Publication 2015-2019

GM-17 23-24 November 2015, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Table 1 (continued)

SAMPLE NO. BCH5 BCH6 BCH7 BCH8 BCH9 BCH10 BCH11 BCH13 BCH16 BCH19

Trace elements 87.22 115.85 85.14 203.25 106.92 130.46 95.74 214.16
(ppm)

Zr 103.14 91.53

Nb 4.24 3.57 4.08 3.58 3.12 7.01 3.05 4.68 2.31 6.54

Ni 75.79 159.66 171.56 174.37 205.94 127.98 243.48 230.47 228.69 75.65

Cr 196.94 312.94 321.36 339.21 363.42 195.05 364.16 337.11 420.92 38.34

V 210.67 173.26 166.33 148.79 146.46 406.47 179.71 175.84 211.88 391.41

Sc 32.53 26.14 37.66 35.45 34.57 8.33 20.00 22.25 9.86 14.82

Th 0.47 0.30 1.26 0.91 0.85 1.92 0.63 0.64 1.76 0.85

Select element ratios

Zr/TiO2 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Nb/Y
0.17 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.15 0.20 0.14 0.22 0.10 0.21

Nb/Zr 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03

Y/Zr 0.24 0.28 0.24 0.18 0.25 0.17 0.21 0.16 0.25 0.14

GM-17 23-24 November 2015, Khon Kaen, Thailand
5th GEOINDO 2015

Fig.4 Variation diagrams for major oxides (wt.%), plot against zirconium (ppm)

GM-17 23-24 November 2015, Khon Kaen, Thailand
5th GEOINDO 2015

Fig.5 Variation diagrams for trace element (ppm), plot against zirconium (ppm)

GM-17 23-24 November 2015, Khon Kaen, Thailand
5th GEOINDO 2015
hand, they show transitional alkaline magma series and
variation diagrams show positive trends for Sr, Y, Nb, V are classified to basalt-basanite/ tephrite by plotting in
and Th and negative trends for Ba, Rb, Ni, Cr, and Sc. TAS diagram (Na2O + K2O - SiO2 diagram) (Le Bas et.
al., 1986) (Fig. 6b). The differentiation is a result of
Variation diagrams suggest that SiO2 and K2O tend to mobility of major oxides.
show a strongly mobile character, the rest is
immobile. That is correct with trace elements variation The selected immobile incompatible elements were
diagrams, Ba and Rb with negative trends support K2O plotting in tectonic discrimination diagrams to determine
mobile character. Negative trends of MgO, Cao and Ni the tectonic setting of eruption. The studied
and Cr in variation diagrams indicate that crystal andesitic/basaltic dikes have been erupted in within-plate
fragmentations are made up of olivine and setting indicated by tectonic discrimination diagrams
clinopyroxene. including V-Ti diagram (Shervias, 1982) (Fig. 6c), Ti-Zr-
Y diagram (Pearce and Cann, 1973) (Fig. 6d), Cr-Y
6. TECTONIC SETTING AND diagram (Pearce, 1982) (Fig. 7a), Zr/y-Ti/Y diagram
MAGMATIC AFFINITY (Perace and Gale, 1977) (Fig. 7b) and Zr-Nb-Y diagram
(Meschede, 1986) (Fig. 7c). This chemical
Geochemically, the studied mafic igneous rocks (dikes/ interpretation is corresponding to fieldwork and geologic
basalts) are subalkaline magmatic and distribution in relation of studied mafic igneous rocks, which formed as
andesite/basalt field in Zr/TiO2 - Nb/Y diagram dikes and country sedimentary rocks.
(Winchester and Floyd, 1977) (Fig. 6a). In the other

a) b)

c) d)

Fig.6 a) Rock classification diagram modified from Zr/ TiO2 * 0.0001 - Nb/ Y (Winchester and Floyd, 1977), b) Rock
classification diagram modified from Na2O + K2O/ SiO2 (Le Bas et al, 1986), c) Tectonic discrimination diagram
modified from V - Ti (Shervias, 1982), and d) Tectonic discrimination diagram modified from Ti/100-Zr-Y*3 (Pearce
and Cann, 1973) A=Low-K arc tholeiites, B=Ocean floor basalts, Calc-alkaline basalts, Low-K arc tholeiites, C=Calc-
alkaline basalts, D=Within-plate basalts

GM-17 23-24 November 2015, Khon Kaen, Thailand
5th GEOINDO 2015

a) b)

c)

Fig.7 a) Tectonic discrimination and occurrence of mafic igneous rocks diagram modified from Cr-Y (Pearce, 1982)
MORB = Mid-ocean ridge basalt, IAT = Island arc basalt, WPB = Within plate basalt, b) Tectonic discrimination and
occurrence of mafic igneous rocks diagram modified from Zr/ Y – Ti/ Y (Pearce and Gale, 1977), and c) Tectonic
discrimination and occurrence of mafic igneous rocks diagram modified from Zr - Nb - Y (Meschede, 1986) AI=
Within-plate alkalic basalt, AII= Within-plate alkalic basalt and Within-plate tholeiites, B= E-type MORB, C=
Within-plate tholeiites and volcanic arc basalt, D= N-type MORB and volcanic arc basalt

7. CONCLUSION olivine and clinopyroxene. Tectonics, they are
chemically interpreted to have been erupted in within-
The studeid mafic igneous rocks, which formed as dike plate tecttonic setting using selected least-mobile element
in the Chun area sit in the eastern part of Chaing Khong- plotting in tectonic discrimination diagrams.
Lampang-Tak volcanic belt (Permian-Jurassic). They
intruded into Jurassic sedimentary rocks. Petrography, 8. REFERENCES
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of epidote, serpentine/cholrite, tremolite-actinolite series p. 107-124.
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andesite/basalt rock type corresponding to low Nb/Y Aria, S., 2004, Missing ophiolite rocks along the
compared to Zr/TiO2, and derived from fractionation of Mae Yuam Fault as the Gondwana-Tethys divide

