alive, passing them down to future generations. They are also skilled at problem-solving and critical thinking, finding creative solutions to the challenges they face. Innovative: Appalachian women are incredibly innovative, always finding new and better ways to do things. They are often the ones who develop new technologies and techniques for farming, mining, and manufacturing. They are not afraid to think outside the box and try new things, and are often the ones who lead the way in innovation and progress. Self-sufficient: Appalachian women are known for their self-sufficiency, able to take care of themselves and their families with limited resources. They are skilled at gardening, canning, and preserving food, and are often able to make do with what they have. They value their independence and autonomy, and are often the ones who are most capable of taking care of themselves and others. Supportive: Appalachian women are known for their strong sense of community and support for one another. They are often the ones who rally around those in need, offering words of encouragement, practical assistance, and emotional support. They value their connections to others, and are often the glue that holds families and communities together. Loyal: Appalachian women are fiercely loyal to their families, friends, and communities. They value their relationships above all else, and are always there for those they care about. They are often the ones who keep their communities strong and resilient, offering support and care to those in need. Spiritual: Appalachian women have a deep spiritual connection to the land and the natural world. They value their relationships with the environment and with the divine, often finding solace and inspiration in nature and in their faith.
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They are often the ones who keep the spiritual traditions of the region alive, offering a connection to the past and a source of hope for the future. Outspoken: Appalachian women are not afraid to speak their minds and stand up for what they believe in. They are often the ones who are most vocal about social and political issues, advocating for change and progress in their communities and beyond. They value their freedom of speech and their right to express their opinions, and are often the ones who lead the way in speaking truth to power. Overall, the women of the Appalachian region are some of the strongest, most resilient, and most inspiring people you'll ever meet. They embody a unique blend of toughness, creativity, compassion, and strength, and are often the ones who keep their families, communities, and the region as a whole thriving and resilient. Whether they are working on the farm, singing a song, or advocating for social justice, Appalachian women are always at the forefront of progress and change, embodying the best of what it means to be a strong, resilient, and compassionate human being.
Wildly remarkable WOMEN of Western North Carolina These Strong Appalachian Women embody a unique set of qualities that define their unyielding spirit and unwavering determination. Their resilience, resourcefulness, and determination exemplify the strength that lies within the Appalachian people, who have faced countless challenges and hardships throughout history. With their independent nature, tough exterior, and courageous hearts, these women have paved the way for others to follow in their footsteps. They all share a common tenacity and empathetic nature that has driven them to pursue their dreams and make a difference in the lives of others. They have been generous with their time, compassionate in their actions, and nurturing to those around them, demonstrating that true strength lies not only in physical power but also in emotional fortitude. Creativity abounds among these women, as they have used their artistic talents, hard work, and intelligence to bring their visions to life, whether through writing, music, art, or activism. The innovative spirit of these Strong Appalachian Women has led them to break barriers and challenge societal norms, creating lasting change in the Appalachian region and beyond. Their self-sufficient and supportive nature has empowered them to not only care for themselves but also uplift others, fostering a sense of community and loyalty that is deeply rooted in the Appalachian way of life. These women's spiritual foundations have guided them through life's challenges, providing a source of comfort and strength in the face of adversity. Outspoken in their beliefs and unafraid to stand up for what they believe in, these Strong Appalachian Women have used their voices to advocate for change and inspire others to join them in their fight for justice, equality, and opportunity. Through their passion and unwavering commitment, they have left an indelible impact on the lives of those they have touched and the communities they have served. As we celebrate and honor their accomplishments, we are reminded of the indomitable spirit that lies within each of us, and the incredible impact that a single person can have on the world around them.
21 Wilma Dykeman, (1920-2006) Asheville, NC: Dykeman was a writer and historian known for promoting social justice and Appalachian culture. She authored books such as "The French Broad" and "The Tall Woman," which tackled regional history, environmental concerns, and social issues. Through her work, she played a crucial role in increasing awareness and understanding of the Appalachian people and their struggles, leaving a lasting legacy in regional and environmental literature. Olive Dame Campbell (1882-1954), Winchester, MA: Campbell, a writer, folklorist, and social activist, dedicated herself to preserving Appalachian music and culture. She co-founded the John C. Campbell Folk School in Brasstown, NC, to teach traditional crafts and skills, fostering cultural pride and self-sufficiency. Her extensive documentation of Appalachian ballads and folk songs helped preserve this unique cultural heritage for future generations. Her importance can't be overstated, and we owe her a great debt. Elizabeth Avery Colton (1831-1917) Rutherfordton, NC: Colton was a writer, social reformer, and advocate for education, women's rights, and social justice. She contributed to the founding of the North Carolina Association of Educators and fought for equal education for women. Colton's progressive work influenced educational reforms in North Carolina and paved the way for future generations of women to access higher education and equal opportunities. Gail Godwin, (1937) Birmingham, AL: Godwin is a novelist and short story writer who has lived in the North Carolina mountains for over 30 years. Her works often explore themes related to women's experiences, spirituality, and Southern culture. Drawing inspiration from her life in the Appalachian region, Godwin's writings provide a unique perspective on the lives and struggles of the people living in this area, making her a significant literary figure in the region.
