1.2 Question not complete
When a statement such as Exercises would improve ……….” Is
used, the reader is in confusion to answer.
3. Questions too long
Sometimes a lengthy question may be needed so that meaning
is clear. But if the question is complicated and too long, one may not
like to answer at all in these cases, if, that question is such essential
it may be broken into more than one question.
II Trial Run
After getting fully satisfied with all items included in the questionnaire
in a logical order, the next step is to make a trail run. The purpose of the
trail run is to discover if the meaning of statement on the questionnaire
clears and the questions are and if the questions are adequate to collect
necessary information. Even before the trail run, the questionnaire shall be
approved by the adviser. The respondent of the questionnaire in the trail
run may be asked to criticize it to clarify on the adequacy of the questions.
III Tabulation
A trial tabulation of points obtained, if a questionnaire is framed
using a scale, would enable easier tabulation when the final questionnaire
responses are collected for analysis.
IV Rewriting
Based on the information received from the trail run, revise the
questionnaire.
6.5 Administering the questionnaires
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In the administration of the questionnaire, to receive adequate
response from the respondent, the following aids will be useful.
1. Enclose a self-addressed stamped envelope along with the
questionnaire. For those collecting from a large sample, an appropriate
return address may be printed and rubber stamp may be used for the
purpose.
2. A covering letter, explaining the purpose of the study and the
importance of the respondent participating in the study by answering
should be attached. The respondent should be made to feel that he is an
important part of the research project.
3. To increase the number of responses, the researcher should agree
to send the results of the study to the respondent. To know whether a
respondent is interested in getting the result of the study or not, provide a
space to indicate “yes” or “no”.
4. The questionnaire are more concerned to collect persona subject
matter or sensitive in nature such as amount of salaries etc, the researcher
shall assure the respondent that he would keep the answer highly
confidential.
5. The questionnaire should be sent at the appropriate time,
respondents may be absent or busy at certain times of the year and here
the researcher should avoid times such as holidays vacations,
examinations, sports seasons( coaches) etc.
6. An advocate letter and self-addressed card may be sent asking for
a willingness to participate in the study.
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7. Following procedures are considered essential to obtain in
maximum number of responses. There may be five follow-ups which prove
necessary,-
i) First follow-up -A post card mailed two weeks after the original
mailing is sent to all individuals in the study, reminding them to send the
filled up questionnaire.
ii) Second follow –up- At the end of the fourth week, a copy of the
original covering letter is sent to those who have not responded the
original mailing and first follow-up appeal. Another copy of the
questionnaire is attached insisting the importance of receiving their
response.
iii) Third follow –up- By the end of sixth week a separate letter is
sent to those who have not replied. The researcher may indicate that he is
prepared to send another questionnaire in case he would have misplaced
the first questionnaire sent to him.
Iv) Fourth follow –up- A personal letter, indicating the desire to
receive the response of all persons in the study may be written by the end
of eight of eight weeks. A copy of the questionnaire with a self-addressed
stamped envelope may be sent.
v) Finally, a personal letter with or without another questionnaire
may be sent after another two weeks. This would be the final appeal and
should result in maximum number of returns.
I the Interview
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Interview is a two –way method when permits an exchange of ideas
and information. In the interview, the research workers gather date directly
from others in face –to –face contacts
II the Interview
The interview or visit is a better method of obtaining survey
information than the broad survey in which a mailed questionnaire is used.
Instead of depending upon the questionnaire to be filed up. The researcher
becomes an interviewer to collect the data directly from face to face
contact.
6.6 Characteristics of the interview
1. The interview method obtains confidential information , the
interviewer and give him the assurance that the information will
be kept confidential
2. The person contact has the advantage of drawing out information,
from the respondent by on –the-spot follow –up questions, which
is not possible through a questionnaire.
3. In the interview, the meaning of questions is clearly interpreted.
In a questionnaire, some statement may be misunderstood or
misinterpreted. In the interview, the investigator can make
meaning clear and thereby obtain more response.
4. To obtain additional information, the interviewer may ask follow-
up series of questions which are not really covered in the plan .In
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the questionnaire; the information is restricted only by the
question asked in a printed manner.
5. It is a problem to obtain accurate, truthful data in survey methods
(questionnaire). It is not to suggest that dishonesty exists in
questionnaire method. Interview would collect unbiased, accurate
and truthful information.