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ISBN 978-81-934174-9-2
8th International Conference on Environment, Agriculture, Biology and Natural Sciences

(EABNS-2017)
Bangkok (Thailand) Dec. 25-26, 2017

Geotourism and Sustainable Development Perspectives of the
Khao Phra Wihan National Park on the Southern Edge of the

Khorat Plateau, Thailand

Mukda Singtuen and Krit Won-In

Department of Earth Sciences, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand

Abstract: Khao Phra Wihan National Park is located in Southern Edge of the Khorat Plateau and is the border

between Thailand and Cambodia. This area is under the influence of the Khmer culture including their
architectures and arts. Based on the surveying and characterization of the geosites, this area comprises many
sandstone landforms such as the cliff, the cascade, and the reservoir, interweaving with other natural sites. Pha
Mo E Dang cliff is the highlight of this park. There are sculptures and engravings. In addition, there are
panoramic views of the Prasart Khao Phra Wihan and Cambodian plain from the top of the cliff, which is the
outstanding point of the southern edge of the Khorat Plateau. The evaluation of geosites can lead to a good
international relationship and will support the co-management of geoheritage resource. This is the first step to
announce geotourism in this area. This is a powerful tool for a sustainable development in economies, social
science, anthropology, and earth science in both the local and state.

Keywords: Geotourism, Sustainable Development, Khao Phra Wihan National Park, Khorat Plateau, Thailand

1. Introduction

Khao Phra Wihan National Park is a protected natural area in Sisaket Province, the southern part of
Northeastern Thailand. The park lies 98 km in the southern flank of Sisaket city center, at the end of Thai
highway 221. There are numerous ruins of the 11th century Khmer Empire, which were built to honour the
Hindu god Shiva in 1,100 years ago. Prasat Khao Phra Wihan is situated at the Cambodian Plain, but Khao Phra
Wihan National Park headquater is located in the slope of the Dandrek escarpment. In the past, Thai government
established Natural Park which includes Prasat Khao Phra Wihan. However, it is not a part of this natural park; it
is located in Cambodian plain and is the world heritage site. Due to this castle being the famous world heritage,
Thai people always visit the Khao Phra Wihan National Park to look at the Castle.

Geotourism is being developed at a very rapid rate around the world and will become an important touristic
activity in Thailand. Geotourism is often referred to as a form of nature-based tourism that focuses primarily on
the geosystem (Gray, 2011; Newsome and Dowling, 2010). An early definition of geotourism as strictly
‗geological tourism‘ was published by Hose (1995, 2000) and has subsequently been refined as a form of
tourism that specifically focuses on geology and landscape. Geotourism announcement in this area is the first
step promoted the new travel trend of Thailand. It effectively develops a good international relationship and
supports the co-management and conservation of geoheritage resources between Thailand and Cambodia.
Geotourism can be a powerful tool for sustainable development but, if not managed effectively, can constitute a
direct threat to geoheritage resources (Newsome et al., 2012). This study described the appearance, geological
background and origin of the geosites, as well as the existing provisions for tourism.

https://doi.org/10.17758/URST.U1217205 35

2. Materials and Methodology

Materials for this research include topographic and geologic maps, photographs, and literatures related to the
topic and the study area. Meanwhile, the methodology of the study is modified from Nazaruddin (2015),
comprised the inventory, characterization, assessment, and geotourism planning. The inventory consists of
identification and mapping of selected geological sites. The characterization of geological sites is carried out by
observing and describing the landform group occurrence in detail. After that, we will describe geosite attraction
distribution in the national park. In addition, the assessment is conducted on the basis of determination of
geoheritage values and levels of significance. Finally, the geoscienctific interpretation is the important data for
geotourism and for planning the travel route of the Khao Phra Wihan National Park.

3. General Geology

Khao Phra Wihan National Park is located in the Southern Edge of the Khorat Plateau, where uplifted from
an extensive plain composed of remnants of the Cimmerian microcontinent, and terranes such as the Shan–Thai
Terrane, either late in the Pleistocene or early in the Holocene Epoch (Bunopas and Vella, 1992). It is covered
by Jurassic to Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Khorat Group; Phra Wihan, Sao Khua, and Phu Phan
Formations that comprised sandstone and siltstone and has many joint systems in the area (Figure1).

The Phra Wihan Formation comprises well-sorted, rounded, fine-coarse grained, pale yellow sandstone, thin
bedded siltstone, mudstone and conglomerate. It was deposited in braided streams and occasional meandering
rivers in slightly humid conditions (Meesook, 2000) and have Late Triassic to Early Jurassic age (Hahn, 1982).
The Sao Khua Formation consists of cycles of reddish brown sandy mudstone with interbedded siltstone, fine to
medium grained sandstone and conglomerate. This formation has river bank environment deposition in semi-arid
paleoclimate (Meesook, 2000). Kon‘no and Asama (1973) found plant remains of Sphenoptheris goeppati,
dated Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. In addition, the Phu Phan Formation mainly consists of medium to
coarse grained light gray sandstone, subordinated with siltstone, shale, conglomerate with calcareous lens, and
reddish brown sandstone. Some sandstones grade into thick beds of conglomerate with large planar and trough
cross-bedding. The Phu Phan Formation was deposited in braided streams and occasional meandering rivers in a
rather hot and humid to semi-arid paleoclimate (Meesook, 2000) in Early Cretaceous (Racey et al., 1994, 1996).

Fig. 1: Geologic map of selected study case in Si Saket Province, Thailand (modified from Department of Mineral
Resources, Thailand, 2007).

