BQS554_ASSIGNMENT 1_AAP2244B_GROUP 1

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

BUS COUPLER
A strip of aluminum or copper used to transfer high electrical current is known
as an electrical bus bar. It is used to transport high electrical current in the
form of an electrical junction, which is a point where two electrical currents
meet. It gathers all of the current in one spot. Incoming feeders are gathered
and distributed to leaving feeders (Circuit Globe, n.d.). As a cable riser, bus
bars run up the electrical power for high-rise buildings. A bus coupler is a
device that connects two switches and circuit breakers to a bus bar while also
linking two bus bars together.

When the bus bar is connected with
the main and transfer bus
arrangement, the bus coupler



connection is made. The main

busbar and the auxiliary bus bar
were the two kinds of busbars
employed. These bus bars are linked
to one other. It is appropriate for
high-rise buildings because it can
redistribute weight from one to
another in the event of overloading.
It aids in repair and maintenance
since work can be done without
disrupting electrical flow because it is
shiftable (Circuit Globe, n.d.).

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

MOTOR CONTROL CENTRE (MCC)
The purpose of the motor Regulate Centre (MCC) is to control all electric
motors in a building from a single place. It's made up of a starter and a single
enclosure that houses the motor starter, power disconnect mechanism, fuses,
and circuit breaker (EET Electrical Engineering, n.d.). Because MCC does not
offer short circuit protection for the wire supply to the motor, a circuit breaker
is required. It differs from a switchboard in that a switchboard lacks motor
contractors and motor controllers. Furthermore, it is distinct from a
switchboard, which is exclusively used for power distribution (GT Engineering,
2020).

MCC is made up of drawers with
disconnecting switches that are
connected to the isolated motor



circuit, motor starter, power

disconnect device, fuses, and circuit
breaker (GT Engineering,2020). The
contractor's connections are opened
to stop the motor and closed to start
it. This is done electromechanically,
and pushbuttons are often used to
operate the contractor. When an
overload situation arises, the
overload relay protects the motor by
cutting off the motor's electrical
supply (EET Electrical Engineering,
n.d.).

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

BULK METER
In the context of a tenant area, a
building, or a piece of electrically
powered equipment, an electric meter
is a device that counts the amount of
electricity used in the area. The
purpose of this device is to keep track
of how much energy has been supplied
to the building in order to create
invoices for the building owner. It
features a visual display that indicates
the quantity of energy that has been
used (Enertiv, 2019). For this proposed
skyscraper, a single bulk meter will be



used to measure the total energy use of

the whole structure.

Metering connections are made up of two
types of connections: input connections
and output connections. Due to the
presence of three phase energy, both the
output and the input are made up of four
connections of wires, which are colored
red, blue, yellow, and neutral. Each of the
input connections will be linked to the
meter, and each of the output
connections will be connected to both the
main distribution box and the sub
distribution box (Earth Bondhon, 2018).

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

SWITCHBOARD SWITCH GEAR
The location of the switchboard is Switch gear is also located in the
in the main switch room, which is main switch room. This switchgear
where numerous equipment is commonly seen in a low voltage
linked to a building's electrical switch room. It should be in the
supply is allocated. It is located in basement, like the switchboard.
the basement. Furthermore, a
switchboard is an integral MOTOR CONTROL CENTRES
component of an electrical power Meanwhile, MCCs (Motor Control
supply that distributes electricity Centers) and switchboards and
to buildings. The switchboard switchgear are placed in the low
may be found not only in the voltage switch room. MCC is the
main switch room, but also in the most effective way to organize
low voltage switch room. It's near
the other electrical equipment's

motor controls (Eaton,2020).
connections. BULKMETER
The bulk meter is also in the
BUS COUPLER meter room. This should be
Another kind of bus coupler may delivered to all locations.The bulk
be found in the main switch meter measures the quantity of
room, where there is a busbar energy dispersed throughout the
that transmits a large amount of structure. The bulk meter's
electricity. The busbar may be location is determined by the
configured in a variety of ways, building's purpose. For example,
depending on the purpose it is nonresidential and industrial
intended for. This busbar will be buildings with single occupancy
used to connect the switch gear have meters fixed on an outer
to the power supply. wall.

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.7 PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM

In general, there are two physical then disseminated throughout the

rules that may be used to explain the electric power system. Wire coils are

operation of an electric power installed on fixed housings called

system. The first is to produce voltage stators in today's generators.

from a cPhanRginIg NmagCnetiIc PfieldL, aEnd A N D S Y S T E M

the second is to create a magnetic The voltage is generated by the

field with current flowing via a wire. magnetic field generated by the

As a result, both physical laws will be rotating rotor. The rotor, on the other

applied throughout the whole electric hand, is frequently referred to as the

power system, from production to field since it is in charge of the

transmission, distribution, and generator's magnetic field. The rotors'

consumption. high magnetic field will travel through

the stator windings, which are the



When ac voltage is created in electric coils. Then, using Faraday's Law, it

power systems, there is a basic formed or generated an alternating
physical rule known as Faraday's Law. voltage, which is known as ac.

The law governs how electric

generators generate power and how

electric motors rotate. "Any

conductor in a changing magnetic

field produces a voltage." This is

according to Faraday's Law. In

general, the statement said that if a

coil of wire is placed adjacent to a

moving or rotating magnet, it would

create a quantifiable voltage in that

coil.

Generators, for example, employ a
rotating magnet close to a coil of wire
to create voltage, and the voltage is

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.8 SPACE IMPLICATION

1. SWITCHBOARD ROOM

2. The door must open outward so
This building's intended primary that it does not hinder the path.
switchboard room will be located in 3. All of the room's doors should be
the basement. The switchboard in supplied with locks to prevent
this room is the primary electrical unauthorized persons from accessing
power source that is dispersed the electrical room, but they should
throughout a structure. Its job is to be easily opened without the need of
accept electrical power, manage the a key from inside the room.
power, distribute the power, and
protect the power supply.

