Tihi svjedoci vjere, baštine i raskoši

nalaze uz glavu jer su pridržavale maramu, a kod muškaraca na prsima. U nekoliko grobova nađena
je i parta koja se nosila oko glave kao ukras djevojaka spremnih za prelazak u rang udavače, tj. spre-
mnih za udaju. Po udaji, žene su skrivale kosu pod maramom, preko koje su o blagdanima i poseb-
nim prilikama nosile i partu. Ponekad, ako je djevojka umrla prije udaje, sahranjena je s partom na
glavi, što je simboliziralo njezinu udaju za Krista.

Prema nalazima hodočasničkih medaljica znamo da su Žumberčani hodočastili na prostor Sve-
tog Rimskog Carstva, uglavnom današnju Austriju, ali su se odvažili i putovali čak do Kölna ili Lo-
reta za što im je u jednom smjeru trebalo preko 20 dana pješice. Hodočašća u Austriju, Trsat i Go-
riziju trajala su oko 10 dana u jednom smjeru. Uglavnom su hodočastile žene, što zaključujemo po
tome što je, do sada, nađena samo jedna hodočasnička medaljica u muškom grobu. Vjerojatno su
na hodočašćima nabavljali brevare te tako širili i ovu pobožnost. Brevari su također dominantno
pronađeni u ženskim grobovima. Omiljeni svetac zaštitnik svih Žumberčana je sv. Benedikt. Djeca
nisu bila pokapana s nabožnim predmetima, osim u jednom slučaju u kojem su u jednom dječjem
grobu pronađene tri medaljice sv. Benedikta. Nabožni predmeti pronalaze se podjednako u muš-
kim i ženskim grobovima. S obzirom na to da je na groblju pronađeno više muškaraca nego žena,
mogli bismo, uz određenu dozu opreza, zaključiti da su nabožni predmeti bili nešto popularniji
kod žena nego kod muškaraca.

Što smo saznali i što još trebamo znati 101

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

Translated by Tamara Levak Potrebica

At a distance of some 8 km to the northwest of Kostanjevac, the centre of today’s municipality of
Žumberak, there is the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop. It is located in the village of Žumberak, at
an altitude of around 300 metres. The church is the centre of a parish with a population of around
130, which covers the villages of Kupčina Žumberačka, Stupe, Žamarija, Željezno Žumberačko, Ve-
liki Vrh, Markušići and Bartakovići. Nowadays the church is not in use, and the parish is managed
by the parish of Pribić, which belongs to the Jastrebarsko Deanery of Zagreb Archdiocese.

St. Nicholas’s Church is a mediaeval building with preserved traces of the gothic style and ba-
roque inventory. The surviving historical sources allow us to draw the conclusion that this church
of St. Nicholas the Bishop is the church in Žumberak (Sicherberch) cited in the 1296 list of parishes
of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. St. Nicholas’s Church was probably built in the second half of the
13th century as the parish church of the Žumberak estate of the dukes of Spanheim. The full name
of the church was first mentioned in a 1349 document, in relation to a dispute concerning the tit-
he, as the Church of St. Nicholas at Žumberak (sancti Nicolai de Syhembergh).

In the vicinity of the church, a baroque brick pillar stands at the place where, according to tra-
dition, punishments were executed (Fig. 107).

Within the parish, there are also two chapels: the chapel of St. Roch in Žumberačka Kupčina,
which used to be a military chapel, and the chapel of the Heart of Jesus in Markušići.

On an elevation above the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop, there are the remains of Žumbe-
rak Castle (Sicherberg). The castle was first mentioned in a document of 1265 by Ulrich III, Duke
of Carinthia and Lord of Carniola, whereby he donated some properties to the Cistercian Abbey
at Kostanjevica na Krki as an endowment for himself and members of his family. On the basis
of the data available, Slovenian historian M. Kosi has postulated that the castle was built in the
first half of the 13th century, when the colonisation of the Žumberak mountain range was in full
swing, as evidenced by the preserved deed of donation, whereby the Cistercian Monastery of Ko-
stanjevica was given fifty serfs in the Žumberak area. In the 16th century, Žumberak belonged
to the Carniolan anti-Ottoman defence system. It was the seat of the captain of the Žumberak
Uskoks, and in 1793 it was destroyed in a fire. It was completely dismantled around the middle of
the 20th century, when a new school building was built in Kupčina Žumberačka. Nowadays, the
few preserved remains of the former castle are covered in vegetation and inaccessible (Fig. 108).

Archaeological excavations in the surroundings of the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop have
contributed to the interpretation of the early-modern-period way of life and customs, little
known in Croatia. From the 254 graves investigated to date, we have learned about attitudes
towards life and death among the then population of Žumberak. We have also learned about va-
rious construction interventions on the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop, and about historical

102 Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

circumstances during the whole period in which the church and the cemetery were in use. There
is no doubt that the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop and Sicherberg Castle formed the same en-
tity right from their foundation. Archival research has helped us determine and interpret various
historical events which had an impact on the local population.

The church of St. Nicholas the Bishop from its foundation to the early 16th
century

On the basis of the preserved sources, we can infer that the construction of the church can
be linked to the organisation of the Žumberak estate in the second half of the 13th century. The
Žumberak hills were colonized by German dukes from the middle of the 12th century. Before that
time, the Žumberak region had been a frontier zone at the border between the Hungarian King-
dom and the Holy Roman Empire. After the middle of the 14th century, the Žumberak estate was
owned by the Žumberak nobility. Archival sources contain data about seven mills on the River
Kupčina, 126 named localities, and people who grew wheat, rye, broad beans and vines, as well as
chicken, sheep and pigs.

In the early 16th century, the Žumberak estate was leased to the Croatian nobleman Ivan Ko-
basić, whose origin was in the vicinity of Bihać. In this period, the Uskoks began moving into the
Žumberak estate. The settlement of the Uskoks was completed in the middle of the 16th century,
when an Uskok Captaincy was established under the leadership of Ivan Lenković; its headquarters
were in the castle of Sicherberg. Historians estimate that around 750 Uskoks lived in the region of
Žumberak at the time, corresponding to the maximum possible population, in view of the econo-
mic potential of the area in question. The most important segments of the Uskok economy were
animal herding and paid military service. The majority of Uskoks were Eastern-Rite Catholics,
resulting in a significant change to the religious composition of the Žumberak population. Des-
pite this, there were no major problems with the coexistence of the Greek Catholics and Roman
Catholics. The Catholic churches were used by both Greek Catholics and Roman Catholics until
the early 17th century, when the Eparchy of Marča was founded. The Greek Catholic churches at
Budinjak, Badovinci, Radatovići and Mrzlo Polje are traditionally dated to the same period. Based
on the current information and the list of settlements with Greek Catholic population, the church
of St. Nicholas the Bishop was used mainly by the Roman Catholic population, but the possibility
that some of the deceased buried in the cemetery surrounding it belonged to the Greek-Catholic
rite cannot be ruled out. (Fig. 109).

