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Published by SMK DATO JAAFAR LIBRARY, 2020-12-13 04:39:08

Encyclopedia of Biology

Encyclopedia of Biology

Keywords: Encyclopedia of Biology

384 Index

Ambrosia (ragweed) 77–78, anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) assimilation 30 Bacillus cereus 123
285 20, 189 assimilation efficiency 106 bacteria (bacterium) 33, 33
assimilative 30 bacteriochlorin (7,8,17,18-
amicyanin 13 anthropoid 274 assimilator 30
amines 15 anti 20 assimilatory nitrite reductase tetrahydroporphyrin)
amino acid 13–14, 14 antibiotics 20, 62, 132, 346 33–34
amino acid residue 14–15 antibody (immunoglobulin) 244 bacteriochlorophyll 64
amino acid symbols 15 associative learning (classical bacteriology 244
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases 20–21, 21, 46, 86, 173 bacteriophage (phage) 143,
anticoagulant 164 conditioning, trial-and- 264
(aaRSs) 15 anticodon 22 error learning) 30, 69, bacterium 33, 33
amino group (–NH2) 15 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 254, 261 balanced polymorphism 34
amniocentesis 16 assortative mating 30 balanced translocation 328
amnion 16 22 Asteraceae (Compositae) 77, banding procedures 67
amniotes 16 antiferromagnetic 126 77–79 Banting, Frederick Grant 34
amniotic eggs 16 antigenic determinant asthma 122 Bárány, Robert 34
amoeba 279 astigmatism 30, 153 Barbour, James G. 202, 230
amoebic dysentery (epitope) 118 astrocyte 148 barchan 35
antigens 22, 46 asymmetric carbon 30 bark (periderm) 35, 263
(Entamoeba histolytica) antihistamine 164 asymmetric synthesis 30 barley stem rust 300
16, 103, 279 antimetabolite 22 asymmetry parameter 30 Barr body 35
amphibian 16–17 antisense molecule 22, 23 A-term 212 Bartonella spp. 329
amphipathic molecule 17 Anura (Salientia) 16–17 atherosclerosis 28 basal body (kenetosome) 35
amphoteric 14 aorta 157 atomic mass unit (dalton, basal body temperature (BBT)
ampullary organ 196 aortic valve 339 amu) 89 35
amu (dalton; atomic mass Aphonopelma spp. 321 atomic number 30 basal metabolic rate (BMR)
unit) 89 aphotic zone 22 atomic weight/mass 30 35
anabolism 17 apical dominance 23 atopic dermatitis 286 base 35–36, 267
anaerobic 17, 17 apical meristem 23 ATP 4, 30 basement membrane 36
anagenesis 17 aplacental mammals 213 ATP synthase (proton base pairing 36, 66
analog 17 Apoda (Gymnophiona) translocating ATPase) base-pair substitution 36
analogy 17–18 30–31 basicity constant. See acidity
anaphase 215, 219, 223 16–17 atria (atrium) 31, 157 constant
anaphylaxis 56, 89, 296, 306 apomixis 23 atrioventricular valve 31 basidiomycetes 36
Anapsida 331 apomorphic character 23, 270 attention deficit hyperactivity basidium (basidia) 36
anastomosis 54 apoplast 23 disorder (ADHD) 169 basophil 199
anation 18 apoplastic transport 23 attenuated vaccine 337 Batesian mimicry 36, 37, 53,
anatomy 199 apoprotein 23 audiometer 37 221, 221
ancestral character 270 apoptosis 23–24, 24 auranofin (gold drug) 150 bathyal zone 36
Ancylostomatidae 166 aposematic coloration 24–25 aurora borealis 28 bats 105
androgen 18 aquaporins (AQPs) 25 autacoid 31 BBB (blood-brain barrier) 43,
androgynous 18 aquation 25 autogenesis model 107, 114
androsterone 18 aqueous solutions 25 (spontaneous generation, BBT (basal body temperature)
anemia 18, 72, 222, 236, Arachnida 48, 297, 311, 321 abiogenesis) 31 35
348 Archaea 25 autoimmune disease 31 B cells 37, 210, 269
aneuploidy 18, 19, 67 archaezoa 25–26 autonomic nervous system beetles (Coleoptera) 75
Angelman syndrome 91 archegonium 26 (ANS) 31 behavioral ecology 37
angiosperm (Angiospermae) archenteron 26 autophytic 31 Békésy, Georg von 37
18–20, 20 Archeophyta 13 autopolyploid 32 benign prostatic hyperplasia
angiotensin 184 archipelagos 26 autoreceptor 32 170–171
anhydrobiosis 321 Argas sp. 289 autosome 32 benthic zone 37
Animalia 188 argon-40 284 autotroph 32 benzidine 45
anion 20 Ariëns, E. J. 179–180 auxins 32 beringia 37
anisotropy 20 Aristotle 26–27, 341 auxotroph 32 Bernstein, Julius 93
annual 20 Arrhenius, Svante August Aves 32 berry 37
Anopheles punctipennis 227 Avogadro’s number 224 Best, Charles 34
Anopheles sp. 197 27–28 axillary bud 32 beta pleated sheet 269–270
Anoplurorida 204 artefactual pleiotropy 270 axon 32, 243 beta sheet 37–38
ANS (autonomic nervous Artemisia spp. 79 axoneme 68 beta strand 38
system) 31 arteriosclerosis 28 azurin 32 beta turn 38
ansa nephroni 209 artery 28, 29, 52 biennial 38
antagonist 20 arthritis 28 B bifunctional ligand 38
anterior 20 Arthropoda 28, 29, 76, 86, Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) bilateral symmetry 38
anther 20 bilateria 38, 120
antheridium 20 105, 204, 239 9, 95 binary fission 38, 38, 130
Anthocerophyta (hornworts) artificial selection 28–29 Bacillus anthracis 20, 189
50 asci (ascus) 29
Ascomycota 8–9, 29
ascospore 29
ASCUS 29
asexual reproduction 29, 339

Index 385

binding constant. See blood pressure 47, 95, 306 camalexin 267 cation exchange 57
stability constant blood vessel 28, 29, 52, 339 Cambrian explosion 52 catkin 57
blotting 47 cAMP (cyclic AMP) 5, 87, Caucasian 57
binding sites 38 blue copper protein 47–48 caudal 57
binomial (binomial name) blue lupine (Lupinus 318 C-banding 67
Canadian shield 52 CBS (colloidal bismuth
38–39 perennis) 111 cancer 52, 53, 68, 69, 128,
binuclear 39 BMR (basal metabolic rate) subcitrate). See De-nol
bioassay 39 254 CD (circular dichroism) 69,
bioavailability 39 35 canopic jars 233–234
biocatalyst 39 Bombycidae 200–202 CAP (catabolite activator 211–212
biochemical cycles 379–380 bond energy 48 CD (clusters of
bioconjugate 39 bone imaging 48 protein) 56
biocontrol 158 book lungs 48 capillary 52, 192 differentiation) 71
bioconversion 39 Bordet, Jules 48 capsid 52 CD4 cell (helper T cell)
biodiversity 39, 48, 310 boreal forest 321 capsidae (capsid bugs) 52
bioenergetics 39 Borrelia spp. 289, 312 carbohydrate 52 71–72, 159, 322
biofacies 39 bottleneck effect 48 carbohydrate metabolism CD8 cell (suppressor T cell)
biogeochemical cycles 39–40, Bovet, Daniels 48–49
Bowman’s capsule 49 211 72, 317, 322
40, 379–380 brachyptery 49 carbon-14 284 cDNA (complementary DNA)
biogeographic boundary 40 brain imaging 49 carbon cycle 40, 379, 379
biogeography 40 brain stem 49–50, 50 carbon dioxide (CO2) 27–28, 76–77
bioleaching 40 brain ventricles 339 cecidozoa 137
biological clock 40, 267 branching evolution 52, 152 celiac disease (celiac sprue)
biological control 40 carbon fixation 52
biological magnification 40 (cladistics) 69 carbonic anhydrase 52 57
biological species 40 Branchiopoda 86 Carboniferous period 52 cell 57, 60, 166
bioluminescence 40, 209 breathing roots carbon monoxide (CO) 52 cell center (centrosome) 57,
biomass 40 carbon monoxide
biome 41 (pneumatophor) 270 60
biomembrane 41 Brenner, John C. 47 dehydrogenases 52–53 cell chemistry 190–191
biomimetic 41 bridging ligand 50 carbonyl group 53 cell cycle 57
biomineralization 41 Brier, Bob 233 carboplatin 53 cell-cycle phases 57
biopolymers 41 bristle cone pine 81 carboxyl group 53 cell division 57
bioprecursor prodrug 41–42 bronchi 50, 209 carcinogen 53 cell fractionation 57
biosensor 42 bronchiole 50, 209 cardiac catheterization 84, cell-mediated immunity
biosphere 42 Brønsted acid 50
biotechnology 42 Brønsted base 50 133–134 (CMI) 58
biotic 42 Brooklynella hostilis (slime- cardiac muscle 53 cell membrane 58
biotransformation 42 cardiac output 53 cell plate 59
birds (Aves) 32 blotch disease) 115 cardiotech 53 cell respiration 320
birth defects 67–68 Brownian movement 50 cardiovascular system 53 cellular differentiation 59
Biston betularia 97 bryophytes 20, 26, 50 carnivores 53, 53, 303, 323 cellular immunity (cell-
bivalirudin 164 B-term 212 carotenoids 53–54
bivalves 42 bubonic plague (Black Death) carpal bones 54 mediated immunity) 58
Black Death (bubonic plague) carpal tunnel 54 cellular respiration 59, 59
50 carpel 54 cellulose 59
50 budding 50 Carrel, Alexis 54 cell wall 59, 60
black reaction 150 buffer 50 carrier 54 Celsius, Anders 59–60
blastocoel 42 bugs 162 carrier-linked prodrug 54 Celsius scale 60
blastocyst 42, 42, 176 bulk flow (pressure flow) 50 carrying capacity 55 Cenozoic era 60
blastomere 110 Burnett theory 71 cartilage 55, 55 centigrade thermometers
blastopore 42 butterflies 164, 199 cascade prodrug 56
blastula 43 butterfly wing 200, 230 casparian strip 56 59–60
Blattidae (cockroach) 72 Caspersson, Torbjorn O. 67 centipedes 238–239
bleomycin (BLM) 43 C caste 56 central atom 60
blepharoplast 187 C3 plants 51 catabolic pathway 56 central nervous system (CNS)
BLM (bleomycin) 43 C4 plants 51 catabolism 56
blood 43, 43, 320 CADD 80 catabolite activator protein 31, 60
blood-brain barrier (BBB) 43, cage 51 centrioles 58, 60, 219
Calcarea 260 (CAP) 56 centromere 60, 61, 66, 219
107, 114 calcitonin 51, 326 catalase 56 centrosome (cell center) 60
blood clotting 160, 160 calmodulin 51 catalsyt 56 cephalization 38
blood eosinophilia 116 calorie 51 catalytic antibody (abzyme) Cephaloaspidormorphi
blood groups 1, 196 calpain 51
“Blood Identification through Calvin cycle 51 56 (lampreys) 6
CAM (crassulacean acid catecholamine 56 Cephalocarida 86
the Ages” (Brenner, caterpillar 200–202, 221, cephalochordate 61, 340
Xythalis) 44, 44–47 metabolism) 51–52 cerebellum 50, 61
228–230 cerebral angiography 225
Caterpillars and Their Moths cerebral cortex 50, 61, 61–62
cerebrum 50, 62
(Eliot, Soule) 228 ceruloplasmin 62
cation 56 Cestoda 159, 321
CGH (comparative genomic