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4. Inventory and Characterization

The inventory of potential geosite resources in the study area includes the identification and mapping of the
selected geological sites which are based on the previous listings of the famous attraction in the Khao Phra
Wihan National Park. Both rock type and their occurrence are never demonstrated in any scientific description.
Identification of the sites of geoheritage significance also needs considering some criteria such as unique
occurrence, rarity, and representativeness of some geological features (Predrag and Mirela 2010). The travel
route map in the Khao Phra Wihan National Park was created in this study (Figure 2). The geodiversity of the
Khao Phra Wihan National Park, consist of cliff, cascade, and reservoir. Meanwhile, the national parks have
many other attractions, which are a part of the outstanding point for interested tourist especially the historical
and nature attractions.

Fig. 2: Accessibility of the geosites in the Phra Wihan National Park

Pha Mo E Daeng Cliff rears over 500 meters above the Cambodian plain (Figure3a). Cliff is the steep slope
of earth materials, usually a rock face, which is nearly vertical and may be overhanging. Structural cliffs may be
formed as the result of fault displacement or the resistance of a cap rock to uniform down cutting. The case of
this sandstone cliffs, is formed in strongly cemented sandstones, especially on the sides of the deeply incised
valleys and around the edges of plateau (Figure3b). In 1987, a Border Protection Ranger Unit discovered two
groups of bas-relief images and engravings (Figure4). The figures are now a highlight of the park. The park atop
Pha Mo E Dang is the viewpoint area to panorama viewscape of Prasat Preah Vihear and Cambodian plain
(Figure5).

ab

Fig.3: a) Pha Mo E Daeng Cliff and b) steep cliff in the edges of plateau.

https://doi.org/10.17758/URST.U1217205 37

Fig.4: the sculpture and engravings in the sandstone cliff

Fig.5: the panorama viewscape of Prasat Preah Vihear and Cambodian plain

Sra Traw is an ancient Khmer reservoir, which reserved the water from Huai Traw stream for agriculture in
the past. At present, this area has been developed to be a clean and pleasant recreational area. Khun Sri Cascade
is the small-sized waterfall that exposes the sandstone feature of the national park. On the other hand, Khun Sri
Cave is the sandstone cliff in the area. It is not a cave in a geological term, which is formed in limestone
topography. Phu La-Or Cascade is the medium-sized waterfall which is most beautiful from September to
February. It is located inside Phanom Dongrak Wildlife Sanctuary and has a nature trail to observe local plants
and views. The difference in rock type and fault movement are the conditions that give rise to cascade. The
morphology of the North eastern part of Thailand, a high plateau surrounded by a steep scarp slope, creates
cascades and rapids on most of its major rivers.

Huai Khanun reservoir is an artificial (man-made) lake. It exposes some geological features which have
potential geoheritage values. The area is composed dominantly of sandstone. Its original purpose is as a
catchment area of Huai Khanun stream flow (reservoir) for agriculture. However, because of the beauty of its
surroundings, its functions can be further developed into a tourist destination that offers not only the beauty of
this reservoir but also a quiet and comfortable environment. There are historical sites in this park such as stupas
and castle. The Twin Stupas are two red sandstone structures of the Khmer Civilization. In addition, the Don
Tuan Khmer castle is located on border ridge and is built by sandstone and laterite.

https://doi.org/10.17758/URST.U1217205 38

5. Assessment

The assessment of this potential geoheritage resources used the qualitative approach that focuses on some
geodiversity values, mainly scientific and educational values and additional values such as aesthetic,
recreational, cultural, economic, and functional values (Gray 2004; Gray 2005; Komoo 2003). In addition, levels
of significance should also be assigned for the ranking of geoheritage resources, such as international, national,
statewide, regional, and local (Brocx and Semeniuk 2007). Table 1 presents the qualitative assessment of the
study area on the basis of geoheritage values and levels of significance.

TABLE I: The Qualitative Assessment of the Study Area

Scientific and educational value Various Sandstone Sandstone Landforms such as cliff and cascade

Aesthetic value Attractive landscape of cliff Attractive landscape of Attractive landscape with the
cascade manmade lake surrounded by
Recreational value
Cultural and historical value hilly area
Economic value
Functional value Rock climbing and hiking Swimming Lake cruise with the boat
Level of significance
Settlement of Khmer Khmer architecture bas-relief images and
engravings

Local community can generate income by selling

Cambodian plain panorama view

National

6. Discussion for Sustainable Development Perspectives

Geoheritage evaluation can serve as a tool for the conservation and development of the study area. In this
study, the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat (SWOT) analysis was used to evaluate the study area in
terms of their SWOT. This analysis is effective method, which can be used for plan management that take into
consideration many factors. This method is used to maximize the potential of the strengths and opportunities
while minimizing the impact of the weaknesses and threats. One of the positive sides of the area is its potential
for research and public education, not only on geological interest but also on indigenous flora and fauna,
archaeological and historical objects. In addition, this scenic area has high aesthetic value which makes the area
more attractive. Table 2 lists the SWOT analysis of the study area for conservation and development.

TABLE II: SWOT Analysis to Evaluate of the Study Area for Conservation and Development

No. SWOT Remark

1 Strength Good management and protection from National Park
Good potential for recreational activities such as hiking, swimming etc.
High aesthetic value such as viewscape, nature, and Khmer civilization
High cultural value of aboriginal people
Some sites have historical, economic, and functional values
Good accessibility

2 Weakness Lack of promotion of the area
Armed conflict area between Thailand and Cambodia

3 Opportunity Study area is suitable for research and educational activities

Need information panels to serve visitors

Promotion can increase the attractiveness of this area and bring possibility of development of local community

Cooperation between local authority, university, and community

4 Threat Encroachment on the public land

Although the Khao Phra Wihan National Park is far from the Sisaket city center, there is a good accessibility
for the travellers. It is developed as an outdoor recreation ground. Facilities include a small hall, viewing point,
outdoor court and accommodation. There are the Nature Trail lines around Sra Traw and near the Phu La-Or
cascade. They run through various kinds of flora. Meanwhile, Huai Khanun reservoir is one of the famous nature
attractions of this park. The geosites are accessible without restriction, using a dense network of paths. However,

https://doi.org/10.17758/URST.U1217205 39

the park does not have any signs on the description and interpretation of the landforms and the origin of rock
formations.