For the time being, the beginning of the burials in the church cemetery is dated to the middle
of the 14th century. We know as a fact that the church is mentioned in sources originating from

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop 103

the 14th century. Some movable finds discovered can be attributed to the 14th century (tracery,
fragments of Gothic glass, fragments of majolica pottery and spurs), together with fourteen gra-
ves, all regularly oriented with heads turned to the west, in contrast to other graves which follow
the irregular orientation of the church, NW-SE and SE-NW. In the majority of graves from the
14th and 15th centuries there were no finds, or there was just a ring, a button, or a needle used to
fasten the shroud. The deceased were placed in holes in the ground, wrapped in shrouds (and, in
such cases, what remains most often is just the needle used to stitch the shroud together), or bu-
ried in wooden coffins (which sometimes leave traces of wooden planks and iron nails) (Fig. 110).
Objects discovered in graves dating from the period after the 16th century display some differen-
ces, which can be interpreted as reflections of certain societal and historical changes.

Although the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop has been renovated a number of times over
the centuries, its sanctuary and nave, which form the main volume of the church, have rema-
ined unaltered ever since its foundation. The richly profiled pointed-arch stone portal on the
main façade, and the walled-in gothic depressed-arch windows of the polygonal sanctuary be-
long to the mediaeval construction phase. The windows’ sloping sides are painted with a geome-
tric motif of cuboids, diagonally divided into red and light-grey fields, such as are also found in
the interconnecting zones of the sanctuary’s façades and in the corners of the nave. Pointed-ar-
ch openings have been found in both the south-western and north-eastern walls of the nave. A
former door has also been discovered, which used to link the nave with an old sacristy, and was
probably walled in during a baroque renovation. A gothic ambry has been found in the north-we-
stern wall of the nave. The earliest flooring discovered has been dated to the gothic phase. It was
made using limestone screed, with a highly polished surface. Presumably, in its earliest phase, the
sanctuary was already vaulted, with profiled stone ribs that have been discovered during conser-
vation-restoration investigations, which were used as construction material during subsequent
architectural alterations of the sanctuary.

The most beautiful evidence of the church’s functioning in the late mediaeval phase has been
discovered on the south-western wall of the sanctuary, to the right of the door of today’s sacristy.
The wall painting depicts an angel in frontal view, with a ladder next to him. The iconographic
motif of an angel with a ladder is associated with the dream of the Old Testament patriarch Ja-
cob. The ladder stretching from the earth to the sky, with angels going up and down the ladder,
represents God’s promise of welfare, a covenant, possession of a promised land, and numerous
progeny. This is the only known depiction of this motif in the mediaeval wall painting of conti-
nental Croatia. Traces of an identical painted layer have also been discovered in other parts of the
sanctuary and to the right of the triumphal arch, which undoubtedly leads to the conclusion that
the largest part of the sanctuary and the triumphal arch were decorated with this painted layer.

The church of St. Nicholas the Bishop since the 16th century

The changes that occurred in the 16th century were not as much a reflection of the settlement
of the Uskoks in the Žumberak hills as they were a reflection of the general ecclesiastical and
historical circumstances. Variations that can be noticed in the burial customs related primarily to
the post-Council of Trent religiosity. The Council of Trent was undoubtedly the greatest event of
early-modern-period Christianity. It was held in Trent, over three Council periods, between 1545
and 1563, as a response to Reformation. The Council’s conclusions address the internal organi-
sation of ecclesiastical issues (for example, the approval of the doctrine on two sources of faith
– according to Catholics, these are the Holy Scriptures and the tradition, whereas Protestants
recognize only the Holy Scriptures – the doctrine on the sacraments, transubstantiation, the
decree on purgatory, indulgences, veneration of saints, relics, and use of images). In addition to
the internal ecclesiastical issues, the Council of Trent set guidelines for the construction, appea-
rance and interior design of churches, which were supposed to follow liturgical canons, but at the

104 Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

same time bring the faith closer to the people. A great wave of Catholic renovation was supposed
to erase popular beliefs and traditions brought down from the Middle Ages. To a certain extent,
the task was successfully implemented, because, as many times before, popular beliefs and folk
customs merged with the Catholic devotion to form the so-called popular devotion and marked
veneration of the Virgin Mary, reflected in pilgrimages and fraternities (Fig. 111).

Given that in Croatia, and thus also in Žumberak, there has been no real threat of Reformati-
on teachings, the post-Trent religiosity is associated with the 17th-century wave of architectu-
ral renovation of churches, spiritual restoration and the fight against the constant threat of the
Ottomans. The threat was reflected primarily in an increased care for people who needed spi-
ritual support. Contemporary visitations testify to the poor condition of churches and parishes
in Zagreb Archdiocese, and to constant care for people suffering from penury and the state of
war. The church of St. Nicholas the Bishop was renovated in 1643, as inscribed on the inner side
of the triumphal arch. During the baroque renovation, the floor was raised and made of brick,
the gothic windows were walled in, and the corners of the sides of the sanctuary were emphasi-
sed by lesenes. During the archaeological investigation of the sanctuary, a crypt was discovered,
containing two burials dating probably to the period in which the church was renovated. In the
sanctuary’s north-eastern wall, there was a narrow opening which probably served as a passage
between the former sacristy and the sanctuary, or the pulpit. It was walled up in the second half
of the 19th century.

In the sanctuary, the illusionistic architectural-figural painting, with the central image of St.
Nicholas the Bishop, and of Sts. Peter and Paul with their attributes, belongs to the baroque re-
novation. It is particularly interesting that the painting was made twice, because the first time its
position was mistaken.

During the 2010 excavation of the sanctuary, a crypt was found. When it was constructed, the
floor of polished limestone screed was penetrated, suggesting that the crypt was built subsequ-
ently, rather than at the time of the church’s construction. Given that the brick floor was identi-
fied above it, associated with the renovation of the church in the baroque period, we can assume
that the crypt was built during the baroque renovation, in the middle of the 17th century. Two
coffins were found in the crypt: the larger was painted with black triangles, while the smaller was
not decorated. Both coffins were products of exceptionally good carpentry and had been preser-
ved relatively well. A woman of 45-60 years of age was buried in the larger coffin. Her silk bodice,
leather shoes, rosary with a medal from Loreto, small cross and key-shaped pendant have been
preserved, together with a large so-called burial crucifix. Remains of a pillow (sawdust and pillow
casing) and a scarf have also been preserved (Fig. 112).

In the smaller coffin, the body of a girl of around 4 was buried. Her head was wrapped in a scarf,
and her hands closed in prayer and tied with a bow (Fig. 113). In addition, a horizontally profiled
bronze ring was found, which the girl could not have worn during her lifetime, because it was too
big for her fingers, leading to the conclusion that it was added to her coffin as a grave good.