22 Brenda Kay Ledford, (1948) Hayesville, NC: Ledford is a writer and poet who has written extensively about Appalachian culture and rural Southern women's lives. Her poetry collections, such as "Shew Bird Mountain," "Leatherwood Falls, Blue Ridge Mountain Poems," and "Red Plank House," paint vivid pictures of the Appalachian region and its people. Ledford's work captures the unique spirit of the area and contributes to preserving the cultural heritage and rich traditions of the Appalachian people. Gertrude Dills McKee (1874-1948), Sylva, NC: McKee was a politician and suffragist, becoming the first woman elected to the North Carolina House of Representatives. She advocated for better education, social welfare, and public health, using her position to create positive change. Her groundbreaking election and dedicated service helped break barriers for women in politics, inspiring future generations of female leaders in North Carolina and the Appalachian region. Etta Baker (1913-2006) Caldwell County, NC: Baker was a blues guitarist and singer known for her finger-picking style, contributing to the Piedmont blues tradition. Her skill and influence gained recognition from musicians like Taj Mahal and Bob Dylan. Through her music and the preservation of this unique style, Baker left a lasting impact on the Appalachian region's musical heritage and inspired future generations of musicians. Lula Belle Wiseman, (1917-1999) Gap Creek, NC: Wiseman was a singer and songwriter who performed Appalachian folk and country music with her husband, Scotty Wiseman. Known as Lulu Belle and Scotty, they wrote songs about love and working-class Americans' struggles. Their music resonated with the region's people and contributed significantly to the preservation and promotion of Appalachian musical traditions.
23 Sabrina P. Cook is a licensed CPA with over 16 years of business tax and accounting experience. Her team offers a wide range of services to business owners including fractional controller/CFO, advisory, year-round accounting support, tax planning, IRS and DOR audit defense, multistate consulting, and tax compliance services.
24 Lula Russell Hickman (1878-1970), Granite Falls, NC: Born Lula Russell in 1878, Hickman defied the odds as a successful businesswoman in a time when women lacked legal and political protections. After losing her husband in 1900, she raised her two children alone and worked at her parents' general store. She was one of the founders of Bank of Granite in 1906 and she started a shirt factory in 1919, which later expanded into the successful Hickman Hardware with three locations. She was a pioneering businesswoman and community leader in North Carolina. Jan Karon, (Born in 1937) Lenoir, NC: Karon is an esteemed author best known for her heartwarming Mitford series, which explores the lives of colorful characters in a smalltown setting. Drawing from her experiences growing up in the foothills of North Carolina, her vivid storytelling has resonated with readers worldwide, earning her a loyal following and numerous accolades. Karon's literary contributions have cemented her as a cherished voice in contemporary American fiction.
25 Nina Simone (1933-2003), Tryon, NC: Born Eunice Waymon, Simone was a singer, pianist, and civil rights activist known for her unique blend of jazz, blues, and classical music. Her powerful voice and poignant lyrics addressed racial inequality and civil rights issues. Simone's groundbreaking work as an artist and activist left a lasting legacy on the musical and social landscape of the Appalachian region and beyond. Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown (1883-1961) Henderson, NC: Brown was an educator and social reformer who founded the Palmer Memorial Institute, a school for African American students in Sedalia, North Carolina. Under her leadership, the institute provided highquality education and vocational training, empowering students to overcome racial barriers and achieve success. Brown's dedication to education and social reform contributed to the advancement of African Americans in the Appalachian region. Lillian Exum Clement, (1894-1925) Black Mountain, NC: Clement was a lawyer and suffragist who served as the first woman elected to the North Carolina General Assembly. Her work focused on prison reform, property rights for women, and public health. Clement's groundbreaking election and dedicated service paved the way for future female leaders in the Appalachian region and beyond. Dr. Christine Darden, (1942) Monroe, NC:Darden is a mathematician and aeronautical engineer who worked for NASA for over 40 years. As one of the "human computers" at NASA, she contributed to advancements in aerospace research and engineering. Darden's work in STEM fields has inspired young women in the region to pursue careers in science and technology. Her groundbreaking career and accomplishments have broken barriers for women and minorities, emphasizing the importance of diversity and representation in STEM fields.