The promoting of geotourism will help tourists understand the geological processes and realize the important
of the conservation. Although the geoscientific data is still lacking, it is essential for geosite conservation.
National parks are legal forms of geo- and nature- site protection, intended to sustain harmonious cultural
landscapes of significant aesthetic value. Within the protected area, the most impressive cliff, Pha Mo E Dang,
and other previously named sites are listed as nature monuments. In addition, it is the new tourism
announcement of Thailand, which affects good local and nation economies. The geotourism can be a powerful
tool for sustainable development but, if not effectively managed, can constitute a direct threat to geoheritage
resources.

7. Conclusion

Khao Phra Wihan National Park is located in the Southern Edge of the Khorat Plateau and is dominated by
sandstone and siltstone. It is the border between Thailand and Cambodia and Khmer civilization area. This area
has many landform features such as Pha Mo E Dang cliff, Khun Sri and Phu La Or cascades, Sra Traw and Huai
Khanun reservoirs. Cliff and cascade are a geological process due to the difference resistance in sedimentary
rock layer. Steep cliff like Pha Mo E Dang is common on the edge of plateau. Meanwhile a reservoir is created
by people for agriculture and consumption in both the past and present. These geosites interweave with nature
and culture, which is the good index of assessment and evaluation. The first impression of this park is Pha Mo E
Dang cliff. There are the bas-relief images and engravings and panorama views of the Prasart Khao Phra Wihan
and Cambodian plain. The promoting of geotourism will help people understand the geological processes and
realize the important of the geoconservation. In addition, the first step to geotourism announcement is a powerful
tool for sustainable development in economy and good international relations as support in co-management in
geoheritage and other heritage resources.

8. Acknowledgement

The authors express their sincere thanks to the authorities of the National Park for their obligingness. Dr.
Panu Trivej of the Department of Earth Sciences, Kasetsart University is thanked for his comments and
reviewing on the manuscript for English language clarity. Thanks are also due to Mr. Thitipong Chimma and
Mr. Khanesa Monkong for his photographs. This research was supported in part by funding from the Science
Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST).

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Proceedings Vimoltip Singtuen, Ph.D.

Publication in Thai

1.Phajuy, B. & Singtuen, M. (2015) Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in the Northern Part of Thailand, Faculty of Sciences CMU News
(in Thai), V. 21, 1-3.

2.Phajuy, B. & Singtuen, M. (2016) Rock Soil Minerals, Vegetable and Geologic Hazards in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park,
Guidebook for Excursion of the 2nd Doi Suthep Symposium (in Thai), 15-16 August, 5-10.

  Publication in English

1.Singtuen, V. & Won-in, K. (2018) Geodiversity and Geoconservation of the Chaiyaphum Region in Thailand for Sustainable
Geotourism Planning. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites. 22(2), 548–560. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.22223-310
(SCOPUS)

2.Singtuen, V. & Won-in, K. (2018) Preliminary Geotourism Study in Ancient Khmer Civilization Area, Buriram Province,
Northeastern Thailand. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication. 8, 1538-1544.
https://doi.org/10.7456/1080sse/206

3.Won-in, K., & Singtuen, V. (2018) Geoheritage Conservation for Sustainable Geotourism in Petrified Wood Forest Park, Tak
Province, Thailand. The Turkish Online Journal of Design, Art and Communication. 8, 1532-1537.
https://doi.org/10.7456/1080sse/205

4.Singtuen, V., & Won-In, K. (2018). Geological Perspective for Geotourism Development in Uthai Thani Province, Thailand.
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(5), 1003-1010. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.5(29).12
(SCOPUS)

5.Singtuen, V. & Won-in, K. (2018) Geoheritage Sites and Geoconservation at Pha Chan - Sam Phan Bok Geopark, Ubon
Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Journal of Geoconservation Research, 2(1), 12-25.
https://doi.org/10.30486/GCR.2019.664490

6.Phajuy, B. & Singtuen, V. (2019) Petrochemical Characteristics of Tak Volcanic Rocks, Thailand: Implication for Tectonic
Significance. Science Asia, 45(4), 350-360. https://doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2019.45.350 (ISI 0.452)

7.Singtuen, V., Gałka, E., Phajuy, B., Won-in, K. (2019) Evaluation and Geopark Perspective of the Geoheritage Resources in
Chiang Mai Area, Northern Thailand. Geoheritage 11. 1955–1972. doi:10.1007/s12371-019-00410-0 (ISI 2.597)

 
ORAL PRESENTATION

1.Singtuen, M. & Phajuy, B. (2015) Petrogenesis of Mafic Dikes in the Ban Chun Area, Tambon Chun, Chun District, Phayao
Province, Full Paper Proceeding in Geoindo, 23-24 November, 59.

2.Phajuy, B. & Singtuen, M. (2016) Lithology Petrography and Geochemistry of Limestone for Lime Industry Ban Pong, Hang
Dong District, Chiang Mai Province, Abstract Proceeding in 2nd Doi Suthep Symposium, 15-16 August, 11.

3.Singtuen, M. & Won-in, K. (2017) Geotourism and Sustainable Development Perspectives of the Khao Phra Wihan National
Park on the Southern Edge of the Khorat Plateau, Thailand, Full Paper Proceeding in Description 8th International
Conference on Environment, Agriculture, Biology and Natural Sciences, 25 December, 35-41.

