KAPC GA Exam Guide book(Kor-Eng)-s (2)

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) o (1) Unity – unity of the spiritual body of Jesus Christ o (2) Holiness – holiness is in the members of the church as holy in Christ and as holy in principle, in the possession of the new life, which is destined for perfect holiness o (3) Catholicity – the invisible church is the real catholic church, because it includes all believers of all ages and all lands · MARKS OF THE CHURCH. · Three marks of the church belong to the visible church and serves to distinguish the true form the false · (1) Teaching and preaching of the Word – not that preaching is perfect and absolutely pure but that it must be true to the fundamentals of the Christian religion, and must have a controlling influence on faith and practice · (2) Right administration of the sacraments – the sacraments must not be divorced from the word and should be administered by lawful ministers, in accordance with the divine institution and only to believers and their seed · (3) Faithful exercise of church discipline – this is necessary to maintain the purity of doctrine and safeguard the holiness of sacraments · DIFFERENT THEORIES RESPECTING THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CHURCH. · Quakers and Darbyites: reject all church government; each person follows the prompting of the Holy Spirit · Episcopalian system: Christ is Head of the Church and he has entrusted the government of the church directly and exclusively to an order of bishops, as the successors of the apostles; the community of believers have no share in the government of the church · Roman Catholic: the Pope is the successor to Peter and is recognized as the special representative of Christ – absolute monarchy, under the control of an infallible Pope, who has the right to determine and regular the doctrine, worship and government of the Church; under him are inferior classes and orders; people have no voice in the government of the church · Congregational System: each church/congregation is a complete church, independent of every other; governing power rests exclusively with the members of the church, who are entitled to regular their own affairs; officers are simply functionaries of the local church, appointed to teach and to administer the affairs of the church and have no governing power beyond that which they possess as members of the church 3. DISCUSS THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE REFORMED OR PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM. · Assert only that the fundamental principles of government are directly derived from Scripture and acknowledge that its particular are determine by expediency and human wisdom · (1) Christ is the head of the church and the source of all its authority o It’s not the Pope or the State but Christ who is the head · (2) Christ exercises his authority by means of his royal Word o Christ rules the church not by force but subjectively by his Spirit and objectively by the Word of God as the standard of authority o His Word is the only word that is law o Christ does not transfer his authority to his servants but exercises his word through them (they are instruments) · (3) Christ as king has endowed the church with power o Christ gives power to the Church as a whole but in addition to that the officers receive such an additional measure of power as is required for the performance o their respective duties in the Church · (4) Christ provided for the specific exercise of this power by representative organs o Christ gave power to church but provided for this power to be exercises by representative 151

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) organs set aside for the maintenance of doctrine, worship and discipline o Officers of the Church are the representatives of the people chosen by popular vote (authority not received from people though but God himself) · (5) The power of the church resides primarily in the governing body of the local church o Authority of the church is not in general assembly or presbyteries but in the session of the local church o There is a right and duty of the local church to unite with other similar churches on a common confessional basis 4. DISCUSS THE OFFICERS OF THE CHURCH. · Extraordinary officers: apostles (directly called by Christ, saw him after resurrection, conscious of being inspired, performed miracles, blessed in their labors), prophets (me specially gifted to speak for the edification of the church and occasionally protecting future things) and evangelists (assisted the apostles in their work) · Ordinary officers: teaching elders, ruling elders, deacons o Bishop was used to designate the same kind of officers as elders o Elders stressed their age o Bishop stressed their work as overseers o Elders were not originally teachers, but gradually the teaching function was connected with their office 5. DISCUSS THE ECCLESIASTICAL ASSEMBLIES. · Consistory (session; comprised of the minister and the elders of the local church); Classis (presbytery; comprised of one minister and one elder of each local church within a certain district); Synod (general assembly; equal number of ministers and elders from each classis) · The government of the local church: it is of representative character minister and elders are chosen by the people and form a consistory for the government of the church o Elders are chosen by people but do not receive authority from them but from Christ o Each church is a complete church and is free to rule its own affairs but affiliated with other churches on the basis of a common agreement and is not entirely independent; the church order serves to guard the rights and interests of the local church, but also the collective rights and interests of the affiliated churches · The major assemblies: local churches affiliate to give greater expression of the unity of the church; their decisions are not only advisory but authoritative unless expressly stated as only advisory 6. DISCUSS THE POWER OF THE CHURCH. · The Power of the church is ministerial and spiritual. Spiritual because it is given by Holy Spirit and pertains exclusively to beliers and ministerial because it is derived from Christ and exercised in his name. The Lord did not give the church the power of the sword; that belongs to the state. The church has: o Dogmatic/Teaching Power – the power to teach the word of God; church is commissioned to guar the truth and to preach the Word o Governing Power – God made provision for the proper regulation of the affairs of the church and gave the church power to carry the laws of Christ into effect – including power of discipline ■ Purpose of discipline is to (1) carry into effect the law of Christ concerning the admission and exclusion of members and (2) to promote the spiritual education of the members of the church by securing their obedience to the laws of Christ o The Power or Ministry of Mercy – gift used to be healing but since that ceased it is now the church’s care for the poor 7. DISCUSS THE MEANS OF GRACE IN GENERAL. 152

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) · The means or instruments by which the Holy Spirit gives grace. These means are three, the first being fundamental: the Word, the Lord’s Supper, and Baptism · They are instruments, not of common but of, special grace, the grace that removes sin and renews the sinner in conformity with the image of God · They are in themselves, and not in virtue of their connection with things not include in them, means of grace (the Word and the sacraments are in themselves means of grace; their spiritual efficacy is dependent only on the operation of the Holy Spirit) · They are continuous instruments of God’s grace, and not in any sense of the word exceptional · They are the official means of the church of Jesus Christ (preaching of the Word and the administration of the sacraments are the means official instituted in the church, by which the Hoy Spirit works and confirms faith in the hearts of men) 8. DISCUSS THE WORD AS A MEANS OF GRACE. · The Word is the most important means of grace · The Word and the Spirit. The “Word” here means the Word of God as it is contained in Scripture and is preached to the Church. The Word alone is not sufficient to work faith and conversion. The Word is made effective through the operation of the Holy Spirit. While the Holy Spirit can, he does not ordinarily work without the Word. · Two parts of the Word as a means of grace. o The law. (i) It serves the purpose of bringing men under conviction of sin, making him conscious of his inability to meet the demands of the law, and becoming his tutor to lead him to Christ. (ii) It is also the rule of life for believers, reminding them of their duties and leading them in the way of life and salvation. o The gospel. The gospel is a clear representation of the way of salvation revealed in Jesus Christ. 9. DISCUSS THE SACRAMENTS IN GENERAL. · The definition of a sacrament: A sacrament is a holy ordinance instituted by Christ, in which by sensible signs the grace of God in Christ is represented, sealed, and applied to believers, and they, in turn, express their faith and obedience to God. · The Word of God is complete as a means of grace but the sacraments are not complete without the Word. The Word and the sacraments differ in the following particulars: (a) the Word is absolutely necessary, while the sacraments are not (b) the Word serves to beget and to strengthen faith, while the sacraments can only strengthen it and (c) the Word is for all the world, but the sacraments only for believer and their seed · The parts of the sacraments. 3 parts must be distinguished in the sacraments. o (1) The outward and visible sign. Each one of the sacraments contains an external element; water in baptism, bread/wine in Lord’s Supper. o (2) The inward spiritual grace signified. A sign points to something that is signified, and this is the internal matter of the sacraments: the righteousness of faith, the forgiveness of sins, faith and repentance, or communion with Christ in his death and resurrection. o (3) The union between the sign and the thing signified. This is the essence of the sacrament. · The number of the sacraments: In the OT, there were two: circumcision and Passover. Both were bloody sacraments. The Church has two sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper. Both are not bloody. After Christ has brought his perfect sacrifice, no more shedding of blood is needed. 10. DISCUSS BAPTISM. · Charged by Christ to his disciples in the Great Commission – baptism is legitimate when administered by a duly accredited minister and in the name of the triune God · The modes of baptism. Baptists insist on immersion. They argue that the fundamental idea is that baptism is that of being buried and rising again with Christ. But Scripture clearly represents purification as the essential thing in the symbolism of baptism. And this can be symbolized by 153

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) either sprinkling or by immersion. The mode of baptism is really immaterial. · The proper subjects of baptism: adults and infants · Adult baptism. Jesus’ charge in Mt. 28 had adult baptism in mind. His instruction implies that baptism had to be preceded by a profession of faith. · Q. 94. What is baptism? A. Baptism is a sacrament, wherein the washing with water in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, doth signify and seal our ingrafting into Christ, and partaking of the benefits of the covenant of grace, and our engagement to be the Lord's. · Q. 95. To whom is baptism to be administered? A. Baptism is not to be administered to any that are out of the visible church, till they profess their faith in Christ, and obedience to him; but the infants of such as are members of the visible church are to be baptized. 11. DISCUSS INFANT BAPTISM. · Baptists deny the right of infant baptism, since they cannot profess faith. · Scriptural basis for infant baptism: Not based on a single passage of Scripture but a series of considerations. Covenant made with Abraham was primarily a spiritual covenant. This covenant is still in force and is essentially the same as the “new covenant” of the present dispensation. o Children shared in the blessings of the covenant, received the sign of circumcision, and were reckoned as part of the congregation of Israel. o In the NT, baptism is substituted for circumcision as the seal of entrance into the covenant. So, it seems reasonable that in the NT church, children would share in the blessings of the covenant. · Ground of infant baptism: Children are baptized on the ground of the all-comprehensive covenant promise of God. This includes the promise of regeneration. · Infant baptism as means of grace: How can infant baptism function as a means of grace to strengthen spiritual life? It can, at the very moment of its administration, strengthen the regenerate life, if already present in the child. It can strengthen faith later on when the significance of baptism is more clearly understood. 12. DISCUSS THE LORD’S SUPPER. · Instituted at the Passover, shortly before the death of Jesus. The whole sacrament is a constant reminder of his redemptive death. · The Word must be present in order for the Lord’s Supper to be effectual. · The presence of Christ in the Lord’s Supper o Roman Catholic view: the bread and wine changed into actual blood and body. o The Lutheran view: the bread and wine remain what they are but the whole person of Christ, body and blood, is present in, under and along with the elements. o Zwinglian view: the body of Christ is not present in the Lord’s Supper. Rather, Christ is spiritually present in the faith of believers. The Lord’s Supper was mainly a sign or symbol, a memorial of the death of Christ, and an act of expression on the part of believers. o Calvin’s view: instead of physical and local, Calvin taught the spiritual presence of Christ is in the Lord’s Supper. He saw in it a seal and pledge of what God does for believers rather than a pledge of their consecration to God. The virtues and effects of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross are present and actually conveyed to believers by the power of the Holy Spirit. · The persons for whom the Lord’s Supper is instituted: It’s only for believers, who understand its spiritual significance. Not for children. Even true believers whose spiritual condition is not worthy are excluded. The enjoyment of its benefits depend on the faith of the believer. · Q. 96. What is the Lord's supper? A. The Lord's supper is a sacrament, wherein, by giving and receiving bread and wine according to Christ's appointment, his death is showed forth; and the worthy receivers are, not after a 154

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) corporal and carnal manner, but by faith, made partakers of his body and blood, with all his benefits, to their spiritual nourishment and growth in grace. 13. DISCUSS THE THINGS SIGNIFIED AND SEALED IN THE LORD’S SUPPER, AND ITS EFFICACY. · The Lord’s supper as a sign o The sign includes not only the visible elements of bread and wine, but also their eating and drinking. ■ It is a symbolical representation of (i) The Lord’s death and (ii) the believer’s participation in the crucified Christ and in the life and strength of the risen Lord. o In addition to this, it is also an act of profession on the part of those who partake it. They profess faith in Christ as their savior, and allegiance to him as their king. · The Lord’s supper as a seal o But the Lord’s Supper is also a seal. It gives believing partakers the assurance: (i) that they are the object of the great love of Christ revealed in his self-surrender to a bitter and shameful death; (ii) that all the promises of the covenant and all the riches of the gospel are theirs; (iii) that the blessings of salvation are theirs in actual possession. 155

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) Doctrine of the Last Things: 1. DISCUSS ESCHATOLOGY IN RELATION TO PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION, CHURCH HISTORY, REST OF DOGMATICS, AND ITS CONTENTS. · The question of eschatology is not just Christian. People have always asked both where we are from and also where we are headed. They ask what is the end and final destiny not just of the individual but also of the human race. · In philosophy: Philosophers, since Plato, taught the immortality of the soul. Pantheism had no place for it (Spinoza). The Stoics and Buddhists spoke of a cycle of birth and death. · In religion: many religions have a conviction that the soul of man survives his death – it is universal. This conviction manifests itself in different forms. Buddhism in Nirvana, Islam in sensual paradise, Native Americans in happy hunting-grounds. They have to submit themselves to the Word of God which tells us where we are going – God’s promise of where he is taking us. · Church History: Chiliasm was prominent in the first two centuries but eschatology was not well developed; from fifth century to Reformation focus fell o the present and Chiliasm was gradually forgotten but a lot of attention was on purgatory and intermediate state; Reformation to present day eschatology is again being developed and focused on · Contents of Eschatology: o General eschatology: history of the world and of human race will finally reach its consummation; the end will come as a mighty crisis. They include the return of Christ; the general resurrection, the last judgment, the consummation of the kingdom, and the final condition of both the pious and the wicked o Individual eschatology: the end of the present existences comes with death, which transfers him to future age 2. DISCUSS PHYSICAL DEATH. · It is never annihilation, but a termination of physical life by the separation of body and soul. The death of the body, as distinguished from that of the soul. · Contrary to Pelagians and Socians who teach that man was created so that he had to die, death resulted from sin and is a punishment for sin. Instead of being something natural, it is an expression of divine anger, a judgment, a condemnation, filling the hearts of men with dread and fear. · Why must man still die even after redeemed? It is no longer a punishment. Rather, it is an important element in the process of sanctification. It is the consummation of their dying unto sin. 3. DISCUSS THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL. · In one sense, immortality is ascribed to God only. In another sense, other spirits are immortal as well. Immortality in the latter sense entails continuous or endless existence in which the spirit (man) is free from decay and death. · Testimony of general revelation to the immortality of the soul. o Historical argument: The belief in the immortality of the soul is found among all nations and races. It is regarded as a natural instinct. o The metaphysical argument: In death, matter is dissolved into parts. Not so with the spirit. So, the spirit remains. o The teleological argument: Human beings do not fully develop their capability in this life. So, there must be next life in which this takes place. o The moral argument: In this life, the demand for justice is not met. So, there must be a future state in which justice is satisfied. · The doctrine of immortality in the OT. o OT talks about descending into sheol. 156