26 Roberta Flack, (1937) Black Mountain, NC: Flack is an acclaimed singer-songwriter and musician whose soulful voice and heartfelt songs have left an indelible mark on the music world. She is known for hits like "Killing Me Softly with His Song" and "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face." As a four-time Grammy Award winner, Flack has been a trailblazer for Black female artists from the Appalachian region. Her success and talent have not only put North Carolina on the musical map but also inspired future generations of musicians. Laura Boosinger (born 1956), Asheville, NC: Boosinger is a renowned Appalachian musician and folklorist, recognized for her mastery of traditional mountain music, including old-time, bluegrass, and folk. Through her engaging performances on banjo, guitar, and autoharp, Boosinger captivates audiences with her melodic voice and deep connection to the music. As the executive director of the Madison County Arts Council, she has played a vital role in preserving and promoting the region's cultural heritage, further solidifying her importance in the region. Sheila Kay Adams (born 1948), Sodom Laurel, NC: Adams is a ballad singer and storyteller who comes from a long line of traditional Appalachian musicians and storytellers. Her preservation and performance of ancient ballads and stories have been instrumental in keeping Appalachian oral traditions alive.Her dedication to sharing and preserving these cultural treasures has not only enriched the lives of those who hear her perform but also ensured the continuation of these art forms for future generations in the Appalachian region. Ruth Moose, (1945) Hendersonville, NC: Moose is a writer and poet who focuses on Southern women's lives and experiences. Her poetry and short stories offers a vivid portrayal of the region's people, culture, and landscapes. By giving voice to the challenges faced by women in the South, Moose contributes to a better understanding of the region's complexities and enriched the Appalachian literary tradition.
24 E 1st Street • Newton, NC 28658 | (980) 858-4763 | www.catawbahumane.org Rescue Re-Tail is owned and operated by the Humane Society of Catawba County. Our nonprofit thift store is your go-to spot for gifts, decor, home goods, vintage items, pet supplies, art, antiques, jewelry, HSCC merchandise, and SO MUCH MORE! Your purchase at Rescue Re-tail goes directly to the cats and dogs in our care waiting for furever families. WE OFFER TWO WAYS TO SHOP: In-person during business hours, or from the comfort of your couch during our weekly Facebook LIVE sales. BUSINESS HOURS: Monday - Thursday 11 a.m. - 6 p.m. Friday 11 a.m. - 5 p.m. | Saturday 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Donations needed! Are you downsizing or decluttering? We would love to have your items! Donations can be brought by the store anytime during business hours. If you need to schedule a pickup email alicia@ catawbahumane.org. Please check our donation guide at www.catawbahumane.org. FACEBOOK LIVE SALES: Monday 1:30 p.m. & Wednesday 1:30 p.m. Friday 5:30 p.m. LIVE Sales stream from the Humane Society of Catawba County Facebook page.
Conveniently located along I-40, between Morganton & Hickory, Valdese is nestled at the base of Mineral Springs Mountain and bordered by Lake Rhodhiss. Explore the outdoors by visiting the suspension bridge at McGalliard Falls Park, take in a show with our local community theatre, or enjoy free live music downtown. Valdese is a unique small town founded with the rich traditions of the Waldenses. We invite you to slow down in our small town and celebrate the summer with us! Plan your visit at visitvaldese.com
Anna Fariello (born 1953), Summit, NJ: Anna earned a degree in Museum Studies and Art History from Rutgers University before becoming a university museum director. Fariello taught at Radford University and Virginia Tech, while working as a curator for the Christiansburg Institute Museum and Archive. As a Smithsonian Fellow, she focused on the craft revival. Fariello authored seven books, curated over 30 exhibitions, and received awards from various organizations, including the Southern Highland Craft Guild. Myrtle Driver Johnson (born 1943) Cherokee, NC: Johnson is a renowned Cherokee language expert and translator, working tirelessly to preserve and revitalize the Cherokee language for future generations. She has translated important documents, and literature into Cherokee. Johnson's dedication to her heritage and her determination to pass on the knowledge to younger generations embodies the essence of a Strong Appalachian Woman, as she champions the importance of language preservation and cultural identity. Kathryn Stripling Byer, (1944-2017) Andrews, NC: Byer was a prolific poet and the first woman to serve as North Carolina's Poet Laureate. Her work often reflected the landscape and culture of Western North Carolina, and she received numerous accolades for her poetry, including the North Carolina Award for Literature. Sallie Middleton (1926-2014), Asheville, NC: Middleton was a renowned wildlife artist known for her detailed watercolor paintings depicting the flora and fauna of the Appalachian region. Her work has been exhibited in galleries and museums across the United States, and she has received numerous awards for her artistic achievements.In addition to her watercolor works, Sallie Middleton was also an accomplished author who combined her love for art and nature in several published books.