4.Singtuen, V. & Won-in, K. (2018) An Assessment of the Potential Island for Geotourism Value in Ko Kham Undersea Park,
Chonburi, Gulf of Thailand, Full Paper Proceeding in “Regional Geoheritage Conference 2018”, 3 April, 11-18.

 
POSTER PRESENTATION

1.Singtuen, M. & Phajuy, B. (2015) Geological Map of Ban Cham Khi Mod, Tambon Sribuaban, Mueang Lamphun District,
Lamphun Province, Abstract Proceeding in 10th the Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology, 19
June, 38.

2.Singtuen, M. & Phajuy, B. (2016) Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Andesitic Rocks in Tak Province, Thailand, Full
Paper Proceeding in 52nd CCOP Annual Session “Geoscience for the Society”, 1 November, 65-74.

3.Singtuen, M. & Phajuy, B. (2017) Petrography and Geochemistry of Felsic Extrusive Rocks in Southern Part of the Chiang
Khong – Lampang –Tak Volcanic Belt, Thailand, Full Paper Proceeding in 6th International Graduate Research Conference,
9-10 February, 27-32.

4.Singtuen, V., Gałka, E., Won-in, K., And Phajuy, B. (2019) The Potential of Post-mining Management as a Sustainable
Geopark in Thailand- A Case Study From the Muskauer Faltenbogen/ Łuk Mużakowa Unesco Global Geopark, Central
Europe. Abstract Proceeding in International Conference On Biodiversity, 22-24 May, 376.

M.S. in Geology, Chinag Mai University
Ph.D. in Earth Science and Technology, Kasetsart University
Non-Degree

Publication 2015-2019

34

Geochemistry and Tectonic Significance of Andesitic Rocks
in Tak Province, Thailand

Mukda Singtuen and Burapha Phajuy

Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Thailand

Abstract

The andesite porphyry in Tak Province, Thailand is the part of the Chiang Khong–
Lampang-Tak volcanic belt. This study is aimed to clarify tectonic setting of eruption of
andesitic rocks based on field observation petrography and geochemistry. There are 6 least
– altered andesite samples for chemical analysis, and 2 representative were analyzed for
REE. The phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts in the studied andesite are made up of plagioclase,
with small amounts of unidentified mafic minerals, clinopyroxene, and opaque minerals.
They may form as glomerocrysts and cumulocrysts. The groundmass phase is made up
mainly of plagioclase, with small amounts of unidentified mafic minerals, opaque minerals,
and apatite. Geochemically, these volcanic rocks are andesite and have a mildly calc-alkalic
series corresponding to low ratio of Nb/Y compared to Zr/TiO2 and REE-patterns. The rocks
generally show slightly negative niobium anomalies in the N-MORB normalized multi-
element plots. The selected immobile incompatible elements were plotted in fields of
volcanic arc in the tectonic discrimination diagrams. Geochemistry of the studied andesitic
rocks are analogous to Quaternary aphyric high-K andesite in Ollagüe volcano, Andes
mountain range, Chile, which have been form as active continental margin, especially REE-
patterns and N-MORB normalized spider diagrams.

Keywords: Andesite porphyry, Geochemistry, Tectonic Setting, Volcanic arc, Tak
Province

6th iGRC 2017 The 6th International Graduate Research Conference 2017

Geochemistry of Felsic Extrusive Rocks in the Southern Part of the Chiang
Khong – Lampang –Tak Volcanic Belt, Thailand

Mukda Singtuen1* and Burapha Phajuy2**

Abstract
The rhyolitic extrusive rocks in Tak Province, Northern Thailand and peripheral are the
southern part of the Chiang Khong – Lampang - Tak Volcanic belt that is Permo – Triassic to
Cretaceous range age. This study is aimed to clarify geochemistry and tectonic setting of
eruption of felsic extrusive rocks based on field observation and undermicroscopic mineral
composition and 12 least – altered volcanic samples for geochemistry. The studied rocks are
rhyolite porphyry and rhyolitic tuff. The phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts in the rhyolite are
made up largely of quartz and plagioclase, with a small amount of alkali feldspar. The rhyolitic
tuffs are made up mainly of glass with subordinate quartz and feldspar with small amount of
rock fragments. The groundmass phase of both rocks is made up mainly of quartz-alkali
feldspar devitrification, granophyric and spherulitic intergrowth, with small amounts of quartz,
alkali feldspar, muscovite, and zircon. Leucoxene and clay minerals commonly present in the
groundmass phase. Geochemically of these volcanic rocks are rhyolite and tholeiitic series
affinities correspond to low ratio of Nb/Y compared to Zr/TiO2. The geochemistry suggests
that the studied felsic have erupted in continental within – plate setting.

Keywords: Rhyolite, Geochemistry, Continental Within – Plate, Southern Part of Chiang
Khong – Lampang –Tak Volcanic Belt