hybridization) 68

386 Index

Chagas’ disease 298 circadian rhythms 40, 69 coefficient of variation 74 conditioned reflexes 261
Chain, Ernst Boris 62, 131, circular dichroism (CD) 69, coelacanth 74 cone 80–81, 81
coelom 3, 74 cone cell (eye) 80
132 211–212 coelomate 74, 95 confidence limits 80
channels 62, 260 circulation 82 coenocytic 74 configuration 80
chaparral 62 circulatory system 54, 71, Coenonympha tullia (plain conformation 80
chaperonin 62–63 congener 80
character 63 71, 101, 163, 254 ringlet butterfly) 158 conidiophore 80
character displacement 63 cis 69, 333 coenzyme 2, 74 conidium 80
charge number 257 cisplatin 69 coenzyme A (CoA) 207 conifer (gymnosperm) 19,
charge-transfer complex 63 cistron 69 coevolution 75
Charophyceae (stoneworts) 9 citric acid cycle 191, 380, cofactor 75 26, 80–81, 81, 154
chelation 63 cofactor A (CoA) 2 conjugated protein
chelation therapy 63 380 cohesion 75
chemical equilibrium 63 clade 155 coitus 75 (glycoprotein) 150
chemical shift. See nuclear cladistics 69 cold-blooded organism 106 conjugation 81
cladogenesis 69 Coleoptera (beetles) 75 connective tissue (myofascial
magnetic resonance cladogram 69 collagen 75, 75
spectroscopy class 69 collagenoblast 128 matrix; fascia) 81
chemiosmosis 63 classical conditioning collecting duct 75 consensus sequence 81
chemoautotroph 32 Collembola 76 conservation biology 81
chemoautotroph (associative learning) 30, collenchyma cells 76, 152 conspecific 81
(chemolithotroph) 63 69, 254, 261 Collins, Michael 228 constitutional abnormalities
chemoheterotroph 63 cleavage 69 colloidal bismuth subcitrate
chemoprophylaxis 276 cleavage furrow 69 67
chemoreceptor 63 cleft lip (harelip) 156 (CBS). See De-nol constitutional isomerism 182
chemotherapy 63 cleistogamous 69 colony-stimulating factor constitutive heterochromatin
chiasma 63 cleptoparasite 69–70
chigger 63–64 climate 82, 85, 135 (CSF) 76 161
chigoe flea 64 climax 70 Colorado potato beetle contact dermatitis 285–286
chirality 64 cline 70 continental drift 81, 81–82,
chi-square test 64 cloaca 70 (Leptinotarsa
chitin 64 clonal deletion 70 decemlineata) 158 151, 347
chlamydospore 64 clonal selection theory combinatorial library 76 continuous-wave ENDOR
chlorenchyma 260 (Burnett theory) 71 combinatorial pleiotropy 270
chlorin 64 clone 71, 225 CoMFA (comparative 109
Chlorophyceae (green algae) cloning, gene 140 molecular field analysis) 76 contraception 82
9 cloning vector 71 commensalism 76 contractal ring (cleavage
chlorophyll 64 closed circulatory system 71, community 76
chloroplasts 60, 64 71 companion cell 76 furrow) 69
chloroxybacteria 9 Clostridium botulinum 17 comparative genomic contrast agent 82
cholera 64, 189 Clostridium tetani 323 hybridization (CGH) 68 convection 82
cholesterol 64, 90 cluster 71 comparative molecular field convergent evolution 82
chondrichthyes 64–65 clusters of differentiation analysis (CoMFA) 76 cooperativity 82
chondrin 65 (CD) 71 competitive exclusion coordination 82
chondroblasts 55, 128 clutch 72 principle (Gause’s law) 76 coordination formulas 82
chordate (Chordata) 65, 247 CMI (cell-mediated immunity) competitive inhibitor 76 coordination names 82
chorion 65 58 complementary DNA (cDNA) coordination numbers 82
chorionic villus sampling 65 Cnidaria 214 76–77 copper 348
Christin, Jean 60 CNS (central nervous system) complement fixation 77 copperbinding sites 332
chromatid 61, 63, 187 31, 60 complement system 77 cordilleran 82
chromatin 60, 65, 119, 251 CoA (coenzyme A) 207 complete digestive tract 77, Cori, Carl Ferdinand 82–83
chromatography 65 CoA (cofactor A) 2 78 Cori, Gerty Theresa (née
Chromista 65 coagulation (blood clotting) complete flower 77
chromophore 65 160, 160 Compositae (Asteraceae) 77, Radnitz) 83
chromosome 58, 61, 65, 66, coastal sagebrush See 77–79 cork cambium 83
67–68 chaparral compound 79 corphin 83
chronic 65 cobalamin (Vitamin B12) 72 compound eye 79, 79, 254 corpora allata 183
Chrysolina quadrigemina coccyx 340 Compsilura 158 corpus luteum 83
158 cochlea 37, 72, 72, 73 computational chemistry 80 corrin 83
Chrysomia bezziana 302 Cochliomyia hominivortax computed tomography (CT) cortex 83
Chrysophyceae 9 302 234–235 cortisone 160–161, 186
chytrid 65 cockroach (Blattidae) 72 computer-assisted drug design corymb 175, 176
cilium (cilia) 58, 65, 65, 68, cocoon 200–202, 228 (CADD) 80 cosmetics, regulation of 133
327 Codex Leicester 199 concanavalin A 80 coterie 83
Cimicidae 162 codominance 72 condensation reaction cotransport 83
codon 22, 72, 74, 74 (dehydration reaction) 80, cotyledons 84
coefficient of kinship 74 91 countercurrent exchange 84
Cournand, André-Frédéric

84, 295
court (lek) 84
covalent bonds 48, 84
Craniata 340

Index 387

craniosacral division cytoplasmic streaming 88 desferrioxamine (dfo) 94 dissimilatory nitrite reductase
(parasympathetic division) cytoskeleton 88 desirudin 164 244
31, 89, 260 cytosol 88 desmosome 94
cytotrophoblast 330 determinate cleavage (mosaic dissociation constant 313
crassulacean acid metabolism cytoxic T cell (T killer cell) distomer 98
(CAM) 51–52 cleavage) 94 diversifying selection
88, 322 determinate growth 94
Crenarchaeota 25 determination 94 (disruptive selection) 98
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease D detritus 94–95 Dixon, Henry Horatio 183
Dale, Henry Hallet 89 detrivore 95 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
275 dalton 89 Deuteromycetes 173
Cri du Chat syndrome 91 Dalton, John 89 deuterostome 42, 95 92, 93, 141, 291
crista 84 Dam, Henrik 89–90 Devonian period 95 DNA fingerprinting 129
critical flicker frequency dandy fever (dengue) 92 dextrorotatory sugar 149 DNA ligase 98
dark reaction 51 dfo (desferrioxamine) 94 DNA map (genetic map)
(flicker fusion rate) 131 Darwinian fitness 90 diabetes mellitus 95, 178
Croll, James 84–86 Darwinism 90, 151 diamagnetic 95 142, 144
Cro-Magnon 86 daughter isotope 284 diaphragm 95 DNA methylation 98
crossbreed (interbreed) 178 day-nerutral plants 90 diastereoisomers 95 DNA polymerase 98
cross fertilization 127 DDT 231–232 diastole 95 DNA probe 98
crossing over (recombination) decapods 90 diatomaceous earth 9 DNA probe (nucleic acid
deciduous 90 diatoms 9, 65, 95
86 deciduous forest 322 dichotomous 96 probe) 248, 249
cross-pollination 86 decomposers 90 dicotyledons (dicots) 19, 84, docking studies 98
cross-reactivity 86 decumbent (prostrate) 90 dodo 99
Crustacea 86, 90, 256 deep sea circulation 86 96 Doisy, Edward Adelbert
crustose lichens 204 dehiscent 90 dictyostele 314
cryptic 86 dehydration reaction diencephalon 161, 324 99–100
cryptic coloration 86, 177 differentiation 96 Domagk, Gerhard Johannes
Cryptosporidium parvum 279 (condensation reaction) diffusion 96, 260
crystal field theory 86 80, 91 Digenea 132 Paul 100
CSF (colony-stimulating dehydroepiandrosterone 18 digestion 96 domain 100
dehydrogenase 91 digestive process 261 dominance hierarchy 100
factor) 76 deletion 91, 91, 176 digestive track 78 dominant allele 100
CT (computed tomography) deme 91 dihybrid cross 96 dominant behavior 6–7
demography 91 dihydrofolate 96 donor atom symbol 100
234–235 Demospongiae 260 dihydrotestosterone 18, 323 dopamine 244
Ctenocephalides canis 131 denaturation 91 dikaryon 96 double-blind study 101
Ctenocephalides felis 131 dendrite 91–92, 243 dikaryotic 96 double circulation 101
C-term 212 dendrochronology 92, 135 dimorphism 97 double clutching 174
C-terminal amino acid residue dendrogram 92 Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates) double fertilization 101, 127
dengue (dandy fever) 92 double helix 101, 291
15 denitrification 92 9 double prodrug (pro-prodrug)
Culex pipiens 227 De-nol 92 dinosaurs 97
Culicidae 197, 227 de novo design 92 dinuclear 248 101
Curie relation See magnetic density 92 dioecious 97 Down’s syndrome 101,
density-dependent factor 92 diose 226
susceptibility density-dependent inhibition dioxygenase 97 101–102
cuticle 86 92 diphtheria 128 dragonfly 241
Cyamoidea 156 density-independent factor diploid cell 97 Drosophila melanogaster
cyanobacteria 8, 86 92 diploidy 67
Cyanophyta 8–9 denticity 92 diplomonads 26 (fruit fly) 226
cybernetics 87 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) diplopods 97 drug 102
cyclic AMP (cAMP; 3’,5’- 92, 93, 141, 291 Diptera 97 drug disposition 102
deoxyribose 93 directional selection 97 drug latentiation 102
AMP) 5, 87, 318 depolarization 93 Dirig, Robert 112 drug regulation 133
cyclic electron flow 87 deposit-feeder 93 disaccharide 97 drug targeting 102
cyclin 87, 230–231 Dermacentor andersoni 313 dismutase 97 drumlin 102
cyclin-dependent kinase 87 Dermacentor variabilis 297, dismutation 98 drupe 102
Cycloidea 156 313 dispersion 98 dual-action drug 102
Cyclospora caytanensis 279 dermal tissue system 93–94, disposition See drug duck-billed platypus 226
cymose inflorescence 175, 94 duplication 102, 102
dermatitis (rash) 285–286 disposition dwarfism 102–103
175–176 descendant character 270 disproportionation dynamic area 222
Cyrtopholis spp. 321 desferal. See desferrioxamine dynein 103, 103
cytochrome 87 (dismutation) 98 dysentery 103
cytochrome-c oxidase 87 disruptive selection
cytochrome P-450 87 E
cytogenetic map 142, 144 (diversifying selection) 98 ear 34, 37, 55, 72, 72, 73
cytogenetics 67–68 dissimilatory 98 ear drum (tympanic
cytokine 87
cytokinesis 87–88, 223 membrane) 332
cytoplasm 60, 88 earthworms 93, 158, 253
cytoplasmic determination Ebola virus 293