30 In 1948, the late William E. "Jack" Bass, Sr. founded Bass-Smith Funeral Home on service, integrity, and dignity. The Catawba Valley has responded favorably to these qualities and for that we are very grateful. Since the founding of the business, we have added an on-site crematory, a community building (the Jack Bass Memorial Building) and have expanded into the Granite Falls area with Bass-Smith Granite Funeral Service. Now into its third generation, the Bass-Smith staff and the Bass family proudly salute the traditions of our founders as we take their time honored values into the future. Bass-Smith Funeral Home & Crematory Bass-Smith Granite Funeral Service 334 Second Street NW Hickory, NC 28601 (828)322-3015 106 South Main Street Granite Falls, NC 28630 (828)396-1305 bass-smithfuneralhome.com
31 Lula Gloyne, (1884-1977) Waynesville, NC: Gloyne was an influential Cherokee potter who played a vital role in preserving and revitalizing the traditional art of pottery within the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians. Gloyne crafted beautiful and functional pieces that reflected her deep connection to her heritage. Her commitment to teaching others embodies the nurturing and supportive spirit of Strong Appalachian Women, as she ensured the continuation of an ancient art form that remains integral to Cherokee culture. Lucy Morgan 1889-1981), Murphy, NC: Morgan was a visionary educator and founder of Penland School of Crafts, which has become an internationally renowned center for craft education in the Appalachian region. Through her leadership and dedication to preserving traditional crafts, Morgan provided opportunities for countless artists to develop their skills, exchange knowledge, and contribute to the cultural richness of the area. She forged a legacy that continues to inspire and support generations of artists. Chief Joyce Dugan (born 1948), Cherokee, NC: Dugan is an educator, leader, and trailblazer who served as the first female Principal Chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians from 1995 to 1999. Her tenure as Chief was marked by a focus on education, economic development, and preserving Cherokee language and culture. As chief, she consistently advocated for the betterment of her people and the recognition of their unique contributions to the region. Marie Freeman, (1963) Boone, NC: Marie dedicated over 13 years to the Watauga Democrat/Mountain Times Publications. Transitioning to the role of University Photographer at Appalachian State, she showcased her remarkable talent beyond media and campus events. She captured the spirit of Appalachia. Her illustrious career garnered 15 North Carolina Press Association photography awards, a prestigious first place in the S.E. CASE awards, and featured publications in renowned newspapers and magazines nationwide.
Woman on a Barge photograph by Cecil Sharp Cecil Sharp's folk music collecting expedition in the Appalachians (1916- 1918) is vividly encapsulated in the 1917 photograph, "Woman on a Barge." Taken in western North Carolina, near Asheville, the photograph foregrounds a woman rowing a barge, her resolve a testament to the resilient spirit of the region. This image is an important cultural artifact from Sharp's journey with his assistant, Dr. Maud Karpeles, to document the distinctive folk songs of the mountain singers in North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Kentucky. Her unknown identity makes her a universal symbol of Appalachian tenacity, while the barge symbolizes the rich heritage Sharp and Karpeles sought to safeguard. The surrounding wilderness speaks to the isolation that preserved this unique musical tradition, yet also concealed it from wider recognition. Much like Sharp and Karpeles' expedition, the woman rows against time, preserving her culture in a changing world. The photograph is more than a historical artifact; it narrates an overlooked tale of resilience, cultural labor, and unyielding determination. It invites viewers to appreciate the Appalachian music and way of life, echoing the spirit of the folk song collectors' quest. Photo licensed through Alamy.