Design considerations for the
switchboard room's safety:
1. This area should have two
entrances, one of which should be an
emergency exit.

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4.8 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SPACE IMPLICATION

2. The room should be at least 2.0m x
2.0m x 2.5m in height.
3. TNB shall provide and keep the key
to the metering room.
4. A switching station for users that
need a supply voltage of up to 33 kV.
5. Measuring over 33kV should be
done at the consumer's place.





2. METER ROOM 3. TRANSFORMER ROOM
The meter must be put in the A primary low voltage switch room will
metering room that has been frequently include freestanding
recommended. A lockable room must switchboards and MCCs, as well as any
be created particularly for the auxiliary equipment. These standards
installation of a floor-mounted define the capabilities and limits of the
metering cubicle. The room should numerous switching contrivances
be at least 2.0m x 2.0m x 2.5m in generally known to as switchgear.
height. Thermo-magnetic and residual-current
regulated tripping devices are common
Design considerations for the meter low-voltage electrical protection devices
room's safety: used in circuit breakers. Switchgear is
1. There should be a metering cubicle
available.

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.8 SPACE IMPLICATION

used for electrical protection, electrical be positioned farther away from
separation of a system component, and adjacent rooms. This generator is
local or remote switching. utilized without a connection to the
power grid and as a backup power
Design considerations for the source in the event that the grid fails.
transformer room's safety: The generator room, gen set support
1. There are two types of access systems, control, and sound attenuation
required: regular access and emergency are important service considerations for
access. gen set installation.
2. Equipment installation, operation, and
maintenance access. Design considerations for the gen
3. Fire safety equipment set room's safety:
4. Regulatory clearance and compliance 1. The distance between one engine and
5. Grounding and earthing
6. Cable entry and containment

another should not be less than the
engine's width.
4. GEN SET ROOM 2. There should be enough space in
A gen set room is a kind of engine- front and behind the engine to remove
generator that generates power by the camshaft.
combining a diesel engine with an 3. The batteries used to start the
electric generator. Due to sounds and generator should be stored as close to
the potential for hazard if not properly the engine as feasible.
managed, the planned gen set room will 4. Service must be taken into account
throughout the design process.
5. Include a window that looks into the
engine room.
6. Switchgear that cannot be installed in
a separate room should be situated so
that it may be cooled by incoming air.

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.8 SPACE IMPLICATION



5. TNB SUBSTATION

It is recommended that a TNB substation be constructed of electrical components
that are linked in a certain order, with each circuit being capable of being shut off
manually or automatically. Via the use of incoming transmission lines, the
Substation receives electrical power from the producing station and distributes
electrical power through the use of outgoing transmission lines. Transmission,
distribution, collector, and switching substations are the four kinds of substations
available.
The substation following part and equipment:
1. Outdoor Switchyard
2. Main office building
3. Switchgear and control panel
4. Battery room and D.C contribution System
5. Mechanical, electrical, firefighting, oil
purification system and diesel generator set

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.9 BUILDING REGULATION

The Malaysian construction rules are Innovation, is the National Standards
the Street, Drainage, and Building Act and Accreditation Body (MOSTI). In
1974 (Act 133) and its successor, the carrying out its responsibilities and
Uniform Building by Laws 1984. obligations, STANDARDS MALAYSIA is
(UBBL 1984). The processes for governed by the Standards of
approving building plans and other Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549).
types of development, as well as
construction oversight, are outlined Malaysia's electrical supply system
in these legislative documents. Local
governments have accepted and also adheres to a set of power
implemented the 1984 Uniform
Building By-Laws. Aside from its standards. MS 1525: 2014 is a
legislative role as a planning
authority, one of the most important Malaysian standard. Non-residential
responsibilities of a local government
is development control. The federal buildings' energy efficiency and
government enacts legislation, which
are subsequently transmitted to state renewable energy use- Code of
governments for approval. These
responsibilities are governed by the

practice (Second version), which
required laws, bylaws, and serves as a guide for electrical supply
regulations. All structures in systems. As a result, the planned
Peninsular Malaysia, even those structure must adhere to the
owned by the federal government,
are subject to local authority, and government's conventional
UBBL law applies to all structures.
construction regulations.
The National Standards and
Accreditation Body is the Department The goal of the distribution system is
of Standards Malaysia (STANDARDS to reduce electrical power
MALAYSIA) which is part of the distribution losses and improve
Ministry of Science, Technology and equipment efficiency. The following
regulations control electricity supply
and installation practices in
Peninsular Malaysia:-

1. Electricity Supply Act 1990- Act
447
An Act to provide for the regulation of
the electricity supply industry, the

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.9 BUILDING REGULATION

supply of electricity at reasonable charges, bills, deposit, restoration of
prices, the licensure of any electrical supply, notice of disconnection,
installation, plant, or equipment with cessation or interruption of supply,
respect to matters relating to the entry during continuance or
safety of persons and the efficient discontinuance of supply, entry for
use of electricity, and for other replacing, repairing, or altering lines
related purposes [1 September 1990, or plant, provisions as to powers of
P. (B) 494/1990]. Be it enacted by the entry, metering of supplies, testing of
Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan meters, and finally, licensee's
Agong, with the advice and approval installation will be covered in this
of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Regulation.
Rakyat, and by the authority of the
same, in Parliament assembled. This 3.Electricity Regulations 1994
Act applies throughout Malaysia; but,
by order, the Minister may suspend

(Incorporating latest
the whole Act or any of its provisions
in any State. amendments- 431/ 2003)

2. Licensee Supply Regulations There are 5 (five) parts to this set of
1990
The Minister makes the following regulations: preamble, installation,
citations and commencements in
exercise of the authority provided by operation, maintenance, and
section 53 of the Electricity Supply
Act, 1990. On November 15, 1990, miscellaneous. Safeguards against
these Regulations became effective.
Unless the context indicates death or injury to people or domestic
otherwise, every term or phrase used
in these Regulations has the same animals, as well as property damage,
meaning as in the Electricity Supply
Act, 1990. Recovery of electricity are required for electrical equipment

to be safe. The "CE marking" must be

affixed on electrical equipment that

fulfills the Regulations' criteria, as well

as its packaging, information page,

and other materials. A written

declaration of conformity including

defined information and particular

technical information must be

generated and maintained accessible

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ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