88

388 Index

eccentricity, Earth’s orbit 85 electron spin-echo envelope endothelium 114 EPR (electron paramagnetic
ecdysone 105 modulation (ESEEM) 109 endothelium-derived relaxing resonance) spectroscopy
ecdysterone 105 109
ECF-A (eosinophil electron spin-echo (ESE) factor (EDRF) 115
spectroscopy 109 endotherm 115 equator 118
chemotactic factor of endothermic 115 equilibrium constant See
anaphylaxis) 116 electron spin-resonance (ESR) endotoxin 115
echinoderm 105 spectroscopy 109 end-plate potential (receptor acidity constant; stability
echolocation 105, 310 constant
eclosion 105 electron transfer protein potential) 287 ER (endoplasmic reticulum)
ECM (extracellular matrix) 109 end-product inhibition 58, 114
122, 122 era 118
EC nomenclature for enzymes electron-transport chain (feedback inhibition) 126 erectile disfunction
105 110, 257 energy 115 (impotence) 173
ecological efficiency 105–106 energy budget 275 Erlanger, Joseph 118
ecological niche 106 electrophoresis 45, 46 enhancer 115 erythema multiform 315
ecological succession 106 element 30, 110, 377–378 Entamoeba histolytica 16, erythrocyte (red blood cell)
ecology 106 elephantiasis (lymphedema 43, 48, 118, 160
ecosystem 106 103, 279 Escherichia coli 118–119
ectoderm 106 filariasis) 110 entatic state 115 ESEEM (electron spin-echo
ectomychorrhizae 237 elimination 110 enteric nervous system 31 envelope modulation) 109
ectoparasite 106 Eliot, Ida 228 enterobactin 115 ESE (electron spin-echo)
ectotherm 106 EM (electron microscope) enterochelin 115 spectroscopy 109
ectothermic regulation 325 entomology 115 esophagus 119
EDRF (endothelium-derived 109 entomophilous 115 ESR (electron spin-resonance)
relaxing factor) 115 Embden-Meyerhof pathway entropy 115 spectroscopy 109
effector cell 106 environment 115 essential amino acids 119
efficacy 106 220 environmental grain 115 essential fatty acids 333
EF-hand 106 embryo 110, 110 enzootic 115 estivation (aestivation) 16,
EGF (epidermal growth embryology 214, 311 enzootic pneumonia 119, 325, 326
factor) 118 embryo sac 110 estradiol 99, 323
egg 106, 127, 127, 256–257 EMF (electromagnetic (Mycoplasma estriol 99
“Egyptian Mummies: Brief hyopneumoniae) 115 estrogens 119
History and Radiological frequency) 268 enzyme 62, 74, 105, estrone 99
Studies” (Wagle) 233–236 emigration 110 115–116, 346 estrous cycle (heat cycle)
Ehrlich, Paul 106–107 EMR (electron magnetic enzyme induction 116 119
Eijkman, Christiaan 107–108 enzyme repression 116 estrus 119
Einthoven, Willem 108 resonance) spectroscopy Eocene 116 ETC (electron transport
Ekström, Daniel 59–60 109 eosinophil 116, 199 chain) 110, 257
electrocardiograph (EKG) emulsion 110 eosinophil chemotactic factor ethanol, structural formula
108 enantiomer 110 of anaphylaxis (ECF-A) 316
electrochemical gradient 108 endangered species 110 116 ethmoid sinus 307
electrode potential 108 Endangered Species Act eosinophilia (blood ethology 119
electrogenic pump 108 (1973) 112 eosinophilia) 116 ethylene (C2H4) 119
electroluminescence 209 endemic species 112 ephemeral 116 etiology (aetiology) 119
electromagnetic frequency endergonic reaction 30, 112 epidemic 118 euchromatin 119, 161
(EMF) 268 Enders, John Franklin epidermal growth factor eudismic ratio 119
electromagnetic spectrum 112–113, 298 (EGF) 118 eugenics 137, 138
108 endocrine gland 113, epidermis 94, 116 eukaryotes 119
electron 108 146–147 epididymus 304 eulittoral zone 207
electron acceptor 63, 108, endocrine system 113 epigenesis 116–117 eumetazoa 38, 119–120
110 endocytosis 113, 287 epiglottis 117, 117 Eurasia 120
electron dating spin resonance endoderm 113 epigynous ovary (inferior Euryarchaeota 25
284 endodermis 113 ovary) 175 eusocial 120
electron donor 63 endogenous 113 epilepsy 117 eutherian mammal (placental
electronegativity 108, 247 endogenous morphine epimere 216 mammal) 120, 213, 268
electron magnetic resonance (endorphin) 114 epinephrine (adrenaline) 56, eutomer 120
(EMR) spectroscopy 109 endomembrane system 117, 129 eutrophication 120
electron microscope (EM) 113–114 epiparasite 117 eutrophic lake 120
109 endometrial cancer 114 epiphysis 267–268 evaporative cooling 120
electron-nuclear double endometrial hyperplasia 114 epiphyte 117 evolution 90, 120, 151, 168
resonance (ENDOR) 109 endometrium 114 episome 117 evolutionary species concept
electron paramagnetic endomycorrhizae 237–238 epitasis 117 120
resonance (EPR) endoparasite 114 epithelial tissues 117–118 evolve 120
spectroscopy 109 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) epitope (antigenic Ewens-Bassett number See
58, 114 determinant) 118 oxidation number
ENDOR (electron-nuclear epizootic 118
double resonance) 109 epoch 118
endorphin 114 EPR imaging 212
endoskeleton 114
endosome 287
endosperm 114
endospore 114
endosymbiotic theory 114

Index 389

EXAFS (extended X-ray feedback inhibition (end- Fleming, Alexander 20, 131 G
absorption fine structure) product inhibition) 126 flicker fusion rate (critical G0, G1, G2 phases 57
121 GAG (glycosaminoglycan) 8
[Fe]-hydrogenases 168 flicker frequency) 131 gallamine (Flaxedil) 48–49
exaptation 120 female 126 flora 131 gallic acid 137
excitatory postsynaptic FeMo-cofactor 126 Florentine thermometers 124 galls (hypertrophies) 137
femur 308 Florey, Howard Walter 62, Galton, Francis 137–138
potential (EPSP) 120 Fenton reaction 126 galvanometer 108
excretion 121 fermentation 126 131, 131–132 gametangium 138
exegetic reaction 121 ferns 13, 20 flower 132 gamete 127, 138
exercise physiology 192 ferredoxin 126 fluid feeder 132 gametophyte 138
exine 313 ferric uptake regulator (fur) fluid mosaic model 132 gamma band See soret band
exobiology 121 fluke 132 ganglion 138
exocrine gland 146–147 135 fluorescence in situ gap 0, 1, 2 phases 57
exocytosis 121 ferriheme 126 gap junction 138
exogenous 121 ferritin 126 hybridization (FISH) 44, garlic mustard 158
exon 121 ferrochelatase 126 67–68 gastric mill (gizzard) 146
exoskelton 121 ferroheme 126 fly maggots 238 gastrin 138
exothermic 121 ferromagnetic 126 FMR-1 134 gastropod 138–139, 308
exotoxin 121 fertilization 127, 127 folate coenzymes 132–133 gastrovascular cavity 139
experimental morphogenesis [2Fe-2S] 127 foliose lichens 204 gastrula 139
[4Fe-4S] 127 folivore 133 gastrulation 139
311 fetus 127 follicle 133 gated ion channel 139
expiration 84, 209 F factor 127 follicle-stimulating hormone Gause’s law (competitive
exponential population fiber 127–128 (FSH) 151, 268
Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Food and Drug exclusion principle) 76
growth 121 Administration (FDA) 133 g-bands 146
expression 121 Grib 128 food chain 133 G-CSF (macrophage-colony-
extended X-ray absorption fibril 128 food web 133
fibrin 128, 160 foramen 227 stimulating factor) 76
fine structure (EXAFS) fibrinogen 160 forensics 44, 133 gel diffusion method 45
121 fibroblast (fibrocyte) 128 forensic serology 44–47 gel electrophoresis 139
extinct species 121 fibula 308 formation constant See gene 139, 139–140
extirpated species 122 fiddler crab (Uca pugnax) 11 stability constant genealogy 140, 262
extracellular matrix (ECM) fight-or-flight reaction 117, formula 133 gene amplification 140
122, 122 Forssmann, Werner Theodor gene cloning 140
extraembryonic membranes 129 Otto 84, 133–134 gene expression 140
122 filial generation (offspring Forssmann’s procedure 84 gene flow 140
extrinsic asthma 122 fossil 134, 161, 174, 199 gene mapping See genetic
eye 153, 292–293, 293 generation) 129 founder effect 134
filter feeding 129 fragile X syndrome 134 map
F fimbriae 267 fragmentation 134 gene pool 140
F1 generation 129 fimbriae (pilus) 267 frameshift mutation 134, 270 genera (genus) 143
F2 generation 129 fingerprinting, DNA 129 Fraser darling effect (darling generation time 140
F-430 83, 123 fingerprints 138 effect) 90 gene therapy 140, 142, 143
facilitated diffusion 123 Finsen, Niels Ryberg fraternal 134, 332 genetic code 140
facultative anaerobe 123, free energy 134 genetic drift 11–12, 134,
129–130 free radical 134, 283
123 fire cycle 111, 112 freshwater 134 140, 142
facultative epiphyte 117 firefly (lightning bug) 130 Fritts, Harold Clark genetic engineering 142
facultative halophyte 155 first law of thermodynamics 134–135 genetic linkage 226
facultative heterochromatin frond 135 genetic map (DNA map) 44,
115, 130 frontal lobe 62
161 fish 256 frontal sinus 307 142, 144
facultative organism 123 FISH (fluorescence in situ frugivore 135 genetic predisposition 274
facultative saprophyte 123 fruit 135 genetic recombination 142
facultative symbiont 123 hybridization) 44, 67–68 fruit fly (Drosophila genetics 137–138, 142, 216,
Fahrenheit, Daniel Gabriel fission (binary fission) 38, melanogaster) 226
fruiting body 135 226–227, 231
123–125 38, 130 fruticose lichens 204 Gengou, Octave 48
fallopian tube (oviduct) 256 fission track dating 284 FSH (follicle-stimulating genome 142
family 125 fixation 130 hormone) 151, 268 genomic imprinting 143
FAP (fixed action pattern) fixed action pattern (FAP) functional group 135 genomic library 143
Fungi 8–9, 29, 36, 135, 173, genotype 143
130, 290 130, 290 204–205 genus (genera) 143
farsightedness 125 flaccid 130 fur (ferric uptake regulator) geographic range 143
fascia (connective tissue) 81 flagellum (flagella) 58, 130 135 geological time 143, 145,
fat (triacylglycerol) 125, 206 flanking region 130
fatty acids 125, 333–334 flatworms (Platyhelminths) 183, 381, 381
fauna 125–126 geosynclines 145
FDA (Food and Drug 130–131, 132 geotropism 145
flavin 131
Administration ) 133 Flavivirus sp. 92
Flaxedil (gallamine) 48–49
flea 64, 131