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) o OT talks about the possibility of consulting the dead. o OT passages speak of the believer’s enjoyment in communion with God after death (Job. 19). · The doctrine of immortality in the NT o The souls of the believers survive, same with the wicked. o The resurrection by which the body is also made to share in the future existence. There is resurrection for both the believer and the wicked. o NT talks about the blessed life of believers in communion with God. This life is not a bare endless existence, but a rapturous life of bliss in communion with God and with Christ. 4. Discuss the intermediate state. · Different theories concerning man between death and the generation resurrection. · (1) Sheol/Hades: It is a place where all share the same fate, a dreary abode where life is but a weakened reflection of life on earth. The Bible doesn’t speak of sheol of hades in this way. Sometimes it is used to denote the grace, state or condition of death, and sometimes the pace of eternal punishment · (2) Purgatory: The souls of those who are perfect at death are at once admitted to heaven, but those who are not perfectly cleansed at death enter a place of purification called purgatory. o Limbus Patrum is where the OT saints dwelled until Christ set them free between his death and resurrection. Limbus Infantum is for the unbaptized children. They remain without any hope of deliverance. · (3) The sleep of the soul: At death, the soul enters into a state of unconscious repose or sleep. · (4) Annihilationism/conditional immortality: There is no conscious existence of the wicked after death. o (i) According to the doctrine of annihilationism, man was created immortal but they who continue in sin are by a positive act of God deprived of immortality and finally destroyed or bereft forever of consciousness. o (ii) According to the doctrine of conditional immortality, man was created mortal, and only believers receive the gift of immortality in Christ. The wicked are perished completely or lose all consciousness. · (5) Second probation: Those who die in their sins will have another opportunity after death to accept Christ. No man will perish without having been offered a favorable opportunity to know and accept Christ. · (6) The reformed view: The souls of believers immediately, after death enter upon the glories of heaven. Likewise, the Westminster Catechism says that the souls of the wicked after death are cast into here, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. 5. DISCUSS THE SECOND COMING OF CHRIST. · NT clearly teaches the second coming of Christ. o Jesus referred to his second coming (Mt. 24). o Angels called attention to it at the ascension (Acts 1). o The Epistles speak of it repeatedly (Phil. 3). · The events preceding the second coming. o The calling of the Gentiles. The gospel of the kingdom must be preached to all nations before the coming of Christ. o The conversion of the full number of Israel. This probably refers to the full number of the elect out of the ancient covenant people o The great apostasy and the great tribulation. There will be a great falling away. Iniquity will increase. o The coming of the Antichrist. A single individual will stand out as the incarnation of all wickedness. o Signs and wonders. Wars, famines, and earthquakes, etc. 157

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) 6. DISCUSS THE TIME, MANNER, AND THE PURPOSE OF THE SECOND COMING OF CHRIST. · The time of coming: o The coming is always near. But no one can determine the exact time, not even the angels nor the Son of Man. · The manner of the second coming: o The person of Christ will return. He has already come in the Spirit on the day of Pentecost, but he will return in the body, so that he can be seen. It will be unexpected and will take many by surprise. It will be glorious and triumphant. The clouds of heaven will be his chariots, the angels his bodyguards, the archangels his herald, and the saints of God his glorious retinue. · The purpose of his coming: o Christ will return to introduce the future age, the eternal state of things. He will do this by two mighty events, (i) the resurrection and (ii) the final judgment. 7. EVALUATE THE MAJOR MILLENNIAL VIEWS. Post-millenialism: · It teaches that the second coming of Christ will follow the millennium. The millennium is expected during the gospel dispensation, in which we are now living, and at the end of which Christ will appear. The expectation is that the gospel will usher in a period of righteousness and peace and of rich spiritual blessings. · This view, however, does not seem to fit in with what the Bible tells us respecting the great apostasy toward the end times. Pre-millenialism: · This view teaches that Christ at his return will reestablish the kingdom of David on earth, and will reign in Jerusalem for a thousand years. This theory is based on a literalistic interpretation of the prophets and of Rev. 20. · This view, however, makes the kingdom of God an earthly and national kingdom, while the NT represents it as spiritual and universal, a kingdom that is even now in existence. The NT knows nothing of such an earthly and temporal kingdom of Christ, but does speak of his heavenly and eternal kingdom. · Moreover, this theory seeks its main support in a single passage (Rev. 20:1-6) which represents a scene in heaven, and makes no mention of the Jews, of an earthly and national kingdom, nor of the land of Palestine, as the place where Jesus will rule. Amillenialism: · This view believes that the 1000 years of reign in Rev. 20 is symbolic and refers to the NT era. The 1000 years represent the age of the Church and the victory is the spiritual victory over death and the powers of evil rather than material and visible victory. 8. DISCUSS THE RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD. The character of the resurrection. · It is a bodily resurrection, similar to that of Jesus. The redemption includes the body. · It includes both the righteous and the wicked. But it will be an act of deliverance and glorification for the former. For the latter, it will be the penalty of eternal death. The time of resurrection. · It coincides with the return of Christ and the end of the world. It will immediately precede the final judgment. · Pre-millenarians teach a double resurrection. One of the just at the return of Christ, and another of the unjust a thousand years later, at the end of the world. But the Bible speaks of the resurrection both in a single breath. It connects the judgment of the wicked with the coming of Christ and places the resurrection of the just at the last days. 158

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) 9. DISCUSS THE NATURE AND STANDARD OF THE FINAL JUDGMENT. · The judge and his assistants: Christ as the Mediator will be the judge. The saints will also have some share in his judicial work. · The parties that will be judged: Every individual of the human race, both the wicked and the righteous. The demons will also be judged as well. · The time of the judgment: At the end of the world it will follow immediately after the resurrection of the dead. The duration of the judgment cannot be determined. No ground to assert with the Pre-millenarians that it will be a day of a thousand years. · The standard of the judgment: The revealed will of God. Gentiles will be judged by the law of nature; Jews by the Old Testament revelation, and those acquainted with the fuller revelation of the gospel will be judged by it. God will give every man his due. 10. REFUTE THE ERRONEOUS VIEWS RESPECTING THE FINAL JUDGMENT. (1) The judgment as purely metaphorical (Schleiermacher). · The last judgments are symbolical indications of the fact that the world and the Church will finally be separated. · This explanation does not do justice to the strong statements of Scripture respecting the future judgment as a formal, public, and final declaration. (2) The judgment as exclusively immanent. · They claim that the divine judgment is wholly immanent and is determined entirely by the moral order of the world. · This view fails to do the justice to the Scriptures. It destroys the idea of the judgment as an outward and visible event, which will occur at the definite time in the future. · Besides, we can see that the demands for perfect justice is not met in this world, whether it be innocent suffering or the wicked going unpunished. (3) The judgment as not a single event. · Premillenarians speak of 3 different future judgments. o A judgment of the risen and living saints at the coming of the Lord, which serves the purpose of vindicating the saints publicly, rewarding each one according to his works, and assigning to them their respective places in the coming millennial kingdom. o A judgment at the revelation of Christ (the day of the Lord), immediately after the great tribulation, in which the gentile nations are judged as nations, according to the attitude they have assumed to the evangelizing remnant of Israel (the lat of the brethren of the Lord). o A judgment of the wicked dead before the great white throne, described in Rev. 20:11-15. The dead are judged according to their works, and these determine the degree of punishment they will receive. This judgment will be more than a 1000 years later than the preceding one. · On the contrary, the Bible always speaks of the future judgment as a single event. It teaches us to look forward, not to days, but to the day of judgment; also called “that day.” · Moreover, there are passages of Scriptures from which it is abundantly evident that the righteous and the wicked appear in judgment together for a final separation (Matt. 7). · Furthermore, it should be borne in mind that God does not judge the nations as nations where eternal issues are at stake, but only as individuals. The final separation of the righteous and the wicked cannot possibly be made until the end of the world. (4) The final judgment as unnecessary. · Some regard the final judgment unnecessary, because each man’s destiny is determined at the time of his death. Man either goes to heaven or to hell at his death. Nothing more is needed. · But the certainty of the future judgment does not depend on our conception of its necessity. God clearly teaches us in his world that there will be a final judgment. · The underlying assumption on which this argument proceeds, namely, that the final judgment is for the purpose of ascertaining what should be the future state of man, is entirely erroneous. It will serve the purpose rather of displaying before all rational creatures the declarative glory of 159

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Systematic Theology) God in a formal, forensic act, which magnifies on the one hand his holiness and righteousness, and on the other hand, his grace and mercy. · It should be borne in mind that the judgment at the last day will differ from that at the death of each individual in more than one respect. It will not be secret, but public; it will not pertain to the soul only, but also to the body; it will not have reference to a single individual, but to all men. 11. DISCUSS THE FINAL STATE. · The final state of the wicked: The grace of God has been stripped away. Punishment in hell; the unquenchable fire. Both the body and the soul are punished. They will experience pain. There will be a degree of pain. But the suffering will be eternal. · The final state of the righteous: The final state will be preceded by the passing of the present world and the establishment of a new creation. It will not be an entirely new creation, but a renewal of the present creation. Heaven will be the eternal abode of believers. Heaven is a place. The righteous will inherit not only heaven but the entire new creation. They will enjoy, not just an endless life, but life in all its fullness enjoyed in the communion with God. This is the essence of eternal life. While all will enjoy bliss, there will be degrees also in the enjoyment of heaven. 160

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) Constitution of the Church (Form of Government and Constitutional Rules) Q 01 Explain the Presbyterian Government. Each local congregation elects elders to form the session having the authority to rule over the congregation. The most democratic form of the government where the members of local church have the hegemony. Q 02 Explain the Liberty of the Church. 1. In accordance with the principle stated above, every Christian church, as an example of individual freedom, is entitled to declare the terms of admission into its communion and the qualifications of its ministers and members, as well as the whole system of its internal government which Christ has appointed. 2. No church should depend on a civil power, but rather should expect that the civil power will protect all religious organizations and that it will treat each religion fairly. Q 03 Explain the organization of a church. God has elected his people from all nations, that they may be endowed with eternal grace and with his infinite wisdom to constitute the church of the living God, the Body of Jesus, and the temple of the Holy Spirit. The church, consisting of the saints of all nations of the past, the present, and the future, is called the holy catholic church. Q 04 Explain the difference between the Church Visible and the Church Invisible The church may be classified as the church visible and the church invisible. The church invisible is known to God alone, whereas the church visible is spread all over the world, consisting of all Christians who honor God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Q 05 Explain the perpetual officers of the church Elders, or bishops (Acts 20:17, 28; 1 Tim. 3:7), and deacons constitute the perpetual officers of the church. Elders are classified as: 1. Pastors, who administer the word of God and rule over the congregation, and 2. Ruling elders, whose function is to rule over the congregation. Q 06 Which of the following is not Temporary Officers of the Church? Pastor (x) Elder (x) Deacon (x) Evangelist ( ) Kwonsa ( ) Acting deacon ( ) Q 07 Explain the qualifications of a pastor of the KAPC. A candidate for pastoral ministry should be a seminary graduate, should be learned, blameless in life, sound in the faith, and apt to teach, should exhibit sobriety and holiness as shown in the gospel, should 161

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) rule his own house well, should have a good report of those that are outside the church, and should be no younger than age 27 (1 Tim. 3:1–7). Q 8 Explain the duties of the pastor of the local church. When a pastor is called to labor as a pastor in a local congregation, it belongs to his office to pray for the flock, to feed the flock by reading, expounding, and preaching the word, to direct the congregation in singing praise to God, to administer the holy sacraments, to pronounce the benediction representing God, to catechize the children and youth, to visit church members, devoting special attention to the poor, the sick, and the afflicted, and to exercise the power of ruling over the church in close cooperation with the ruling elders. Q 9 Explain how the pastor may be termed differently according to his type of work. A pastor may be given a specific title according to his type of labor and circumstances. 1. Entrusted Pastor: A pastor, having receiving a call from a local congregation, may be entrusted by the presbytery with the full power to rule over the local congregation. Unless circumstances compel him to leave, he may have lifelong ministry therein. 2. Pastor in Charge: This is a pastor who has received a call from an unorganized church and ministers to a local congregation. Once the congregation becomes an organized church and reports to the presbytery, the pastor in charge may be approved by the presbytery to become an entrusted pastor. 3. Associate Pastor: A temporary pastor, with a term of one year, may assist the entrusted pastor with the consent of the presbytery. Approval of the presbytery is required annually. 4. Pastor Emeritus: A pastor who retires after 20 or more years of active ministry, counted from the year of his ordination, may be designated pastor emeritus with a fixed salary, if the congregation so votes and if the presbytery agrees to this honor. 5. Pastor Meritorious: A pastor retiring because of old age after 25 or more years of active ministry, with remarkable merit during the course of his ministry, may be given the title of pastor meritorious to honor him if the presbytery so decides by a two-thirds vote. It must be noted that while a pastor emeritus or a pastor meritorious may continue to be an official member of the presbytery and of the General Assembly, neither of them shall have any duty nor authority to rule over the local congregation. 6. Pastor at Large: This is a pastor who does not have a pastorate. He may participate in discussion in presbytery meetings, but has no vote. 7. Chaplain: This is a pastor ordained by the presbytery who preaches and administers the holy sacraments in assigned military chapels. 8. Education Pastor: This is either: a. A pastor who has received a call from, and labors in, an educational institution recognized by and connected with the General Assembly or the presbytery, or b. A temporary pastor laboring in Christian education at a local congregation. 9. Pastor of Evangelism: This is a pastor who is sent to preach the gospel and evangelize Koreans. 10. Missionary: This is a pastor who is sent to preach the gospel, either at home or overseas. 11. Pastor of Music: This is a minister with a bachelor’s degree in music or higher who labors in church music at a local congregation. Q 10 Explain the definitions of a pastor. Ordained and installed by the presbytery, a pastor (also called a teaching elder) may proclaim the gospel of Christ, administer the holy sacraments, and rule over the church, and is therefore an officer of utmost 162

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) importance and usefulness in the church (Rom. 11:13). The pastor is known by many titles in the Holy Scripture; each describes his duty as a minister of the word. 1. He is called a shepherd as he oversees the flock (Jer. 3:15; 1 Pet. 5:2–4). 2. He is called a servant of Christ as he serves the Lord in the church, or a messenger of Christ, and sometimes a deacon (Phil. 1:1; 1 Cor. 4:1; 2 Cor. 3:6). 3. He is called a presbyter as he, in his wisdom, sets an example to all men and faithfully administers God’s house and his kingdom (1 Pet. 5:1–3). 4. He is called a messenger as he is sent by God (Rev. 2:1). 5. He is called an ambassador of Christ, or of the gospel, as he proclaims the holy will of God to sinners, by which he exhorts them to be reconciled to God (2 Cor. 5:20; Eph. 6:20). 6. He is called a teacher as he exhorts in honest instruction and rebukes the rebellious to repentance (Tit. 1:9; 1 Tim. 2:7; 2 Tim. 1:11). 7. He is called an evangelist as he brings the good news of salvation to those perishing in sin (2 Tim. 4:5). 8. He is called a steward as he dispenses God’s immeasurable grace and executes his statutes (Luke 12:42; 1 Cor. 4:1–2). These titles exhibit the pastor’s responsibilities, not his rank. Q 11 Explain the qualifications of Ruling Elders. He that fills the office of elder should be 30 years of age or older, sound in the faith and blameless in life for at least five years, and should possess a competency of human learning, meeting the qualifications set forth in 1 Timothy 3:1–7. Q 12 Explain the duty of Ruling Elders. It belongs to the office of elder: 1. To oversee the spiritual interests of the church. Elders, as representatives of and elected by the membership of the church, should exercise, in close conjunction with ministers, government and discipline, and oversee the spiritual interests of the local or the whole church 2. To see that no corruption of doctrine or of morals should enter into the church. Elders, individually or as a session, should exhort the flock committed to their charge, that they may not fall into doctrinal error or moral corruption. Elders should report to the session any church member who fails to repent of his or her sin. 3. To visit the people at their homes for comfort, guidance, and instruction. They should especially comfort the mourning, instruct the ignorant, and nourish and guard the children of the church. Elders, by their office and function, assume heavier responsibilities than other laypeople. 4. To oversee the faith of members of the church and to pray for the people. Elders should pray with and for the people and should be careful and diligent in seeking the results of the preached word among the flock. 5. To report to the ministers those requesting visitation. They should report to the ministers those who are sick, those who are mourning, those who repent of their sins, and those who are in need of relief. Q 13 Explain the duty of Deacons. It is the duty of deacons to minister, in cooperation with ministers and elders, to those who are in need: to the sick, to those in prison, to widows and orphans, and to those in distress, all under the supervision and 163