4.9 BUILDING REGULATION

for 10 years after the manufacture of lights, electrical energy meters should
that specific equipment has be put at important load centers. The
terminated. low-loss type should be used for
power factor electric correction
4. Customer Charter – refer to capacitors, with losses per kVAR not
TNB website exceeding 0.35 at the top
A customer service charter, according temperature limit, excluding losses in
to the TNB website, is a document the discharge resistors.
that defines how a company commits
to working with its customers while


also providing insight into how the
company operates. It includes rules,
procedures, and the standards
through which a company
communicates with its external
customers. It also contains bills and
information about each customer's
energy use.

Sub metering and power factor
correction capacitors are two pieces
of equipment that may be used to
monitor and adjust the electrical
supply of each building. Both of these
things will be available at the our
proposed project. Sub metering is a
technique for tracking and
monitoring energy use and
management.
To detect consumptions by functional
usage, such as air conditioning and

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.1 THE APPLICATION OF SYSTEM

Telecommunication is the electronic connection and speed is important in

transmission of data across long fostering better communication

distances, including all sorts of voice, between you and your clients, as well

data, and video transmission. This is a as offering you quick and easy access

broad term that includes a wide to a lot of resources. High

range of information-transmitting communication and networking will

technologies and communications help and give many benefits to

infrastructures, such as wired phones, people. After that, the

mobile devices, such as cell phones, telecommunication and networking

microwave communications, fibre services in high-rise buildings must be

optics, satellites, radio and television well-planned, current, and

broadcasting, the internet; and appropriate for the structure. The

telegraphs (Chai & Lazar, 2017). unsuitable management will give a



However, there are a different for bigger problem in future. With the

application requirement for high rise right choose of communication
buildings. For this multi-storey smart system, networks capacity

home, this building is considered as information, the location of system

high-rise buildings. The typical connection, maintenance histories,

requirement for high rise buildings is upgrades can be managed properly.

to provide the needed capacity to the The users of better and suitable

working or living inside the building. systems give a result of better and a

As we know, people always demand a more satisfactory product.

high-speed communication service.


This is because of it is parallel with the

rapid pace of technology change and

adoption.

According to Sarah, (2010) When
running a business, having the good

By: NASRUL AQIL BIN AZAHAR 5
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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.2 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Voskresenskaya & Vorona-Slivinskaya (2018) stated improvement of systems to
ensure the stable and safe operation of information and telecommunications
systems. In general, component of telecommunication includes transmitter to
take information and convert it to a signal, a transmission medium to carry the
signal and a receiver to take the signal and convert it back into usable
information. This is valid to any communication system, whether it uses
computers or not. Most modern-day telecommunications systems are best
described in terms of a network. This includes the basic elements listed above
but also the infrastructure and controls needed to support the system. These
are the basic components for a telecommunications network.

Input and output devices, also referred to as 'terminals'. These provide the
starting and stopping points of all communication. A telephone is an
example of a terminal. In computer networks, these devices are commonly
referred toas 'nodes' and consist of computer and peripheral devices.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.2 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Telecommunication channels, which transmit and receive data. This includes
various types of cables such as cooper cable, fibre optic and wireless
radiofrequencies.
Telecommunication processors - which provide a number of controls and
support functions. For example, in many systems, data needs to be converted
from analogue to digital and back.
Control software, which is responsible for controlling the functionality and
activities of the network
Messages represent the actual data that is being transmitted. In the case of a
telephone network, the messages would consist of audio as well as data.
Protocols specify how each type of telecommunication systems handle the
messages. For example, GSM, 3G, 4G and 5g are protocols for mobile phone
communications, and TCP/IP is a protocol for communications over the
Internet.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS

There are several items that involve in the installation of process. All these items
will connect and cooperate each other to give a good telecommunication system
in the building. Since this building is a high-rise building. This building in category 1
of telephone system because it has more than 5 storeys.

1. Manhole
Manhole will be installed such that the cap would be buried at least 500mm below
the ground surfaces (technopedia,2018. All openings after installation of ducts
shall be closed with cement grout or equivalent method to prevent entry of
rodents, snakes, insects and so on. It is prepared by the building developer to give
connection between it to the nearest network facility provider’s underground
manholes and duct networks. A suitable location must be determined well to make
sure that the next process is easy. The manhole also must be sustaining and long
lasting up to 20 years.

2. Underground Duct Installation
Underground duct will serve to route the connection between the manhole to the
telecommunication room (TR) inside the building. Before erecting the duct on the
planned path, we must thoroughly understand our duct drawing and obtain
information about any other utilities that may be there Technopediasite, (2020).
For the installation of telecommunication duct the line and level of the duct

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS

formation shall be kept as straight as possible. Bends will be required for duct
formations to be routed around corners at intersecting roads. Usually, the
bending radius of the underground duct shall not exceed 20 times of the duct
diameter.

The ducting systems constructed must have a minimal risk of the exposure to
environmental hazards such soil erosion, landscape deterioration, floor,
earthquake, and storm. So that, before install the ducting system. The developer
must decide that the ducting located inside the soil or concrete or road pavement.
So, the suitable material used will help to make sure the ducting sustains and not
easy to break. A PVC solvent shall be used for the watertight purpose.

3. Main telecommunication room (MTR)
A main telecommunication room must be provided on the ground floor of the
building which is of 6 storeys high and above. The MTR can be shared by both
telecom fixed and mobile services. Fixed telecom services like fibre optic network
for internet, landline telephone and fixed-line broadband while mobile telecom
services may include mobile telephone calls, mobile data usage, short message
service (SMS), mobile data access and other mobile services. The minimum
dimension for the combined fixed and mobile services should be 4m x 4m x
3mand may be increase according to its function and the suitability of the building
itself. The enough space must be provided to receive overhead cables trays and
anyother obstruction such lighting fixtures and beams.
Besides, MTR floor level must be same level as the corridor or outer access. An
anti-slip surface also shall be provided in this room. The door of main telecom

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS

room should be labelled “Main Telecom Room”. All cables in MTR must be properly
touted to the desired location.

4. Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
According to the article by Techopedia (2011) A main distribution frame (MDF) is a
telephony signal distribution frame or cable rack that connects and manages
telecommunication wiring between itself and any number of intermediate
distribution frames and cabling from the telephony network it supports. The MDF
operates to allow the connection between equipment inside a telecommunication
facility to cables and subscribes carrier equipment and it is located in the
Telecommunication Room (TR). Every cable that supplies services to the user
telephone lines would end up at the MDF to equipment within the local
exchanges.

5. Fibre Termination Box (FTB)
Fibre termination boxes are used to connect fibre optic pigtails to fibre cable
(Teleweaver, 2020). A fibre termination box is an important fibre optic equipment
to the end user’s fibre termination. For this building, the FTB serves a fibre

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.3 INSTALLATION PROCESS

termination point at the telecommunication room and the riser room. The fibre
termination box will connect the Network Facility Provider’s fibres to the in-building
fibre cables. Termination box is used to protect the component against harsh, high
heat and humidity environment.
So that, the material made for FTB must made of fire-retardant material. Every
termination box shall have own table and label card for circuit identification
purpose. This sign will make the maintenance parties easy to detect the location of
FTB.

6. Riser room or Telecommunication closet
Techopedia, (2011) stated that a telecoms closet (TC) is a tiny room in which
telecommunications network systems and devices are contained. This closet
serves as the central junction point for all local area network wiring equipment and
wire for linked devices. It frequently includes access to wiring conduits large
enough for service staff to service or instal cabling networks within buildings. Riser
system s apart of the building internal telecom and network infrastructure, and
typically starts at the minimum point of entry for Multi Dwelling Unit (MDU). It also
provides a flexible point for the installation, pulling and maintenance of telecom
cables. After that, the installation of an indoor wall mounts mini Optical
Distribution Frame (ODF)inside the floor telecom closet (FTC) shall be carried out
by the contractor. Free wall surface inside the riser room must be reserved for
future fibre terminations. ODF must has lockable side panel and front door,
sufficient cable entries to accommodate the incoming fibre optic cables. It is must
label with the floor number for references. Trunking also will be used for cable
protection.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.4 THE BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM

Firstly, telecommunication can reduce the cost for travelling and time.
Telecommunication can give advantages for people to do something without
having to travel to a certain place. EzTalks (2021) has stated that modern
technology and devices that are used today can reduce the cost for travelling to
meet people. The use of video calls, or other social networking can invite people
to communicate with each other virtually without having to meet face to face.
With this, the cost to travel to certain places to meet, can be reduced and
furthermore save time. This way is more conventional to be used by the users of
this multi-storey smart home as they do not have to move around frequently to
connect with someone.
Moreover, telecommunication for this smart building can improve efficiency. The
use of latest communication devices such as videocalls, WhatsApp, Facebook,
and other social media applications will ease the user to receive or send data or
information to each other (EzTalks, 2021). As a high-rise building, users of multi-
storey smart home can easily work or connect with people without having to
travel far. By doing this, the efficiency of work for the users will be improved.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.5 THE PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEM

The first problem for telecommunication and networking in a high-rise building is
poor network connection. The construction of the building can affect the network
connection in the building. ACCL Make Connections (2019) has listed some of the
factors including the size of the rooms, the material of the walls and ceiling, and
even the construction and relative height of the surrounding buildings. For this
building, the height of the building which is 12 storey heights affected the
network connection in the building.
Furthermore, another problem of telecommunication is isolation. When the use
of telecommunication or networking to connect or to buy something, people will
start to become lazy and isolated in the building. As for high-rise buildings, the
users become isolated in their rooms as they only buy something online using
their devices.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

From the picture beside, we can assume that the networking
cables from the main exchange, branch exchange will be
going through the underground route and then to the cabinet
before going into the high-rise building’s telecommunication
system. Below are some general explanations for the
positions and connections of the telecommunication and
networking system on high rise building, as described by
Shuen (2015).

1.Cabinet
It is located on the outside of the building, but not too far from it. It can be either
the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) or Subscriber Distribution Frame (SDF) that
are put in it.

2.Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
This component is usually being positioned on the ground floor of the high rise
building. There will be a room to locate the MDF as it functions as the connector
of the telecommunication and networking equipment to the cables and
subscriber carrier. In other words, the connection cables which supplies the
services lines will end up at the MDF.

3.Main Telecom Room (MTR)
This room will be located on the basement floor of the high rise building which all
the services cable will reach it through entry ducts. From this room, it will provide
both the horizontal and vertical services which are needed to supply the services
cables for telecommunication and networking purposes.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

4.Risers
These risers have usually been installed on the wall of the high rise building,
supplying the services cables from the MTR to the required floors of the building.
5.Hot-Dip Galvanized (HDG) steel cable trays
It must be provided in the risers which functioned as the carrier of the
telecommunication and networking cables between all the telecom rooms in the
high-rise building.
6.Floor Telecom Closet (FTC)
As the Upper East @ Tiger Lane’s luxury apartment is quite tall for a residential
type of building, the FTC must be located for every 10 storeys of this high-rise
building. The FTC is needed for the high rise building that exceeds 30 floors.
7.Optical Distribution Frame (ODT)
The multicore fibre cables are fixed in this mini ODT and then installed inside the
Floor Telecom Closet (FTC). The number of fibre core cables inside this
component will based on the number of consumer units for each served floor.