390 Index

germination 146 Gram staining 107, 151 harelip (cleft lip) 156 Heteroptera 162
gestalt 146 granular leukocyte Harrison, Betty 68 heteroreceptor 162
g-factor See electron haustorium 156–157 heterosexual 162
(polymorphonuclear Haversian system (osteon) heterosis 162
paramagnetic resonance leukocyte) 272 heterosporous 162
spectroscopy granulocyte 157 heterothermic regulation 325
Giardia lamblia (giardiasis) (polymorphonuclear hay fever 77–79, 271, 285 heterotrophic organisms 32,
26, 279 leukocyte) 272 HDL (high-density
gibberellins 146 granulocyte colony- 162
giemsa stain 146 stimulating factor (G-CSF) lipoprotein) 64, 207 heterozygote 162
Giemsa/Trypsin stain 67 76, 153 head 50 heterozygote advantage
gigantism 146 granulocyte-macrophage- heart 84, 108, 134, 157, 157,
gill 146 colony-stimulating factor (overdominance) 162–163
gill slit 146 (GM-CSF) 76 295 heterozygous 163
gizzard 146 granum 151–152 heart catheterization 84, Hexactinellida 260
glaciation (glaciers) 37, 146, graptolites 160 Heymans, Corneille Jean-
147 gravid 152 133–134, 295
gland 146–147 gravitropism 152 heat 157 François 163
glaucoma 147 Greek letters used 152 heat cycle (estrous cycle) 119 HGH (human growth factor,
glial cell 147–148, 150 greenhouse effect 27–28, 52, heath hen 157
glial growth factor 148 152 heat-shock proteins (HSPs) somatotropin) 153
glioblastoma multiform 148 gross primary productivity hiatal hernia 161
glomerulus 49, 148, 148 (GPP) 152, 242–243 157 hibernation 163, 325, 326
Glossinidae 330 ground meristem 152 hectare 157 high-density lipoprotein
glowworms 130 ground tissue system 152 helium 159
glucagon 148 growth factor 152–153 helix 159, 291 (HDL) 64, 207
glucocorticoid 148 guanylate cyclase 153 Helmholz, Hermann von 342 high-potential iron-sulfur
glucose 148–149, 149 guard cell 153 helminth 159
glutathione 186 Gullstrand, Allvar 153 helper T cell (T4 cell; CD4 protein (HiPIP) 164
gluten intolerance (gluten guttation 153 high resolution banding 67
enteropathy) 57 Gymnophiona (Apoda) cell) 72, 159, 322 high-spin See low-spin
glycerophospholipid 266 16–17 hematology 107 Hill, Archibald Vivian
glycocalyx 149 gymnosperm (conifer) 19, heme 159
glycogen 82–83, 149 26, 80–81, 81, 154 hemerythrin 159 163–164, 220
glycolysis 149, 149, 220 gynandromorphism 154 hemichordates 159–160, 340 hill topping 164
glycoprotein (conjugated gypsy moth (Lymantra hemochromatosis 160 hilum 164
protein) 150 dispar) 158, 201 hemocyanin 160 hirudin 164
glycosaminoglycan (GAG) 8 hemoglobin 160, 160 histamine 89, 164
GnRH (gonadotropin H hemoglobin SC disease 307 histology 164
releasing hormone) 151 Haber-Weiss reaction 155 hemoglobin sickle histone 164, 251
goblet cells 327 habitat isolation 274 histones 66
gold drugs 150 habituation 155 betathalassemia 307 The History II (Herodotus)
Golgi, Camillo 150 Haeckel, Ernst 155 hemoglobin SS 307
Golgi apparatus 58, 60, Haeckelian recapitulation hemolymph 160 233
150–151 hemolysis 48 HIV (human
gonadotropin releasing (embryonic recapitulation) hemophilia 160
hormone (GnRH) 151 155 hemorrhagic fever 293 immunodeficiency virus) 7,
gonadotropins 151, 268 Haemagogus capricorni 353 hemorrhoids (piles) 160 8, 71, 72, 150
gonads 151 hagfishes 6 Hench, Philip Showalter HLA (human leucocyte
Gondwanaland (Gondwana) half-life 155, 284 antigens) 212
151, 259 half-reaction 288 160–161 Hodgkin, Jonathan 270
GPP (gross primary Hall, James 259 hepatic artery 161 holoblastic cleavage 164
productivity) 152, haloperoxidase 155 hepatic portal vessel 161 holocene 164
242–243 halophyte 155 Hepatophyta (liverworts) 50 holoenzyme 164
G protein 151 hansch analysis 155–156 heptose 226 holotype 164
graded potential 151 haploid cell 156 herb 161 homeobox (HOX genes) 164
gradualism 151 haplostele 314 herbivore 161 homeosis 165
gradual metamorphosis 174 haplozoans 156 heredity See genetics homeostasis 165
grafting 151 hapten 156 hermaphrodite 161 homeothermic 165
Grammia virginiensis (tiger hapto 156 hernia 161 homeotic gene 164, 165
moth) 24 hard acid 156 Herodotus 161, 233 hominoids 165
Gram-negative bacteria 33, hard base 156 Hess, Walter Rudolf 161 homogamy 165
151 hard drug 156 heterochromatin 119, 161 homokaryotic 96
Gram-positive bacteria 33, Hardy, G. H. 156 heterochrony 162 homologous chromosomes
151 Hardy-Weinberg theorem 156 heterocyst 162 165
heteroecious 162 homologous structures 165
heterogamy 162 homologue 165, 270
heterokaryotic 96 homology 23, 165
heterolysis (heterolytic homolysis (homolytic cleavage,
homolytic fission) 165
cleavage, heterolytic homonomy (serial homology)
fission) 162 165
heteromorphic 162 homoplasy 165

Index 391

Homoptera 162, 165 5-hydroxytryptamine incomplete metamorphosis intercellular fluid (interstitial
Homo sapiens 86 (serotonin) 244, 267, 305 174 fluid) 179
Homo sapiens
Hymenoptera 120, 169 IND 174 intercourse (coitus) 75
neanderthalensis 242 hyperactive 169 indeterminate cleavage 174 interferon 178
homosexual 165 hyperendemic 169 indeterminate development interleukin 178
homosporous 166 hyperfine 109 intermediate filament 178
homozygous 166 hyperglycemia 95 (regulative development) intermolecular charge transfer
honeybee 158 Hypericum perforatum (St. 289
Hooke, Robert 166 indeterminate egg layer 174 63
hookworms 166 John’s-wort) 158 indeterminate growth 174 Internet websites 363–364
Hopkins, Frederick Gowland hyperopia (farsightedness) indeterminate inflorescence interneuron 179
174 internode 179, 179
167 125 index fossils 174 interphase 179, 223
hormone 99–100, 167 hyperparasitoid 170 indigenous 174 interstitial 179
hornworts 50 hyperplasia 170–171 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 32 interstitial cells 179
Houssay, Bernardo Alberto hyperpolarization 93, 171 induced fit 174 interstitial deletion 91
hypertension 47 induced resistance 320 interstitial fluid (intercellular
167 hypertonic solution 171 inducer molecule 116
HOX genes (homeobox) 164 hypertrophies (galls) 137 inducible enzyme 116 fluid) 179
HSPs (heat-shock proteins) hypertrophy 171 induction 174 intertidal zone 179
hyperventilate 171 industrial melanism 175 intra- 179
157 hypha 171 inert 175 intrinsic activity 179–180
5-HT (serotonin) 244, 267, hypogynous ovary 171 infanticide 175 intrinsic rate of increase
hypomere 217 infectious 175
305 hypoosmotic solution 171 inferior ovary (epigynous (rmax) 180
“Human Cytogenetics: hypoparathyroidism 260 ovary) 175 introgression 180
hypopharynx 265 inflammatory granulocyte intron 180, 180, 308
Historical Overview and hypopigmentation 91 272 inverse agonist (negative
Latest Developments” hypotension 47 inflammatory response 175
(Harrison) 67–68 hypothalamus 171, 243 inflorescence 175, 175–176 antagonist) 181
Human Genome Project hypothesis 171 ingestion 176 inversion 181
167–168 hypotonic solution 171 inhibin 304 invertebrates 181
human leucocyte antigens inhibition 176 in vitro fertilization 181
(HLA) 212 I inhibitor 176 ion 181
humerus 308 ice ages 37, 85 inhibitory postsynaptic ion channel 139, 181, 205,
hummingbird 75 identical twins 331 potential (IPSP) 176
humoral immunity 168 Ig (immunoglobulin; initials 282 343
Hutton, James 333 innate behavior 176 ionic bond 181
Huxley, Julian 11 antibody) 20–21, 21, 46, inner cell mass 176 ionic dissociation 27
Huxley, T. H. 168 86, 173 inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate ionizing radiation 283
hyaline 168 IL (interleukin) 178 (IP3) 176 ionophore 181
hybrid 168 ilium 173 inquiline 176 ion pump 181
hybridization 168 imaginal disk 173 Insecta 176 IP3 (inositol 1,4,5
hybridoma 168 imaging 173 insecticide 231–232
hybrid vigor 168 immigration 173 insectivorous 176 triphosphate) 176
hybrid zone 168 immortalization 322 “Insects and Man—An Exotic IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic
hydathodes 153 immune modulator (mediator Dilemma” (McCabe)
hydration 168 modulator) 214 158–159 potential) 176
hydrocarbon 168 immune response 173, 274, insect stings 56 iron-responsive element 181
hydrocarbon solvent 310 303 insertion 176, 177, 328 iron-responsive protein (IRP)
hydrocephalus 168 immunoglobulin (Ig; insertion reaction 177
hydrogenase 168 antibody) 20–21, 21, 46, insertion sequence 177 181
hydrogen bond 168–169 86, 173 insight learning 177 iron-sulfur cluster 181
hydrogen ion (hydron) 169 immunogold 173 inspiration 209 iron-sulfur proteins 181
hydrolase 169 immunologic memory 274 instability constant 313 IRP (iron-responsive protein)
hydrolysis 169 immunology 48, 196, 214 instinct 177
hydron 169 imperfect fungi 173 insula 62 181
hydrophilic 169 impotence (erectile insulin 34, 95, 100, irregular 182
hydrophilic amino acids 14 disfunction) 173 152–153, 178, 211 irritant contact dermatitis
hydrophilicity 169 imprinting 174 integral protein 178
hydrophobic 169 inbreeding 174 integrated pest management (contact dermatitis)
hydrophobic (nonpolar) incest 174 (biological control) 40 285–286
amino acids 14 incomplete cleavage inter- 178 irruption 182
hydrophobic interaction 169 (meroblastic cleavage) 216 interbreed (crossbreed) 178 ischemia 182
hydrophobicity 169 incomplete dominance 174 intercalation compounds 178 isidia 205
hydrostatic skeleton 169 incomplete flower 174 isobacteriochlorin 182
20-hydroxyecdysone 105 isoenzymes 46, 182
hydroxyl group 169 isogamy 182
hydroxyl ion (-OH) 169 isolating mechanism 182
isomerase 182
isomerism 315
isomers 182
isomorphic alternation of
generations 182