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) authority of the session. It is also the duty of deacons to collect and to distribute relief funds and to manage the church finances (Acts 6:1–3). Q 14 Explain the power of Church Courts. No church court has the power to discipline people for violations of state law (Luke 12:2–14; John 18:36). A church court is concerned with cases which are moral and spiritual and must exhort believers as Christians to obey Christ’s law (Acts 15:1, 32). The disobedient and lawless ones are subject to the deprivation of the privileges of their membership in the church. A church court, in order to vindicate the authority of the Scripture, should collect evidence pertaining to the offenses. The court is authorized to summon offenders for investigation and also to have them produce evidence in their favor. The severest form of discipline is to excommunicate the unrepentant and the doctrinally corrupt from the church (Matt. 18:15–17; 1 Cor. 5:4–5). Q 15 Explain the quorum of the Church Session. If there are two elders on the session, one shall constitute a quorum. If there are three or more elders, the majority of the elders and a pastor shall constitute a quorum. If there is one elder, he may conduct all the business. But in the event that the elder opposes a disciplinary action pertaining to himself and with regard to other matters, the matter shall be referred to the presbytery for a decision. Q 16 Explain the duty of the Church Session. 1. Supervision of the faith and life of church members: The session shall maintain the spiritual government of the church (Heb. 13:17), and supervise the knowledge and the conduct of church members. 2. Admission and dismissal of church members: The session shall examine people for communicant membership, urge communicant parents to present their children for baptism, examine baptized children to see if they are ready to receive communion, receive and issue letters of transfer for those who have moved (confirming their confirmation, adult baptism, or infant baptism), and even dismiss members. 3. Conduct of the worship service and administration of the sacraments: When a church is without a pastor, the session shall, under the supervision of the presbytery, invite a minister to preach the word and to administer the sacraments. 4. Ordination and installation of elders and deacons: Subsequent to the election of elders and deacons by the congregation, and to their training period of at least six months, elders are then ordained, following their examination and approval by the presbytery, and deacons are ordained following their examination and approval by the session. 5. Collection of offerings: The session determines the dates and methods of collecting church offerings of various types. 6. Exercise of discipline: The session shall summon the offender(s) and the witness(es) among the church members for investigation; if necessary, those who are not members of the church may be summoned as witnesses. Where there is clear evidence of the offense, the session should rebuke, reprimand, suspend, keep from the communion table, dismiss from the church roll, or excommunicate the unrepentant, as appropriate, and lift discipline on the penitent (1 Thess. 5:12– 13; 2 Thess. 3:6, 14–15; 1 Cor. 11:27–30). 7. Promotion of the spiritual interests and supervision of the organizations within the church: The session shall work for the spiritual interests of the church, visit church members, instruct them in the Scripture, serve the Sunday school and the choir, and supervise Christian Endeavor and other organizations within the church. 8. Appointment of representatives to the presbytery, and provision of reports and communications: 164

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) The session shall choose and appoint the representative elder to the presbytery and submit communications and reports on the status of church activities thereto. Q 17 Explain when the Meeting of Session can convene. The session shall hold stated meetings at least once a year. Moreover, the pastor has power to convene the session when he judges it requisite, and he shall always convene it when requested to do so by the majority of the elders or when directed to do so by the presbytery. In the pastor’s absence, the majority of the elders may convene a session meeting if such necessity arises. Q 18 What kind of rosters must the Session have? Every session shall keep these rosters up to date: 1. The roster of communicant members (date). 2. The roster of infants baptized and those allowed to participate in communion. 3. The roster of the disciplined and the pardoned. 4. The roster of the deceased (date). 5. The roster of those received by transfer (date received). 6. The roster of marriages (date of marriage). Entries should be made using legal names, and for women and children the name of the family head should also be recorded. The maiden names of married women shall be included. Q 19 What are the requirements for forming a Presbytery? The presbytery shall consist of the ministers (at least three), and of the ruling elders commissioned by the respective sessions of the congregations of the region. Q 20 Explain the duty of Presbytery. 1. The presbytery shall have general oversight of sessions, local congregations, ministers, evangelists, candidates for ministry, and all the unorganized churches within its bounds. 2. The presbytery shall have power to receive for action all the references, requests, appeals, complaints, questions, and cases for trial, duly submitted by respective sessions. Matters pertaining to trials shall be transferred to it for action, subject to the provisions of the Book of Discipline (1 Cor. 6:1; 1 Tim. 5:19). The presbytery shall receive appeals to refer cases to the higher court. 3. The presbytery has power to examine and receive candidates for ministry; to train and to transfer them, along with the proper discipline; to approve the local congregation’s election of additional ruling elders; to examine and allow the ordination and installation of elders-elect; to examine and license evangelists; to administer examinations of ministerial candidates; to effect their ordination, installation, dismissal, and transfer in and out (1 Tim. 4:14; Acts 13:2–3); to approve or disapprove minutes of sessions, and to approve or disapprove records of trials; and to answer and interpret reasonable questions concerning doctrine and discipline (Acts 15:10; Gal. 2:2–5). 4. The presbytery shall prevent words and deeds that injure the sanctity or peace of the church (Acts 15:22–24), and shall visit churches with the purpose of investigating and redressing failures and evils that may have arisen in them (Acts 20:17, 30; 6:2; 15:30). 5. The presbytery has power to found, divide, unite, and close local churches; to organize sessions; to invite pastors for local churches and for unorganized churches; to supervise evangelists; and to direct other matters pertaining to finance. 6. The presbytery shall communicate with the higher court regarding requests and references; receive all the communications from the higher court to put their injunctions into practice in order to administer church business in an orderly manner (1 Cor. 14:33, 40); engage in evangelistic 165

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) activities; commission delegates to the higher court; and contribute to the spiritual welfare of all churches. 7. The presbytery shall examine candidates for the ministry. The subjects shall be the Confession of Faith, the Book of Discipline, the Directory for Worship, and pastoral ministry. There shall also be an oral interview. 8. The presbytery, exercising its powers of oversight, shall set up a visitation committee to visit local churches, including unorganized churches. They shall work together to support the overseeing work of the presbytery. The presbytery has the power to determine the number that should make up the visitation committee and to set the geographical boundaries for their work. Since the visitation committee is not a ruling body, it shall have no power to grant a request to call a pastor, nor has it the power to directly transmit a letter of call to a pastor, nor any power to install by its own will an interim pastor while the presbytery is in recess. However, the visitation committee shall have the power to render necessary assistance to sessions without a pastor that seek to invite guest preachers and to report to the presbytery regarding possible pastoral appointments for pastors within their jurisdiction and the salaries that they should be paid. 9. (a) The presbytery may entrust the work of appointing an interim pastor or an interim session moderator to the visitation committee or to a special committee, so that he may temporarily oversee the church without an installed pastor until the presbytery convenes. The visitation committee is established for the purpose of visiting and rendering care to the local churches on behalf of the presbytery, so it has the power, even when not invited, to be present at session meetings and officers’ meetings to observe, with power to speak, but without a vote. It is advisable for a session to consult with the visitation committee when it discusses the election of elders or the appointment of evangelists. The visitation committee shall report to the presbytery all the circumstances of the churches within its bounds and the matters brought to it, but it shall not infringe upon the power of sessions or individuals to submit a request directly to the presbytery, as that power is protected by the Book of Church Order. (b) When an internal dispute arises in the local church that is within the jurisdiction of a presbytery, regarding membership in the presbytery and the ownership of church property, the right to manage the church property shall temporarily be placed within the hands of the presbytery until the dispute is resolved and the normal operation of the local church is restored. 10. The visitation committee shall occasionally visit and render care to pastors and churches to monitor their spiritual condition, financial affairs, evangelistic efforts, Sunday school work, and the activities of other organizations, and shall report to the presbytery whether the pastoral ministries are fruitful and beneficial to the members. The visitation committee shall submit to the presbytery any questions and requests presented by the ruling elders, sessions, officers’ board, and other representatives of the respective churches. Q 21 Explain the meetings of the Presbytery. The presbytery shall meet at an appointed date and location. When there are special cases calling for meetings, the moderator shall, at the request of two ministers from different churches and of two ruling elders from different churches, call a special meeting. Should the moderator be for any reason unable to act, the vice-moderator or the stated clerk shall issue the call. When the moderator calls a special meeting, notice of that special meeting, stating the date and the business, shall be sent not less than ten days in advance to each member, and no business other than that named in the notice is to be transacted. Q 22 Explain the quorum of General Assembly. On the day appointed for the meeting, more than half of the presbyteries must be represented, and more than half of the ministers and ruling elders who are delegates must be present to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 166

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) Q 23 Explain the five Powers of General Assembly. 1. The General Assembly shall have power to interpret the Book of Church Order (i.e., the Confession of Faith and Catechisms, the Form of Government, the Book of Discipline, and the Directory for Worship); to decide all controversies involving doctrine and discipline; and to guard against errors in doctrine and immorality in practice. 2. The General Assembly shall have power to form, merge, divide, and terminate presbyteries; to determine geographical boundaries for jurisdiction; to examine ministerial candidates; to superintend all the churches of the General Assembly; and to correspond with representatives of other denominations according to the rules provided thereof. 3. The General Assembly shall suppress schismatic contentions and disputations, maintain orderly conduct for the whole church, and assist it by submitting an agenda for the promotion of charity, truth, and holiness. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to establish committees, to manage missionary endeavors at home and abroad, and to deal with other matters of importance brought before it. It also has the power to found seminaries and colleges/universities. 5. All property of the General Assembly shall be owned by the General Assembly. Q 24 Explain the Term of offices of ruling Elders and Deacons. Ordination to the offices of ruling elder or deacon is perpetual. Nonetheless, there may be a term limit of at least three years, at the end of which a majority vote of the congregation will determine whether the officer is to be reinstalled to serve on active duty. Q 25 Explain voluntary leave of office and resignation of the Ruling Elder and Deacon. When a ruling elder or deacon cannot perform his duties because of his infirmity or old age, and when he, though chargeable with neither heresy nor immorality, becomes unacceptable in his official capacity to a majority of the church, the session may, at his request, request that he temporarily leave the office or resign. Q 26 Explain the procedure of calling a pastor from another Presbytery. When a congregation desires to call a minister of another presbytery, it shall elect the members of the Calling Committee, who, in turn, submit the call to the presbytery to which the congregation belongs. The presbytery, in turn, if it deems it acceptable, shall place the call, along with the reference, in the hands of the presbytery to which the person belongs. The presbytery, if it deems it acceptable, puts the call in the hands of the person who has received the call. When the person is willing to accept the call, the presbytery shall send a letter of transfer to the other presbytery. The person who is transferring to a new presbytery shall submit a written pledge on which he has signed his ordination vows. Q 27 Explain the procedure when a minister of other denomination seeks admission to one of Presbytery of KAPC. When a minister of another denomination seeks admission to a presbytery of this Church, he, if a graduate of a seminary not recognized by the Church, must first study at the Reformed Presbyterian Seminary of the Church for at least one year and be examined regarding his belief in Reformed theology before he can be admitted to the presbytery. Q 28 Explain the convening of a Congregational Meeting. 167

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) The congregational meeting shall be convened by the session when the session deems it necessary, or when a request is made by the officers’ board, by one-third of the communicant members, or by the higher court. Q 29 Explain the organization of Deacons' Meeting. The officers’ meeting consists of the members of the session and the deacons of the church. The pastor shall serve as moderator and shall help elect a secretary and a treasurer. Under certain circumstances, the session may delegate power to associate pastors, evangelists, kwonsas, and acting deacons to transact the business of the officers’ meeting. Q 30 Explain the procedure of amending the Constitution of KAPC. Article. 1 In amending the Form of Government, the Book of Discipline, and the Directory for Worship, the General Assembly shall refer it to all the presbyteries for approval by a two-thirds majority vote of each presbytery. The clerk of each presbytery shall notify the clerk of the General Assembly of the action of the presbytery, and the moderator of the next General Assembly shall declare the results and put them into effect. Article. 2 In amending the Creed, the Confession of Faith, and the Larger and Shorter Catechisms, the General Assembly, after proposing the amendment, shall refer it to the presbyteries for approval by a two-thirds majority of the total votes, and shall adopt the amendment at the next General Assembly. The clerk of each presbytery shall notify, in writing, the clerk of the General Assembly of the action taken by the presbytery. Article. 3 The General Assembly, before proposing an amendment to the Creed, the Confession of Faith, or the Larger or Shorter Catechism to the presbyteries, shall appoint a special committee of eleven or more members (ministers and ruling elders) for a year of study on the matter. They shall make a report to the next General Assembly, and no more than three members from any one presbytery shall be on the committee. Article. 4 When an amendment to the Constitution is proposed to the General Assembly by at least one-third of the presbyteries, the General Assembly, in turn, shall propose the amendment to all the presbyteries and it shall be acted upon as prescribed in Articles 1 and 2 above. Q 31 What is the duty of church members. 1. Church members should attend all the appointed worship services, prayer meetings, and other church meetings. 2. Church members should do their best to better the church through their efforts, cooperation, and godly fellowship, and should glorify God through love and good works. 3. Church members should help with the financial expenses and participate in the activities of the church. They should participate in good works such as charity and evangelism, and should support such activities financially. 4. Church members should endeavor to learn and proclaim biblical precepts and put them into 168

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) practice according to the Word. They should manifest the spirit of Jesus Christ in their daily lives. 5. Any church officer violating the Lord’s Day, indulging in superstitious activities, drinking, smoking, or gambling, or purposely failing to give their tithe should be relieved of his or her office and regarded as a member failing to fulfill his or her obligations. 6. Church members should defend the truth faithfully, observe all church statutes, and abide by the Constitution of the Church. Q 32 What is the power of church members. The sovereignty and power of the church lie in the hands of the church members. 1. Church members have the power to make a request and to appeal through appropriate channels according to the Constitution of the Church. 2. Church members have the right to elect and be elected as prescribed in the statutes of the Church. However, those rights are suspended for anyone who fails to attend worship services for over six months. 3. Church members have the privilege to work for the church, the Body of Christ, each according to his own gifts. Q 33 Explain the elections and voting in the church. 1. Voting shall be done by secret ballot and with a prayerful heart by all the communicant members. Elections in the church and in its various agencies shall not be exercised in a worldly manner, where election campaigns are staged, leaflets are circulated bearing the name of a candidate one wishes to elect, people are visited to advise them whom to vote for, and other literature and assemblies are used for campaigning. 2. Those who have been absent from church services for over six months consecutively without justifiable reasons, such as restricted travel due to old age or infirmity, or circumstances beyond their control, shall be deprived of the right to vote or be elected as church officers. 3. In the event of voting that requires multiple names on the ballot, those ballots indicating more than the designated number of names are void, while those indicating the designated number of names (or fewer names) are valid. 4. Void ballots are not counted toward the total vote. Void ballots are unofficial ballots, blank ballots, and ballots with ambiguous or incorrect markings. Q 34 Explain the way of devotion of the Elders-At-Large and the Deacons-At-Large. 1. Elder-at-large a. An elder at large, having the capability to serve the church, may, by the vote of the session, become a member of the officers’ board b. An elder at large may be asked, if necessary, to help distribute the elements in a communion service. 2. Deacons at large a. When an ordained deacon permanently moves to another church where he remains without office, the church receiving him may appoint him to the office of acting deacon, and if the congregation elects him as a deacon, he may be installed to the office of deacon without reordination. Q 35 Explain the duty of Kwonchals in the church. 1. The church may have, in addition to the members of the officers’ board, kwonchals to visit the 169