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.7 PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM

The using of technology increased of main cable from ground that
through time as the demand on attach to distributor to supply whole
telecommunication and networking building needs.
system increase such as wireless
network services as the main method These telecommunication and
to communicate in long distance with networking room are required to fulfil
a short time. As the massive amount the standards such as:
of user in high rise building, the
management of these system are not 1.It must be vertically aligned and
neglected. They are responsible to linked by a shared containment
provide satisfactory consistency, system.
reliability and access transparency
that comes to meet the user’s 2.The room must not close to heat
demand, all the telecommunication moisture, high voltage, corrosive
and networking spaces, pathways and atmospheric, radio frequency
cabling system provide shall be interference and electromagnetic
ensured to meet the several interference.
requirement and codes of standards.
3.Must be located far from
In high rise building, there are bathroom, garbage area and
different types of telecommunication swimming pool area to avoid pest
and networking rooms are usually and moisture.
provided in a multiple-dwelling unit
(MDU), such as the main
telecommunication room (MTR),
mobile services room, floor
telecommunication closet (FTC) and
etc. Belous & Saladukha (2020) stated
that floor telecommunication consists

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TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.7 PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM

The process flow for telecommunication and networking starting from the are as
below:

Fibre distribution box – Fibre distribution box placed in
Telecommunicating and networking room. It protects the
connection point of the optical cable access to user end,
makes the optical cable access point stable, dust-proof,
and waterproof.

Fibre optic cable - A fibre optic cable is a network cable that
contains strands of glass fibres inside an insulated casing.
They are designed for long-distance, high-performance
data networking, and telecommunications. Compared to
wired cables, fibre optic cables provide higher bandwidth
and transmit data over longer distances.

Modem - A Wi-Fi modem is a single combined device that
translates Internet data packets via the modem and sends
it through wirelessly to devices in your home via the router.
It can also send data back out to the Internet like when you
send emails, text, videos, or photos.

Router - Wi-Fi router is an electronic device that sends data
received from an Internet cable to other devices. It also
acts as a wireless access point from which it shares data
through the use of radio signals. The router converts the
data stream delivered by your Internet connection into
radio signals.

Communication device - A gadget is a small tool such as a
machine that has a particular function but is often thought
of as a novelty. Gadgets are electronically simplified
applications that make work easy.

7
0

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.8 SPACE IMPLICATIONS

Space Implications are the spaces or paths that must be taken for special uses or
services for the building. Building spaces for telecommunication and networking
are primarily used for telecommunication rooms, pathways cables and
equipment, and terminations of telecommunication and networking cables.

The telecommunications rooms in this case study are a multi-dwelling facility
(MDU). As a result, each floor contains at least one communications room called
as TR which is formerly known as telecommunication closet has varying in size
from 6.6 to 10.2 square metres depending on the floor area covered.

There are 12 storeys, each TR has a capacity for serving up to 10,00 square
metres of floor space and the telecommunications function is devoted to each
and every TR has no electricity distribution device. All telecommunications rooms
should distribute to the area they serve all telecommunications and network
signals to the all 529 units (e.g., voice, data, image, internet). As this graphic
illustrates in diagram 4.2.1 below:

For horizontal and backbone cabling different types of cable may be utilised. Two
(or more) cable (usually one for voice and one for data running from a
telecommunications room (TR) in the same floor as the work area) comprises of
horizontal cables. Backbone cables connect each TR to the Equipment Room
main connectivity.

7
1

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.8 SPACE IMPLICATIONS

For this case study, the horizontal and backbone route this building will deliver
multimode fibre optic from TR to the area of work being covered by the
telecommunications and networking system. In this building, Fibre Optic Cable is
adopted on the basis of the case study, as stated in Propsocail Editor (2016) as
Fibre Optic Cable is one of the fastest growing means of transmission for new
cables installations and upgrades, which include backbone, horizontal and even
desktop applications and are suitable for luxury apartments. Moreover, the
fibreoptic cable can contain more information than copper wire with greater
fidelity. That is why phone companies and CATV convert to fibre. Also, lightning,
magnetic or electro-magnetic waves do not harm fibre optic.
Horizontal paths normally carry the horizontal cabling near the working areas, as
indicated in diagram 4.2.2. For every 12 stories or floors, it is distributed among
all 529 apartments.

Backbone or vertical paths carry backbone cables. Horizontal paths normally
support a zone-delivery system in which the zone is typically located between
four columns and is around 30 to 80 square metres in size. As shown in the
diagram 4.2.3below:

7
2

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.9 BUILDING REGULATION

Building Regulations provide criteria for structures design and construction to
ensure that people in or around structures are safe, healthy and highly efficient.
It also provides for the preservation of fuels and electricity and equipment for
individuals with disabilities, access and movement within buildings. (Planning
Portal, 2015).
As stated, building spaces for telecommunication and networking are primarily
used for telecommunication rooms, pathways cables and equipment, and
terminations of telecommunication and networking cables.

The telecommunication room for this case study at the ground floor as followed
by the requirement as stated by Malaysian Technical Standards Forum Bhd.
(2005), in the area of the ground-floor and connected to the manhole and the
duct-way the Telecommunications Room is to be installed free of visible
vibration. The Telecommunications Room shall not be used for ducting, sewage
pipes, air-conditioning pipes, etc. Floor area shall depend on the kind and the
ultimate requirement of the building for the Telecommunications Room
including the subscribers' distribution scheme and termination equipment. For
proper installation, testing and maintenance space, a minimum clear floor space
of 750mm is necessary in front of all accessible areas of the equipment.
Furthermore, the clear height from floor to ceiling of telecommunication room
shall not be less than 3 meters, so as to enable installation of equipment,
cabinets and cabling. The Telecommunications Room floor space dimension for
the apartment can be referred as in Table 4.2.1 below:

7
3

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.9 BUILDING REGULATION

The telecommunications room is As stated by Propsocail Editor (2016),
locked at all times, and entrance is telecommunication system Upper
permitted only by authorised staff. East @ Tiger Lane Apartment has
The owner or the building manager of been developed by using fibre optic
this room shall keep the key to this cable and all homes at Upper East on
room for all authority charged for 24 Tiger Lane are high speed broadband
hours a day. Based on Malaysian ready by the collaboration between
Forum Bhd (2005) Technical Andaman Property Management Sdn
Standards, no water tank, main water Bhd and XccessComm HSBB Sdn
drainage pipes, sprinkler system, Bhd. The specification test of fibre
electrical piping directly above the optical must followed the JKR (2008).
room should be installed, thereby In clause 18.3.3 Cabling:
preventing the heat, moisture and
damp area. During design of the 1.Insulation resistance (IR) testing is
Telecommunications Room, the performed on each cable pair that
developer should observe all relevant connects the Subscriber
legislation on the requirements of fire Distribution Frame (SDF) to the
safety and the following such as fire individual riser Distribution Point
extinguisher and connection to (DP)
backup power supply with emergency
lighting. 2.Every cable pair from the SDF to
the riser DP is conducted to a
Installation of the Smoke Detection continuity test.
Device inside the TR and connection
to the building management office's 3.The earth resistance of the SDF
central control already provided by frame must be less than 1 ohm.
the developer. Afire door has been
installed on the room, according to
the approval of “Jabatan Bomba Dan
Penyelamat Malaysia”.

7
4

TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

5.9 BUILDING REGULATION

Cable Trunking Malaysia (2020) The MTSFB's requirement for
mentioned that cable trunking is used trunking must be followed, as
to cover and arrange numerous described in Part 1 of the Technical
running cables, allowing them to be Standards Infrastructure and
hidden and protected from damage. Requirements document. All pipes or
The trunking inside the riser is cable enclosures must be completely
referred to as Vertical Trunking in the concealed and should not protrude
MDU, whereas the trunking from the in order to maintain the premise’s
Riser room on each level to the Fibre features, both inside and out. The
Wall Socket (FWS) within each provision of basic civil works for
individual unit of premise is referred communications infrastructure in
to as Horizontal Trunking. All MDU new development areas
premises must have both vertical and (SKMM/G/01/09) explains the
horizontal trunking. trunking specification in better detail.
Furthermore, in the JKR (2008) also
stated about the internal trunking in
clause 18.3.2:

Figure 4.8.1 Trunking MDU (Malaysian Technical Standards 1.Smooth bending, clearance
Forum Bhd. 2009 between trays and ceilings/other
services are all features of
perforated cable trays.

2.Riser trunking, riser DP boxes,
riser rooms, and DP box
labelling.

3.Junction boxes and floor
trunking, junction box depth,
finishes, and draw wires
connecting junction boxes are all
things to consider.

7
5

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.1 APPLICATION

Ventilation is the mechanical system The objective of ventilation system in
in a building that circulate the
airborne to bring the fresh air and the building is providing a continuous
remove the contaminated air. It is
commonly used to remove of fresh air and remove contaminated
contaminants such as fumes, dusts,
and vapours to provide a healthy and airborne. It will help to maintain the
safe working environment. Ventilation
can be accomplished by natural temperature and humidity at
means such as opening a window or
using mechanical system such as fans comfortable levels and reduce
or blowers. According to Ahmadi et.
all (2020), smart homes, as a chief potential fire or explosion hazards.
component of the Internet of Things
(IoT) and smart grids, is the network According to Schieweck (2018), the
of physical devices that provide
electronic, sensor, software, and health experts saw potential for health
network connectivity inside a home. A
smart home is a domain of IoT, which risks due to poor indoor air quality,
are automated buildings with
installed detection and control particularly for children, older people,
devices, such as air conditioning,
heating, and ventilation. From this and people with respiratory and
statement, we can conclude that
smart homes are the recent cardiac conditions. The poor air quality
development in control technology.
Our life will significantly improve and in the building will affect our health
secure.
conditions. However, poor air quality

can control with the invention of air

conditioning with the constant

improvements on control technology.

Today, smart homes is linked with the

networking of home automations

systems, home appliances,

communications and entertainment

electronics.

By: NUR AMEENAH BINTI ZAINUDDIN 7
6

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.2 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Nowadays, all residential buildings have electrical supply and hot and chilled
water piped supply that make our life comfortable and convenient. For the
proposed building, we will explain briefly about Rooftop Air Handling Unit and all
the components in the system. Figure shown below is Air Handle Unit (AHU).

The AHU draws in the outside air and mixes it with the circulated return indoor air
in the building. After the outside and return air is mixed, the unit will blow the air
to the space building and exhaust the excess air to the outside by using the
return-air fan. In this system, there are components that helps the air-handler to
functioning efficiently: -
1. Air Inlet and Mixing Section
The inlet louver and screen prevent any solid air contaminant enter the system
because the screen is usually made in Robust Galvanized-Iron Mesh. For
examples, rain, snow, and insects. As shown in the figure above, the outside and
return damper direct towards each other to mixed both outside air and return air.
It is very important to mix both air because it may cause the coil to freeze and
damage the coil.

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VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.2 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

However, the excess air will flow to the outside through the relief damper. This
excess air is called the relief air. When the system is turned off, the relief damper
will be opened to exhaust the relief air to the outside.

2. Mixed Temperature Sensor
The mixed temperature sensor will monitor the mixed air temperature. It is
located after the filter to obtain an average temperature. Since there is no outside
air in the flow, the mixed-air temperature is equal to the return-air temperature. If
the outside air temperature is higher than the return air temperature, the mixed-
air temperature will rise. However, if the outside air temperature is lower than the
return air temperature, the mixed-air temperature will drop. This act will give
damage to the coil. In this situation, to make sure the coil is in good condition, it is
recommended to set the control system to provide a mixed-air temperature
between 13 and 16 degrees Celsius. After changes the settings, it will adjust the
position of the dampers to maintain the set mixed temperature.

3. Filter
The filter is the second layer of protection to prevent any dirt or any airborne
contaminant from entering the coil and building space.

4. Heating coil
It is necessary to install a heating coil to raise the mixed air temperature. The heat
can be provided by electricity, gas, water, or steam.