392 Index

Isoptera (termites) 120, 182 Koch’s postulates 190 leaf veins 198 Lintner, Joseph Albert 111
isosteres 182 Korarchaeota 25 learned behavior 30, 69, 177, lipid 125, 206
isotonic solutions 182 Kossel, Ludwig Karl Martin Lipmann, Fritz Albert 2, 207
isotope 182 198, 254, 261 lipophilicity 207
isotropy 182 Leonhard Albrecht leghemoglobin 198 lipopolysaccharide
Ixodes 182 190–191 legume 198
Krakatoa 191 Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm (endotoxin) 115
J Krebs, Hans Adolf 191 lipoprotein 207
J (joule) 183 Krebs cycle 191, 192, 380, 124 lipoxygenase 207
Jeffreys, Alec 46 380 Leishmaniasis (kala-azar) lithosphere 207
jelly lichens 204 Krogh, Schack August littoral zone 207
joint 183 Steenberg 191–193 185, 264 liver research 348
Joly, John 183 krummholz 192, 193 lek 198 liverwort (Hepatophyta) 50
joule (J) 183 K-selection 193 lemur 198 live-vector vaccine 337
jumping gene See transposon k-T boundary 193 lenticle 198 lizards 208, 208
junk DNA (noncoding DNA) kuru (trembling disease) 193, Leonardo da Vinci 198–199 lobotomy 225
275 Lepidoptera 199, 199, local hormone (autacoid) 31
183 lockjaw (tetanus) 323
Jurassic period 183 L 200–203 locus (loci) 208
juvenile 183 labile 195 lepirudin 164 Loewi, Otto 208
juvenile hormone 183 lability 195 Leptinotarsa decemlineata logistic growth 208
juxtaglomerular apparatus laccase 195 long-day plant 209
lactate (lactic acid) 195 (Colorado potato beetle) longevity 209
183–184 lacteal 195 158 loop of Henle 209
lactic acid (lactate) 195 Leptoglossus occidentalis Lorensen, William 235
K lactoferrin 195 (western conifer seed bug) low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
kala-azar (Leishmaniasis) ladybug 158–159 158
lagging strand 195–196 Leptospira spp. 312 64, 207
185, 264 Lamarckism 196 lesion 199 Lowen, Alexander 39
kame 185 lamella 221 lethal mutation 199 lower motor neuron 227
kappa convention 100 lamin 231 leucocyte (white blood cell, low-spin 209
Karner blue butterfly 11, Laminariales 185 WBC) 24, 199–200 lumbar spine 340, 340
lampreys 6 leucomalachite green 45 luminescent 209
111–112 land bridges 196 leukemia 199 lumper 209
“The Karner Blue—New Landsteiner, Karl 1, 46, 196 leukocyte (white blood cell) luna moth 203
lanthanides 209 199–200 lung 84, 209, 209–210
York’s Endangered larva 196, 241 Lewis acid 204 Lupinus perennis (blue
Butterfly” (Dirig) 111–112 laryngopharynx 265 Lewis adduct 204
karyogamy 127, 185 latentiated drug 102 Lewis base 204 lupine) 111
karyotype 144, 185, 186 lateral canal 196–197 LH (luteinizing hormone) lupus vulgaris 129
kcal (kilocalorie) 51 ok, 187 lateral line system 196–197 151, 268 luteinizing hormone (LH)
kelp 185 lateral meristem 197 Libby, Willard F. 284
Kendall, Edward C. 161, Laurasia 197, 259 lice 204, 212 151, 268
185–186 lava 197 lichen 8–9, 204–205 lyase 210
keratin 186 Laveran, Charles-Louis- life table 205 Lycaeides melissa samualis
ketose 226 life zones 355
keystone predator 186–187 Alphonse 197 ligament 205 11, 111–112
kidney 187 Law of Conservation of ligand 205 Lycophyta 13
kidney nephron loop 84 ligand field 205 Lymantra dispar (gypsy
kilocalorie (kcal) 51, 187 Energy 115, 130 ligand gated ion channel
kilodalton (kDa) 89 law of equal segregation receptor 205 moth) 158, 201
kilogram 187 ligase 205 Lyme disease 182
kinematics 187 197–198 ligating 205 lymph 210
kinesis 187 Law of Increased Entropy light and dark bands 144, lymphatic system 210
kinetic energy 187 146 lymphedema filariasis
kinetochore 187 (second law of light microscope 206
kinetochore fibers 187 thermodynamics) 303 lightning bug (firefly) 130 (elephantiasis ) 110
kinetosome (basal body) 35, law of independent light reactions 206 lymphocyte 210, 216
187 assortment 198 light treatment 129 Lyon, Mary 35
kingdom 188, 188 LDL (low-density lipoprotein) lignin 206 lysis 210
kinocilium 188 64, 207 Limax poirieri 308 lysogenic cycle 210
kinship 188 lead 206, 207 (fission track limbic system 206 lysosome 60, 210
kinship coefficient 74 dating) 284 Lindbergh, Charles 54 lysozyme 132, 210
Klamath weed 158 lead discovery 198 Lindhard, Johannes 192 lytic cycle 210
klinotaxis 189 lead generation 198 linkage 206 lytic virus 210
Koch, Robert 189–190 leading strand 198 linkage map 142, 206
Kocher, Theodor Emil 190 lead optimization 198 linked genes 206 M
leaf primordia 198 Linnaeus, Carolus 39, 59, µ (mu) See bridging ligand
187 Macleod, John James Richard

211

Index 393

macroevolution 211 melanism 175, 215 microfilament (actin filament) monoclonal antibodies 225
macromolecule 211 melatonin 267, 268 220 monocotyledons (monocots)
macrophage-colony- Melissa blue butterfly
microfungi 309 19, 84, 96, 225
stimulating factor (G-CSF) (Lycaeides melissa melissa) microglia 148 monoculture 225
76 11 micronutrient 220 monocyte 199–200, 225
macrophages 211, 264 membrane potential 215–216 microscope 206 monoecious 225
macula 335 memory cell 216 microscopy 166 monogamy 226
macula adherens (spot Mencke, Otto 124 microspoidians 26 monogyny 226
desmosome) 94 Mendel, Gregor 197–198, microtubule 58, 60, 219, monohybrid cross 226
macula densa 183–184 216 monomer 226
magnetic circular dichroism Menkes’ disease 216 220–221, 223 mono-oxygenase 87, 226
(MCD) 211–212 menstrual cycle 216 microvillus 221 monophyletic 226
magnetic resonance imaging menstruation 114 middle lamella 221 monosaccharide 226
(MRI) 212 mercury thermometers MIF (mullerian inhibition monosomy 67, 246, 247
magnetic susceptibility 212 124–125 monotreme 226
magnetotactic 212 meristele 314 factor) 304 monounsaturated fatty acids
major histocompatibility meristem 23, 152, 197, 216 Milax gagates 308
complex (MHC) 212 meroblastic cleavage millipedes 238–239 333
Malacostraca 86 (incomplete cleavage) 216 mimicry 25, 36, 37, 53, 177, montane 226
malaria 197, 212, 299, 345 Merriam, Clinton Hart 355 Morgan 227
malignant 212 mesentery 216 221, 232 Morgan, Thomas Hunt
Mallophaga 212 mesoderm 216–217 mineral 221
Mallophagorida 204 mesomere 216 mineralocorticoid 221–222 226–227
Malpighian tubule 212 mesophyll 216, 217, 260 minimum dynamic area 222 morphogen 227
Mammalia 213 mesotrophic lake 217 minimum viable population morphogenesis 227
mange 213 Mesozoic era 217 morphological species
mantle 213 messenger (mediator (MVP) 222
marine 213 modulator) 214 Minot, George Richards 222 concept 227
Marini-Bettòlo, G. B. 49 messenger RNA (mRNA) Miocene 222 morphometrics 227
mariposa lily 3 217 missense mutation 222, 270 morphotype 227
marsupial 213 met- 217 Mississippian age 222 morula 110
Mastigophora 213 metabolism 217 mites 222 mosaic cleavage 94
matallothionein 217 metabolite 217 mitochondria 222 mosaic development 227
matrilineal 213 metalloenzyme 217 mitochondrial matrix 223 mosaic evolution 227
matrilocal residence 213 metallo-immunoassay 217 mitochondrion 58, 60 mosaicism 67
matrix 213 metallothionein 217 mitosis 223, 223 mosquitoes 92, 197, 212,
matter 213 metal toxicity 63 mitral valve 339
maturation promoting factor metamorphosis 105, 174, mixed oxidation state 223 227, 299, 353
See MPF 200, 217–218 mixed protostele 314 Mössbauer effect 227
maxillary sinus 307 metanephridium 218–219 mixed valency 223 mosses 50
Maxillopoda 86 metaphase 215, 219, 219, Mixini (hagfishes) 6 moths 199, 200–203, 227,
McCabe, Timothy L. 159, 223 mobbing 223
203 metapopulation 219 Moco (molybdenum cofactor) 228–230
McConnell, John 170 metastable 313 Moths and How to Rear
MCD (magnetic circular metastasis 219 224
dichroism) 211–212 Metazoa 219 model 224 Them (Villiard) 228
mean 213 Meteorologica (Aristotle) modern synthesis 224 Moths of the Limberlost
mechanical isolation 274 26–27 mol (mole) 224
mechanically gated channel methane mono-oxygenase molarity 224, 255 (Porter) 228
139 219 mold 224 motif 227
mechanoreceptor 213 methanogens 219–220 mole (mol) 224 motor neuron 227
Mechnikov, Ilya Ilyich methylation 98 molecular formula 224 motor unit 230
213–214 methyl-coenzyme M molecular graphics 224 MPa (megapascal) 214
mediator modulator (immune reductase 83 molecular machines 278 MPF (M-phase promoting
modulator; messenger) me-too drug 220 molecular modeling 224
214 Meyerhof, Otto Fritz 220 molecular motor 103 factor) 230–231
medical devices, regulation of M-FISH 68 molecule 224 M phase 231
133 MHC (major histocompat- Mollusca (mollusks) 42, M-phase promoting factor
medicinal chemistry 214 ibility complex) 212
medulatted protostele 314 Michaelis-Menten kinetics 138–139, 308 (MPF) 230–231
medulla oblongata 214 220 molt 105, 224 MRI (magnetic resonance
medusa 214 microcrystalline tests 45 molybdenum cofactor (Moco)
megapascal (MPa) 214 microevolution 220 imaging) 212
meiosis 215, 215 microfibrils 60 224 mRNA (messenger RNA)
molybdopterin 224
Monera 224 217
Mongenea 132 mucous-bag suspension feeder
Moniz, António Caetano de
318
Abreu Freire Egas 225 mugwort 79
monoamine 225 Muller, Hermann Joseph 231
monoclonal 225 Müller, Paul Hermann