The first anthropological analysis had determined that the adult body belonged to a man,
which caused major problems for the interpretation of the clothes and shoes discovered in the
coffin. Only when a DNA analysis was made at the Ivan Vučetić Forensic Science Centre, which
established that the deceased adult was a woman who was related to the girl found in the other
coffin, could all the data obtained be woven into an acceptable story. Today we can assert with
substantial certainty that the buried woman was a member of the high nobility, laid to rest aro-
und the middle of the 17th century or in the early 18th century, dressed in a luxurious silk bodice
made in an Italian or French workshop, adorned with a cotton scarf dyed in the so-called Turkey-
red colour, and leather shoes which were undoubtedly made in the 17th century. In view of the de-
votional objects she was buried with, we know that she was a Catholic, and that she had probably
participated in a pilgrimage to Loreto. In relation to the girl, the only conclusion we can draw is

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop 105

that she was buried in keeping with 17th- and 18th-century customs, and this is especially true of
her hands, tied with a beautiful bow, and the scarf wrapped around her head. Thanks to the DNA
analysis, we know that she also belonged to the high nobility. All the available archival materi-
al has been researched, but, unfortunately, we have not managed to learn which two nobles these
were. According to the data available, they could be Marija Euzebija Drašković, born around 1625,
who died in 1650, or Marija Sofija Löbl (who died in 1676), wife of Ban Nikola VII Zrinski (whose
brother Petar IV Zrinski was the captain of Žumberak from 1647 to 1659) and the girl Marija Tere-
zija Barbara (born in 1655, died in 1658 at the age of three), daughter of Sofija and niece of Marija
Euzebija. Unfortunately, we have no information about the place of their interment. During this
period, Žumberak captains were also Juraj Frankopan Tržački (1659-1661), Ivan Ernest Paradajzer
(1661-1687), Count Ferdinand Herberstein (1690-1691) and Ivan Vilim Kušlan (1691-1711), so the
lady and the girl buried in the crypt could be related to one of them. We will have to continue re-
searching the sources in order to resolve this mystery.

The ossuary, located in the north-eastern part of the church, under the old sacristy, probably
also belongs to the period of the baroque renovation. This hypothesis is supported by the ashlars
used to build it, which contain traces of plaster and paint, so the construction of the ossuary was
evidently their secondary use. The crypt of St. Nicholas’ Parish is mentioned in the 1819 register
of deaths. The description does not make it clear whether this was a crypt in the church, or an
ossuary in the vicinity of the church. The 1821 visitation stated that the church had no crypt, but
only an ossuary located under the sacristy. In the ossuary, skeletal remains of the deceased were
piled without any order or markings. Given the various legends among the local population on
who the deceased were (Napoleon’s soldiers, and similar), we decided to restore the ossuary com-
pletely and undertake scientific analyses that would assist us in interpreting the finds. The skulls
and long bones have been analysed to determine the sex, age and possible pathologies of the de-
ceased. In total, remains of 223 people have been identified, and it has been successfully esta-
blished that 30 of them were children, 85 were men and 75 were women. A large number of them
(nearly one quarter of the skulls of both adults and children) had scarring from trauma to the
left side of their heads, as a consequence of violence they had suffered. Given that the majority
of people are right-handed, trauma is found on the left side of the heads of those that have been
attacked. Usually, the child population is spared violence of this kind, but at Žumberak this was
not the case. The question remains open whether the violence occurred among the local popula-
tion, or whether it was inflicted by an outside enemy. We are still uncertain whether the skeletal
remains were interred sequentially in the ossuary, or whether these remains belonged to decea-
sed who were originally buried in the cemetery, to make room for new burials. Most probably, the
remains were moved here from the cemetery when the new sacristy was built to the south-west of
the sanctuary. Unfortunately, we cannot establish the date of the burial on the basis of the items
found in the sacristy during its restoration, because the finds date from the period between the
14th and 19th centuries.

Beginning in the 18th century, the archival sources mentioning the church of St. Nicholas the
Bishop become somewhat more numerous than they were in the late middle ages. Administrati-
vely, the church belonged to Gorizia Archdiocese. From the reports on several visitations we can
learn about the condition of the church and about the population in the parish. In the summer of
1757, a visitation recorded that the parish church was derelict, that it was being rebuilt and reno-
vated, and that it had 17 chapels under its administration. The report also states that there were
1300 Catholics in the parish, and 2000 Uniates who had their own priest; that, over the years ci-
ted, 72 children were born in lawful marriages and that none of them died before they were bap-
tized, that 15 couples were lawfully married, that there were no scandals in the parish, and that
nobody was suspected of being a non-believer. Since the end of the 18th century, the parish has
belonged administratively to Zagreb Archdiocese. The second half of the 18th century was rather

106 Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

difficult for the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop. The sources mention constant repairs, insuffi-
cient funds, poor condition and poverty in the parish; it was even considered that the church be
abandoned. In this period, the bell tower was repaired several times. However, in 1769, the arch-
duchess Maria Theresa of Austria donated money for the reconstruction of the church, under the
condition that services be held for the ruling Habsburg family, and thus the church continued to
be used by the parish congregation (Fig. 114).

At this time, the threat of Ottoman attacks diminished, and the Military Frontier was losing its
importance. The Žumberak region remained under a unified military administration until the Mi-
litary Frontier was demobilized in 1881, at which time it was annexed to the Kingdom of Croatia,
Slavonia and Dalmatia.

In the 19th century, the church was renovated twice, which is recorded on the church’s walls. It
was first renovated in 1871, and then, for the last time, only two decades later, in 1894. The last re-
novation was caused by the damage inflicted by an earthquake in 1880. During this restructuring
campaign, a new sacristy was built to the south-west of the sanctuary. Today’s appearance of the
church is the result of that last renovation. The castle of Sicherberg was also destroyed by the ear-
thquake, and its construction material was used to build a school at Kupčina Žumberačka in 1947.

In the 20th century, the church and the parish were in use, but the problems caused by humi-
dity and disturbance of statics persisted. For this reason, a drainage system was introduced, but,
sadly, this was done unprofessionally and caused serious problems. In 2004, the Croatian Con-
servation Institute became involved in the restauration of the church, with the goal of presenting
it to the public and making it functional once again. Unfortunately, the funding for the church’s
restauration was discontinued in 2015. Thus, the church is not in use, and the parish is run by the
parish of Pribić.

The archaeological investigation of the cemetery has revealed much information which com-
plements the picture of the little-known late-mediaeval and early-modern periods in the region of
Žumberak (Fig. 115). At the time when burials were made in this cemetery, the walking level was
lower than it is today by around 1 metre. To date, we have uncovered two cemetery walls, inter-
secting in the south-eastern corner of the cemetery. The cemetery surrounding the church cea-
sed to be used when it was transferred to a slightly more distant location, probably at the end of
the 18th century. (The 1821 visitation described the cemetery as being 1/5 of an hour’s walk away
from the church, and since this description was made, it means that the cemetery had been used
for some time). The objects found in graves have confirmed the upper limit of the cemetery’s da-
ting, while the lower limit remains unconfirmed. On the basis of the objects discovered in graves
and around the church, and of historical sources, the cemetery could have begun to be used in the
14th century. However, the greater part of the cemetery still has to be investigated in order for us
to obtain accurate data on the beginning of interments in the cemetery surrounding the church of
St. Nicholas the Bishop at Žumberak.

To date, 254 graves located to the south and south-east of the church of St. Nicholas the Bis-
hop have been excavated. The ground drops from the west towards the east, and the cemetery is
terraced. Graves were dug in a very disorderly fashion, without the regular orientation; rather,
they followed the irregular orientation of the church (NW – SE). The numerous intersections of
the graves suggest that they were unmarked.

The position of the arms also varies from being extended alongside the body to being crossed
over the pelvis, abdomen or chest. In some cases, only one arm was extended alongside the body.
It would appear that, in the earliest burials, the hands were joined in prayer on the chest, while
in the later horizon the arms were extended in the majority of cases. Four dual graves have been
identified: in three of them, mothers were probably buried with their children; in the fourth, two
children were buried together (Fig. 116).