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Constitution) members of the church. The pastor or session may appoint from the membership those faithful men and women fit for the kwonchal’s office, and they shall serve a term of one year. Members of the officers’ board may be given the privilege of concurrently serving in the office of kwonchal. 2. The duties of male and female kwonchals are, upon the session’s determination of districts (each consisting of approximately ten families), to make weekly or monthly house calls on all the members of the assigned district. Also, they are to visit with unbelievers within their district with a view to evangelizing them, to conduct district-wide prayer meetings, and to report on the activities of their district at regularly scheduled kwonchal meetings. Q 36 Who can lay hands on the invalid. In accord with the Constitution of the Church, only an ordained minister shall lay hands on the sick. Q 37 Please list the documents that must to kept in the church. Every congregation should preserve the following records: 1. Various rolls of church members. 2. 2. Records of the proceedings of session meetings 3. Records of the proceedings of congregational meetings. 4. Records of trials. 5. Records of the proceedings of officers’ meetings and the meetings of agencies. 6. Church archives. 7. A list of church property. 8. Records of church effects and equipment. 9. Records of various church statistics. 10. A file of all reports and reference materials. 170

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) CHURCH HISTORY PART 1: ANCIENT/EARLY CHURCH 1. Elaborate on the condition of Judaism in Palestine preceding the establishment of the Early Church. · Geography: Palestine: desired land; crossroads of trade routes (Mesopotamia to Egypt and Asia Minor with Arabia). The inhabitants of this land always suffered from invasion, bondage and exile. · Historically: o 4 th century BCE Alexander of Macedon defeated the Persians; took over and introduced Hellenism. His driving ideological basis: unite the world and enrich it by spreading the insights of Greek civilization (including syncretism); the Jews were not satisfied with this because it threatened their monotheistic faith o Maccabees Revolt in the 2nd century BCE. 63 BCE, Pompey conquered the land and deposed the last of the Maccabees, Aristobulus II. The Romans too sought to “civilize” the world around them by building and beautifying cities similar to Rome. · Religious: o Pharisees were the party of the populace. They emphasized the Law and tried to make it relevant to everyday situations. For this they were considered legalistic. o Sadducees were the Jewish aristocracy. They were conservative in religion and politics. o There existed also the Zealots and the Essenes. o Despite the diversity, all parties affirmed two fundamental tenets: ethical monotheism and eschatological hope. ■ Ethical Monotheism: There exists only one God and he desires proper worship. ■ Eschatological hope: God would intervene into human history and restore Israel as he fulfilled the promise of a kingdom of peace and justice. · By the time of the destruction of the temple in 70 CE, Jews had developed the synagogue, the place where the law and traditions of Israel were studied. Thus dispersed Jews were able to experience community without the Temple. The Sadducees ended but the Pharisees continued to bloom into modern Judaism. 2. Discuss the influence of the Diaspora Judaism on Christianity. · The Jews were spread across the Mediterranean area in Egypt, Asia Minor and Greece after the exile in Babylon. Only a minority of Jews returned to Israel. Many Diaspora Jews had forgotten the language of their ancestors thus it was necessary to translate the Hebrew Old Testament into languages that they understood. Aramaic in the East and Greek in the West. · Greek had become the common language of many people living in the Mediterranean. In the city of Alexandria (Egypt) the Septuagint emerged. o Ancient legend of 70 Jewish scholars commissioned to translate and working independently, ended up with perfectly agreeing translations – meant to legitimize the translation as divinely inspired. · The Septuagint is quoted often by NT authors and helped the formation of early Christian vocabulary (ex. Christ is the LXX word for “Messiah”). 171

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 3. Describe the Greco-Roman world before the rise of Christianity. · The Roman Empire brought political unity and thus peace. Early Christians could travel without fear of bandits and local war. Since trade flourished, travel was constant. · The Romans, in order to achieve greater unity, sought religious uniformity through two things: o (1) Syncretism: the Romans added numerous gods from different lands into their Roman pantheon. Many traditions and beliefs mingled to the point that they were barely recognizable in their original form. The Jews and Christians were looked down upon because of their insistence in one true God. o (2) Emperor worship: the worship of the ruling emperor was a means of unity and a test of loyalty. To refuse to engage in emperor worship was seen as treason and disloyal. It was eventually the reason for the Christians’ persecution. · At this time two philosophical traditions were attractive to Christians: o (1) Platonism: taught about a supreme being who is perfect and immutable. Affirmed above this world of fleeting things, there was a higher world of abiding truth. o (2) Stoicism: held to very high moral standards and understood the law of nature. Christians used that to argue that the Christian life was a life according to that law. 4. Elaborate on the unity and diversity in the Jerusalem Church. · Diversity: (1) Jews who kept the laws, customs and original language – Hebrews (2) Jews who were more open to Hellenistic influence – Hellenists. In the early part of Acts there were still no Gentiles in the church. o Persecution was toward the Hellenistic Jews. When persecution broke out, the apostles (who were Hebrews) were able to remain in Jerusalem but others(Hellenistic Jews) had to flee. The early persecution of the Church under Paul went for Hellenistic Christians. o Only later are the Hebrew Jewish Christians also persecuted under Herod. Paul goes out to Hellenistic Jewish Christians and they serve as a bridge to the Gentile world who soon overshadowed the earlier Jewish Christian community in number. · Unity: both groups are under apostolic authority and recognize/receive it 5. Discuss the characteristics of Paul's mission. · We should be careful not to exaggerate what Paul contributed to missions. Christianity was spread mostly by Hellenistic Christians who had to flee Jerusalem during persecution. · Paul felt a calling to take the gospel to the Gentiles. When he arrived at a new town, he went first to the synagogue and the Jewish community. · His greatest contribution was his epistles which impacted the church and still do today. Paul did not see the message of the gospel as a new religion but a fulfillment of the promises that were made to Israel. He preached that through the resurrection of Christ, the age of the Messiah had come and now a way was open for Gentiles to join the people of God. 6. Discuss the Neronian Persecution on the church. · Persecution of the Christians was both ecclesiastical and political. Only in Nero’s reign did organized persecution begin to come from the Roman state. Nero blamed Christians for the disastrous fire in Rome in AD 64 and persecuted the church. These persecutions were local and sporadic until 250, when they became general and violent, beginning with the persecution under Decius. · Tacitus records that Nero had ordered the fire that destroyed part of the city of Rome. This was accepted by many who thought Nero was looking for a scapegoat. He diverted feeling against himself to the Christians by accusing them of arson and by engaging a saturnalia of destruction of the Christians. Apparently the persecution was confined to Rome and its surrounding districts. · Peter and Paul died in this period. 172

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 7. Describe the persecution under the reign of Emperor Domitian (81-96 AD). · He loved Roman tradition and wanted to restore it (including emperor worship) but the Christians rejected worshiping Romans gods and participating in Roman tradition. · Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed by this date and Domitian wanted Jews to remit their offerings to the imperial coffers. Some obeyed and some didn’t so he enacted strict laws against them. o At this time Judaism and Christianity was still not clearly distinguished. Both were persecuted. o This persecution seems to only be in Rome an Asia Minor. It was during this time in Asia Minor that John wrote Revelation. 8. Explain the persecution in the second century mentioned in the letter of Pliny the Younger, the Governor of Bithynia. · Pliny the Younger had to deal with the large number of Christians in his area (Bithynia). He knew that the religion was illegal. · Pliny’s policy: when Christians were he would pardon them if these “Christians” would 1) pray to the gods, 2) burn incense before the image of the emperor and 3) curse Christ. o Some did and others didn’t. Those who didn’t had three chances to recant and then they were executed or if they were Roman citizens, sent to Rome. · Pliny was confused over this predicament: “Should Christians be punished for concrete crimes or should the very name Christian be considered a crime?” He wrote to Emperor Trajan about this and the response was this: don't go seeking out Christians (it would be a waste of resources) but if they are caught and accused, punish them accordingly. They would be punished for the crime of being in contempt of the Roman courts. Trajan commanded this for political reasons. 9. Discuss the influence of Ignatius of Antioch on the church. · Ignatius was the bishop of Antioch who was condemned to death. On his way to martyrdom, he wrote seven letters. From his letters we learn that he had opposed heretical doctrines. He also learned about an attempt to free him from his death but he was opposed to it. o He wanted his death to imitate Christ. Christians should be praying at this time for strength to face the trial and not planning to set him free. o He wants to show that in his martyrdom he can be a witness for Christ. 10. Describe the martyrdom of Polycarp. · Polycarp was a disciple of John. He was bishop of Smyrna for many years. He was martyred in 155 AD by being burned at the stake. · During his trial before the Roman proconsul he said that he could not speak evil of Christ whom he had served eighty-six years and who had never done him wrong. When he was first sought out by authorities he went to hide but eventually was found. He concluded this was the will of God. · Polycarp was asked to recant but he refused to. Then he was threatened to be burned alive. Even then as he was tied to the post he thanked God that he could die such a death. Even to death Polycarp stood firm in his faith. · The early Christians believed that martyrdom was not something that one chose but something for which one was chosen by God. · Polycarp’s martyrdom is described using Christological language. Is the language speaking of Polycarp higher than of Christ? Evidence of exaltation of his holy life. His body is physically sanctified. He’s so holy, the flames can’t touch him, and evil can’t touch him. The “dove” is probably something that was added later. This addition is merely a continuation of the agenda in the 173

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) text which is making Polycarp as close to Christ as you can without actually making him Christ. There’s also sacrificial language used here as well. o Deeper theological aspect – Polycarp is being described in terms only reserved for Jesus. The author is drawing a very close connection between Jesus and the martyrs. They are both stabbed in the side. Being martyred makes you more godly than the rest. The martyr is on a level above everyone else. 11. Elaborate the persecution under Marcus Aurelius (161-180 AD). · Marcus Aurelius was an enlightened mind but he still ordered that Christians be persecuted. He was a very suspicious man. During that time there were invasions, flood and epidemics so that people began to blame the Christians for bringing the wrath of the gods upon them. Thus he supported their persecution. 12. Elaborate on the misconceptions of the secular apologists regarding the early church life. · People misunderstand the weekly Christian gathering which the Christians called the “love feast.” They also called each other “sister” and “brother” (even speaking of their spouses in this sort of way). Non-Christians misunderstood this and thought Christians were weekly gathering for orgies with excessive eating and drinking. They also thought Christians engaged in incest. · Communion was also a misunderstood Christian practice because they partook of the body and blood of Christ. Since they talked about Christ as an infant they thought Christians concealed newborns in a loaf of bread and then ate it. Essentially they thought Christians had cannibalistic practices. · The most serious change was that Christians were intellectually, socially and culturally inferior. They were considered crude, ignorant and barbaric. o Christ was crucified as a condemned criminal and born an illegitimate son o The resurrection of Christ was silly o Why would you only worship one God? o God is both transcendent and immanent 13. Elaborate on Justin Martyr's idea of the 'Point of Contact' between the Christian and the secular philosophy (110-165 AD). · Justin saw several points of contact between Christianity and secular psychology. o 1) There was the idea of a Supreme Being and life beyond physical death (or another world of eternal realities). o 2) Doctrine of the Logos. For the Greeks this was a universal reason that undergirds all reality. Justin showed that the Gospel of John showed that the Logos was Christ and he came in the flesh. · Justin believed that whatever truth there was in Greek philosophy, it was granted to them by the Logos of God. He tried to open the way for Christianity to claim whatever good it could find in classical culture, in spite of it having been pagan. · First Apology: Sought to dismiss rumors that Christians were guilty of incest and cannibalism. Christians instead were morally exemplary. Justin labors to connect the best insights of Greek philosophy with Christianity. He connects Plato’s transcendent god with the God of the Bible. Jesus Christ is the meditation between the particular and the transcendent. Christ is the very incarnation of reason, the Logos come in flesh. Those who saw aspects of truth in the past, like Abraham and Socrates, did so as enlightened by the same Logos, Word. Moreover, he links Plato to Moses saying that Moses influenced Plato. This accomplishes two purposes: a link between “Christianity” and Judaism, and also the superiority of the Judeo-Christian religion. 174

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 14. Discuss the arguments of the (Christian) apologists for the early Christians. · Christians were accused of being atheists because they worshipped an invisible god. But they argue that means the greatest philosophers were also atheists. · The pagans worshipped idols made of gold and precious stones that need to be guarded. How can a god protect others if he himself needs protection? · Christians were accused of being immoral but Christians have rules of conduct for worship. Rather the pagans do immoral things under the guise of worship. · They were accused of being subversive for not worshipping the emperor but Christians say the emperor doesn’t need to be worshiped but served and this is best done when they pray for him and the empire. This showed that Christianity is actually good for the empire. 15. Discuss the influence of the Gnosticism on the early Christianity. · Gnosticism was more of an amorphous movement rather than a well-defined organization. The Gnostics claimed to possess a special, mystical knowledge, reserved for those with true understanding. This knowledge was the secret key to salvation. · Gnostics believe that the material is bad and that this world is an obstacle to the salvation of the spirit. There are sparks of spirit in the world. These are imprisoned in human bodies and must be liberated through gnosis (knowledge). Jesus is that messenger who reminds us of our heavenly origin and gives us the secret knowledge to free us. Thus they reject the notion that Christ had a body. o This leads to docetism - the idea that Jesus only appeared to be fully human but was not. Gnosticism was in clear denial of Christian doctrines such as creation, incarnation, the death of Jesus through crucifixion, and the resurrection. · Some common features of Gnosticism: (1) Strong dualism of the spiritual and the material, the good and the evil (2) Doctrine of the fall pertained to the fall of the divine, spiritual element into the material realm and (3) The material world is evil and thus not of a supreme, transcendent, good God but of a lesser being, often identified with the God of Israel. 16. Discuss the main points of Marcion's thought. · Marcion developed an understanding of Christianity that was both anti-Jewish and anti-material. He separated the God of Jesus and the God of the Old Testament. o Yahweh made the world evil although the Father’s purpose was to have it only be spiritual. Yahweh is a god of justice, he is an arbitrary god, not the Supreme Father. o The Father of Christians is loving and doesn’t keep a record of wrongs but gives everything freely to us. In the end there will be no judgment since the Supreme God is absolutely loving and will forgive us. · Marcion even set the Hebrew Scriptures aside and made his own Bible and took out parts of the NT that were plagued by Jewish views. His position was a greater threat than Gnosticism because he organized a structured church with its own bishops and scriptures. 17. Discuss the church's responses to Marcion. · First the church established a canon for the first time. The Hebrew Scriptures were quickly added without debate. The issue wasn’t the authority for Scripture but the canon which was agreed upon. · Second the church formulated creeds. Creeds were important because they laid out the particular beliefs of the church. The basic creed (Apostle’s Creed) was probably put together around 150. · Third the church had to settle the issue of apostolic succession in order to get to the church’s authority. They argued that if Jesus had some secret knowledge he would have made it known to the apostles to whom he entrusted the churches. Then it would have been taught to believers. 175