231–232
mullerian inhibition factor

(MIF) 304
Müllerian mimicry 221, 232

394 Index

Mullis, Kary 47 NCE 244 Nitti, Filomena 49 O
multicopper oxidases 232 NDA 241–242 NK cell (natural killer cell) oats stem rust 300
multienzyme 232 Neanderthal 242 obligate aerobe 253
multigene family 232 Nearctic 242 210, 241 obligate anaerobe 253
multiheme 232 nearsightedness (myopia) NMR imaging 212 obligatory halophyte 155
mummification 232, 232, NMR (nuclear magnetic occipital lobe 62
238 oceanic zone 253, 262
233–236, 234, 235 necrosis 242 resonance) spectroscopy octahedron See coordination
mumps 113 negative antagonist (inverse 248–249 ODMR (optically detected
Murphy, William Parry 222, Nobel laureates relating to
agonist) 181 biology 367–375 magnetic resonance) 254
232, 236 negative cooperativity 82 nocturnal 245 OEC (oxygen-evolving
muscle 3–4, 163, 220, 238, negative feedback 242 node 245
negative geotropism 145 nodes of Ranvier 245–246 complex) 258
309, 320 Nematocera 227 nomenclature 39 offspring generation (filial
mutagen 236 nematocyst 242 nonclassical isostere
mutagenesis 236, 236–237 nematode (roundworm) 110, (bioisostere) 40 generation ) 129
mutation 36, 91, 91, 176, noncoding DNA (junk DNA) Okazaki fragments 98
159, 242, 242 183 olfaction 253
177, 181, 222, 231, 236, neo-Darwinism 90 noncompetitive inhibitor 246 oligochaete 93, 253
237, 237, 247, 270 neoplasm 331, 346 noncyclic electron flow 247 oligodendrocyte 148
mutualism 237 Neosalvaran 107 noncyclic oligogyny 253
mutual prodrug 237 neoteny 242 photophosphorylation 87, oligonucleotide 253
MVP (minimum viable Neotropic 242 247 oligotrophic lake 253
population) 222 nephron 242 nondisjunction 246, 247 omassum 300
mycelium 237 neritic zone 242 nonintegral oxidation state ommatidium (ommatidia)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis nerve impulses 208 223
331 nerve/nervous system research nonionizing radiation 283 79, 79, 254
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae nonpolar covalent bond 247 omnivore 254
(enzootic pneumonia) 115 5, 118, 150, 163 nonsense mutation 247, 270 oncogene 254, 278
mycorrhizae 237–238 nervous system 31, 60, nonsymbiotic mutualism 237 One Step ABAcard
myelin 238 norepinephrine
myelin sheath 238 263–264 (noradrenaline) 56, 129, HemaTrace 45
myelomeningocele 311–312 net primary productivity 244 ontogeny 254
myiasis 238, 302 norm of reaction 247 oogamy 254
myocrisin (gold drug) 150 (NPP) 242–243 notochord 247 oogenesis 254
myofascial matrix 81 neural crest 243 NPP (net primary open circulatory system 254
myofibril 238, 238 neural folds 243 productivity) 242–243 operant conditioning 254
myoglobin 238, 324 neural plate 243 N-terminal amino acid operator gene 254
myopia 238 neural tube 243 residue 15 operon 254
myosin 3–4, 238 neurohypophysis 243, 268 nuclear envelope 60, 247–248 ophthalmology 153
myriapods 97, 238–239, 239 neuromast 196 nuclearity 248 opportunistic pleiotropy 270
myrmecophile 239 neuron 5, 61, 227, 243, 306 nuclear magnetic resonance opsonin 254
neurophysiology 5 (NMR) spectroscopy opsonization 254
N Neuroptera 243 248–249 optically detected magnetic
Nabokov, Vladimir 111 neurosecretory cells 243 nuclear organizer 249
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) neurotransmitter 244 nuclear pores 60, 248, 249 resonance (ODMR) 254
neurulation 243 nucleation 249 orbicule 313
262 neutral variation 244 nucleic acid probe (DNA order 255
N-acetyl muramic acid neutron 244 probe) 248, 249 organ 255
neutrophil 199 nucleic acids 249 organelle 255
(NAM) 262 new chemical entity (NCE) nucleobases See nucleosides organic chemistry 255
NAD+ 241 nucleoid 249 organic solvent 309–310
NADH 241 244 nucleolus 60, 249–250 organism 255
NADP+ 241 new drug application (NDA) nucleosides 250 organization center
NADPH 241 nucleosome 251
Naegleria fowleri 279 241–242 nucleotides 249, 251 (organizer) 311
NAG (N-acetyl glucosamine) New York tiger moth 24 nucleus 58, 61, 250, 251 organ of Corti 74, 255
niche 244 null cell 210, 251 organogenesis 255
262 Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henry nullisomy 18 organ systems 255
nagana 330 numerical taxonomy organ transplantation 54
naiad 241 244 (phenetics) 265 orgasm 255
NAM (N-acetyl muramic nicotinamide adenine nuptial flight 251 Orientia tsutsugamushi 302
nut 251 Ornithodoros sp. 289
acid) 262 dinucleotide 241 nyctinasty 251 oropharynx 265
nasopharynx 265 nif 244 nymph 241, 251 orphan drug 255
natron 233, 234 [NiFe]-hydrogenases 168 osmoconformer 255
natural killer cell (NK cell) [NiFeSe]-hydrogenases 168 osmolarity 255
nitrate reductase 244 osmoregulation 255
210, 241 nitrates 92 osmoregulator 255
natural selection 97, 241, nitrite reductase 244 osmosis 255–256
nitrogenase 245
313 nitrogen cycle 379, 379
nitrogen fixation 245, 245

Index 395

osmotic pressure 256 parasympathetic division 31, PGAL Pick’s disease 129
Osteichthyes 256 89, 260 (phosphoglyceraldehyde) Pieris virginiensis (Virginia
osteoarthritis 55 51
osteoblast 128 parathyroid glands 260 white butterfly) 158
osteon (Haversian system) parathyroid hormone (PTH) Phaeophyceae (brown algae) piles (hemorrhoids) 160
9 pilus 267
157 260 pineal gland 267–268
osteoporosis 256 parathyroidism 260 phage (bacteriophage) 143, Pingvellir (Iceland) 81
ostracoderm 256 Parazoa 260 264 pinna 55
ostracods 256 parenchyma 152, 260 pinocytolic vesicle 60
otolith 334, 335 parietal lobe 62 phagocyte 264 pinocytosis 268
outgroup 256 parsimonious pleiotropy 270 phagocytosis 264, 264 pisatin 267
ovarian cycle 256 parthenogenesis 260 pharmacokinetics 264 pith 152, 268
ovary 256 partial agonist 260 pharmacophore 264–265 pituitary gland 167, 243, 268
overdominance (heterozygote partial pressure 260 pharmacophoric descriptors placebo 268
passive transport (diffusion) placenta 268
advantage) 162–163 265 placental mammal 120, 213,
oviduct 256 260 pharynx 265
oviparous 256 Pasteurella tularensis 331 phaseollin 267 268
ovotransferrin 256 pattern formation 261 phasic receptor 304–305 placental mammals 213
ovoviviparous 256 pattern recognition 261 phenetics (numerical placoderm 268
ovulation 257 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich 261 plain ringlet butterfly
ovule 257 PCBs (polychlorinated taxonomy) 265
ovum 257 phenolphthalein 45 (Coenonympha tullia) 158
oxidase 257 biphenyls) 40 phenotype 265 plankton 268
oxidation 257 PCR (polymerase chain phenotypic plasticity 195 plant glands 147
oxidation enzymes 324–325 pheromone 265 plant hormones 202–203
oxidation number 257 reaction) 47, 272, 272 phloem 265, 314 plant kingdom 338
oxidation-reduction 288 PDGF (platelet-derived phosphatase 265 planula 268
oxidative addition 257 phosphate group 265 plasma 269
oxidative phosphorylation growth factor) 153 phosphatide acylhydrolase plasma cell 269
pedigree 262, 262 plasma membrane 113, 269
257 pedipalp 311 265–266 plasma osmolarity 22
oxidizing agent 257 pelagic zone 262 phosphoglyceraldehyde plasmid 269, 300
oxidoreductase 257 pelvis 308, 340 plasmodesma 60, 269
oxygen 258 penicillin 20, 62, 131, 132 (PGAL) 51 Plasmodium falciparum
oxygen cycle 379, 379 peppered moth (Biston phosphoglyceric acid (PGA)
oxygen-evolving complex (malaria) 197, 212, 299,
betularia) 97 51 345
(OEC) 258 peptide bond 262, 263 phospholipase A (phosphatide plasmogamy 127, 269
oxytocin (OT) 243 peptidoglycan 262 plasmolysis 269
Ozark fragments 195 peptidomimetic 262 acylhydrolase) 265–266 plastid 269
ozone (O3) 258 peptoid 262 phospholipases 266 plastocyanin 269
ozone layer 258 peramorphosis 162 phospholipids 266 platelet (thrombocyte) 43,
perception 263 phosphoprotein phosphatase 269
P perennial 263 platelet-activating factor
pacemaker 259 perfusion 210 (protein phosphatase) 278 (PAF) 269
Pacinian corpuscle 305 perichondrium 55 phosphorus cycle 380, 380 platelet-derived growth factor
paedogenesis 259 pericycle 263 phosphorylation 266 (PDGF) 153
paedomorphosis 162, 259 periderm 263 photic zone 266 plate tectonics (continental
PAF (platelet-activating periodic table of the elements photoautotroph 32, 266 drift) 81, 151
photoheterotroph 266 Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
factor) 269 377 photoluminescence 209 130–131, 132
paleontology 259 peripheral isolates 11–12 photolysis 266 pleated sheet (beta pleated
palisade parenchyma 260 peripheral nervous system photon 266 sheet) 269–270
Pangaea 81, 259, 347 photoperiodism 209, 266 plectostele 314
panicle 175, 176 (PNS) 31, 263–264 photophosphorylation 266 pleiotropy 270
Papilio troilus 221 periplasm 264 photorespiration 266 plesiomorphic character 270
papillomavirus 169 peristalsis 264 photosynthesis 247, 266 pluripotent stem cell 270
parallel venation 198 permafrost 331 photosystem 247, 267 PMN (polymorphonuclear
paramagnetic contribution permease 260 phototropism 267 leukocyte) 272
pernicious anemia 222, 236 pH scale 267 pneumatophor 270
212 Peroceras reticulatum 308 phyletic evolution pocosin 270
Paramecium caudatum 65 peroxidase 264 poikilotherm 270
paranasal sinus 307 peroxisome 264 (anagenesis) 17 point mutation 222, 270
paraphyletic 259 persistent radical 312 Phyllobates terribilis 16 poison plants (poison ivy;
parasite 259 petiole 264 phylogeny 267 poison oak; poison sumac)
parasitism 259 Petrified Sea Gardens (New phylum 267 270–271, 286
parasitoid 170, 260 physical map 142
York) 315 physiology 261
Pfeiffer’s rule 264 phytoalexin 267
PG (prostaglandin) 276 phytochelatin 267
PGA (phosphoglyceric acid) phytochrome 267
phytoplankton 268
51 picket-fence porphyrin 267