34 Strong Appalachian women are often depicted in popular culture as resilient, independent, resourceful, and deeply connected to their families and communities. They are shown as embodying the spirit and strength of the Appalachian region. Here are a few examples of such portrayals in popular culture, beginning with the top left TV in the picture. "Cold Mountain" (2003) - Based on the 1997 novel by Charles Frazier, the film features the character Ada Monroe, played by Nicole Kidman. Ada is a strong, resourceful woman who learns to fend for herself and her farm after her father's death during the Civil War. "Big Stone Gap" (2014) - Based on the novel by Adriana Trigiani, the film tells the story of Ave Maria Mulligan, a self-sufficient woman who discovers a family secret that changes her life. She navigates love, loss, and her own identity in a small Appalachian town. "Harriette Arnow's The Dollmaker" (1984) - A made-for-TV movie based on Harriette Arnow's novel, "The Dollmaker" features Jane Fonda as Gertie Nevels, a resilient Appalachian woman who moves her family to Detroit during World War II. The story follows Gertie's struggles to adapt to city life while maintaining her family's Appalachian heritage. "The Glass Castle" (2017) - Based on the memoir by Jeannette Walls, this film portrays her mother, Rose Mary Walls, as a talented but struggling artist who raises her children in extreme poverty in rural Appalachia. Despite her flaws, Rose Mary demonstrates resilience and determination in the face of adversity. "Winter's Bone" (2010) - Jennifer Lawrence stars as Ree Dolly, a 17-year-old who navigates the dangerous criminal underbelly of the Ozark Mountains in order to find her missing father and protect her family. Ree's resourcefulness, courage, and loyalty to her family make her a powerful representation of a strong Appalachian woman. "The Education of Little Tree" (1997) - Based on the controversial novel by Forrest Carter, this film tells the story of a young boy raised by his Cherokee grandparents in the Appalachian Mountains during the Great Depression. The grandmother, played by Tantoo Cardinal, is a strong and wise figure who imparts traditional knowledge and values to her grandson. Our Women on Screen
"Outsiders" (2016-2017) - This television series is set in the Appalachian Mountains and follows the lives of the Farrell clan, who live off the grid and protect their way of life against external threats. The show features strong female characters like G'Winveer Farrell (played by Gillian Alexy), who is a determined and resourceful woman leading her family in a patriarchal society. "Coal Miner's Daughter" (1980) - This biographical film tells the story of country music legend Loretta Lynn (played by Sissy Spacek), who grew up in a poor Appalachian family in Kentucky. Loretta's journey from a young girl to a successful singer and songwriter demonstrates her strength, determination, and resilience. "October Sky" (1999) - Based on the memoir by Homer H. Hickam Jr., this film tells the story of a young man from a West Virginia coal-mining town who becomes inspired to pursue rocketry against the backdrop of the 1950s space race. The movie features strong female characters like Elsie Hickam (played by Natalie Canerday), the protagonist's mother, who stands up against her husband's traditional expectations and encourages her son to follow his dreams. "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000) - This Coen brothers film, loosely based on Homer's Odyssey, is set in the rural American South during the Great Depression. Holly Hunter's character, Penny, is a strong-willed Appalachian woman who raises her children on her own while her husband is in jail. Penny is determined, resourceful, and fiercely loyal to her family. "Matewan" (1987) - Directed by John Sayles, this film is based on the true story of the 1920 Matewan coal mine strike in West Virginia. The movie features strong female characters like Elma Radnor (played by Mary McDonnell), who supports her family and community during the labor dispute. "Fire Down Below" (1997)- This action film stars Steven Seagal as an EPA agent who uncovers illegal dumping of toxic waste in the Appalachian Mountains of Kentucky. Marg Helgenberger's character, Sarah Kellogg, is a strong Appalachian woman who helps the protagonist expose the corruption and protect her community from the dangerous effects of the waste.
37 COSMETIC, IMPLANT AND COMPREHENSIVE DENTISTRY (828) 328-5581 221 13th Avenue Place North West, Hickory
The Resilient Cherokee Women: Upholding Tradition and Embracing Equality Cherokee women have long held influential roles in their society, demonstrating incredible strength and adaptability. They not only played significant roles in maintaining the daily life of their communities and families but also participated in decision-making processes and held positions of power. In Cherokee culture, women were considered equals to men, with their close association with nature serving as a source of power within the tribe, rather than a basis for oppression. This contrasted sharply with the European societies they encountered in the 18th century. When the Cherokee leader Attakullakulla visited South Carolina, he was stunned to find that white women were not included in political negotiations. He questioned the governor, asking, “Since the white man as well as the red was born of woman, did not the white man admit women to their council?” The governor struggled to respond, eventually stating that white men placed confidence in their women and shared their councils when they knew their hearts were good. The Cherokee, however, found it difficult to comprehend why white men did not include their women in such matters as a matter of course.