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop 107

The early-modern-period cemeteries of continental Croatia analysed to date do not display any
regularity when it comes to the distribution of sexes. In the Žumberak cemetery, the sex has been
determined for 233 of the 247 skeletons (62 children, 74 women and 97 men), while the sex of the
remaining skeletons could not be determined with certainty. In the Žumberak cemetery, only 25%
of the people buried were children, which makes it unusual among other early-modern-period ce-
meteries. This percentage could increase when the entire surface of the Žumberak cemetery has
been investigated. For the time being, 39% of the deceased buried here were men, 30% were wo-
men, and for 6% of the remains the sex could not be determined (Fig. 117).

The interment of a foetus in a vessel is a novelty in this cemetery. The custom has been recor-
ded only in three late-mediaeval and early-modern-period cemeteries in Croatia, and those pre-
gnancies were probably unwanted, because in all three cases the interments were made outside
the consecrated part of the cemetery.

For now, it seems that the deceased were placed either directly in graves or in wooden coffins,
with wooden coffins being more numerous. Interestingly, iron needles used to fasten the shroud
have been found both in graves in which coffins were used and in those in which there were no
coffins, which could mean that burials in coffins did not necessarily exclude shrouding of the
body. The majority of finds were discovered in graves, while some others were discovered during
the investigation of the cemetery, but outside the graves. Nearly one half of all the graves contai-
ned some finds, and one half of the objects found were devotional objects. The greater number of
finds in some graves cannot be taken as an indication of the wealth and higher status of the dece-
ased, because we know that sometimes wealthy individuals were buried without any grave goods.
The personal jewellery discovered includes brooches – a novelty in early-modern-period cemeteri-
es – decorative pins and rings, and in some rare cases necklaces. The functional elements of clot-
hing and footwear that have been found include aglets, shoe taps, belt plates, hook-and-eye faste-
ners, buttons, and belt buckles and clasps. Among the devotional objects discovered, there were
medals, crosses, Breverl amulets, and rosaries. By 2014, a total of 89 devotional objects, 56 me-
dals, 17 crosses, nine rosaries, six Breverls and one pilgrim’s pendant had been found. The finds
discovered in 2015 and 2016 are still being processed.

The favourite medal of the Žumberak inhabitants was of St. Benedict: to date, 30 such medals
have been analysed. Two identical medals are particularly interesting – one was discovered in gra-
ve 20, and the other in grave 47. Both contain an inscription with an error on the obverse (CRVX
S P E ENDICTI, instead of CRVX SP BENEDICTI). Evidently, two people got identical medals,
either at a fair from travelling merchants, or at a pilgrimage (Fig. 118).

The pilgrimages of the population of Žumberak is evidenced by medals from Loreto, Mariaze-
ll, Maria Taferl, Dorfen, Wies, Cologne, Maria Triberg, Gorizia and Trsat (Fig. 119). Medals from
Croatian places of pilgrimage are generally very rare. To date, medals from Trsat have been recor-
ded in the Rijeka cemetery, but those can be interpreted as a reflection of a local veneration, and
not necessarily of pilgrimage. The only real evidence of pilgrimage to Croatian pilgrimage desti-
nations are medals from Trsat discovered at Žumberak, Senj and Pula, a medal from Remete  re-
covered at Kamensko and medals from Bistrica found at Motovun and Obrovac.

In addition to those medals, examples of nearly all major groups of medals have been disco-
vered (medals depicting Jesus and Mary, those depicting arma Christi, Coronation of the Virgin
Mary, and various saints: St. Anthony of Padua, St. George, St. Michael, etc.).

Crosses and rosaries were present in smaller numbers than medals. In contrast to crosses and
medals, which are nearly always religious in nature and very personal, rosaries have their religio-
us purpose, but they are also decorative and serve as a status symbol. They were often presented
as gifts for weddings, birthdays and important events (and these are often of a higher quality);
and, depending on the level of their attractiveness, they combined religiosity and desire to adorn
oneself. In the 17th and 18th centuries, they became the believers’ favourite votive gift to various

108 Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

sanctuaries, since they represented their individuality, faith, religiosity and adornment. For the
time being, only nine rosaries have been processed, but in addition a large number of decorative
beads have been found, such as were worn with medals and crosses. Many people believe that ro-
saries with up to 10 beads, the so-called zehners, are typical of male customs in the 17th century,
while round rosaries with more than 30 beads are typical of female customs (Fig. 120). However,
both types of rosary have been found in both male and female graves.

To date, 17 crosses have been analysed. The majority of them are vitam praesta crosses, and sim-
ple ones with trefoil ends. Most of the crosses were worn at the end of a rosary, and one large so-
called burial crucifix testifies to the custom relating to burials of those belonging to a higher so-
cial class. The finds that stand out among the devotional objects are six Breverl amulets. Breverls,
rarely found in early-modern-period graves, date to the 18th century. They can be interpreted as
mementos from pilgrimages, since we know that they were made in Franciscan monasteries in
Germany. Particularly interesting is an oval Breverl which contained a pilgrim’s medal from Gori-
zia and some woollen cloth, along with prayers and blessings. A very similar Breverl has also been
found in the church of St. Theodore in Pula.

The early-modern-period finds from Žumberak correspond to the usual distribution of finds in
the early-modern-period cemeteries of continental Croatia investigated to date.

On the basis of all the data presented above, we can conclude that the burials were made un-
der the auspices of the Catholic church, that the bodies of the deceased were wrapped in shrouds
that were then sewn up, whereafter the richer were probably placed in coffins and then laid in the
ground, while the poorer were interred without coffins, directly in graves. The graves were not
marked – or, if they were, it was only with a mound that settled down with time, or with a woo-
den cross that decayed. For this reason, we have found many intersecting burials, which could
seem careless at first sight, but they follow the beliefs and customs of the early-modern period, in
which the attitude towards death was somewhat different from that of today. Death was generally
accepted, it formed an integral part of life, it merely represented the moment of passing into the
eternal life, and there was no need to visit graves the way we do today. Cemeteries were involved
in everyday life, whether as the venues of fairs and shows, or places for pasture. At the beginning
of the early-modern period, the focus shifted from one’s own death to the death of loved ones,
and this process was completed at the end of the early-modern period, when cemeteries were re-
located from town centres and burials around churches were banned. Thus, at the end of the 18th
century, the cemetery of the church of St. Nicholas the Bishop was also moved to a more distant
location (Fig. 121).

The arms were extended alongside the body in the majority of cases, which can be explained
by burial in shrouds, or they were closed in prayer. The depth of the grave varied and depended
on the slope of the ground. In certain cases, it was only 30 cm, and in others nearly 2 metres. In
addition to the graves, bodies have been found in the ossuary and in the crypt under the sanctu-
ary. According to the customs of the time, only priests and members of the aristocracy could be
buried in a crypt. Since the bodies discovered were female, we are certain that they were nobles.
The older woman was buried with a so-called burial crucifix. Before their interment, the deceased
were displayed in the church on a catafalque, with large crucifix in their hands. Only the rich were
buried with such crucifixes, whereas for those who could not afford them, there was one common
crucifix used just for the display.

So far, only four dual burials have been identified: three of them contain the bodies of probably
a mother and a child, and one contains the bodies of two children.