7
8

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.2 AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

5. Cooling coil
Cooling is usually provided by cold water or refrigerant. Whether using chilled
water or a refrigerant, the coil will normally be cooler than the dew point of the air
and thus condensation will occur on the coil. This condensation will run down the
coil fins to drain away.

6. Humidifier
The humidifier is used to add moisture to the air by using water-spray or steam
into the air. The humidifier is controlled by a humidistat. High humidification to
the air will cause condensation on the duct surface, thus water dripping out of the
duct. The solution for this possibility is to install a high humidity sensor in the
duct, just downstream from the unit.

7. Fan
The fan is used to supply the energy to drive the air through the system. There
are two basic type of fan – the centrifugal and axial.
The centrifugal fan will have the air to enters a cylindrical set of rotating blades
and is centrifuged, thrust radially outwards, into a scroll casing. This type of fans is
very popular because it can generate required pressure in silent. The other type
of fan is the axial fan, where the air passes through a rotating set of blades, like an
aircraft propeller, which pushes the air along the casing. This is a simpler, straight-
through design that works well in situations that require high volumes at a low
pressure-drop.

7
9

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.3 INSTALLATION

The main objective of providing an efficient air-conditioning system is to control
the temperature and humidity of the building, providing good air quality and large
air distribution velocity. Temperature, humidity, air quality and air distribution are
the main component to establish an air-conditioning system. Figure 1 shows the
component of air-conditioning system.

1. Outside Air Damper
It will allow outside air in the mixing chamber when the system is switched on,
then it will automatically close on power failure or switched off. To filter any small
animals and leaves from entering, the metal mesh screen is installed to prevent it
from entering the mixing chamber.

2. Mixing chamber
The mixing chamber is where the return air from building space and outside air is
mixed in.

3. Filter
When the air is mixed, it may have been mixed with dirt and/or any airborne
contaminants. So, it will trap the contaminated air from returning to the building
space. It also located horizontally with heating and cooling coil to keep it free from
contaminated air because the coil is wet, which is good for bacteria to spread.

8
0

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.3 INSTALLATION

4. Heating coil
It can raise the air temperature required in the building space. The temperature is
controlled by the thermostat and controller.
5. Cooling coil and Humidifier
It can reduce the temperature and provides dehumidification required in the
building space. The temperature is controlled by the thermostat and controller.
6. Fan
It will help the air get through the resistance of the system, blow, and spread the
air to the building space
However, this basic air-conditioning system will use more electricity to generate
high or lower temperatures required in building space, thus increase the load of
the coil. The load of the coil can be reduced by bring in more outside air for
ventilation. By bring in more outside air for ventilation, less generate electricity
which will reduce the utility bills and more economical. It can be done by adding
more component as shown below.

8
1

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.3 INSTALLATION

1. Expanded air intake and damper
The size of air intake and damper is larger to bring in more outside air to the
mixing chamber. So, the size of the metal mesh screen also larger to filter the
solid air contaminants such as dirt, leaves and small insect from entering the
mixing chamber.
2. Relief air outlet with automatic damper
Since the size of air intake and damper is large, it is possible to have excess air
intake in mixing chamber. The relief air outlet is added to remove the excess air
to the outside. It will be release automatically with the automatic damper.
3. Return air damper
The return air dumper is added to adjust the flow of return air into the mixing
chamber. It will help the return air flows to the mixing chamber while blocked the
excess air from flow to the mixing chamber.

8
2

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.4 THE BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM

The Rooftop Air Handling System has Figure above show how air handling
many benefits to gain by the user to unit works. The Return Fan will collect
have a proper ventilation in multi- the return air after through the filter.
storey buildings. Some of the The air flow recovered by the return
advantages are: - fan will be ejected and recirculated.
According to Giuseppe et. al (2017), it
1. The temperature required can is modified that way because a
be change from heat to cold and damper inserted into the renewal air
vice versa in short time supply unit and the damper D is
According to Giuseppe et. al (2017), a located as shown to ensure that the
system with AHU is designed to minimum required air change. This
incorporate all required functions for modification will give access to the
fresh air exchange, heat recovery, dehumidification process during
heating, cooling, dehumidification, cooling operations while maintaining
and free cooling with higher capacity the desired temperature.
than common mechanical ventilation
systems. This system can quickly 3. Low maintenance
respond to thermal load fluctuations This type of ventilation system
of the building during the day, due to maintenance is low and have long
reduced thermal heat capacity of the durability. It has low maintenance and
air. high durability because of the system
efficiency to distribute the workload
2. Provide adequate evenly.
dehumidification during cooling
operation while maintaining the
desired temperature

8
3

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.5 THE PROBLEMS OF THE SYSTEM

Despite having a lot of benefits of during the winter season, the need of
installing Rooftop Air-Conditioning heating is high to warm ourselves. As
System, there is a possibility to have the demand of heating increase in the
problems occurred during the use of building, the load of the heating coil
this system: - will increase, thus increasing the
utility bills. Secondly, the maintenance
1. Increasing the energy of the system is required to avoid any
consumption damage to the component especially
In certain circumstances and people during rainy and snow season. If the
preferences, there might be a need rainwater and snow flow through the
for cooling even though the outside system, it will damage the coil and
temperature is low and some people promote the bacteria to grow.
in the other rooms might need
heating at the same time. According
to Giuseppe et. al (2017), the system
will supply air at low temperatures in
the living room, it is also necessary to
heat the other zone with post-heating
coil. This solution will no longer able
to produce desired heat, hence
significantly increase the energy
consumption to supply the heat.

2. Not suitable for extreme
climate weather
The system is not suitable for
extreme weather country because it
will increase the energy consumption
to provide the desired temperature
especially during the winter. Also,

8
4

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

As mentioned before, the AHU will help the air to recirculate around and control
the temperature of the space. In this section, we will discover the connection used
in the ventilation system.
1. Air Duct
The air duct will help to connect between the air-conditioner and AHU. It also
helps to transfer the return air to AHU and supply the fresh air to the building.