In Western North Carolina, a typical Cherokee woman's day revolved around growing crops, foraging, and preparing food for her community. During the warmer months, she would work alongside other women in the fields outside the village, tending to crops such as corn, beans, tobacco, sumpweed, pumpkins, and squash that thrived in the rich soil of the Swannanoa's floodplain. Taking breaks from her labor, she would forage in the nearby woods to harvest wild greens for meals or collect herbs for medicine-making. Later in the fall, she would return to these forests to forage for acorns, walnuts, hickory nuts, and butternuts, essential components of her community's diet. According to Cherokee tradition, they have always inhabited the southern mountains, placed there by the Creator. The first man and woman, Kanati and Selu, lived at Shining Rock Wilderness, near present-day Waynesville, and the first Cherokee village was at Kituwah Mound, near present-day Bryson City. Much like the women of the later centuries, a typical woman in the village likely owned her home and fields, made decisions for her clan, and passed her property on to her daughter. The Cherokee women's roles evolved seamlessly over time, with their work and knowledge remaining integral to their communities' sustenance. Marie Junaluska, a member of the Eastern Band of Cherokee, fondly recalls the bounty of the land and the importance of living off it: “In the spring, we have wild greens. All
the different kinds. And then the berries start– strawberries, and then blackberries, blueberries, raspberries. And then when the berries are done, in the fall, the nuts come in– hickory, walnut, butternut– all the kinds you could want. And if we plant a garden, the land gives us so much–corn, beans, squash….Being a Cherokee Indian, that’s what I was raised with, living off the land.” Throughout history, Cherokee women have displayed remarkable resilience and adaptability, their contributions serving as a testament to the power of gender equality. They have maintained crucial roles in daily life, sustaining their communities through their skills and expertise, all while upholding their cultural identity and sense of belonging. Their powerful example of gender equity contrasts with the European societies they encountered, leaving a lasting impact on those who appreciate the strength and importance of Cherokee women. Today, the artistry and craftsmanship of Cherokee women continue to be of great importance to the cultural fabric of North Carolina. Skilled in various forms of traditional craft, these women not only preserve their ancestral heritage but also contribute to the economic wellbeing of their communities. Their talents span across pottery, basket weaving, beadwork, and textiles, with each piece showcasing the intricate designs and patterns that are deeply rooted in Cherokee history and symbolism. Nancy Bradley carries her baskets
Cherokee women have long been renowned for their expertise in basket weaving, creating exquisite works of art that are both functional and visually stunning. Utilizing natural materials such as river cane, white oak, and honeysuckle, these artisans fashion baskets in an array of shapes and sizes, often incorporating vibrant dyes derived from plants to imbue their creations with rich colors. This timehonored skill has been passed down through generations, with mothers teaching their daughters the delicate techniques needed to craft these beautiful pieces. Each basket represents not just an object of utility, but a piece of living history, a connection to the past, and a celebration of the resilience and creativity of Cherokee women. Similarly, the pottery crafted by Cherokee women is highly sought after for its exceptional quality and beauty. These masterful artisans employ traditional methods, such as hand-coiling and pit-firing, to shape the clay into a variety of forms. The finished pieces often feature intricate carvings and motifs, inspired by the natural world and Cherokee cosmology. The outstanding craftsmanship of Cherokee women is more than just a testament to their remarkable talents; it also plays a vital role in sustaining the cultural identity and pride of the Cherokee people in North Carolina. Their dedication to preserving and perpetuating traditional arts and crafts serves as an enduring reminder of the strength and adaptability of Cherokee women, who have long been at the heart of their communities. Their work continues to inspire, educate, and captivate generations of admirers, ensuring that the legacy of Cherokee women will be honored and cherished for years to come. Visit the Qualla Boundary near the western border of the state. Qualla Arts and Crafts Mutual is an excellent place to purchase hand-crafted goods by talented Cherokee artisans. Rivercane Market Basket Rivercane Storage Basket
42 Granny Witches Celebrating the Folk Healers of Southern Appalchia
43 In the verdant heart of the Southern Appalachian Mountains, history is alive in an unexpected, enchanting form - the legacy of Granny Witches. These women, potent in their wisdom and enigmatic in their practices, have carved a compelling narrative into the cultural fabric of Western North Carolina. This exploration delves into their unique origins, fascinating practices, and lasting impact, tracing their ties to European, Native American, and Christian traditions. A Storied Beginning: The Roots of Granny Witches In the 18th and 19th centuries, a fusion of cultures led to the creation of the Granny Witches. Scotch-Irish and English pioneers brought their native folk magic and healing traditions to the secluded Appalachian Mountains, where they encountered the indigenous Cherokee and Choctaw tribes. With their robust heritage of herbal medicine and spirituality, these tribes greatly influenced the evolving practices of the Granny Witches. The result was a fascinating meld of root work, folk medicine, magic, and kitchen witchery. In the Heart of Communities: The Role of Granny Witches These elder women, revered for their wisdom and deep knowledge of herbal medicine, held a key role within their communities. They served as healers, counselors, and protectors, wielding spiritual discernment to ward off physical and metaphysical afflictions. Healing with Nature: Herbal Medicine & Granny Witches Their command over local flora allowed them to craft remedies for a variety of illnesses, ranging from colds to digestive issues. In the isolated Appalachian communities, where professional medical care was scarce, their herbal prowess proved invaluable. Modern science has since vindicated many of their herbal remedies. Magic and Faith: The Spiritual Practices of Granny Witches In the heart of the Granny Witches' mystique lies their unique blend of magic and spirituality, a profound amalgamation that remains deeply entwined with nature and ancestral beliefs. These practices permeated every aspect of their lives and were employed for a variety of purposes, from healing and protection to bestowing good fortune and ensuring abundant harvests. Central to these spiritual practices was the use of charms, talismans, and intricate rituals. Charms, often homemade and deeply personal, were believed to carry protective or beneficial properties. The Granny Witches might create these out of natural elements such as stones, shells, feathers, or bits of wood, each imbued with a specific purpose depending on the nature of the ritual or the problem at hand. Talismans, another critical tool in the Granny Witches' spiritual arsenal, were employed as an extension of their personal power. These sacred objects, imbued
with a purpose and carefully crafted and consecrated, acted as vessels for specific energies or intentions. The talismans often symbolized protection, strength, or prosperity, and were used to attract or repel certain outcomes. The rituals they performed were multifaceted, often involving incantations, chants, or songs. These rites were deeply rooted in the seasons and the cycles of nature, honoring the interconnectedness of all things and the inherent magic of the natural world. Each ritual was meticulously planned and executed, taking into account the phases of the moon, the position of the stars, or the particular time of day, all considered vital to the ritual's effectiveness. Interestingly, while their practices may seem pagan or even occult to some, the spiritual lens of the Granny Witches was often distinctly Protestant. This can be traced back to the ScotchIrish and English settlers who brought their Christian beliefs with them as they settled the Appalachian Mountains. But in the unique cultural melting pot that was Western North Carolina, these Protestant beliefs fused with native Cherokee and Choctaw spiritual practices and European folk traditions to create something new and powerful. The Granny Witches perceived their healing abilities as divine gifts, bestowed upon them for the benefit of their communities. Some even considered their
45 spiritual and healing work an extension of Christian duty, viewing their skills as a manifestation of God's grace. This divine perspective allowed them to embrace their roles fully, wielding their wisdom and abilities to help their neighbors and ultimately contribute to the greater good. In this sense, the Granny Witches stood at the intersection of magic, medicine, and faith, wielding their unique blend of spiritual practices not only to heal, but to uplift and inspire. Their work, deeply rooted in the natural world and their strong faith, echoed a broader human quest for understanding, connection, and a sense of the divine. Birth and Survival: Granny Witches as Midwives Granny Witches also provided critical aid as midwives, ensuring the health and survival of mothers and babies in places where medical care was often inaccessible. Through herbs, protective charms, and chants, they brought life into the world under challenging conditions. Preservation of the Old Ways: Safeguarding Granny Witch Traditions Scholars and folklorists have begun documenting the traditions of Granny Witches, collecting their remedies and rituals to honor and remember these enigmatic figures. This work ensures their wisdom is shared and appreciated by future generations. Enduring Magic: The Continued Resonance of Granny Witches The Granny Witches stand as a powerful testament to human resilience, adaptability, and the profound connection between people and their environment. As we delve into their world, their stories, and their wisdom, we keep their spirit alive, ensuring their legacy continues to inspire and enrich. The captivating narrative of Granny Witches beckons us to keep their stories alive, as they continue to weave their enchanting spell over the Southern Appalachian Mountains for generations to come.
46 Goldenseal, a plant commonly found in the Appalachian region, was used by Granny Witches to create a tea for treating digestive issues, colds, and sore throats. Modern research has discovered that goldenseal contains the alkaloid berberine, which has antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. Granny Witches were skilled in making poultices for various ailments. For example, they used crushed plantain leaves to create a poultice for wounds, reducing inflammation and promoting healing. Studies have found that plantain leaves contain bioactive compounds like allantoin, aucubin, and flavonoids, which have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and woundhealing properties. Another poultice they used was mashed-up jewelweed for treating poison ivy rashes. Feverfew, a plant with small, white, daisy-like flowers, was used by Granny Witches to treat headaches and migraines. They would often make a tea or tincture from the leaves and flowers to alleviate pain and reduce inflammation. Modern research has found that feverfew contains parthenolide, a compound that can inhibit the release of inflammatory substances in the body, which may help prevent or reduce the severity of migraine headaches. Mullein (shown on the next page), a plant with tall stalks and yellow flowers, was a popular remedy among Granny Witches for treating respiratory issues like coughs, bronchitis, and asthma. They would create an infusion or syrup from the leaves and flowers to soothe the respiratory system and promote healing. Research has shown that mullein contains compounds like saponins, flavonoids, and glycosides that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and expectorant properties, which can help soothe the respiratory system and promote healing.