Introduction approximately between latitudes 16o30’ N
The Chiang Khong–Lampang-Tak and 17o30’ N and longitudes between
99o00’ E and 99o45’ E.
volcanic belt is extended from Chiang
Khong District, Chiang Rai Province to Tak Geological Setting
Province via Lampang, Nan and Phrae The geology of the study area
Provinces. This volcanic belt is the part of
four volcanic belts in Thailand, which are reported here is the result of the present
the pre-Cretaceous felsic to mafic field observation and the previous works.
volcanic/hypabyssal rocks. A number of Based on data modified from previous field
volcanic rocks in southern part of the workers (Dhamdusdi and Chitmanee, 1984;
Chiang Khong – Lampang –Tak volcanic Hinthong, et al., 1986; Sareerat and
belt that is located in Tak Province, Silapalit, 1987; Boripatkosol, et al.,
Northern Thailand and peripheral are 1987(a); Silapalit and Sareerat, 1987;
consist mainly of rhyolite, andesite, and Boripatkosol, et al., 1987(b); Boripatkosol,
volcanic tuff. These volcanic rocks are et al., 1989(a); Boripatkosol, et al., 1989(b);
traditionally mapped as many ages Chuaviroj, et al., 1992; and Assavapatchara
including Permo–Triassic, late Triassic, and and Kitisarn, 2001), the study area
early Jurassic. Geochemistry of these rocks comprises various rocks (Figure 1) as
is not completely reported. This study is follow; (1) Silurian-Devonian metamorphic
aimed to clarify geochemistry and tectonic rocks, (2) Carboniferous sedimentary and
setting of eruption of felsic volcanic rocks metamorphic rocks, (3)
in Tak and Lampang Provinces,

*M.S. Student, e-mail: [email protected], **Advisor, e-mail: [email protected]
1Program in Geology, Department of Geological Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
2Department of Geological Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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6th iGRC 2017 The 6th International Graduate Research Conference 2017

N

Thoen

Mae Phrik

Ban Tak Symbols
Mueang Tak
District
Highway
Sample location

Ban Dan Lan Hoi

Wang Chao

Explanation
Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks

Qa Quaternary sediments; fluvial deposits: gravel, sand, silt, and clay of channel, river
bank, and flood basin.

Qt Quaternary sediments; terrace deposits: gravel, sand, silt, clay, and laterite.

Trhh Middle-Upper Triassic sedimentary rocks; Lampang Group-Hong Hoi Formation:
Mudstone

Trpk Middle Triassic Sedimentary rocks; Lampang Group-Pha Kan Formation: Limestone

Trl Triassic sedimentary rocks: basal conglomerate, red, calcareous; shale, gray interbed
with siltstone and sandstone.

Png2 Middle Permian sedimentary rocks; Ngao Group-Pha Huat Formation: Limestone

Png1 Lower Permian sedimentary rocks; Ngao Group-Kiu Lom Formation: Tuffaceous
sandstone, sandstone, and shale

CP Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary rocks: sandstone, agillaceous limestone, shale, and
chert.

C Carboniferous sedimentary and metamorphic rocks: conglomerate, sandstone, shale,
slate, chert, and limestone

SD Silurian-Devonian metamorphic rocks: phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite and quartzitic
phyllite.

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6th iGRC 2017 The 6th International Graduate Research Conference 2017

Igneous rocks

Krh Cretaceous volcanic rocks: rhyolite and syenite, fine- to medium-grained, porphyritic.

Trgr Triassic igneous rocks: granite and granodiorite.

PTrv Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks: rhyolite, andesite, ash-flow tuff, volcanic breccia,
rhyolitic tuff and andesitic tuff.

Figure 1 Geologic map of the study area (topographic data from RTSD (1999); geologic data

modified from Dhamdusdi and Chitmanee (1984), Hinthong et al. (1986), Sareerat and Silapalit

(1987), Boripatkosol et al. (1987a),Silapalit and Sareerat (1987), Boripatkosol et al. (1987b),

Boripatkosol et al. (1989a), Boripatkosol et al. (1989b), Chuaviroj et al. (1992) and

Assavapatchara, and Kitisarn (2001))

analyzes of major oxides (SiO2, TiO2,

Carboniferous-Permian sedimentary rocks, Al2O3, Fe2O3, FeO, MnO, MgO, CaO,

(4) Lower Permian sedimentary rocks, (5)

Middle Permian sedimentary rocks, (6) Na2O, K2O and P2O5) and trace elements
Triassic sedimentary rocks, (7) Middle (Ni, V, Rb, Y, Nb, Th, Cr, Sr, Ba, Sc, and
Triassic Sedimentary rocks, (8) Middle- Zr) were performed by using an Automated
Upper Triassic sedimentary rocks, (9) Philips PW 1480 X-Ray Fluorescence
Quaternary sediment deposits, which are (XRF) Spectrometer with a Phillips
terrace and fluvial deposits comprise of MagixPro PW 2400 Wavelength Dispersive
gravel, sand, silt, and clay. In addition to, Sequential Xray Spectrometer, installed at
the study area consist mainly of the igneous the Department of Geological Sciences,
rocks that can be divided into 3 rock units; Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University,
(1) Permian-Triassic volcanic rocks are Chiang Mai, Thailand.
made up of rhyolite, andesite, ash-flow tuff,

volcanic breccia, rhyolitic tuff and andesitic Petrography
tuff, (2) Triassic igneous rocks are made up The felsic extrusive studied rocks
of biotite-muscovite- tourmaline granite
and granodiorite, and (3) Cretaceous can be divided into 2 groups including
volcanic rocks are composed of fine- to rhyolite porphyry and rhyolitic tuff (Figure
medium-grained and porphyritic rhyolite 2).
and syenite.
The phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts
in the rhyolite are made up largely of quartz

Methodology and plagioclase, with a small amount of
Field work was conducted in the alkali feldspar. The groundmass phase is
made up mainly of quartz-alkali feldspar
study area, and then petrographic studies of devitrification, granophyric and spherulitic
the least-altered samples were carried out intergrowth, with small amounts of quartz,
by using transmitted light microscopy via alkali feldspar, muscovite, and zircon.
thin section. Leucoxene and clay minerals commonly
present in the groundmass phase. Quartz
The twelve carefully selected felsic phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts are euhedral
extrusive rocks were prepared for whole- to subhedarl (sizes up to 0.75 mm across).
rock chemical analysis by powdering. It commonly shows rounded edges and
These powder samples were chemically embayed outlines. Groundmass quartz is
analyzed for major oxides, trace elements, anhedral with sizes up to 0.1 mm across.
and loss on ignition (LOI). The Chemical