The adults usually died at the age of 30-45, and children at the age of 2-5. However, for now it
seems that, at the Žumberak cemetery, child mortality was lower than in other early-modern-pe-
riod cemeteries of continental Croatia. The quality of life of the early-modern-period Žumbe-
rak population was in line with the data available for other cemeteries that have been archaeo-

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop 109

logically investigated. People toiled physically, around 20% of the population was malnourished,
many of them suffered from tooth decay, and accidents resulted in bone fractures which healed
with varying degrees of success. Of all the graves investigated in the cemetery, only one skeleton
has been discovered with traces of serious physical trauma (murder). In contrast, a quarter of all
the bones analysed from the ossuary located by the church contained traces of intentional physi-
cal violence. The analysed bones originating from both the cemetery and the ossuary, reveal the
marks of rheumatic illnesses, rickets, leprosy, carcinoma and hydrocephalus. We can assume that
such illnesses had labelled those who suffered from them during their lifetime, but, with regard
to burial customs, no difference has been noticed in the treatment of those who were sick. The
only two examples that stand apart are burials of children. A child who died as a consequence of
hydrocephalus was buried in a niche, while the burial of a foetus in a vessel outside the consecra-
ted space is the result of a concealed act.

Objects discovered in graves revealed some information about the religiosity of the Žumberak
population, and about the popular customs linked with superstitions. One such example is a pad-
lock found in a grave, associated with belief in vampires. People considered to be vampires, or the
undead, were those who were somehow deviant from the rest, either because of their illness or
behaviour, or because they died suddenly without their affairs being put in order. Because of the
fear that such people could come back to life, they were sometimes buried with stones over their
chests or in their mouths, with a padlock, a sickle or an iron wedge; sometimes they were laid fa-
ce-down, and all of this to make sure that they could not get out of the grave. Animal teeth found
in several graves can be associated with the popular belief that they could protect from pain and
diseases. In one male adult grave, there was a badly damaged ancient coin, which was clearly kept
and worn by the deceased as some kind of protection (Fig. 66.1).

As for the personal jewellery discovered, it follows the contemporary fashion: most people
wore rings; women and children also had brooches. The favourite rings were those with a hexa-
gonal crown, but there were also those with circular and oval crowns, bearing glass in various co-
lours, imitating precious stones. Some rings were made of spirally-wound bronze wire. Only two
of the rings discovered were made of silver, and one was a seal ring, bearing the initials “ML” and
a prancing stag in the coat of arms, decorated with gilded edging (Fig. 73). Unfortunately, despi-
te very thorough research of archival sources and numerous queries posed to our colleagues, we
have not been successful in identifying the ring’s owner. Some child graves contained rings which
had certainly not been worn by children, because their size corresponded to that of rings worn
by adults. The shoe taps allow us to differentiate between men’s boots and women’s heeled shoes.
Both men and women wore spats, closed with bronze hook-and-eye fasteners. Such fastenings
have also been discovered in places where they can be interpreted as having been used to fasten
shirts. Buttons have been found more rarely. In some cases, there were also shoe buckles, and fa-
stenings from men’s shorts. Pins were worn by both men and women; in the case of women, they
have been discovered primarily by the head, since they had been used on scarves, while in male
graves they have been discovered at the chest. In several graves, diadems have also been discove-
red; they were worn on the head by girls who were ready to accede to the rank of those young wo-
men prepared to get married. Once they were married, women hid their hair under a scarf, and
on holidays and special occasions they would put a diadem over the scarf. Sometimes, if a young
woman died before she was married, she was buried with a diadem on her head, symbolising her
wedding to Christ.

The discovered pilgrims’ medals reveal that the Žumberak population went on pilgrimages to
the territory of the Holy Roman Empire, primarily to what is today Austria, but some of them
went as far as Cologne and Loretto, which took more than 20 days of walking in each directi-
on. Pilgrimages to Austria, Trsat and Gorizia would take around 10 days in each direction. The
pilgrims were mostly women, because only one pilgrim’s medal has been found in a male grave.

110 Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop

It was probably on pilgrimages that they bought Breverl amulets, and thus spread this religio-
us custom. The Breverls have also been discovered predominantly in female graves. The favou-
rite patron saint of the Žumberak population was St. Benedict. Children were not buried with
any devotional objects, with the exception of one child grave which contained three medals of St.
Benedict. Devotional objects are equally present in male and female graves. Given that the total
number of men buried in the cemetery is higher than the number of women, we could cautiously
conclude that devotional objects were somewhat more popular among women than among men.

Church of St. Nicholas the Bishop 111

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Azinović Bebek A., Janeš A., Izvještaj o zaštitnim arheološkim istraživanjima u 2013. g., Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/1/2015, Azinović Bebek
Azinović Bebek A., Janeš A., Izvještaj o zaštitnim arheološkim istraživanjima u 2014. g., Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/1/2016, Azinović Bebek
Azinović Bebek A., Izvještaj o zaštitnim arheološkim istraživanjima u 2015. g., Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/1/2009, Brekalo
Brekalo J., Izvještaj o konzervatorsko-restauratorskim radovima na zidnim slikama tijekom 2008.
godine u unutrašnjosti Župne crkve sv. Nikole biskupa u Žumberku, Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/2014, Dragojević
Dragojević A., Car G., Izvješće o provedenim konzervatorsko-restauratorskim radovima na kožnim
i tekstilnim fragmentima iz dva lijesa iz crkve sv.Nikole biskupa u Žumberku, Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/2005, Rašpica
Rašpica B., Izvještaj o preliminarnim konzervatorsko-restauratorskim istraživanjima pročelja i
unutrašnjosti župne crkve sv. Nikole biskupa u Žumberku u godini 2005., Zagreb.
HRZ, 1596/2012., Šurina
Šurina E., Žumberak, zvonik župne crkve sv. Nikole biskupa, preliminarni izvještaj o konzervator-
sko-restauratorskim istraživanjima, Zagreb
HRZ, 1596/2013, Šurina
Šurina E. Žumberak, župna crkva sv. Nikole biskupa, Izvještaj o konzervatorsko-restauratorskim
istraživanjima, Zagreb.

Popis elektroničkih izvora

URL 1: http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/allCollections (siječanj 2017.)
URL 2: http://www.literature.at/viewer.alo?objid=1026641&viewmode=fullscreen&rotate=&scale=3
.33&page=477 (siječanj 2017.)
URL 3: http://www.croatia.eu/article.php?lang=2&id=21 (siječanj 2017.)

118 izbor korištene literature i izvora

URL 4: https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/28443/Descriptio_Totius_Illyridis_XVI_No_Tab/
Munster.html) (siječanj 2017.)
URL 5: http://mapire.eu/en/map/firstsurvey/?bbox=34855.98638465768%2C5134716.475756717%2C3
096004.692176162%2C7135532.12814949 (siječanj 2017.)
URL 6: https://johnjburnslibrary.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/106r-ill-large-large.jpg (siječanj
2017.)
URL 7: https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/RP-P-OB-31.581 (siječanj 2017.)
URL 8: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/00/f3/1e/00f31e89b31e977f648383fb67 ce330e.
jpg (siječanj 2017.)
URL 9: https://www.google.hr/maps/@45.7494855,15.440053,352m/data=!3m1!1e3 (siječanj 2017.)