8
5

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.6 FUNCTION AND CONNECTION

2. Electrical Wires
The electrical wires help to supply the energy to both air-conditioning and AHU to
circulate air.

3. Remote Control
The controller will help the resident to know the details of the ventilation system
on the screen. For example, the screen of the air-conditioning system will present
the temperature, humidity of the desired temperature. After setting the
temperature, the resident will switch on the air-conditioner and automatically will
set the room to the desired temperature.

8
6

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.7 PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM

Air-conditioning process is one of change due to the altitude. Typically,
energy process. This change will psychrometric charts are printed
affect the air temperature and its based on standard pressure at sea
moisture. The relationship between level.
temperature, moisture and energy
can be represented thru the To understand the relationship
psychrometric chart. According to between water vapor, air, and
McDowall (2007), this chart provides temperature, we will consider two
clear and easy to understand of the conditions:
interrelation between dry air,
moisture, and energy. It also a tool to First Condition: The temperature is
troubleshoot the air-conditioning constant, but the quantity of water
problems in the buildings. vapor is increasing.
If the temperature remains the same,
The psychrometric chart comprises the quantity of water vapor and
two fundamental concepts: - humidity will increase. However, at
certain temperature point, there is a
1. Indoor air is a mixture of dry maximum of water vapor that co-exist
air and water vapor with the air. This temperature point is
This concept explains the air we called the saturation point. If the
breath and live in is a mixture both water vapor is added more after
dry air and water vapor. The water reached the saturation point, then an
vapor in air is called moisture or equal amount of water vapor will
humidity. The quantity of water is condense and formed either water
described as “grams of water vapor droplet or ice crystal. For example,
per kilogram of air” called “humidity the water droplet in air was turned as
ratio. Secondly, the property of fog, clouds or rain and ice crystal as
humidity is varying due to the snow or hail.
pressure. The pressure in the air will
reduces as the altitudes increases 8
7
while the properties of humidity can

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.7 PRINCIPLE OF THE SYSTEM

Second Condition: The temperature 2. There is a specific amount of
is dropping, but the quantity of energy in the air mixture at a
water vapor is remaining the same specific temperature and
If the air is cooled continuously, it will pressure.
reach the saturation line. More There is a specific amount of energy
cooling process will cause the in the air water-vapor mixture at a
moisture to condense out and form a specific temperature. The energy of
dew. For example, if a cold canned this mixture depending on two
drink is taken out of the refrigerator measures:
and left it for a few minutes, the
container will get damp. This is 1. The temperature of the air.
because the moist air is in contact 2. The proportion of water vapor in
with the chilled container. The the air.
container reduce the temperature in
the air that it contacts to a In the higher temperatures, there is
temperature that is below saturation, more energy in the air than lower
and in dew forms. This temperature, temperatures. The sum of the heat to
at which the air starts to produce increase the temperature called
condensation, is called the dew point adding the “sensible heat”. Also, there
temperature. is more energy in the air as more of
the water vapor in the air. The energy
in the water vapor is referred to as
“latent heat”. Total energy of
combination with sensible heat and
latent heat is commonly referred to
as “enthalpy”.

Psychrometric chart – Saturation Line

8
8

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.8 SPACE IMPLICATION

For ventilation system, it is essential Lastly, for the AHU, it will be located at
for the ventilation system to have the rooftop or on outside near the
space for control and maintenance. building where it is hidden from the
However, it is only required minimum sight and people because the
space in the building as mostly the machine makes a noise to operate
connection is hanging on the ceiling. and to extract the outside air and
Figure below shows the air- exhaust the excess air. Also, it has “No
conditioning and its connection entry” board to avoid people from
hanging on the ceiling. getting inside the area.

As we can see, the connection for the
ventilation system is messy, thus it is
uncomfortable to look from the
aesthetic purpose. Therefore, all the
connections can be hide by using the
ceiling boards and only can be access
through the manhole for
maintenance purpose.

8
9

VENTILATION SYSTEM

6.9 BUILDING REGULATION

The building regulations in Malaysia must be abided to prevent any accident
occurs in the future. The standard building regulations can refer and guided by
the Building By-Law 1984. According to Building By-Law 1984 regarding the
mechanical ventilation system and air-conditioning, there is several regulations to
follow: -

1. Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the
relevant building bylaws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights
of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.

2. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if
in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative
approved means of ventilating the airconditioned enclosure, such that within half
an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume
of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the
period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.

3. The provisions of Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which
are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.

4. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water-closets,
bathrooms, or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the
requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these By-
laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such
lavatory, water-closets, bathrooms, or corridors.

These regulations are essential to prevent any accident happens and allow the
system to give high performance for a long time. It also act as guidelines for
planning to locate pinpoint the system in the building to ensure all space are
covered for good ventilation.

9
0

7.0 CONCLUSION

In 2022 technology progressing fastly An air conditioning system who
because of the demand and desire of effective in making house ventilation
users who wants their life to get in a good condition and can control
easier. The aspect of safety gets more the airflow of the house is needed in
intention by the user because they this era. Dust and haze are the
need something or appliances that factors that the air conditioning
can they can rely on. In this situation, system is needed in every house in
multi-storey smart home is the future Malaysia. Lastly, innovation of
of houses. In order to keep the house building services is required to
reliable to the demand, the building develop our country and housing
services in the house must the latest landscape to another level. Brilliant
innovation. Start with a fire protection innovation should be awarded
system that can give safety and is because the creator is changing our
proven in practice. We spend more lifestyle towards developed countries.
time in our house so prevention and
precautions are important. Next, the
electrical supply system that gives us
helps in daily life is also important to
make our home comfortable. The
telecommunication system connects
us to other people and establishes our
relationships with others. Uses of
mechanical handling systems in our
life is a game-changer to the future of
the housing industry for example lift.
The lift can make our life easier and
also can add up some aesthetic look
on the house

9
1

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