Plagioclase phenocrysts/ microphenocrysts

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6th iGRC 2017 The 6th International Graduate Research Conference 2017

are subhedral with sizes up to 1.5 mm feldspar. Spherulite is radial aggregate of
quartz and feldspar. Muscovite is anhedral
across. Its crystals show carlsbad twin and and fine-grain with sizes up to 0.2 mm
across. Zircon is euhedral with size up to
albite twin and is slightly to moderately 0.02 mm across.

replaced by sericite and clay minerals. The rhyolitic tuffs are made up
mainly of glass shard with subordinate
Alkali feldspar phenocrysts/ quartz and alkali feldspar with small
amount of rock fragments and show
microphenocrysts are subhedral to euhedral eutaxitic texture. Glass shard is very fine
grain. Quartz fragments are anhedral (sizes
(sizes up to 1 mm across). It shows simple up to 0.75 mm across). Alkali feldspar
fragments are anhedral (sizes up to 1.25 mm
twin and perthitic texture (sanidine type). across). Rock fragments are angular and
low spherecity shape (sizes up to 1.5 mm
Groundmass alkali feldspar is anhedral with across) that consist of basalt, rhyolite,

sizes up to 0.1 mm across. Alkali feldspar is

slightly replaced by clay minerals. Quartz-

alkali feldspar intergrowth groundmass

is composed of microgranophyric

intergrowth and spherulite (sizes up to 1.5

mm across). Granophyric intergrowth is

made up of radial quartz embedded in alkali

Figure 2 The studied rocks from field observation (A1B1C1); Person in the picture high 182
centimeters and the geologic head of hammer wide 12 centimeters, photomicrographs of
rhyolite (A2B2C2), and photomicrographs of rhyolitic tuff (A3B3C3); left: ordinary light,
right: crossed polars, quartz (Qtz), plagioclase (Plg), sanidine (Snd), glass shard (GS), and rock
fragments (RF); (A) sample from 533774.0E 1922471.7N (B) sample from 523557.3E
1858038.0N (C) sample from 523553.5E 1853142.5N

and welded tuff. The matrix is made up Geochemistry

mainly of quartz-alkali feldspar The studied felsic volcanic rocks

devitrification, granophyric and spherulitic contain major oxides in the range of 68.7-

intergrowth, with small amounts of quartz, 81.36 wt% SiO2, 0.05-0.39 wt% TiO2,
alkali feldspar, muscovite, and zircon. 12.14-13.25 wt% Al2O3, 0.09 -1.13 wt%
Leucoxene and clay minerals commonly Fe2O3, 0.21-2.17 wt% FeO, 0.01-0.08 wt%
present in the groundmass phase. Based on MnO, 0.05-2.18 wt% CaO, 0.02-7.82 wt%

composition can define to vitric tuff, while MgO, 0.98-6.86 wt% K2O, 0.11-4.35 wt%
interpreted to ash tuff based on grain size. Na2O and 0.002-0.07 wt% P2O5. The loss

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6th iGRC 2017 The 6th International Graduate Research Conference 2017

on ignition is present in the range of 1.04- of eruption. The studied rhyolite have been
3.70 wt%. The trace elements constitution erupted in within-plate setting indicated by
of these rocks are distributed in the rage of tectonic discrimination diagrams including
729.10-1533.07 ppm Ba, 35.22-466.07 ppm Y vs. Nb (Figure 4a) and (Yb+Nb) vs. Rb
Rb, 61.61 -116.31 ppm Sr, 55.24- (Figure 4b) plots for the studied rhyolite
130.44 ppm Y, 128.09-385.39 ppm Zr, 0- (Pearce et al., 1984)
45.84 ppm Nb, 0.85-12.93 ppm Ni, 0.41-
23.27 ppm Cr, 19.54-73.91 ppm V, 0.42- Conclusion
9.76 ppm Sc and 2.21-79.27 ppm Th. The felsic extrusive rocks in the

Geochemically, the studied felsic southern part of Chaing Khong-Lampang-
volcanic rocks are subalkaline magmatic Tak volcanic belt consist of rhyolite
and distribution in rhyolite field in Zr/TiO2 porphyry, vitric tuff, and welded tuff.
vs. Nb/Y diagram (Winchester and Floyd, Geochemically, the studied felsic volcanic
1977) (Figure 3a) that is same with TAS rocks are subalkaline magmatic and
diagram (Na2O+K2O/ SiO2 diagram) (Le distribution in rhyolite rock type
Bas et. al., 1986) (Figure 3b). These felsic corresponding to low Nb/Y compared to
volcanic rocks may be interpreted to young Zr/TiO2. Tectonics, they are chemically
age of these rocks. Their cations slightly interpreted to have been erupted in within-
mobile reach out from the rocks. The plate tectonic setting using selected least-
selected immobile incompatible elements mobile element plotting in tectonic
were plotting in tectonic discrimination discrimination diagrams.
diagrams to determine the tectonic setting
b
a

Figure 3 a) Rock classification diagram modified from Zr/TiO2*0.0001 vs. Nb/Y (Winchester
and Floyd, 1977) and b) Rock classification diagram modified from Na2O+K2O/SiO2 (Le Bas
et al, 1986)

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a b

Figure 4 a) Y vs. Nb and b) (Yb+Nb) vs. Rb plots for the studied rhyolite (Pearce et al., 1984)
VAG = volcanic arc granite, COLG = collision orogeny granite, WPG = within plate granite,
and ORG = orogeny granite