Popis slika i korištenih izvora

Slika 1. Pogled na crkvu sv. Nikole biskupa s juga (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 2. Detalj Karte Slavonije, Hrvatske, Kranjske, Istre, Bosne i susjednih zemalja na kojoj je ucr-
tano vlastelinstvo Žumberak (Sichelberg), iz 1550. godine (autor: August Hirschvogel) (URL 1).
Slika 3. Isječak iz zapisnika o Attemsovoj vizitaciji iz 1757. godine, u kojem se navodi da je nad-
biskup (archipraesul) otišao za Žumberak praćen zvonjavom zvona i pucnjavom iz topova, da je
na strmome putu proveo tri sata po lijepome vremenu te konačno prispio u žumberačku utvrdu.
(Nadškofijski arhiv u Novoj Gorici, 1757, sign. ACAG - Curia, Visite pastorali, Attems, 1/7 ex 11 (26),
38-39).
Slika 4. Crkva sv. Nikole i stari grad Sicherburg 1744. godine. (Ducatus Carnioliae tabula choro-
graphica per Ioannem Dismam Floriantschitsch de Grienfeld ... et per abrahamum Klatschmidtceri
incisa, faksimil, Osrednja knjižnica Celje, sign. Celje_SKL D-Fcs 181).
Slika 5. Szemanov kartografski prikaz Zagrebačke biskupije, detalj (Karta zagrebačke bi-
skupije (Mappa dioecesis Zagrabiensis II), Zagreb, 1822., Državni arhiv u Zagrebu, sign. HR-
DAZG-869/3694).
Slika 6. Detalj popisa filijalnih kapela koje su pripadale župnoj crkvi sv. Nikole 1769. godine, s
napomenom da bi se mogle urušiti. (Popis žumberačke župe, dokument iz mjeseca prosinca
1769., Conscriptio parochiae Sichelburgensis, Arhiv Republike Slovenije, sign. Sam. A II, fasc. 15).
Slika 7. Područje Žumberačkog gorja u razdoblju srednjeg vijeka. Pod indagines podrazumi-
jevaju se fizičke prepreke na strateškim i lako branjivim položajima pograničnog područja, s
ciljem kontrole prometnica (izradio P. Sekulić, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 8. Prikaz Sighelberga i crkve sv. Nikole u 17. stoljeću (Veduta di Sighlberg in Croatia,
Giovanni Pieroni, 1639. Zeitschrift des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins Bd.21, s. 424
(1890); URL 2).
Slika 9. Prikaz Žumberka s kraja 16. stoljeća i područja naseljavanja uskoka (de Jode 1593; URL
3).
Slika 10. Slika starog grada Sicherberga, početak 20. stoljeća (MK, UZKB – F, inv. br. 9318)
Slika 11. Crkva sv. Nikole Biskupa i stari grad Sicherberg na karti Sebastiana Münstera iz 1552.
godine (URL 4).
Slika 12. Prva vojna izmjera, 2. polovica 18. stoljeća (URL 5).
Slika 13. Godina 1643. naslikana u vrhu trijumfalnog luka, s njegove unutrašnje strane prema
svetištu (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 14. Glavni oltar s Gospom Lurdskom (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 15. Barokna propovjedaonica uz sjeveroistočni zid svetišta (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 16. Oltar Presvetog Srca Isusova, uz sjeveroistočni zid lađe (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 17. Oltar sv. Antuna Pustinjaka, uz jugozapadni zid lađe (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 18. Višestruko profilirani kameni portal crkve (arhiv HRZ).

izbor korištene literature i izvora 119

Slika 19. Detalj zida svetišta, vidljivi ostaci najstarijeg sloja pročelja s naslikanim crvenim i
sivim geometrijskim motivima kvadara (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 20. Natpis o obnovi crkve iz 1871. u gornjem dijelu jugozapadnog zida svetišta, iznad
ulaza u sakristiju, otkriven tijekom istraživanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 21. Drveni medaljon na ogradi pjevališta s natpisom o obnovi crkve 1893./4. godine (arhiv
HRZ).
Slika 22. Pogled na oslikani strop lađe (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 23. Pogled na gornji dio zvonika nakon provedenih konzervatorsko-restauratorskih istraživa-
nja, vidljiv je izvorni sloj žbuke i naliča s naslikanim okvirima prozora i godina 1763. (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 24. Na najstarijem izvornom sloju žbuke otkrivena je naslikana godina 1763. iznad polukruž-
nog prozora na jugozapadnom pročelju zvonika. Najvjerojatnije je to godina oblikovanja zvonika
(arhiv HRZ).
Slika 25. Podgled polukružnog prozora jugozapadnog pročelja zvonika s ispisanim imenima maj-
stora (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 26. Motiv kvadra na pročelju svetišta (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 27. Sondiranje u unutrašnjosti, barokni sloj ispod višekratnih bojanih naliča (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 28. Barokna oltarna kompozicija u svetištu (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 29. Prikaz putta, detalj barokne oltarne kompozicije u svetištu (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 30. Oltarna pala, prikaz sv. Nikole u pomaku (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 31. Prikaz sv. Petra i sv. Pavla s natpisom (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 32. Ulomci kamene plastike sekundarno korišteni u zidnoj strukturi polustupova (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 33. Prikaz anđela s ljestvama na jugozapadnom zidu svetišta (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 34. Za vrijeme arheoloških istraživanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 35. Tlocrt crkve s istraženim sondama (izrada V. Gligora, A, Janeš, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 36. Temelji crkve koji se nalaze ispod betonskog učvršćivanja „temelja“ (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 37. Nacrt oltara s visinama istraženih podova (izradila M. Krmpotić, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 38. Nacrt kripte (izradila M. Krmpotić, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 39. Ljesovi u kripti (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 40. Nalazi iz lijesa žene (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 41. Nalazi iz lijesa djevojčice (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 42. Nacrt kosturnice (izrada V. Gligora, Lj. Gamulin, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 43. Stanje u kosturnici prije uređivanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 44. Stanje u kosturnici nakon uređivanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 45. 3D model sonde u fazi istraživanja grobova (izradila V. Gligora, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 46. Tlocrt sa svim istraženim grobovima (izrada V. Gligora, A. Janeš, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 47. Terase na kojima su ukopavani pokojnici (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 48. Raka u zdravici (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 49. Ostaci drvene daske u grobu (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 50. Gotičko svodno rebro i prozorski šprljak (crtež A. Bendeković, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 51. Tlocrt grobova orijentiranih Z – I i I – Z (izrada V. Gligora, A. Janeš, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 52. Broševi nađeni u grobovima (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 53. Nacrt groba 40 s položajima nalaza (izrada A. Janeš, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 54. Lokot nađen u grobu 54 (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 55. Tipovi prstena nađeni na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 56. Najčešći tipovi medaljica pronađeni na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 57. Tipovi križeva i krunica pronađenih na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 58. Ovalni brevar iz groba 120 (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 59. Izbor keramičkih nalaza (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 60. Lonac u kojem su sahranjeni fetusi (arhiv HRZ).