396 Index

polar covalent bond 271 predisposition, genetic 274 proton motive force 278 radicle 283
polar molecule 271 prefrontal leucotomy 225 proton pump 278 radioactive decay 284
polio 113, 298, 348 presbyopia (farsightedness) proton translocating ATPase radioactive isotope 182,
pollen 271
pollen allergy 77–79, 271, 125 (ATP synthase) 30–31 283–284
pressure 260 proto-oncogene 278 radiocarbon dating 284
285 pressure flow (bulk flow) 50 protoplasm 278 radiometric dating 284–285
pollination 86, 271, 304 presynaptic membrane 273 protoplast 278 radionuclide 285
polyandry 271 prevalence 274 protoporphyrin IX 278 radius 308
polychaete 93 prezygotic barrier 274 protostome 42, 95, 278–279, ragweed (Ambrosia) 77–78,
polychaetes 93 primary consumer 274
polychlorinated biphenyls primary germ layers 274 312 285
primary growth 274 protozoan 197, 213, 264, rain forest 285, 330
(PCBs) 40 primary immune response Raman spectroscopy 292
Polyctenidae 162 279, 279 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago 150
polydentate See chelation; 274 provirus 279 random dispersion 98
primary meristem tissues 152 proxima straight tubule 209 Raphus cucullatus (dodo) 99
donor atom symbol primary producer 274 proximate causation 279 rash (dermatitis) 285–286
polygenic character primary productivity 274 pseudocatalase 56 rate-controlling step 286
primary prophylaxis 276 pseudocoelomate 279 Réaumur, René-Antoine
(quantitative character ) primary structure 274, 277, pseudopodium 279
281 psychosurgery 225 Ferchault de 286–287
polygenic inheritance 272, 281 Pteridophyta (ferns) 13, 20 Réaumur scale 286
281 primary succession 274 pterin 280 Réaumur’s thermal constant
polygyny 272 primate 274 PtKs (tyrosine kinase) 332
polyhedral symbol 272 primer 274 Puccinia graminis 300 of phenology 287
polymer 226, 272 primordial germ cells 275 pulsed ENDOR 109 recapitulation 287
polymerase chain reaction principle of allocation 275 punctuated equilibrium 280 receptor 287
(PCR) 47, 272, 272 prion 275 pupa 280 receptor mapping 287
polymorphic 272 probability 275 PVA (population viability receptor-mediated endocytosis
polymorphic enzyme 46 procambium 152, 275
polymorphism 34, 272, 292 prodrug 275 analysis) 273 287
polymorphonuclear leukocyte prognosis 275 pyrogen (endotoxin) 115 receptor potential 287
(PMN) 116, 272 programmed cell death recessive allele 287, 288
polyp 273 Q recessive disorder 287
polypeptide 273, 281 23–24, 24 quadruped 281 reciprocal altruism 287–288
polyphyletic 273 prokaryote 275 quantitative character 281 reciprocal translocation 328
polyploidy 273 prolactin 268 quantum evolution 281 recognition species concept
polyps 214 promoter 275 quarantine 281
polyribosome 273 propagules 29 quasisocial 281 288
polysaccharide 273 prophage 275 Quaternary period 281 recombinant 288
polysome (polyribosome) prophase 215, 219, 223, 276 quaternary structure 277, 281 recombinant DNA 140, 288
273 prophylaxis 276 Quatracienagas Dunes recombinant DNA technology
polyunsaturated fatty acids proprioreceptor 276
333 pro-prodrug (double prodrug) (Mexico) 41 288
population 273 queen 281 recombination (crossing over)
population viability analysis 101 queen mandibular pheromone
(PVA) 273 prosimian 274 86
porins 273 prostaglandin (PG) 276 293 red blood cell (erythrocyte)
porphyrin 273 prosthesis 235, 235 queenright 281
porta hepatis 161 prosthetic group 276 queen substance 282 43, 48, 118, 160
Porter, Gene Stratton 228 prostrate (decumbent) 90 quiescent center 282 red-light-sensitive system
positional information 273 protandrous hermaphroditism quinicrine 67
positive cooperativity 82 (phytochrome) 267
positive feedback 273 161 R redox potential 288
positive geotropism 145 proteasome 276, 276 RAAS 8 redox reaction 288
postsynaptic membrane 273 protective coloration 221 racemate 283 red pulp 312
postzygotic barrier 273 protein 141, 276, 277, 281 raceme 175, 176, 283 reducing agent 288
potassium-argon dating 284 protein kinase 276, 278 racemic 283 reductase See oxidoreductase
potency 274 protein machines 278 racemose inflorescence 175, reduction 257, 289
potential energy 274 protein phosphatase 278 reductive elimination 289
power saturation 274 protein systhesis 218 175–176 reductive speciation 289
Prader-Willi syndrome 91 proteoglycan 278 radial cleavage 283 reflex 289
prairie dogs 83 protist See protozoan radial symmetry 3, 283 refractory period 289
preadaptation See exaptation Protoctista 8–10 Radiata 120, 283 regulation 289
precession 85 protoderm 152, 278 radiation 231, 283 regulative development 289
precipitin test 45 protogynous radical 283, 312 Reich, Wilhelm 39
predator 186–187, 274 radical anion 283 Reichstein, Tadeus 161, 289
hermaphroditism 161 radical cation 283 relapsing fever 289
proton 278 relative configuration 289
protonephridium 278 relative fitness 289–290
relative refractory period 289
relaxation 290
releaser 290

Index 397

religion and science 170 Richards, Dickson Woodruff, Samia cynthia (ailanthus silk secondary prophylaxis 276
Remipedia 86 Jr. 84, 295–296 moth) 201 secondary structure 277,
renal collecting tubule 75
Renaldini, Carlo 124 Richet, Charles-Robert 296 SA node (sinoatrial node) 281, 303
reniform 290 rickettsia 296, 297, 302, 259, 301 secondary succession 303
rennin-angiotensin- second law of
313, 332 sap 301
aldosterone system (RAAS) Rieske iron-sulfur protein saprobe 301 thermodynamics 115, 303
8 saprophyte See saprobe second messenger 303
repetitive DNA 290 296 SAR (structure-activity sedimentary rock 303
replication fork 290, 291 rigor mortis 296 seed 303
repolarization 93 ring precipitin test 45 relationship) 316 segmentation 303
repressible enzyme 290 risk factor 296 SAR (systemic acquired selection coefficient 303
repressor 290 rmax (intrinsic rate of selective permeability 303
repressor gene 254 resistance) 320 self-incompatibility 304
Reptilia 208, 290, 291 increase) 180 Saratoga Springs (New York) self-pollination 304
reservoir host 290 RNA (ribonucleic acid) 217, semelparity 304
resin 234 315 semen 304
resistance 290 294, 294 sarcolemma 238 semicircular canals 304
resistance transfer factor RNA polymerase 297 sarcomere 301 semilunar valve 304
(RTF) 300 RNA processing 297 sarcophagous 301 seminiferous tubules 179,
resolving power 290 RNA splicing 297 sarcoplasmic reticulum 301
resonance Raman Robbins, Frederick Chapman Sarcopterygii 256 304
spectroscopy 292 “Sassafras and Its semipermeable 304
resource partitioning 292 113, 297–298 sensation 304
respiration 59, 59, 292, 346 Robertsonian translocation Lepidopteran Cohorts, or sensory neuron 304
respiratory system 163, 292 Bigger and Better sensory receptor 304–305,
resting potential 292 328 Caterpillars through
restriction enzyme 292 Rocky Mountain spotted Chemistry” (McCabe) 305
restriction fragment length 202–203 sepal 305
polymorphism (RFLPs) 46, fever 297, 313 satellite cell 148 sequence 305
292 rod cell 298 satellite RNA (viroid) 341 sequence-directed
restriction site 292 rodent (Rodentia) 298 saturated fatty acid 125, 301
resveratrol 267 roentgen 298 Saturniidae 200–203, 228 mutagenesis See
rete mirabile 84 Romaña’s sign 298 Saunders, William 111 mutagenesis
reticulate 292 Romer, Olaus 124 savanna 301–302 sequential polyandry 271
reticulate venation 198 root 298 scanning electron microscope serial homology (homonomy)
reticulum 300 root cap 298 109 165
retina 292–293, 293 root hair 298 scavenger 302 serology 44–47, 48
retinue 293 root pressure 298 Scheele, Karl 137 serotonin 244, 267, 305
retrovirus 293 Ross, Ronald 298–299 Schiff bases 302 Sertoli cell 304
reverse transcriptase 293 rough endoplasmic reticulum schistosomiasis 348 serum 269
revision 293 schizophrenia 302 sessile 305
RFLPs 46, 292 (rough ER) 60, 114, 295, Schlerospongiae 260 sex chromosomes 305,
Rh blood types 196, 299 school 302 305–306, 353
293–294 roundworm See nematode Schuffner’s dots 146 sex-linked gene 306, 351
rheumatoid arthritis 150, royal jelly 300 Schwann cells 148, 238, 302 sexual dimorphism 306
160–161, 186 Royal Society of London 166 “Science and the Spiritual sexual reproduction 306
rhizome 294 R plasmid 269, 300 Factor” (McConnell) 170 sexual selection 306
Rhodophyceae (red algae) 9 rRNA (ribosomal RNA) 294 scientific method 302 Sherrington, Charles Scott
rhodopsin 294 r-selection 300 scintillation counting 306
Rhus toxicodendron 271 RTF (resistance transfer (scintigraphy) 49 Shigella bacillus 103
ribbon snake 53 factor) 300 sclereid 302 shock 306
ribonucleic acid (RNA) 217, rubisco 294–295 sclerenchyma cell 152, 302 shock therapy 345
294, 294 rubredoxin 300 scrapie 275 shoot system 306
ribonucleotide reductases rubrerythrin 300 screwworm 302 short-beaked echidna 226
294 rumen 300 scrotum 304 short-day plant 306
ribose 294 ruminant 300 scrub typhus 302 shortsightedness (myopia)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 294 runner 300 seasonal allergic rhinitis (hay 238
ribosome 58, 60, 294, 295 rusts 300 fever) 77–79, 271, 285 short tantem repeats (STR)
ribozyme 294 Rutherford, Ernest 183 sea squirt 334 47
ribs 308 rye stem rust 300 seborrheic dermatitis 286 sib 307
ribulose-1,5-biphosphate secondary compound sibling species 307
carboxylase/oxygenase S 302–303 sickle cell 307
(Rubisco) 294–295 sacrum 340 secondary consumer 303 siderophore 115, 307
St. John’s-wort; (Hypericum secondary growth 303 sieve-tube member 307
secondary plant substances signal peptide 307
perforatum) 158 202–203 signal transductions pathway
Salientia (Anura) 16–17 secondary pleiotropy 270 307
saltatory conduction 246, secondary productivity 303

301
Salvarsan 107
samara 301

398 Index

sign stimulus 307 soret band 310 squamulose lichens 204 subunit 317
silent mutilation 270 Soule, Caroline 228 square plane See succession 317
“Silk Degrees: A Tale of source habitat 310 succulent 317
Southern blotting 46, 310 coordination sugar 226, 317
Moths and People” spawning 310 stability constant 313 sulfa drugs 100
(Barbour) 200–202, SPC (structure-property stabilizing selection 313 sulfite reductase 317
228–230 stable 313 sulfur cycle 380, 380
silk moths 200–202, correlations) 316 stains/staining 107, 146, 150, superhyperfine 109
228–230 speciation 11–12, 289, 310, superior ovary (hypogynous
simultaneous polyandry 271 151
sinigrin 203 313, 319 stamen 313, 314 ovary) 171
sink habitat 307 species 310 Staphylococcus aureus 286 superoxide dismutases (SOD)
sinoatrial (SA) node 259 species diversity 310 starch 313
sinus 307 species richness 310 stasipatric speciation 313 317
Siphonaptera 131 species selection 310 stasis dermatitis 286 suppressor T cell (T8 cell;
siroheme 307 specific heat 310 statocyst 314
sister chromatids 307 specificity 310–311 statoliths 314 CD8 cell) 72, 317, 322
sister species 307 spectal karyotyping 68 steady state 314 supramolecular chemistry
site-directed mutagenesis 237 spectrophotometer 311 stele 314, 314
site-specific delivery 308 Spemann, Hans 311 stellacyanin 315 317
skeletal muscle 308 spematogonia 304 stem cell 270, 315 suprarenal glands (adrenal
skeleton 308, 308 sperm 3, 127, 127, 311 stereochemical 315
Skinner, Burrhus Friederich spermatogenesis 311 stereogenic unit 289 glands) 5
254 Spermatophyta 13 stereoisomer 315 surface tension 317
skull 308 sperm duct (vas deferens) stereoisomerism 182 survivorship curve 317
sleeping sickness 330, stereoselective synthesis suspension 318
348–349 338–339 suspension feeder
sliding filament model 308 S phase 311 (asymmetric synthesis) 30
slime-blotch disease 115 sphenoid sinus 307 steroid hormone 315 (suspensivore) 318
slugs 308 sphincter 311 Stevens-Johnson syndrome sustainable 318
small nuclear sphingosyl phosphatide 266 sustainable agriculture 318
ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) spiders (Arachnida) 48, 297, 315 sustainable development 318
308 stimulus 315 Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. 318
small pox virus 342 311, 321 stochastic 315 swallowtails 203
smell (olfaction) 253 spike 175, 176 stock number See oxidation swim bladder 318
smooth endoplasmic spina bifida symbiont 318
reticulum (smooth ER) 60, number symbiosis 76, 204–205, 318
114, 308–309 (myelomeningocele) stoma 315 symbiotic mutualism 237
smooth muscle 309 311–312 stomochord 340 sympathetic division
smuts 309 spin adduct 312 stone cabbage (stromatolite)
snRNP (small nuclear spindle 223, 312 318–319
ribonucleoprotein) 308 spine (backbone) 308, 339, 315, 316 sympathetic nervous system
society 309 340 stone cells (sclereid) 302
sociobiology 309 spin label 312 stoneworts (Charophyceae) 9 31
SOD (superoxide dismutases) spinnerets 311 storage lipids 125 sympathetic speciation 319
317 spin-orbit coupling 312 STR (short tantem repeats) 47 symplast 319
sodium-potassium pump 4, spin probe 312 strand 315 symplesiomorph 319
309 spin-spin coupling 312 Streptococcus pneumoniae symptom 319
soft acid 156 spin trapping 312 syn 20
soft base 156 spiny anteater 226 33 synapomorphy 319
soft drug 309 spiral cleavage 312 streptomycin 346 synapse 319
software and animations spirochetes 312 strict aerobe 315 synapsis 319
sources 365–366 Spirogyra 9 strict anaerobe 315 synaptic cleft 273
solenostele 314 spleen 312 stroma 315 synaptic terminal 319
solute 309 spliceosome 308, 312 stromatolite 315, 316 syncytiotrophoblast 330
solution 309 splitter 312 Stromer, Martin 59 syndrome 319
solvation 309 sponges (Parazoa) 260 structural formula 316, 316 synergism 319
solvent 309–310 spongy parenchyma 260 structural isomerism 182 syngamy 185, 319
solvolysis 310 spontaneous generation structural phospholipids 125 synonyms 319
somatic cell 310 (autogenesis model) 31 structure-activity relationship synthase 319
somatic nervous system 31, sporangium 312–313 synthetase (ligase) 205
310 spore 313 (SAR) 316 syphilis 107, 345
somatomedins 153 sporophyte 313 structure-based design 316 syringin 203
sonar 310 sporopollenin 313 structure-property system 319
soredia 205 spot desmosome (macula systematics 319
adherens) 94 correlations (SPC) 316 systemic 320
spotted fever (Rocky suberin 56, 83 systemic acquired resistance
Mountain spotted fever) sublittoral zone 207
297, 313 subspecies 316 (SAR) 320
substitution 176 systole 320
substrate 316 systolic pressure 320
substrate-level Szent-Györgyi, Albert von