Acknowledgement Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000
This work was supported by Science Sheet 4843I Ban Huai Rin, Department
of Mineral Resources, Thailand.
Achievement Scholarship of Thailand Dhamdusdi, V. and Chitmanee, S., 1984,
(SAST) and Igneous Rocks and Related Ore Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000,
Deposits Research Laboratory (IROL) of Sheet 4843II Ban Pong Daeng,
Department of Geological Sciences, Department of Mineral Resources,
Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University. Thailand.
Hinthong, Ch., Sarapirome, S., Wunapeera, A.,
References Phuanda, J., and Kosuwan, S., 1986,
Assavapatchara, S. and Kitisarn, N., 2001, Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000
Sheet 4842IV Changwat Tak,
Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000 Department of Mineral Resources,
Sheet 4943IV Amphoe Thung Saliam, Thailand.
Department of Mineral Resources, Le Bas M.J., Le Maitre R.W., Streckheisen A.,
Thailand. and Zanettin B.A.,1986, A chemical
Boripatkosol, S., Jiemton, S., Vimuktanandana, classification of volcanic rocks based on
S., and Sudthirak, C., 1987(a), the total alkali-silica diagram. Journal of
Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000 Petrology, v. 27, 745–750.
Sheet 4842I Ban Nam Dip, Department Pearce, J.A.,Harris, N.B.W., and Tindle, A.G.,
of Mineral Resources, Thailand. 1984, Trace element discrimination
Boripatkosol, S., Jiemton, S., Vimuktanandana, diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of
S., and Sudthirak, C., 1987(b), granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, v.
Geological map of Thailand 1: 50,000 25, 956–983.
Sheet 4942IV Ban Lan Hoi, Department Sareerat, S. and Silapalit, M., 1987, Geological
of Mineral Resources, Thailand. map of Thailand 1: 50,000 Sheet 4842 II
Boripatkosol, S., Vimuktanandana, S., and Ban Khlong Muang, Department of
Sangmukda, T., 1989(a), Geological map Mineral Resources, Thailand.
of Thailand 1: 50,000 Sheet 4843IV Silapalit, M. and Sareerat, S., 1987, Geological
Amphoe Mae Phrik, Department of map of Thailand 1: 50,000 Sheet 4942III
Mineral Resources, Thailand. Amphoe Phran Kratai, Department of
Boripatkosol, S., Vimuktanandana, S., and Mineral Resources, Thailand.
Sangmukda, T., 1989(b), Geological map Winchester, J.A., and Floyd, P.A., 1977,
of Thailand 1: 50,000 Sheet 4843III Geochemical discrimination of different
Amphoe Ban Tak, Department of magma series and their differentiation
Mineral Resources, Thailand. products using immobile elements:
Chuaviroj, S., Charoenpravat, A., Hinthong, C., Chemical Geology, v. 20, p. 325-343.
and Chonglakmanee, C., 1992,

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P9-08

The potential of post-mining management as a sustainable geopark in
Thailand- a case study from the Muskauer Faltenbogen/ Łuk Mużakowa
UNESCO Global Geopark, Central Europe

Vimoltip Singtuen1,*, Elżbieta Gałka2, Krit Won-In1, and Burapha Phajuy3

1Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
2Department of General Geology and Geotourism, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics, and Environmental Protection,

AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
3Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University. Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand

*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT:
Thailand is located in a complex tectonic setting zone, so, there are many mineral resources and mines. The
significant developing post-mining areas consist of ore mining (Tin, Zinc, Copper, Lead, Gold) in western,
southern, and North-central parts, coal mining (Lampang and Loei), clays mining (Lampang), gemstone
mining (Kanchanaburi, Trat, and Chantaburi), and limestone mining all over this region. However, these sites
were not managed as a good place for tourism or education. This is one of the most important problems of
environment management in Thailand. The main goal of this research is defining the development guidelines
of the post-mining areas as good attractions/ geoparks for Thai sustainability via literature, inventory, field
observation, and characterization in the Muskauer Faltenbogen/ Łuk Mużakowa UNESCO Global Geopark.
This Geopark was created in Polish-German transitional zone for developing geotourism in brown-coal, clays,
and glass sands post-mining areas. The glacier process in 350,000 years ago created the tongue-shaped ice
thrust ridge with deep soft sediment deformations. Moreover, the ice sheet is the reason for the arch in the
Oligocene and Miocene sediments with brown coal layers and also transported the erratic boulders from the
Scandinavia region to deposit in this area. The unique landscape of the geopark has been influenced not only
by the natural glaciotectonic structures that occur in its basement, however, it also results from the mining
activities and commercial use of the geological features. According to the difference of language, economy,
and administration, this geopark was divided into two headquarters, which are located in Poland and
Germany. Although it has different organizations, this geopark has been developing as the same way, which
has the aim for sustainable development. The organization created the geo-trails, infrastructures (museum,
viewpoint towers, geologic panels, online information, rock and mineral gardens) as well as mine-remainders
for educating people about their earth sciences that reach from natural to man-made climate change, use of
raw material and later re-naturalization of historical mining areas. They also made good facilities for tourists
and students such as trail developments (floor and handrail), rest areas, public restrooms, garbage bins, small
food courts, souvenir shops, and local guides. Meanwhile, the mixed forests, acid springs, varied post-mining
lakes have been conserved as good ecosystems of exhibiting significant ecological diversity. Since local
people cooperate with the authorities, this community have got the biospheric, social and economic
sustainability. Geotourism and ecotourism industries are the advantages of geoparks, which is social
entrepreneurship and one of the ways to achieve sustainable management. This scheme can make local
people have better livelihoods and also conserve their historical, natural, and geological monuments. These
viewpoints should be extremely applied with the post-mining areas in Thailand for increasing their own values
and giving the benefits to local people and society.

KEYWORDS:
Post-Mining Management; Muskauer Faltenbogen; Łuk Mużakowa; UNESCO Global Geopark; Sustainable
Development

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