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 18. Elaborate on the thought of one of the following Christian leaders. Irenaeus of Lyons: · Irenaeus was a pastor at heart. He wrote to lead Christians in faith and life. · He had a perspective on history where he saw it as a process whereby God as the divine shepherd leads his creation to its final goal. His purpose was to make us more like the divine. In the actual course of history sin enters and thus the growth to be like the divine is thwarted. · He believes that the incarnation was necessary since it was God’s purpose from the very beginning to be in union with humanity. Focal point of history is the incarnation. Clement of Alexandria: · Clement was the opposite of Irenaeus. Because he was in Alexandria, the intellectual center at that time, he wrote to convince and to aid in the quest for deeper truth. · He made good use of Plato and other philosophers because he believed that there was One Truth and therefore any truth that the philosophers agreed upon were truths ultimately revealed in Jesus Christ. · “Philosophy was given to the Greeks just as the Law was given to the Jews. Both have the purpose of leading to the ultimate truth, now revealed in Christ.” · He used allegory and thought the text had more than one meaning. He used his allegorical exegesis to find ideas and doctrines that were Platonic in inspiration. He used the doctrine of Logos to call Christians to be open to the truth in philosophy. Tertullian of Carthage: · Tertullian thought with a legal mind. He had a high view of the Bible saying that we should speculate. He also believed that only the church had the right to interpret the Bible because it was the rightful owner of Scripture. · Tertullian later in life joined the Montanist movement. Montainism followed Montanus who prophesied that the last age of history had dawned with the putpouring of the Spirit during his time. o They also emphasized a very rigorous moral life. But what the Montanist movement did was diminish the significance of the events of the NT by saying they were the next stage in the history of salvation. · But even when Tertullian joined this heretical group he wrote Against Praxeas where he coined several key formulas that would be used in Trinitarian and Christological debates. He proposes “one substance and three persons” and also spoke of Christ as “one person” and “two substances or natures.” He was the first to write in Latin and is considered the founder of Western theology. Origen of Alexandria: · Clement’s greatest disciple. Origin compiled the Hexapla, an edition of the OT in six columns where he indicated variants, omissions and additions. · He did have some interesting doctrinal viewpoints: Bible is only partially historical; preexistence of the soul; universalism; the Son is subordinate to the Father 19. Describe how the church dealt with the 'lapsed' under the Desian persecution. · Under the persecution of Emperor Decius many Christians “lapsed” and either sacrificed to the pagan gods or purchased false certificates declaring that they had. Under Decius there were many threats from barbarians, serious economic crises, and loss of classical Roman civilization. He thought thi was because people abandoned the ancient gods. 176

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Cyprian was bishop of Carthage and he called together a synod that decided how they would deal with the “lapsed.” o 1) Those who had purchased certificates without sacrificing would be immediately readmitted to the communion. 2) Those who sacrifices would only be readmitted on their deathbeds or if a new persecution gave them a chance to prove themselves. 3) Those who scarified and didn’t repent would never be readmitted. · Novatian was more rigorous than Cyprian and thought the re-admittance was too easy. This created a schism. This would be a constant issue in the church: how to preserve purity of the church while still having the church be a community of love. Should purity or forgiving love be the characteristic note of the church. 20. Discuss the social class, worship, organization, mission and art of the early churches. · Social Class: The majority of Christians during the first three centuries belonged to the lower echelons of society. · Worship: Christians worshiped on Sundays and they gathered to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ. The tone was gratitude and joy rather than sorrow and repentance. The two parts of the service was 1. The reading of Scripture with prayers and hymn singing and 2. Communion proper. The other important sacrament was baptism which was administered usually once a year. Christians gathered in private homes. As the congregations in one city got too big, they would separate. · Organization: Three distinct positions of leadership in the church – bishop, presbyter, elder. The emphasis on the authority of the bishops and apostolic succession was in response to heresies. The roles of women in positions of leadership are in the NT but by end of second century official church leadership was entirely masculine. · Mission: Evangelism did not take place in church services since church worship centered on communion and only baptized Christians were admitted to its celebration. Some came by seeing martyrs. Others believed from miracles. In the NT there is a lot of traveling missionary activities but it there isn’t much in the early church after. Rather many Christians traveled for other reasons but took their faith with them. Christianity spread mainly in the cities. · Art: Lots of frescoes (painting on walls) of Lord’s Supper in the upper room. Also first was a symbol often used – ICHTYS – Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior” 21. Describe the situation at the end of the early church persecution against the church. · Right before Galerius’ death he gave an edict to stop the persecution of Christians. Before his death, he persecuted the Christians. He had them removed from government positions, destroyed Christians buildings and books; arrested leaders of churches. · After he died Constantine began a campaign to become the master of the empire. He marched on Rome and there defeated Maxentius. Constantine said on the eve of battle he had a revelation and he received the command to place a Christian symbol on the shields of his soldiers. · Constantine was the master of the entire Western half of the empire. He made an alliance with Licinius and they agreed to end all persecution of Christians and return property to them (Edict of Milan). Some persecution existed but it was when Constantine became the sole emperor that all persecution ended. 22. Discuss the conversion of Constantine the Great and his influence on the church. · The nature of Constantine’s conversion has been debated. He was not considered a Christian by the church because he had not been baptized and would not be until his deathbed. However we should not think that Constantine declared himself a Christian for political reasons. There are many reasons why this wouldn't have been to his advantage. We should conclude that Constantine was a sincere believer in the power of Christ although he had a meager understanding of the Christian faith. 177

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · The immediate change once Constantine was converted is the cessation of persecution. Then church properties were given tax exemption which meant over the long run the church owned vast land. Christian leaders were enjoying new privileges, prestige and power that led to arrogance and even to corruption (taking bribes). · For the laity the experience of conversion became less dramatic. They were led to syncretism and superstition. As more people came into the church, there was less time and resources to teach and train new converts. · The biggest thing was how worship was influenced: Incense was burned, ministers were called “priests” and wore luxurious garments. The communion table was called an altar and people prayed kneeling. Eventually the congregation came to have a less active role in the church. Also people began worshipping in places they thought were holy, often where a martyr was buried or where relics of a martyr were present. · In 325 he called the first ecumenical council at Nicea. · Since martyrdom was no longer possible people chose the monastic life – fourth century there was a massive exodus of devout Christians to the deserts of Egypt and Syria. 23. Discuss Eusebius of Caesarea's influence on the church. · Born around the year 260. Spent most of his life in Caesarea. He contributed Church History a very important book which helps us today know about early history of Christianity. · Eusebius gave a lot of support to Constantine because he saw Constantine as an instrument in the divine design which was God’s direct intervention in the midst of persecution to deliver Christians like in the Exodus. · He was elected bishop of Caesarea which had a large jurisdiction, over the rest of Palestine. During the Arian controversy he wanted to maintain peace and unity of church so flip-flopped back and forth. By Nicea he was against it then he went back for it. · His Church History was like an apology to show that Christians were the ultimate goal of human history. He saw Constantine’s conversion as a keystone to his thesis. Eusebius didn’t take a critical stance against his own time. · More than Eusebius being responsible for things happening in the church, it’s that his writings articulate clearly what was happening. Such things as beginning to see riches and pomp as signs of divine favor, taking joy in ornate churches such that a clerical aristocracy was developed, and thirdly a setting aside of the expectation of the full reign of God. There was almost an idea that with Constantine and his successor, that the plan of God had been fulfilled. 24. Describe the origin of monasticism and the life of early monks. · Monasticism really took off after the end of the persecution and martyrdom was no longer happening. In the monastic life they wanted to flee from human society and to dominate the body and its passions. There were influences both inside and outside of the church. · In the church: Paul had said that those not married had greater freedom to serve the Lord. They also were awaiting the return of the Lord. Also since in heaven there is no marriage, they thought the celibate in the present life are a living witness of the coming kingdom. · Outside of the church: Gnosticism and its influence of the fundamental opposition between the body and the life of the spirit. Classical philosophy saying that the body was the prison of the soul. Stoics saying that they should perfect their souls and subjugate their passions. · Many of the early monks went out to the Egyptian desert in order to find solitude. It wasn’t so much a case of hardship but inaccessibility. At first these monks lived individually. They were called anchorite – solitary monk. Their lives were simple – they planted gardens, weaved baskets and mats which they traded for bread an oil. They didn’t have many possessions. This eventually led to problems because the monks thought that they were holier than the bishops who lived in big cities and with all the accompanying changes that Constantine was bringing to Christianity and its worship. 178

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Later communal monasticism became popular called cenobitic. How could they show the Christian virtue of love is they were only living by themselves? They would meet together and recite bible portions they had memorized to each other. 25. Discuss Donatism. · The Donatist controversy began over questions of the lapsed and how they ought to be restored. What do we do with them? How easy should it be? · In North Africa in the 4th century this debate was important for persecution had been really bad in that area. Donatus was a rival bishop in Carthage. The people who supported him were more rigorous. They believed that anybody who had lapsed was unworthy. Thus there was an issue of those claiming that there were unworthy bishops and thus those who they had ordained or things they consecrated were not valid. Why? Because the validity depend on the worthiness of the bishop performing it. · The Donatists believed that the church was the bride of Christ and so we have to do everything in our power to keep it pure and holy. The other saw that it was not the place of people to judge who was worthy or not and that the judgment should be left to the Lord in the last day. · The Donastists also believed that the holiness of the church consisted in the holiness of its members whereas their opponents saw that the holiness was grounded in the Lord. 26. Elaborate on the Arian controversy. · Alexander was bishop of Alexandria and he said that the Logos is coeternal with God. Arius who was a presbyter in the city said that the Word was not coeternal and was known for his saying, “there was when He was not.” And he said that the Word was the first of all creatures – although preexistent before the incarnation, he had been created. Arius said Alexander denied Christian monotheism. Alexander said Arius denied Jesus’ divinity and therefore church should either stop worshiping Jesus or say they were worshiping a creature. · Soteriologically they ran into issues. Alexander says that in Christ God has entered human history to open a way to him. Arius said that Jesus came to save us by his obedience to God and if he was divine and not a creature than the obedience is meaningless. · At the Council of Nicea, Arianism was considered heretical and so were its followers. Constantine exiled them. 27. Discuss the influence of the Council of Nicea. · Constantine called this council in 324. The Arian controversy in Alexandria threatened to divide the entire Eastern Church. It was first ecumenical council where they approved standard procedures for the readmission of the lapsed, for the election and ordination of presbyters and bishops, ad gathering the order of precedence of various Episcopal sees. · Most difficult issue was Arian controversy. One group was Arian led by Eusebius of Nicomedia. The Anti-Arian group was led by Alexander from Alexandria and a deacon was present named Athanasius. The bishops from the West who spoke Latin thought this was a controversy for Eastern followers of Origen. They thought Tertullian was enough: “three persons and one substance.” · When the Arians explained their position they thought people would agree but it was clear they didn’t agree that the Son was no more than a creature. They soon agreed on formulating a creed in which they were leaving no room for Arian views to be present. An important word homoousios was presented at that time. Also the formula was altered in a way that it became more specifically antiArian. A final addition was an anathema against all of Arius’ teachings. · The Council of Nicaea did not end the controversy. Eusebius of Nicomedia convinced Constantine to call Arius out of exile. Soon after Constantine exiled Athanasius and other Nicene leaders. 179

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 28. Describe Julian the Apostate and his religious policy. · After Constantine died most of his close relatives were massacred. Julian and his half-brother Gallus were left alive. Eventually Constantine’s son Constantius became the sole ruler. He appointed Gallus as Caesar (junior emperor) but he failed at it. Julian was a better ruler and was promoted to that position. · He was a good ruler and general and so people liked him and when he and Constanius fought, he won. He studied at Athens and was really interested in ancient-mystery religions. He sought truth and beauty in literature and religion of classical Greece. · Julian earned the name “The Apostate” because he wanted to restore the lost glory of paganism. By this time the temples were empty and there were very few priests. Julian took the structure and organization of the Christian church and tried to employ them in pagan priesthood. He restored worship and sacrifice but this was not as popular as he had thought it would be. So not only did he promote paganism but he also tried to hinder Christianity. · Julian didn’t persecute them but he hindered their progress by forbidding them to teach classical literature and also ridicule. He called them Galileans and tried to show that the Christians misinterpreted Christian Scripture. 29. Discuss the life of Athanasius of Alexandria. · Athanasius was a member of the lower class in Egypt. He learned a rigid discipline from the monks that he applied to himself. What made him such a formidable opponent of Arianism was not his intellect but his conviction, his discipline, and his fiery spirit. Athanasius had a firm conviction of the importance of the incarnation of God in Jesus Christ and that God’s presence was in the midst of humankind by becoming man. Thus for him the presence of God in history was the central element of the Christian faith. Through the visit of God in Jesus Christ to us we are capable of living in community with the divine. · The Arians tried to frame Athanasius because they knew that he was their most formidable enemy. He was exiled by Constantine but then later brought back after his death. When he returned to Alexandria this was not the end but the beginning of a long period of struggle and repeated exiles. He was not recognized as the bishop of Alexandria and was exiled to Rome. There he gained Roman clergy support for the Nicene position against the Arians. · But when Constantine II died, Constans was sole emperor of the West. He asked Consatntius to let Athanasius to return to Alexandria. He needed his brother’s political alliance so he granted the request. When Constans died, Constantius controlled the entire empire himself and unleashed his pro-Arian policy. He went after Athanasius hardcore. Finally he escaped and lived with the monks in the desert for five years. When Constatius died, Julian took over and cared for nothing with Christianity and cancelled all exiles against bishops. 30. Discuss the life and thought of one of the Great Cappadocians Basil of Caesarea: · Basil taught rhetoric and was very smart and well educated. He founded a monastic community for men only and wrote rules on how monastic life should be lived. He’s considered the father of Eastern monasticism. · He gave away his money to care for the less fortunate. He created a city on the outskirts of Caesarea called “a new city” where the marginalized were taken care of. · He was elected to be the bishop of Caesarea. · He made a significant contribution to the reaffirmation of the Trinitarian doctrine and the definitive rejection of Ariniasm. He died a few months before the Council of Constantinople to confirm Nicene doctrine in 381. 180

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) Gregory of Nyssa: · Gregory was Basil’s younger brother. He preferred solitude and silence. He thought that the monastic life was the way to avoid the pains and struggles of active life. He became known for his mystical life. He became the bishop of Nyssa by force. · Gregory became one of the main leaders of the Nicene party. He was received by the Council of Constantinople. Gregory of Nazianzus: · He was the son of the bishop of Nazianzus – his father was an Arian but his mother taught him orthodoxy. He was a good pastor and cared about leading his people. · Basil made him bishop. He was the patriarch of Constantinople. The emperor Theososius expelled the Arians from high positions. He gathered a council in Constantinople and Gregory presided as bishop of the city. Yet he couldn’t be a bishop at two different places so he stepped down. · This council reaffirmed the doctrine of Nicea regarding the divinity of the Son and added a part on the Holy Spirit. Here they clarified the difference between ousia (essence) and hypostasis (substance) but the Cappadocians defined as persona – they came to agree on: “one essence – or ousia – in three persons – or hypostases. 31. Discuss Ambrose of Milan's view on the Arianism. · Ambrose was originally the governor of Milan but when the bishop died the people voted that Ambrose become the bishop. He was only a catechumen and in a span of 8 days he was baptized and then consecrated as the bishop of Milan. · Ambrose contributed to the development of Trinitarian theology in the West by popularizing the work of the Cappadocians. He also was adamant that Arian worship not take place in a basilica saying that a holy place could not be desecrated by heretical worship. He oppose Arianism and preserved the church in accordance with Nicene theology. 32. Describe the life of John Chrysostom of Constantinople. · John wanted to be a monk and after his mother’s death went into the Syrian mountains – he spent four years learning the discipline of monastic life and two more rigorously practicing it in complete solitude. · In 397 the emperor ordered that John be the bishop of Constantinople. He was still a monk at heart and couldn’t stand the way the rich inhabitants of Constantinople sought to wed the gospel with their own luxuries and comforts. He wanted to reform the life of the clergy. · Behind the pulpit he was the greatest, called “the golden mouth.” He challenged many things behind the pulpit. He preached from Hagia Sophia, the largest church in Christendom. · He made many enemies among the powerful but gained favor from the lower class. He was plotted against and sent into exile. Although many supporters would have fled to his side in aid, he wanted to maintain peace and therefore surrendered. This would happen a few times. In exile he began to write. **“Ambrose was from the West. He faced the most powerful emperor of his time and won. Chrysostom was deposed and banished by the Weak Arcadius. The Latin-speaking church of the West would become increasingly powerful. The Greek-speaking church of the East would continue to be ruled by the empire for another thousand years – the Byzantine Empire.” 181