phosphorylation 316 320

Index 399

T thermoluminescence dating translation 328 tsetse flies 330
T4 cell (helper T cell) 72, 284–285 translocation 328, 329 TSH (thyroid-stimulating
transmissible spongiform
159, 322 thermolysin 325 hormone) 268
T8 cell (suppressor T cell) thermolysis 325 encephalopathy (TSE) 193 T suppressor cells 72
thermometers 59–60, transmission electron tuber 330
72, 317, 322 tuberculosis (TB) 128, 189,
taiga 321 124–125, 286, 322–323 microscope 109
tailless whip scorpion 29 thermoregulation 325 transpiration 328 190, 331
Takayama test 45 thick filament 325 transposon 177, 328 tubulus renalis colligens 75
tapeworms 321 thigmomorphogenesis 325 trapping 329 tularemia 331
tarantula 321 thigmotropism 325 tree 329 tumor (neoplasm) 331, 346
tardigrade 321 thoracic vertebrae 340, 340 tree-ring dating tumor suppressor gene 331
tautonym 321 thorium-lead dating 325 tundra 331
taxis 321 threatened species 325 (dendrochronology) 92, Tunga penetrans (chigoe flea)
taxon 321 three-dimensional 135
taxonomy 209, 312, 322 trematode 159 64
TB (tuberculosis) 128, 189, quantitative structure- trembling disease (kuru) 193, tunicate 334
activity relationship (3D- 275 turgid 331
190, 331 QSAR) 76, 325 trench fever 329 turgor pressure 331
TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle threshold potential 325 Treponema spp. 312 Turner’s syndrome 351
thrombocyte (platelet) 269 TRH (thyroid-releasing turtles 331
191 thylakoids 315, 325 hormone) 326 Tuskes, Paul 228
T cell 72, 210, 286, 322, 326 thymus 325–326 triacylglycerol (fat) 125, 206 Tuttle, James 228
Teichmann test 45 thyroid gland 190, 260, 326 trial-and-error learning twins 331–332
telomerase 322 thyroid-releasing hormone (associative learning) 30, tympanic membrane 332
telomere 61, 66, 68, 322 (TRH) 326 69, 254, 261 Tympanuchus cupido cupido
telophase 215, 219, 223, thyroid-stimulating hormone Triassic 329
(TSH) 268, 326 tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (heath hen) 157
322 thyroxine 186, 326 191 type 1,2,3 copper 332
temperate deciduous forest tibia 308 Trichinella spiralis 329, 348 Type I, II, III survivorship
tick paralysis 326 trichinosis 329
322 ticks 182, 222, 297, 326 trichocyst 329 curves 318
temperate rain forest 330 tight junction 326 trichomonads 26 type species 332
temperate virus 322 Ti plasmid 326 tricuspid valve 339 type specimen 332
temperature, basal body tissue 326 triiodothyronine (T3) 326 typhus 302, 332
T killer cell (cytotoxic T cell) trilobite (Trilobita) 329 typhus fever 244
(BBT) 35 88, 322 triose 226 tyrosinase 332
temperature scales 59–60, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) triplet code 329 tyrosine kinase (PtKs) 332
326 triploblastic 329 tyrosine kinase receptor 332
124–125, 286, 322–323 tonic receptor 305 triploidy 329
temporal isolation 274 tonoplast 60, 326 trisomy 18, 67, 247 U
temporal lobe 62 topless tree 326 triticale 12 UAA 247
tendon (sinew) 323 torpor 326 triticale stem rust 300 UAG 247
tendril 323 totipotency 326 tRNA (transfer RNA) 328 ubiquitin 276
tentacle-tube-foot suspension totipotent cell 176 troglodytes 29 ubiquitination 276
toxicity 326 Trombiculidae 63–64 ubiquitous 333
feeder 318 toxicodendron dermatitis troop 330 Uca pugnax (fiddler crab) 11
tepuis 323 286 trophallaxis 330 UGA 247
teratogen 323 Toxicodendron spp. 270–271 trophic level 32, 63, 162, 330 ulcers 92, 138
terminal deletion 91 toxin 326 trophic structure 330 ulna 308
termites (Isoptera) 120, 182 trace elements 327 trophoblast 330 ultimate causation 333
territory 323 trachea 68, 209, 327, 327 tropical rain forest 285, 330 ultrasound 333
tertiary consumer 323 tracheae 327 tropic hormone 330 ultraviolet light 129
Tertiary period 323 tracheal system 327 tropism 330 umbel 175, 176
tertiary structure 277, 281, tracheid 327 tropomyosin 3 umbilicate lichens 204
Tracheophyta 338 troponin 3–4 umwelt 333
323 trans 327, 333 Trouvelot, Léopold 201 uniform dispersion 98
testcross 323 transcription 327 Trypanosoma brucei 349 uniformitarianism 333
testis (testes; testicle) 323 transcription factor 328 Trypanosoma cruzi 279 unifying pleiotropy 270
testosterone 18, 304, 323 transduction 328 trypanosomes 197 unsaturated fatty acids 125,
tetanus (lockjaw) 323 transferase 328 trypanosomiasis 330,
tetrahedron See coordination transferrin 328 348–349 333–334
tetrahydrofolate 324 transfer RNA (tRNA) 328 tryptophan 167 upper motor neuron 227
tetrapod 324 transformation 328 TSE (transmissible uranium 235, 238 (fission
tetrasomy 18 transition element 328 spongiform
TH1, TH2 helper T cells 159 transition-state analog 328 encephalopathy) 193 track dating) 284
thalamus 324 urea 334
thalassemia 94, 324 urea cycle 191
thallus 204–205 urease 334
Theiler, Max 324
Theorell, Axel Hugo Theodor

324–325
therapeutic index 325

400 Index

Uredinales (rusts) 300 ventricle 157, 339 Wallace, A. R. 346 xerophytes 51, 351
Urediniomycetes (rusts) 300 Verhulst, Pierre 208 Wallace’s line 346 XO 351
ureter 334 vernalization 339 Warburg, Otto Heinrich 346 X-ray absorption near-edge
urethra 334 vertebra 339, 340 warm-blooded 115, 346
uric acid 334 vertebral bodies 339 water potential 346 structure (XANES) 121
Urochordata 340 vertebrates 339–340 water table 346 xylem 314, 351–352, 352
urochordate 334 vesicle 340–341 water vascular system Xythalis, Demetra 47
Urodela 16–17 vessel element 341
Urticaceae 334 vestibular system 34 346–347 Y
urticating 334 vestigial organ 341 wavelength 108, 347 Y chromosomes 305, 306,
urushiol 271, 286 vetch 341 WBC (white blood cell) 24,
Ustomycetes 309 viable population 222 353
uterus 335 Vibrio cholerae (cholera) 64 199–200 yeast 353
utricle 334, 335 vicariance 341 websites 363–364 yellow ferment 324
Vicia sativa 341 Wegener, Alfred Lothar 347 yellow fever 324, 353
V Villiard, Paul 228 Weinberg, B. W. 156 yolk sac 353
vaccination 337 Viola cordata 356 Weller, Thomas Huckle 113,
vaccines 113, 337 viremia 341 Z
vacuole 60, 337 Virginia white butterfly 347–348 Z disks 301
vagility 337 western conifer seed bug 158 Z-DNA (zigzag DNA) 355
valence shell 337 (Pieris virginiensis) 158 West Nile disease 348 zinc finger 355
van der Waals forces 337 viroid (satellite RNA) 341 wheat stem rust 300 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
variable numbers of tandem virus 113, 143, 341, 342 Whipple, George Hoyt 348
visceral (visceral muscle) 341 white blood cell (leucocyte) 138
repeats (VNTRs) 47 visible light 341 zoned reserve system 355
vascular bundle 265 vitalism 341–342 24, 199–200 zones 355
vascular cambium 338 vitamin 107–108, 342–343 White Mountains (New zonula adherens 94
vascular membrane vitamin A 167 zonula occluden 94
vitamin B 107–108 Hampshire) 192 zonulin 43
(tonoplast) 60, 326 vitamin B12 72 white pulp 312 zoogeographical region
vascular plants 338, 338 vitamin C 167, 289, 320 The Wild Moths of North
vascular suturing 54 vitamin D 167 (biogeographic boundary)
vascular system 338 vitamin E 90 America (Tuskes, Tuttle, 40
vascular tissue 338 vitamin K 90, 99–100 Collins) 228 zoological nomenclature See
vas deferens 338–339 vitiligo 343 wild type 348 binomial (binomial name)
vasopressin (antidiuretic viviparous 343 Wilson’s disease 348 zooplankton 268, 355
VNTRs (variable numbers of windpipe (trachea) 68, 209, zoospore 355
hormone, ADH) 22, 243 327, 327 zot 43
VE (ventilation exchange) tandem repeats) 47 winterbottom’s sign 348–349 zwitterionic compound 355
voltage-gated channel 139, wobble 349 zygodactyl 355–356
339 Wolf, Christian 124 zygomorphic 356, 356
vector 339 343 Wright’s/Trypsin stain 67 zygospore 356
vegetative reproduction 29, Vorticella 279 Wuchereria bancrofti 110 zygote 356

339 W X
vein 52, 339 Wagle, William A. 236 XANES 121
ventilation 210, 339 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 345 X chromosomes 305, 306,
ventilation exchange (VE) Waksman, Selman Abraham
351
339 345–346 xenobiotic 351
ventilation/perfusion ratio xenodiagnosis 351
Xerces Society 112
210 xeric 351


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