120 izbor korištene literature i izvora

Slika 61. Izbor staklenih nalaza (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 62. Staklene zdjele nađene na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 63. Kopčice „baba“ i „deda“ (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 64. Položaj kopčica u grobu (arhiv HRZ). Prikaz načina nošenja hlača kod krajišnika u 17.
stoljeću i kopčice za „bječve“ (izrada A. Janeš, Lj. Gamulin, slika krajišnika preuzeta
Gušić 1984, 85, sl. 21).
Slika 65. Metalni nalazi dijelova odjeće i obuće nađenih na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 66. Novac pronađen na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 67. Noževi pronađeni na groblju (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 68. Okov ključanice i ključ (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 69. Ostruga 14./15. stoljeća (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 70. Željezni nož sa dijelovima od bakrene slitine – prije i poslije radova (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 71. Keramički oslikani tanjur - prije i poslije radova (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 72. Raspelo, bronca – prije i poslije radova (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 73. Prsten pečatnjak, srebro – prije i poslije radova (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 74. Kosti fetusa iz groba 173, s naznačenom dodatno pronađenom lijevom nadlaktičnom kosti
fetusa iste starosti (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 75. Usporedba djeteta s hidrocefalusom iz groba 12 sa "zdravim" djetetom iste dobi (foto Vla-
sta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 76. Iskrivljene goljenične kosti muškarca koji je najvjerojatnije prebolio rahitis, grob 47 (foto
Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 77. Spiralna fraktura na lijevoj goljeničnoj kosti muškarca iz groba 127 (foto Vlasta Vyroubal,
Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 78. Dislokacija i fraktura desnog ramena muškarca iz groba 127 (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv
Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 79. Perimortalna trauma (nastala u/oko trenutka smrti) na lijevoj tjemenoj kosti muškarca iz
groba 24 (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 80. Koštana ankiloza (spajanje) baze lubanje i pet vratnih kralježaka na kosturu žene koja je
vjerojatno bolovala od ankilozantnog spondilitisa, grob 132 (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropo-
loškog centra HAZU).
Slika 81. Promjene na laktu kostura žene koja je vjerojatno bolovala od reumatskog artritisa, grob
117 (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 82. Lezije na čeonoj kosti s unutrašnje strane: A) resorbirana kost desne orbite i područja oko
nje; B) lezija na središnjem dijelu i lijevoj strani dimenzija 34×30 mm; C) nekoliko manjih lezija na
desnoj strani (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 83. Dvije antemortalne (zarasle) traume na prednjoj lijevoj strani muške lubanje iz kosturnice
(foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 84. Promjene na nosnim kostima i alveolarnoj kosti lubanje iz kosturnice koja je vjerojatno
bolovala od lepre. (foto Vlasta Vyroubal, Arhiv Antropološkog centra HAZU).
Slika 85. Zatečeno stanje prsluka, prednja i stražnja strana (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 86. Zatečeno stanje fragmenta pamučne tiskane marame (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 87. Tragovi crvene boje na prsluku (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 88. Uzorak rubne kratke kitove usi (Arhiv Zavoda za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju
Veterinarskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu).
Slika 89. Prsluk nakon radova, prednja i stražnja strana (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 90. Tamnosmeđa tkanina na unutarnjim stranama klapni i ista tkanina uvećana (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 91. Tvorba motiva liseré i broché efektom u tkanju na naličju tkanine (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 92. Manji i veći cvjetni motiv (izrada G. Car, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 93. Svilena vezica za utezanje prsluka, uvećana 63 puta (arhiv HRZ).

izbor korištene literature i izvora 121

Slika 94. Pozicije letvica kitovih usi na prsluku (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 95. Površinska nakupina dijatomeje, uvećanje 200 puta (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 96. Grafički prikaz konstruktivnih krojnih dijelova prsluka (izrada G. Car, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 97. Metalne kopčice (označene su originalne) i linija kopčanja na prsluku (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 98. Lutka za prsluk nakon prilagodbe (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 99. Cipele u lijesu po otvaranju kripte (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 100. Stanje nakon vađenja iz lijesa (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 101. Rozeta nakon šivanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 102. Stanje fragmenta obje cipele nakon konzervatorsko-restauratorskih radova u kutiji od
trajnog kartona (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 103. Osam vidljivih nakupina na kojima se vidi da je tim mjestima bilo pričvršćeno neko
dodatno ojačanje na peti (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 104. Shematski prikaz spajanja krojnih dijelova cipele (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 105. Probni primjerak cipele i prilagođeni kalup (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 106. Rekonstruirane cipele (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 107. Barokni zidani pil (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 108. Ostaci starog grada Sicherberga početkom 20. stoljeća. U desnom kutu vidi se crkva sv.
Nikole biskupa (Gudić 1966, 55).
Slika 109. Karta Žumberka s označenim rimokatoličkim (žuto) i grkokatoličkim (crveno) naseljima
(izrada P. Sekulić, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 110. Prikaz umatanja tijela pokojnika u platno (URL 6).
Slika 111. Procesija bratovštine iz 17. stoljeća. Processie in Antwerpen, Richard Collin, after I. van
Orley, c. 1678 - c. 1680, izvor: Rijks Museum (URL 7).
Slika 112. Idejna rekonstrukcija odjeće i obuće pokojnice iz kripte (izradila P. Dinjaški, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 113. Idejna rekonstrukcija ukopa djevojčice (izradila P. Dinjaški, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 114. Prikaz crkve sv. Nikole biskupa iz 17. stoljeća, uvećani prikaz Pieronijeve vedute (izrada
P. Dugonjić, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 115. Prostor groblja tijekom arheoloških istraživanja (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 116. Nacrt s označenim dvojnim ukopima na prostoru groblja (izrada V. Gligora, A. Janeš,
arhiv HRZ).
Slika 117. Postotak muškaraca, žena i djece na groblju sv. Nikole biskupa (izrada V. Gligora, arhiv
HRZ).
Slika 118. Dvije identične medaljice sv. Benedikta s krivo napisanim natpisom (arhiv HRZ).
Slika 119. Karta hodočasničkih mjesta Žumberčana u 17. i 18. stoljeću (izrada A. Janeš, arhiv HRZ).
Slika 120. Prikaz nošenja muške tzv. zehner krunice i ženske krunice s preko 30 zrna. (URL 8)
Slika 121. Položaj novog groblja u odnosu na crkvu sv. Nikole biskupa (URL 9).

122 izbor korištene literature i izvora

Popis suradnika

Arheološka istraživanja:

Služba za arheološku baštinu, Odjel za kopnenu arheologiju

Arheolozi:
dr. sc. Ana Azinović Bebek, konzervator arheolog savjetnik
Lea Čataj, konzervator arheolog
Andrej Janeš, konzervator arheolog
dr. sc. Marijana Krmpotić, viši konzervator arheolog
Petar Sekulić, konzervator arheolog

Dokumentaristice:
Anja Bendeković
Višnja Šporer Maljković

Studenti: Radnici:
Marko Babeli Boris Bukovčak
Mia Čujkević Plečko Dalibor Capan
Mislav Fileš Mario Dobrinić
Janko Gašpar Goran Klanfar
Blaž Glavinić Danijel Kralj
Valerija Gligora Ivan Llewellin
Borna Jambrošić Antonio Mihalić
Olga Jurčić Asmir Mujkić
Paula Knego Zoran Nedeljković
Tea Kokotović Dinko Požar
Julija Kramberger Petar Protić
Jelena Maslać Filip Terzić
Marko Skuliber Andrija Žalac
Sebastijan Stingl
Luka Štefan

Izrada i obrada nacrta, karata i fotografija:

Anja Bendeković, konzervator povjesničar umjetnosti
Pavle Dugonjić, suradnik konzervatora arheologa
Ljubo Gamulin, suradnik konzervatora povjesničara umjetnosti
Valerija Gligora, student arheologije
Andrej Janeš, konzervator arheolog
dr. sc. Marijana Krmpotić, viši konzervator arheolog
dr. sc. Tajana Pleše, konzervator arheolog savjetnik
Petar Sekulić, konzervator arheolog

popis suradnika 123

Restauriranje arheoloških nalaza:

Odjelu za restauriranje kopnenih arheoloških nalaza

Franjo Bračun, suradnik konzervatora-restauratora
Ivan Gagro, restaurator tehničar, vanjski suradnik
Petra Dinjaški, konzervator-restaurator, vanjski suradnik
Asta Dvornik, suradnik konzervatora-restauratora, vanjski suradnik
Mihael Golubić, konzervator restaurator
Matija Krklec, konzervator-restaurator
Maladen Mustaček, viši restaurator tehničar
Marko Nemeth, restaurator tehničar
Elena Perković, suradnik konzervatora-restauratora, vanjski suradnik
Maša Vuković Biruš, konzervator-restaurator

Osteološka analiza:

Antropološki centar Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti
(pod vodstvom prof. dr. sc. Maria Šlausa):

dr. sc. Željka Bedić, poslijedoktorand, viši asistent
Marijana Lukačević, arheolog
dr. sc. Mario Novak, poslijedoktorand, viši asistent
Jozo Perić Peručić, antropolog
dr. sc. Vlasta Vyroubal, poslijedoktorand, viši asistent

Konzervatorska istraživanja i dokumentiranje nepokretne baštine:

Informacijsko-dokumentacijski odjel, Odsjek za konzervatorska istraživanja i dokumentiranje ne-
pokretne baštine, Odjel za integralni pristup graditeljskom naslijeđu, Odjel za interventni pristup
graditeljskom naslijeđu, Odjel za kamenu plastiku, Odjel za štuko, Odjel za drvenu polikromiranu
skulpturu, Stolarska radionica

Veljko Bartol, restaurator tehničar
Olga Brana, suradnik konzervatora arhitekta
Dejana Brdarić, restaurator tehničar
Duško Čikara, konzervator savjetnik povjesničar umjetnosti
Dragutin Furdi, restaurator majstor
Ivana Gobec, konzervator arhitekt
dr. sc. Irma Huić, viši konzervator arhitekt
Ivan Jengić, viši konzervator povjesničar umjetnosti
Mijo Jerković, viši konzervator restaurator
dr.sc. Krasanka Majer Jurišić, viši konzervator povjesničar umjetnosti
Borka Milković, viši konzervator arhitekt
Vladanka Milošević, konzervator arhitekt savjetnik
Ana Škevin Mikulandra, viši konzervator arhitekt
Josip Minks, viši konzervator restaurator
Marijan Mirković, konzervator arhitekt
mr. umj. Anđelko Pedišić, viši konzervator restaurator
Ines Skomrak, konzervator
Daniel Štimac, viši restaurator tehničar
Edita Šurina, viši konzervator povjesničar umjetnosti

Studenti :
Domagoj Katalin
Božo Matijević

124 popis suradnika

Ivan Pavičić
Nikola Štefanac

Restauriranje i dokumentacija zidnog slikarstva:

Odjel za zidno slikarstvo i mozaik

Bojan Braun, konzervator restaurator
Josip Brekalo, viši konzervator restaurator
Ivana Drmić, viši konzervator restaurator
Adela Filip, viši konzervator tehničar dokumentarist
Srđan Ivanković, restaurator, vanjski suradnik
Mario Kragujević, restaurator, vanjski suradnik
Lejla Koščević, restaurator kipar, vanjski suradnik
doc. mr. art. Neva Pološki, konzervator restaurator
Branimir Rašpica, konzervator restaurator
Ivan Srša, konzervator-restaurator savjetnik
Petar Sugović, restaurator slikar, vanjski suradnik
Jelena Šimunić, restaurator kipar, vanjski suradnik
Žarko Tomazetić, restaurator kipar, vanjski suradnik

Fotodokumentacija:

Informacijsko-dokumentacijski odjel, Fotolaboratorij

Ljubo Gamulin, suradnik konzervatora povjesničara umjetnosti
Jovan Kliska, viši konzervator tehničar fotograf
Jurica Škudar, viši konzervator
Goran Tomljenović, fotograf, vanjski suradnik
Natalija Vasić, viši konzervator tehničar fotograf

Arhivska istraživanja:

CERP, Hrvatski državni arhiv, Državni arhiv u Karlovcu

Antonio Bosio, arhivist, Državni arhiv u Karlovcu
Branka Molnar, viša arhivistkinja, CERP
Vedran Muić, arhivist, Hrvatski državni arhiv

Povijesno-umjetnička analiza prsluka i cipela:

prof. Mirna Cvitan Černelić

Restauriranje tekstilnih i kožnih predmeta:

Odjel za tekstil, papir i kožu, Odsjek za istraživanje i dokumentiranje pokretne baštine

Gordana Car, viši konzervator-restaurator
Marta Budicin, viši konzervator povjesničar umjetnosti
Andreja Dragojević , viši konzervator-restaurator
Marija Đangradović, suradnik višeg restauratora tehničara
Sandra Lucić Vujičić, konzervator-restaurator savjetnik

Mikroskopska i histološka analiza prsluka:

Zavod za anatomiju, histologiju i embriologiju Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu

izv. prof. dr. sc. Martina Đuras
izv. prof. dr. sc. Snježana Kužir
izv. prof. dr. sc. Tajana Trbojević Vukičević

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Mikrobiološka analiza prsluka:

Odjel za kliničku mikrobiologiju i kliničke infekcije, Referalni laboratorij za mikrologiju, Klinička
bolnica Dubrava
prof.dr. Emilija Mlinarić Missoni
Prof.dr.sc. Jasenka Škrli

Analize žbuka, kamena, oslika i organskih materijala:

Prirodoslovni laboratorij Hrvatskog restauratorskog zavoda
Marija Bošnjak, konzervator kemičar
Mirjana Jelinčić, konzervator kemičar
Margareta Klofutar, konzervator tehnolog
dr. sc. Domagoj Mudronja, viši konzervator geolog

DNA analize:

Centar za forenzična ispitivanja, istraživanja i vještačenja ‘’Ivan Vučetić’’, Ministarstvo unutarnjih
poslova
Siniša Merkaš, glavni vještak za biološka vještačenja

Numizmatika:

Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu, Hrvatski povijesni muzej
dr.sc. Tomislav Bilić, viši kustos, Numizmatički odjel Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu
Kristian Gotić, kustos, Numizmatička i Arheološka zbirka Hrvatskog povijesnog muzeja

Crtež idejnih rekonstrukcija pokojnica:

Petra Dinjaški, konzervator- restaurator, vanjski suradnik

Rekonstrukciju cipela:

Igor Kruh Vuk, Opančarski obrt Kruh Vuk, Ivanić Grad (http://www.opanci-obuca.com/)

Lutka od pleksiglasa:

TehnoTrik Zagreb d.o.o.

Uređenje okoliša oko terena i briga o crkvi:

ključar Franjo Bernardić
Hrvatske šume
Općina Žumberak

Pomoć i podrška :

Župa sv. Mihaela Arkanđela, Kalje i župnik mons. Juraj Jerneić
Josip Šintić

126 popis suradnika