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 33. Discuss the Vulgate of Jerome. · Jerome was obsessed with sex. In order to fill his mind he decided to study Hebrew. When he returned to Rome from his monastic life he was assigned the project to translate the Scripture into Latin by Damasus, the bishop of Rome. · Jerome made many enemies in Rome and soon left to go the Holy Land. He lived in Bethlehem and therefore he continued to study Hebrew. He then translated the Vulgate, a translation of the Bible into Latin where the OT was done straight from the Hebrew rather than the Septuagint. Eventually this became the standard Bible in the entire Latin-speaking church. But at first this was received by criticism because people believed the myth of the LXX (that the scholars who translated it independently and had agreed translations showing it was inspired). Some parts of the Latin were in disagreement from the Septuagint. 34. Discuss the life of Augustine of Hippo. · Personal Life: Augustine was born in 354 in North Africa. His mother, Monica, had strong faith. She played an important in his life. He studied in Carthage and enjoyed the pleasures of the world. He liked Cicero who was a master of rhetoric but also a philosopher and so sought truth. · Early Religious Life: This search led Augustine to Manichaeism which taught the world exists in two principles light and darkness and the human predicament is a presence of both being mingled. Salvation then is separating the two elements. This was a rational religion. o Augustine’s problem with Christianity was on the Bible and the origin of evil. o Augustine was a Manichee but after hearing the great teacher Faustus, he was not impressed. o He went to Milan to be a teacher of rhetoric. There he was introduced to the Neoplatonists. ■ They spoke of one principle and an ineffable One, the source of all being. Evil is not from a different source but like concentric circle, evil is moving away from the One. This helped Augustine form his idea of God. · Conversion: He went to hear Ambrose speak at Milan for his rhetorical skills but was impressed by his content. He employed an allegorical hermeneutic and helped the Bible make sense to Augustine. Augustine was on the fence about believing…he was convinced but scared to make the commitment. He eventually came to commit his life and wanted to spend his life in prayer, study and meditation. · In 391 he visited Hippo but was convicted under Bishop Valerius’ preaching who ordained Augustine and made him a joint bishop eventually. When he died he left Augustine bishop of Hippo. · Augustine wrote to refute Manichaeans. He wrote to refute Donatism. He wrote about Just War Theory: 1) purpose of the war must be just 2) just war must be waged by properly instituted authority 3) in the midst of violence, the motive of love must be central. · He wrote against Pelagianism. They agreed that God made us free and the source of evil is in the will. o Augustine said the power of sin makes it so we can only sin. Man at conversion is saved only by grace which he cannot even decide to accept on his own because of sin. The initiative to conversion is divine, not human. Grace is irresistible and God predestines man to it. o Pelagius said man is born with complete freedom to sin or not. There is no such thing as original sin. Man in his own free will decides to sin. 35. Discuss Augustine's "The City of God." · The City of God was motivated by the Fall of Rome in 410. Rome fell to the Gauls. Many people believed it was because Rome abandoned ancient gods and turned to Christianity. 182

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Augustine wrote the City of God against those allegations. Rather he said that there are two cities, two social orders built on the foundation of God. The city of God is built on the love of God but the city of man is built on the love of self. · This book was the first real philosophy of history ever to be developed. In the City of God all human and celestial beings united in love to God and seeking his glory alone. The city of Man is composed of those beings who, loving only self, seek their own glory and good. The dividing principle is love. · In human history these cities have mingled but they are different and they will fight to the death and only the city of God will remain. Meanwhile in this world there are kingdoms and nations but all of them will pass away at the end day, no matter how glorious and powerful they are. Rome in particular was allowed to flourish by God so that the gospel would spread. Now the purpose is done, God let Rome fall. 36. Discuss the situation and ministry of the church during the Barbarian invasion. · Rome was sacked by Alaric and his Goths. · The Western half of the empire was crumbling. The imperial church was lost in the West but continued for another thousands years in the Byzantine Empire. The church during this invasion became what the empire used to be – it was the guardian of civilization. It provided continuity with the past. Centuries later when the empire was resurrected in the West, it was the pope who crowned the emperor. · The Christians did a good job teaching their faith to their pagan conquerors. Some of the other invaders had been converted to Arianism before and so that issue came back to the West after being dead for decades and especially because the West didn’t really struggle too much with it. Part 2: Medieval Church 1. Discuss the influence of the barbarian kingdoms on the Christianity. · Many of the Germanic groups who took over parts of the Roman Empire were Arians. Therefore the Vandals in North Africa persecuted the Catholics and Donatists. · The Visigoths were another branch of the Goths who were also Arian but they did not persecute the orthodox. Rather their king converted to Nicene Orthodoxy. · After almost a century of Vandals’ ruling, the area was conquered by General Belisarius of the Byzantine Empire. 2. Elaborate on Benedictine Monasticism. · Monasticism that arose in the West was different than the East in three main ways: (1) It was more practical; (2) It valued life in community rather than placing premium on solitude; (3) Western monasticism didn’t exist in the constant tension with the hierarchy of the church that was typical in Eastern monasticism. · Benedict was the main figure. He resolved to become a hermit but his fame grew and disciples came to live with him. His greatest significance was the Rule that he gave to his community. It was a document that determined the shape of monasticism for centuries after. It sought wise ordering of the monastic life with strict discipline minus undue harshness. The two crucial elements were stability and obedience. In terms of stability, the monks are not to leave and go from one monastery to the other as he pleased. Second, the abbot (father) is to be obeyed without delay. The Rule was not written for saints but for fallible human beings. 183

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · The core of monastic life was prayer. Study was also important – they copied the Bible and other books. Their houses became teaching centers, hospitals, pharmacies and hostels. These monasteries also had profound economic impact as these monks, through manual labor, turned marginal lands into agricultural land. 3. Elaborate on the life and ministry of Leo the Great. · In the West the word “pope” was reserved to indicate the bishop of Rome. In the East “pope was used liberally to refer to any important or respected bishop. · Leo “the Great” is called the first “pope” in the modern sense. He was the bishop of Rome and he tried to get involved in matters in the East but they saw this as an unwarranted attempt to extend his authority and range. He was bishop when Rome was sacked by the Vandals in 455. · The Apostle Peter visited Rome and many think that he left succession. This is how Leo saw it so he saw the bishop of Rome as Peter’s direct successors. 4. Discuss the life and ministry of Gregory (590-604). · Gregory was a Benedictine monk then a deacon. Gregory was eventually elected the pope. · He organized the distribution of goods among the needy in Rome. An epidemic had broken out in Rome. He saw himself as patriarch of the West, no more than that. He was acting as rule in Rome in the way he took steps to repair Rome. He was also a prolific writer. · He followed Augustine but he did it by making Augustine infallible. Therefore speculations that Augustine had were made concrete. One big example of this was the speculation that there was a place of purification for those who died in sin where they spent some time before going to heaven. This is how the doctrine of purgatory emerged. · Gregory also focused on how to offer satisfaction to God for sins committed done through a series of things like penance. Also priestly absolution was important – confirmation that forgiveness is granted by God. He believed in the mass or communion Christ was sacrificed anew. Thus became a standard doctrine until 16th century. Gregory bought into superstitions and stories and readily accepted them. 5. Discuss the influence of the Muslim Invasion on the Christianity. · In the early 7th century it looked like Arian invaders were embracing Nicene orthodoxy. It looked like things were going well. Arabs had taken over many of the ancient Roman territories that the Persian Empire had controlled way to the East. · The entire geographic configuration of Christianity changed. Before Christianity had developed along the Mediterranean basin but now it was finding its center along an axis that ran from north to south, including the British Isles, the Frankish kingdom, and Italy. Many ancient centers of Christianity were now under Muslim rule (Jerusalem, Antioch, Damascus, Alexandria, Carthage). In these areas if you converted to Christianity you would be harshly punished. In some areas Christianity completely disappeared. · Theologically, there were a number of apologies written. There would be a debate over the use of images. 184

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Christianity began to be militarized. Earliest Christians were pacifists but there was tension growing. It began with the Just War Theory and then the Germanic invasions from the north and now the Muslim invasions from the south. As the Germanic people assimilated so did the traditional warlike customs. In the East and South the only way to keep Islam back was with an armed force. **Important East and West divide · “In the West, the demise of the empire created a vacuum that the church filled, and thus ecclesiastical leaders – particularly the popes – also came to wield political power.” · “In the East, the empire continued for another thousand years…its autocratic emperors kept a tight rein on ecclesiastical leaders. This usually led to civil intervention in ecclesiastical matters, particularly in theological debates.” 6. Discuss Nestorianism and ensuing results in the church. · Nestorius was a representative of the Antiochene school, the patriarch of Constantinople. The Antiochenes stressed that Jesus, in order to be Savior, had to be fully human. Alexandrians asserted the Savior had to be a full and clear revelation of the divine. Both parties understood Jesus was both divine and human but they wanted to understand the union. · Nestorius declared that Mary was the bearer of Christ and not the bearer of God because he wanted to maintain the firm distinction between his humanity and divinity (Mary should not be called theotokos, that is bearer of God). He said of Jesus that there were “two natures and two persons,” one divine and one human. The human nature and person were born of Mary but the divine were not. o This functionally divided the Savior into two beings and the unity of the persons and natures were a unity of agreement, not any real joining together. o He was declared a heretic and spent his life in exile. This was the second episode of Christological controversy that ended with a win for Alexandria. 7. Describe the Iconoclastic Controversy in relation with the Chronological Controversy in the Middle Ages. · In the early church there was no objection to the use of images but then people got afraid that it would lead the church into idolatry. The Byzantine emperors outlawed it. · Perhaps it was the presence of Islam which was against physical representation or curbing the power of monks who were in favor of images and also produced some. · John of Damascus is an important figure in these discussions. John had the theology that God was the first to make images, for he made us in his image. He also saw that if Jesus was truly human and in him God became visible, why wouldn’t we represent him? 8. Discuss the influence of the Calchedon Council on the churches of Ethiopia, Egypt and Syria. · The Copts felt exploited and oppressed by the empire and so wanted to reject what the Greekspeaking Christians believed which was Chalcedonian orthodoxy (at least they felt comfortable generally accepting the Chalcedonian Definition of Faith – doctrine of hypostatic union). 185

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · They adopted monophysitism (belief in only one nature – either only divine or a synthesis of divine and human). Ethiopia had close ties with Egypt and followed them. Syria also split between Chalcedonians and Monophystism in a position similar to that of Egypt. 9. Elaborate on the Eastern Orthodoxy after the Arab conquests. · After the Arab conquests, the orthodox church was blocked to the South and East by Islam. Thus expansion was in Northerly and Northwesterly direction (areas populated by Slavs, Poland, Baltic countries, Russia and the Czech). · In 862, king of Moravia asked someone from Constantinople to teach them Christianity (a request to become allies against the west). Bulgaria also wanted in. There were greatest success in the missionization and conversion of Russia in 950When Mongols came in 1240, it was the Christians who united the country and helped them to be independent again. · After conquests, the relationship between Rome and Constantinople grew bad. Issue of filioque (added that the procession also came “from the Son”). Apostle’s Creed used to unify East and West. Schism of 1054 – disagreement over celibacy of priests, amount of influence by civil government; cardinal Humbert sent to the East to resolve problem. 10. Discuss the influence of Charlemagne's Reign on the church in the Middle Ages. · Charlemagne tried to expand the empire east and fought the Saxons. He would force baptism upon them. The Saxons thought by accepting Christian baptism, their gods forsook them and therefore the only God they could turn to was the Christian God. This turned into Christian leaders among the Saxons who then in turn did this to other people. · Charlemagne appointed his bishops like he did generals. He felt he had to rule people in both civil and ecclesiastical matters. He enacted rules: (1) Preaching should be kept in the language of the people; (2) Sunday be kept as a day of rest and worship; (3) Tithes were to be collected like taxes. He was a proponent of education – wanted every church to have a school for the poor and the rich 11. Elaborate on the thought of John Scotus Erigena. · One of the great scholars/systematic thinkers of his time, during reign of Carolingians; native of Ireland. Settled at the court of Charles the Bald. · Translated works of Dionysius the Areopagite into Latin (the one who heard Paul at Athens). He was very difficult to read; his readers were condemned as heretics. 12. Compare the Adoptionism of Elipandus of Toledo (under the Moorish Rule) and the true (traditional) Adoptionism. · Elipandus’ Adoptionism – There are two forms of sonship that relate to Jesus. o (1) An eternal sonship according to his divinity [eternal Son of the Father] o (2) An adopted sonship according to his humanity [he was son only by adoption]. But still affirms that Christ was always divine. · Traditional Adoptionism – Jesus was a “mere man” whom God had adopted. 186

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 13. Discuss the origins of the doctrine of Transubstantiation declared at the 4th Lateran Council (1215). · The origins are found in Radbertus’ treatise entitled, “On the Body and the Blood of the Lord.” Radbertus argued that when the bread and the wine are consecrated, they transform into the body and the blood of Christ. They are actually the very body of the Jesus. · Ratramnus was called to respond. He answers that the body of Christ is truly present in communion but it’s not the same presence of any other physical body. Also, it’s not the same body as the historical Jesus’ body which is at God’s right hand. · All of these views instructed the idea of the “change in substance” that led to the doctrine of transubstantiation. 14. Discuss the causes, process, and results of the decay in the papacy. · There was a lot of chaos in Rome as many ambitious people used bribery, deceit and violence to get what they wanted. · Under John VIII he asked Charles for support to fight against Muslim invasion but it never came and he was murdered in his own palace. · After John VIII there was a rapid succession of pops. They were vying for power and many were killed or died of starvation as they lay in dungeons. There would even be 2 or 3 popes, each claiming to be the one true successor of Saint Peter. Popes were going after each other. 15. Elaborate on the monastic reform movement at Cluny. · The monasteries had fallen to the same corruption and decay as the papal office. Some abbots bought their posts. The Rule was neglected. · When Duke William III called Berno to start a monastery at Cluny it really took off. They had just 6 abbots in 200 years. They wanted it to be a place where monks could follow Benedict’s Rule in its entirety. They started reforming other houses and soon they sought to reform the church. Since the papacy was in a dark hour, the change was welcomed. · Church and state were to be separated (emperor can’t appoint bishop). Also all the clergy should commit to celibacy like monks and nuns. The whole church needs to be subject to the pope. · A good monk should own nothing. But they got wealthy through donations and thus led to their decline. 16. Elaborate on the papal reform by Leo IX. · The program of reform was based around two things: (1) Promotion of celibacy and (2) Abolition of simony (buying or selling church posts). Church still had ability for social mobility. This was a good thing. But simony guaranteed that only the rich would occupy high offices in the church. If leaders were married they would pass the office to their children and the church would reflect the interests of only the rich and powerful · After reforming in Italy, he went to France. There he asked bishops to put aside their wives. · Was captured trying to take up arms against the Norsemen in southern Italy and Sicily and died. 187