47 Mullein
Granny Witches used hops, the flowers of the hop plant, (shown at left) to help treat sleep disorders and anxiety. They would make a tea or tincture from the dried flowers, which are known for their calming and sedative properties. Studies have shown that hops contain compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids, and volatile oils, which have sedative and calming effects, helping to improve sleep quality and reduce symptoms of anxiety. Comfrey, a plant with large, fuzzy leaves and small, bell-shaped flowers, was a popular remedy among Granny Witches for treating wounds, bruises, and sprains. They would make a poultice from the leaves, which have antiinflammatory and healing properties, and apply it to the affected area to promote recovery. Comfrey contains allantoin, a compound that promotes cell growth and regeneration, which can help heal wounds faster. Additionally, comfrey contains rosmarinic acid, which has antiinflammatory properties. Granny Witches used wild cherry bark to make a syrup or decoction for treating coughs and respiratory issues. The bark contains compounds that can soothe irritated respiratory membranes and suppress coughs, making it an effective remedy. Yarrow, a plant with feathery leaves and clusters of small, white flowers, was a popular remedy among Granny Witches for treating wounds and stopping bleeding. They would make a poultice from the leaves or use the dried, powdered form of the plant to apply directly to the wound, taking advantage of its astringent and clotting properties. Scientific studies have shown that yarrow Hops contains compounds such as flavonoids,
alkaloids, and tannins, which contribute to its astringent, antiseptic, and antiinflammatory properties, helping to reduce bleeding and promote wound healing. Granny Witches also utilized various other plants and herbs to treat different ailments and conditions, many of which have been backed by scientific research. Some additional examples include: • Echinacea for Immune Support: Echinacea, a plant with purple, daisy-like flowers, was used by Granny Witches to boost the immune system and help ward off infections. Modern research has found that echinacea contains compounds that can stimulate the immune system, increasing the body's ability to fight off infections. • St. John's Wort for Depression: St. John's Wort, a plant with bright yellow flowers, was used by Granny Witches to treat mild to moderate depression. Studies have shown that St. John's Wort contains compounds like hypericin and hyperforin, which can help regulate mood and improve mental well-being. • Peppermint for Digestion: Granny Witches used peppermint, a fragrant herb, to alleviate digestive issues such as indigestion, bloating, and gas. Peppermint contains menthol, a compound with antispasmodic properties, which can help relax the muscles in the gastrointestinal tract and provide relief from digestive discomfort. • Valerian Root for Insomnia: Valerian root was used by Granny Witches to treat sleep disorders, particularly insomnia. Valerian contains compounds that have sedative and calming effects on the central nervous system, which can help improve sleep quality and reduce the time it takes to fall asleep. • Chamomile for Anxiety and Relaxation: Chamomile, a plant with daisy-like flowers, was used by Granny Witches to help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation. Chamomile contains compounds such as apigenin and bisabolol, which have calming and anti-anxiety properties, making it an effective natural remedy for stress and anxiety. Many of the traditional remedies used by Granny Witches have been studied and found to have scientific backing for their effectiveness. This demonstrates that their wisdom and knowledge of natural healing were well-founded and remain relevant even in modern times. The use of plants and herbs for medicinal purposes is a valuable and time-tested practice that can still provide benefits today, as long as they are used responsibly and with an understanding of their potential effects.
RITUALS Granny witches performed many rituals in the community. These would have varied from community to community, but the following rituals were common. The House Cleansing: Granny Witches performed house cleansing rituals to remove negative energy and protect the inhabitants from harm. They would often use a combination of prayers, blessings, and smudging with herbs like sage, cedar, or sweetgrass to cleanse and purify the home. The Blessing of the Fields: Before planting season, Granny Witches would often perform a blessing ritual for the fields. They would walk the perimeter of the land, sprinkling it with a mixture of salt and blessed water while reciting prayers or incantations to ensure a bountiful harvest and protect the crops from pests and disease. The Healing Circle: When someone in the community was seriously ill, Granny Witches would sometimes gather a group of people to form a healing circle around the afflicted person. Holding hands, they would chant prayers and incantations, calling upon the spirits and the healing power of the earth to restore the person's health. The Rite of Passage: Granny Witches often performed rites of passage for young people in their communities. These ceremonies marked significant life events, such as coming of age or the transition from childhood to adulthood. During these rituals, Granny Witches would share their wisdom and blessings with the young person, helping to guide them on their journey through life. The Ritual of Release: When a member of the community passed away, Granny Witches would sometimes perform a ritual of release to help the deceased's spirit transition peacefully to the afterlife. The ritual might involve lighting candles, offering prayers or blessings, and reciting specific incantations to guide the spirit on its journey. The Blessing of the Waters: Granny Witches would often perform a ritual to bless the waters of a river, stream, or well, asking the spirits of the water to provide clean and healthy water for the community. They might make offerings of flowers or small tokens of gratitude and recite prayers or incantations to honor the spirits.