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 17. Elaborate on the papal reform of Gregory VII and his confrontation with Emperor Henry IV at Canossa. · Hildebrand became pope Gregory VII – clashed with Henry IV who wanted to give power back to emperor from the church. Gregory dreamed of a world united under the papacy. He didn’t want the Bible translated into vernacular languages. Thought teaching and interpretation must be in the hands of Rome. He continued his campaign against simony and marriage of clergy. · Riots broke out in Milan over celibacy issue; Henry replaced deposed bishops. Gregory ordered Henry to meet him by certain death, or be deposed and go to hell. Henry responded by having the pope deposed. Gregory responded by holding a synod and deposed the king and condemned anyone with him. Henry went to meet the pope for resolution at Canossa – he was forced to publicly repent for 3 days · Gregory excommunicated Henry. This led to a civil war, which Henry won. He marched on Rome in 1081. Gregory eventually fled and died. Clement III took possession of the city as new pope 18. Discuss the Crusades in the Middle Ages. · Between 1905 and 1291 crusades against Muslins in Europe and Asia and heretics in Europe were carried on, for the most part under the aegis of the Roman church. · The Crusades to Palestine, which were the Eastern and great wing of this crusading movement against the Muslims, had for their aim the recapture of Palestine from the more brutal Muslim Seljuk Turks. The goals of the crusades were also to (1) reunite the church, (2) save Constantinople, (3) defeat the Muslims and (4) to re-conquer the holy land to give it all to heaven · As much as economic and political interests were involved in the crusades, the primary motive was religious. · The “Crusades” weren’t a series of isolated campaigns – they were high points in the entire enterprise known as the second, third, etc. crusades. · The first crusade (1099) was by the appeal of Urban II when the Turks were threatening Constantinople in 1095; they wanted to reclaim Jerusalem and they were successful. They answered Urban II with an enthusiastic Deus vult (God wills it). They captured Jerusalem on June 15, 1099. The pressure against Constantinople by the Muslims was relaxed, and Jerusalem was again in the hands of Christian rulers. But this first crusade was a massacre. Many began seeing the crusades as a chance of social mobility. Whereas in Europe they were locked into a social order, when they went on crusades they could return with riches. · The second crusade was instigated by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146 but this was a failed crusade. Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin, Muslim leader in 1187. · The third crusades (1189-1992) is known as the King’s Crusade, under the leadership of Philip of France, Richard of England and Emperor Frederick I. Frederick died on the way to Palestine, Philip Augustus quarrels with Richard and went home. Richard went on fighting – he was unsuccessful in recapturing Jerusalem. · In the fourth crusade they were successful in sacking Constantinople in 1204. This crusade helped to weaken the Eastern empire and to deepen the hatred between Latin and Greek Christians. · Fifth crusade (1219-1221) was led by the king of Jerusalem; the city had been in Muslim hands for a long time but this crusade accomplished little. 188

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Sixth crusade, under Frederick II, brought Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth under Christian control. · The main results of the crusades were: (1) heightened enmity created between the Christians and the Muslims that exists even today; (2) the power of papacy increased with each crusade; (3) had an impact on the piety of the people as they began to reconsider their faith; (4) Monasticism took a new turn - no longer focus on traditional vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity but they were warriors; (5) Crusading spirit used to combat heresy; (6) theology affected by study and learning of Muslims and Jews – they revived a great deal of philosophy of antiquity (Averroes who wrote commentaries on Aristotle); (7) rise of middle-class, cities, and trade (economy was no longer based solely on land which the nobility owned); a new class of people arose – the Bourgeoisie 19. Briefly describe the lives of Peter Waldo, St. Francis of Assisi, and St. Dominique of Caleruega. Peter Waldo · He was a merchant from Lyons. He was a forerunner of Mendicantism. He gathered a group of people who devoted their lives to poverty and preaching. They were forced to withdraw to the remote valleys of the Alps where they existed until Protestant Reformation – they became Protestant. · Monasticism had to adapt to changes in society – rise of merchantilism. They turned to mendicantism – made of people who lived by begging; rejected by the church. St. Francis of Assisi · He belonged to the merchant class. He was Italian. He embraced a life of poverty. He gave up his family inheritance – lived as a hermit. He began preaching. He founded a new monastic order given permission by Innocent III (pope). His order became the Franciscans. He lived his life helping the poor and the sick. St. Dominique · He was born to an aristocratic family. He joined preaching and teaching orthodoxy with a disciplined monastic life and rigorous study. He founded the Dominicans – they emphasized study. In order to refute heresy the Dominicans were well armed intellectually and recruits received intellectual training. · Their main objective was preaching, teaching, and study. Poverty was seen as a means to that end. They established a foothold in the universities (at Paris and Oxford) 20. Elaborate on the situation in Europe under the reign of Pope Innocent II. · The problems with the papacy didn’t end with Concordant of Worms (1122) which granted the emperor power to invest bishops with secular authority (not sacred). · There would have been 2 popes if Innocent II didn’t get support from Bernard of Clairvaux. Innocent was then able to return to Rome. After the emperor died Innocent’s relationship with the new emperor deteriorated. There was a rise of Republicanism (ideas started circulating in Italy) – people of Rome rebelled, proclaimed a republic, elected a senate and declared they would obey only the people’s spiritual authority. Next popes were not allowed to reside in Rome. There was much tension between papacy and empire. 189

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 21. Discuss the lives and thoughts of Anselm and Peter Lombard. Anselm (Father of Orthodoxy) · Anselm of Canterbury (13th century) was a forerunner in scholasticism. He was exiled from Canterbury where he clashed with the king over questions of the relative authority of the church and state. In his exile he wrote on theological issues. · He is well known for the ontological argument – question of “that than which no greater can be thought.” His method – applies reason a truth known by faith, in order to understand it better. · A crime against God (sin) is infinite in its import and only a human can offer satisfaction for human sin. We are in a bind until the incarnation. Peter Lombard · Another forerunner of scholasticism. He wrote Four Books of Sentences – not accepted by everyone, but became textbook in universities. It was a systematic treatment of the main themes of theology. · He said there were 7 sacraments – to this day this is the official teaching of RCC 22. Discuss two factors which contributed to the rise and flowering of ‘Scholastic Theology.’ · (1) Growth of universities: the centers of general learning; they were guilds of scholars eventually became specialized for fields like medicine; by 14th century, it took 14 years to complete a course of study to be proficient to teach theology. · (2) Re-introduction of Aristotle: Aristotle was rediscovered with renewed contact with Muslims and Jews, through the crusades; he was read through eyes of Averroes. Until this time most Christian theologians were working with Platonic and Neoplatonic philosophy. In Aristotle people began to value the sense as part of the process leading to true knowledge. · There were two different kinds of faith: one through science and the other through faith 23. Discuss the life and thought of Thomas Aquinas. · A disciple of Albert the Great, he made a distinction between philosophy and theology. “Philosophy cannot reason to what is not knowable to the mind, but theology begins with the revealed truth.” · Aquinas was born into an aristocratic family (1224). He became Dominican but this was looked down on by the wealthy. They locked him up in family castle for a year but he escaped. He was big and quiet and so called the “dumb ox”; his intellectual gifts were only later realized. · Wanted to bring the ‘natural philosophy’ of Aristotle and theology of God together. He already knew the truth of God; wanted to explain this truth using Aristotle reasoning. · Heart of Thomism was to bring together the idea between the relationship of faith and reason. He believed that some truths were within the reach of our reason but others weren’t. Everything that is necessary for salvation has been revealed – these truths are a proper field of inquiry for both philosophy and theology. One example of this: Existence of God is accepted on the basis of faith - reason can prove what faith accepts; existence of God is a proper subject for both philosophy and theology. · Anselm started with examining the idea of God, but Aquinas started with his senses. Thomas’ “five ways” are different from the ontological argument of Anselm. Anselm had a Platonist view and distrusted the senses. Aquinas had an Aristotelian orientation. He was joining this new philosophical outlook with traditional doctrine. He turned a philosophy that many considered a threat into an instrument in the hands of faith. He helped the church cope with new ideas coming form Aristotelian revival and he opened the way for modern science and observation (trusting the sense) 190

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 24. Discuss the architecture of the Middle Ages. · Medieval churches had 2 purposes – Didactic and Cultic: (1) Didactic – churches built when books were scarce and people who could read were even more scarce. Buildings became the books of the illiterate in that they incorporated all of biblical history and church history. (2) Cultic – centered on the medieval understanding of communion. The church was not a building for meeting or even for worship but for the setting in which the great miracle of communion took place. · Romanesque style of Basilicas – sanctuary was elongated to a cross instead of a T (separated the laity from the clergy). They were big and stones and arches to support stone roof but then needed thick walls and buttresses which led to few windows. there was little light. · Gothic design supplanted Romanesque design– crude forms; grew out of Romanesque style; higher roofs, stained glass windows; buildings seemed like they were soaring into heaven – numerous spires and towers. Rather than barrel vault they had ribbed vaults – thus they had long and high roofs. Because they didn’t need heavy walls they had more stained glass windows. 25. Elaborate on the plague in relation to the demise of the church in the Middle Ages. · The Great Plague came in 1347. It reduced agricultural production and increased famines which left the population vulnerable to disease. Bubonic plague transmitted by fleas and black rats – trade improved greatly and plague spread quicker and wider. Within 3 years, one third of population killed by plague. · Consequences of plague: (1) Economy – entire markets disappeared; unemployment increased; political turmoil; riots; took several centuries to restore economy; (2) Religion – the death of the people seemed to be heavy among the young people (older people developed immunity over the years); no explanation and superstition rose and rationalism declined since it seemed the disease attacked those who are perfectly healthy – thus people went on pilgrimages to holy Land or the poor local shrines. Relics were venerated again – fear rules the day; (3) Jews suffered – they were a little less affected (probably because they had more cats) – violence between Christians and massacre 26. Discuss the conflicts between the papacy and France from the time of Pope Boniface. · End of 13th century Boniface VIII elected as pope. When he tried to mediate between England and France going to war, King Philip (France) made it clear he accepted mediation through the person not the pope. · Relations with France got worse when they granted asylum to Boniface’s bitterest enemies. He then took ecclesiastical lands. Boniface allied with Germany to try to get Phillip excommunicated but was kidnapped and his home sacked by mobs. Those who kidnapped Boniface made him look lie a fool so that in Rome he was no longer able to inspire any respect. 27. Elaborate on the conflict between Urban IV and Clement VII, and its results. · Urban VI – the first pope elected after Avignon papacy in 1378. He brought the reformed changes everybody wanted and condemned actions that needed to be condemned but didn’t do them in a levelheaded way so that people didn’t like what he was doing. He preached against cardinals’ ostentatious living. Appointed many of his own Italian relatives as cardinals (a mistake because it looked like Nepotism. Caused a reaction that many French and Italians were against. 191

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Cardinals met together on their own and elected Clement VII as pope. There were two popes elected by the same cardinals. Everyone from western Christendom took sides; Clement wasn’t pious but a good diplomat. Clement attacked Urban and the city of Rome and had to retreat to Avignon. Because of the schism they needed funds and so they encouraged simony and sold offices for money. Schism continued even after these two man passed – killed unity of the Roman Catholicism 28. Discuss the Church Councils until 1449, including the Pisa Council (1409) and Constance Council (1414). · The councils are part of the Conciliar movement which was a reform in the Catholic church which held that supreme authority was held in an ecumenical council, apart from, or even against the Pope. This was an attempt to heal the schism and bring reform to the church and resolve controversies. They soon became political platforms. A major question that arose was this: Who had the authority to call an ecumenical council? Council of Pisa (1409) · This council tried to deal with the 2 popes (Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XIII in Avignon); this became political because kings in Europe supported whichever Pope would serve their best interests · The council was called by the cardinals and they agreed that the cardinals had the authority to call council and that it was competent even to call the popes to account for the Great Schism. · The popes refused to negotiate and the cardinals deposed both popes since both were unworthy; elected Alexander V in hopes that the schism would be over, but it got worse. Now there were 3 popes since the other two refused to step down. Alexander died and John XXIII replaced him. Council of Constance (1414) · Called by the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the “third” pope that Pisa set up. · The members of the council agreed to vote as national groups of clergymen. Each national group was allotted one vote, and a unanimous vote of the five nations represented was necessary for binding action by the council. · Gregory XII from Rome resigned. Both Benedict XIII and John XXIII were deposed. Martin V elected as the new pope. The council took the power of electing a pope from the college of cardinals. · The councils found it hard to control what was going on so they resolved to meet periodically to help reformation. · The councils were getting a lot of power but by 1449 it was clear that the papacy had won and that from that time on councils were subject to it not vice versa. 29. Discuss one of the following figures: John Wycliffe, John Huss, Girolamo Savonarola. · These three figures were forerunners of the Reformation. These guys were able to capitalize on nationalistic antipapal sentiment during the period of the Babylonian captivity, when the pope was resident in Avignon. John Wycliffe · Studied in Oxford and left in 1371 to serve the French crown, during time of Avignon papacy. · Until 1378 he wanted to reform the Roman church by elimination of immoral clergymen and by stripping it of property, which he felt was a root of corruption. · He asserted that God gave the use and possession of property, but not the ownership, to church leaders as a trust to be used for his glory but they failed in this. He thought civil leaders should take their property because they didn't fulfill their proper functions. 192

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · He began to oppose dogma of Roman church starting in 1379. True church is not the visible, but the invisible one; true elect can be seen by their fruit. · Scripture is the possession of the church – only the invisible church can interpret it; must be translated into their own language. · Most controversial issue – his denial of transubstantiation. He believed Christ was spiritually present in the sacrament and was apprehended by faith – the substance of the elements was indestructible. Christ is the head of the church, not the pope. · He founded a group of lay preacher, the Lollards, who preached his ideas all over England. The Roman church made preaching his ideas punishable by death. · He gave the English their first Bible in the vernacular and created the Lollard group to proclaim evangelical ideas all over England among the common people. Jan Huss · Huss began to question what was going on in the church. He had read and adopted Wycliffe’s ideas. His preaching of these ideas coincided with a rise of Bohemian national feeling against the control of Bohemia by the Holy Roman Empire. · Huss proposed to reform the church in Bohemia along lines similar to Wycliffe. His views exposed him to papal enmity. He was forced to go to Council of Constance – he was burned at the stake by order of the council in 1415. · He believed that the bible is final authority, not the pope, so he need not be obeyed. He voiced feelings against sale of indulgences; excommunicated again. Girolamo Savonarola · He was interested in reform within the church at Florence. He became a Dominican monk in 1474. · He tried to reform both state and church in the city, but his preaching against the evil life of the pope resulted in his death by hanging. He did demand reform in the church although not taking more advanced position than Wycliffe or Hus. 30. Elaborate on the mystics and mysticism in the late Middle Ages. · Mysticism abounded in the 14-15th century because of the corruption. Meister Eckhart (neo-Platonic) teacher of German mysticism (late 13th – early 14th century). Said that no human can understand God; all knowledge of Him is intuitive and not rational; God is ineffable and the way we know him is by mystical contemplation in which one is finally lost in the divine. Our language is analogical and therefore inexact. He was called a heretic because he was ambiguous. Eckhart was a neoplatonic mystic. · Bernard of Clairvaux and Francis of Assisi – opponents of Eckhart. They emphasized christocentric mysticism. They found their inspiration in contemplation of Jesus as a historical human being. · Eckhart’s followers made his teachings more practical in his mysticism – related to everyday life. They lived a life of discipline of imitation of Christ. Famous work out of this is Thomas a Kempis “the Imitation of Christ.” · Didn’t run to monasteries; lived their lives where they were. Said they were in direct experience of God and don't need church or Bible (these are mediaries). · No emphasis on emotion, just inner contemplation; never put down the church or was opposed to the church. But planted seeds of doubt as to importance of church hierarchy because if you can achieve communion with the divine on your own you don't need preaching, sacraments, and Scripture. · Mysticism was a reaction against reasoning and Scholasticism 193

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 31. Describe the popular movements in the late Middle Ages (Beguins, Beghards, Flagellants). · Beguines: Women who flocked to the monasteries to escape dependence on their husbands, fathers, and sons. They lived together in small communities in prayer, devotion and poverty. Only a few bishops supported the movement and others banned it. · Beghards: Male counterparts of Beguines. · Flagellants: First appeared in 1260 but became popular in 14th century. Members made selfflagellation a ritualistic discipline. However people spoke of it as a form of penance or a second baptism. For membership they needed to whip themselves 3 times a day for 33 days. They were persecuted and died out eventually. People saw it as an attempt to usurp the power of the keys. 32. Elaborate on the life and thought of John Duns Scotus. · There had been an increasing distinction between theology and philosophy. More questions needed to be raised which led to more subtler distinctions and solutions. · Scotus – the “Subtle Doctor” – very complex and you could only understand it after years of study in philosophy and theology. He denied that reason can prove certain theological truths – it was an instrument to the truth, not the end; it can show that those truths can be possible. In this way he rejected ontological argument and cosmological arguments. · Duns said we learn about God through revelation, not through proof. Separating a realm from where proof is possible to a realm where revelation is needed. Separates reason and faith into different categories. Ockham goes on to make this explicit. 33. Discuss the thoughts of William Occam and his followers. · 1280-1349 – followed trend of Scotus. Famous for Occam’s razor – one should not pose the existence of anything not necessary to respond to a question or explain an event or put another way: the simplest explanation is usually the best one. · He believed that human natural reason can prove absolutely nothing regarding God or the divine purposes. He made distinction between God’s absolute power and His ordered power. Absolute power has no bounds – below nothing including reason; undermined reasonability of the incarnation. Ordered power – God acts reasonably. Reason does not determine God’s action. · This meant that all the traditional arguments whereby theologians had tried to prove that a doctrine was reasonable or even fitting lost their power. What Occam and his followers taught was not a disbelieving theology but one that showed reason cannot reach the depth of God and everything is placed in God’s hands and believed anything that God revealed. · Occam believed both the pope and universal council could err but Scripture was infallible. Lots of questions of authority, 34. Define and Discuss ‘Renaissance’ and ‘Humanism.’ · Renaissance: rebirth – implies negative judgment on the preceding age. They saw it as a rebirth of the antiquity that was forgotten; return to classics. Saw the past as a time of decadence, compared to classic antiquity. · Humanism: A system that puts man at the center of the universe ad make man the measure for all things but also a study of the humanities – a literary movement that sought to return to the sources of classical literature and to imitate its style. 194

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 35. Elaborate on the Renaissance movement. · Books were accessible and scholars became increasingly aware of the degree to which various manuscripts of the same work differed. The discipline of textual criticism arose and comparing existing manuscripts and trying to restore the works of antiquity. · Italy – going through time of prosperity – artists gathered. Nobles and Bourgeoisie – the patrons; arts depicted the patrons and not God (art went from glory of God to human splendor). Michelangelo and Leonardo’s arts depicted humans as humans. This reflected their goal at the time. · Goal of Renaissance: to become the universal human man, knowledgeable in all things. Man had unlimited capabilities. 36. Elaborate on the popes of the Renaissance. · This was a time of turmoil because of the constant struggle of the popes, wars and foreign governments trying to get power. Italy was an almost-constant battlefield for rival popes. · It was within this context of prosperity, intrigues, turmoil and Renaissance ideals that the papacy existed during the final generations before the Reformation. Popes tried to make Rome reflective of the times in terms of the art – they each reflected various aspects of the times; indulged in power struggles or individual study. They used their reign to attract to Rome the best artists, and to adorn the city with palaces, churches, and monuments worthy of its place as the capital of Christendom. · Some popes were engaged in heavy military campaigns: Eugene IV; Nicholas V (1447-1455) – tried to get power for Rome – wanted to turn Rome into intellectual capital of Europe ; Calixtus (1455- 1458) – short reign; focused on military affairs more than priestly duties; Pius II (1458-64) – not famous for anything; Paul II (1464-71) – in it for the money; Sixtus IV (1471-84) – bought papacy; corruption at new high; Sistine chapel named after him; Innocent VIII – acknowledged his children and gave them power; Alexander VI – also bought papacy; Pius III – reigned only 26 days; Julius II (1503-13) – preoccupied with wars; Leo X – concentrated on arts; SOLD INDULGENCES 37. Describe the arrival and expansion of Christianity in Mexico. · New world discovered; meant spread of Catholicism; also, a rise of a class of people difficult to control. Kings of Spain had much control over churches in new world (but the rise of Jesuits and Dominican Franciscans were a threat). · Cortez – went to Mexico; destroyed idols of most tribes; a sincere Catholic; requested Mendicant Friars to be sent to new world, not priests so they cold evangelize and set an example of living in poverty. Massive conversions to Christian God and people rushing for baptism because the Christian God seemed to have defeated their gods and they wanted to be on his side; At first the were resented by the Indians. Priests jealous of friars · Constant revolts against spread of Christianity – constant tension between Spanish and Indians. Education of Indians was suppressed because they feared if they could communicate they would become dangerous. 38. Describe the mission of Roque Gonzalez in the Asuncion area. · Territories of Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay – last to be occupied by the Spanish; fort built in Asuncion, Paraguay. 195

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) · Many gathered in small towns founded by Franciscan missionaries who taught them agriculture and the Christian faith. Jesuits applied this method most successfully. · Gonzalez – grew up in Asuncion and he founded a village whose inhabitants were there voluntarily without coercion by Spanish. He eased hostilities. Jesuits organized communal life for the Indians – all the work and housing. An Indian revolt ended up killing Gonzalez 39. Describe the life and ministry of Francis Xavier. · In 1542, he ministered to children in Goa, India (he found it was better to reach the children than adults and he emphasized baptism – then he sent kids home to tell parents what they had learned; this way he gained respect of parents who came to hear him preach). · Converts mostly of lower caste; began to see themselves as part of Portuguese caste because they could take communion together – this was so liberating. · In 1549 he went to Japan and his ministry there flourished. He considered himself not a long term missionary but more of a pioneer. Jesuit missionaries stayed in Japan after Xavier left and many turned to Catholicism. He planned on going to China but died of a fever only after 10 years of starting his missionary work. · When he baptized, he gave people a “Christian” name (Portuguese name) and gave them western clothes. He didn’t separate European culture from Christian faith – many believed when they were baptized there were subjects to king of Portugal – powerful class saw Christianity as a foreign influence that undermined traditional culture and existing social order. 196

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) Part 4: Modern Church 1. Discuss the French Revolution. (1789-1799) · Late 18th century there was much political and cultural upheaval. Louis XVI was king – the economic conditions in France grew worse while the expenditures of the king and his court were great. He wanted funds from nobility and clergy who had never paid taxes before. They had to rule on this. Louis gave increased voice to the bourgeoisie to vote. There was also the decline of the Church as an authoritative cultural voice and the rule of the monarchy. · Leaders of the French Revolution thought there were harbingers of a new era in which science and reason would overcome all superstition and religion. A new age was being born. The new “religion” called Cult of Reason was to replace Christianity. It was later called the Cult of the Supreme Being which was a form of deism intended to be the state religion. · They promoted their new religion with the guillotine. There was a lot of suffering and bloodshed. · Ironically when the smoke had cleared in 1800 and the worst excess of the Revolution had subsided, the Papacy had maneuvered into better position with respect to France than it had enjoyed in the earlier days of "Gallic liberties," due to Napoleon's overtures of reconciliation, but it never regained the moral authority it once enjoyed. · During reign of Louis XVI, economics got worse for the poor; tried to get taxes from nobility; he teamed up with bourgeoisie and priests – got out of control; he tried to disband them but they resisted and eventually stormed the Bastille of Paris · They rejected the Declaration of the rights of Man and Citizen – people rebelled and he was held captive in Paris · French church had been independent of Rome and under French government; so, new government thought it could reform the church; those who resisted were persecuted · France quickly degenerated; had wars with other nations until 1815 – end of Napoleonic wars – by this time, religion had been replaced by reason · In 1799, Napoleon took over and tried to re-establish ties with the Pope · French church came once again under the influence of the pope. 2. Elaborate on the nationalistic movements among the Italians and Germans after the Napoleonic War. · After Napoleon there was international peace but social and political tensions led to conspiracies, revolts and upheavals. One of the main sources of unrest was the quest for national unity among Italians and Germans. · Laissez faire (“let do”) economy: the law of supply and demand sufficed to regulate the marketplace and the entire economic order; therefore no government regulations or restraints were necessary. In modern times this is labeled conservative; governments should not intervene by regulating trade or the use of capital. · The Napoleonic War created chaos but also an awareness of the need for national unity in Italy and Germany – Austria was against this · A war between Germany and France allowed King Victor Emmanuel of Italy to take Rome and papal states · In Germany, Otto Von Bismarck became chancellor of Prussia in 1862 and he united the states in Germany; kicked Austria out. His religious policy was against Catholics, because Austria was Catholic; he favored liberal Protestants and Italian unification; broke relations with papacy · Increasing separation between church and state – uniform church sacrificed for the sake of national unity. This led to rise of independent church 197

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (Church History) 3. Elaborate on the influence of the British industrial revolution on the areas of politics, economics, and religion. · Industrial Revolution hit sooner and harder in England · Economics – aristocracy and the poor suffered while the middle class and the capitalists benefitted; rapid growth of cities – rise to overcrowded slums · Politics and economic liberalism increased · House of Commons gained strength over house of lords which led to massive emigration to US, Canada, Australia · Start of a labor movement (Karl Marx wrote around this time) · Church: 2 movements in 19th century (against the corruption). (1) The Evangelical Anglicans – influenced by Pietism and (2) The Anglo Catholics – part of Oxford movement, to return to more of a catholic church · Dissident churches tried to minister to poor urban areas. They started schools, YMCA, YWCA, Salvation Army, etc. · Methodists and Quakers – tried to stop slave trade (William Wilberforce). England stopped in 1806 and 1811 198

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (History of American Presbyterianism) History of American Reformed Presbyterianism 1. Discuss the church organization in the New England area during the 1620’s. The Puritans settled in the New England area in the 1620s. They can be grouped into two camps. The first were the separatist Pilgrims of Plymouth plantation and the second are the nonseparatists of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both groups were overwhelmingly in support of a congregational form of church government. This was over against the episcopacy of the Church of England. However despite the identification of the New England Way of church government with autonomous, covenanted, lay-ruled congregations, both Presbyterians and their form of polity penetrated New England. Many Puritans held to mild Presbyterianism in the administration of the internal affairs; that is, they embraced government by a board of elders wit the sanction of the lay brethren of the individual church, but they rejected the Presbyterian model of the power of synods over churches. 2. Compare and contrast the two Presbyterian Church traditions known at the beginning of the USA. The cause of the division in the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America goes back to the colonial era. Prior to 1776, America was a British colony, but the population was diverse, from other parts of Europe. Therefore, the Presbyterian Church in America was also diverse in ethnicity. Those who particularly influenced the majority of the denomination were Puritans from England, Presbyterians from Scotland (the Covenanters) and Ireland, and Reformed Church of Holland. Puritans from the England occupied the New England area; other Presbyterians occupied the Middle Atlantic region of NY, NJ and PA. Thus, New England trended toward the Puritan tradition and the Mid-Atlantic region was influenced mostly by the Scottish Covenanters and the Continental Europeans Reformers. The Puritans wanted to be free from governmental interventions in the matter of religion, and since that was their reason for coming to America, they staunchly advocated for separation of church and state. In fact, they felt so strongly about this that they wanted separation from ANY power (including any church government) that they tried to coerce them in the matters of faith. Puritans churches tended to be congregational in church government and the individuals (not the church) had the deciding power in the matter of policy decisions. Jonathan Dickenson was the representative of this belief. Since these Puritans emphasized the subjective side of the faith, they leaned more toward individual repentance and experience rather than the doctrines; thus, they emphasized revival meetings. The Scottish Covenanters and the continental Reformers were more in line with doctrinal traditions. Their emphasis was on the protection and continuation of doctrinal purity so that they advocated for church systems based on the Biblical teaching and confessions rather than individual experiences. Thus their emphasis was on objective Presbyterian traditions. John Thompson was the leader of this group and they tended to be suspicious of experiential Christians and refused to embrace such experiential 199

KAPC GA Exam Study Guide (History of American Presbyterianism) Christianity. These two main line of Presbyterian traditions were to have both direct and indirect causalities of future divisions in the Presbyterian Church of USA. 3. Discuss the Adoption Act of 1729. An action of the Synod of Philadelphia whereby the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms were adopted as the doctrinal position of the Presbyterian Church in colonial America. Subscription to these standards was required of all ministers and ministerial candidates. The synod, created in 1717 out of the Presbytery of Philadelphia, was the highest Presbyterian governing body in America. Until 1729 American Presbyterianism operated without an official doctrinal standard and without requiring creedal subscription of its ministers. The Adopting Acts the result of a compromise between the dominant Scots and Scots-Irish party, which desired strict subscription, and those of English and New England background, led by Jonathan Dickinson, who did not want to see fallible, human documents imposed as tests of orthodoxy and ordination. The act required all ministers and licentiates to subscribe to these doctrinal standards. The act provided that one who had scruples regarding one or more of the articles in these standard could still be approved if one’s synod or presbytery judged that these differences were over nonessentials. In fact all members of the synod did take exception to the confession’s statements on the role and responsibility of the civil magistrate in religious matters. 4. Describe the lifestyles of Presbyterian parishioners in the 1730’s. Lord’s Supper was celebrated twice a year, with appropriate sermons preached on the preceding Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Church members took their religion seriously. Upon their return home it was customary for them to discuss the sermon and often to compare the preacher’s doctrines, point for point, with Scripture. Life was crude but not illiterate. Scotch-Irish immigrants brought along schoolmasters or engaged the local minister to be also the schoolmaster. It was rare to find an adult who couldn’t read. Congregations divided into “quarters,” with one elder particularly responsible for the spiritual welfare of each quarter. The people of a quarter were frequently collected to be catechized by the minister. 5. Discuss the Log College Presbyterianism stressed necessity of a highly educated ministry to expound the word. American Presbyterians became active in establishing means of educating candidates for the ministry. They promoted higher education in general. Log College was conducted by William Tennent. He instructed his four sons and other men. About 18 200