6.7 The Interview
1. Interview is a two –way method when permits an exchange of
ideas and information. In the interview, the research workers gather date
directly from others in face –to –face contacts
2. The investigator should carefully prepare for the interview. It a
mistake to think the interview is just sitting and asking a series of
questions which could be done by post. A well prepared investigator will
have no trouble in conducting the interview. He will be so friendly with the
interviewee and it would be like a business meeting in the interview, the
researcher should have the conversation that the areas of the study are
covered. The respondent must be told approximately how much he would
take to ask questions.
1. Preparation for research interview
1. Have a clear purpose and information needed.
2. Prepare a clear out line, a schedule, the best sequence of
questions which would collect the needed information.
3. Fix up the time well in advance.
2. Executive the interview
1. Be friendly and leave the respondent to talk fey (Talketive).
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2. Listen patiently to all opinions and never show disapprove of a
respondent’s answer.
3. Repeat the question slowly if the respondent does not understand
your question clearly.
6.8 CASE STUDIES.
The case study is concerned with everything that is significant in the
history or development of the case, the case may be an individual person,
a family, a group, a social institution or entire community.
P. V. Young describe that case study is a method of exploring and
analyzing the life of a social unit, that a person, a family, an institution or a
community.
Yang writes.-
“ case study method may be defined as small inclusive and intensive
study of an individual in which the investigator brings all his skills to gather
enough information about a person to permit one to understand how he
or she functions as unit for a society.
Besanz and Biesang say,
“The case study is a form of qualitative analysis involving the very
careful and complete observations of person, a situation or institution”.
6.9 Steps in a case study
1. Initial status
2. Collection of explanatory data.
3. Identification of factors.
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6.10 Characteristics of a good case study
1. It should be based on adequate data.
2. Data should be valid and continuous
3. Data should be kept confidential.
6.11 Objectives of a case study
1. To conduct intensive studies of individuals within a
definite group
Based on the assumption that the individuals are unique
members of a group, studies on them shall be made on top
athletes and players, their life, how they became stars, their
experiences, their personality and other factors to document which
should inspire the budding youngsters who wish to follow their
footsteps.
2. To generalize ideas from the data obtained in a group of
individuals
The aim of research is to draw generalization from an
examination of the members of a population. A study of a
champion athlete or player would bring out a number of essential
qualities that help him or her make championship performance
possible the same study would also point out the reasons for his
failure of any step of his career or the factors responsible for his
peak performance.
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An analysis of studying several cases would lead to satisfactory
generalization.
3. To make a comparative study between groups
To compare the personality’s traits, social status and other
factors between different groups of team payers or payers of the
same game indifferent areas such as urban or rural, between one
state and the other, studies may be taken.
UNIT VII
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
1. Nature and meaning of experimental research
Experimental research is concerned with conducting an experiment
study on a group to find out the effect of experimental variables to make
changes in the group or not in the performance or so. It may also be find
out any difference between two groups or more on one or more
experimental variables.
Examples of experimental studies.
(1) “Study of the effect of interval training on the performance of speed
among school athletes”.
(2) “A comparative study of cardio vascular efficiency between Basketball
players and volley ball players”.
(3) “Relationship between arm strength and performance in shotput”.
In the first example given above, “interval training “is the
experimental variables given on a group of sprinters, to see its effect on
the development of speed. For this study, there must be two equal groups.
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Equated on the basis of sprint performance. One group which is not given
any treatment with interval training is called as control group and the other
group which is given interval training for 6 or 7 weeks is known as
experimental group. This is the nature and meaning of experimental group
explained with simple experimental design.
2. ONE GROUP DESINGNS
1. SINGLE GROUP DESIGN
In this type of an experimental study, only one group of subjects is
involved. Here, the subjects are given an initial test, the experimental
factor applied for a standard stipulated period and then the final test is
conducted. This design is simple to use because the investigator does not
need a control group.
A control group may not be needed if other factors will not affect
experimentation. For example, in a study,
“A study of effects of weight training on the performance of shot put
among school boys “, if the investigator is confident that the performance
will not improve due to confident that the performance will not improve
due to nutrition of these boys (may grew larger) in the period of study, or
due to practice of shot-put in between the initial and final performance, the
investigator does not need a control group.
A single group design may be called as reverse design if, for group,
an initial test is conducted and an experimental factor “A” is applied. Now
the subjects are tested and factor “B” is applied. After this the final test is
conducted, This type of design (reverse) is only useful if the total effect of
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a programme on a group with both the factors (A and B) is needed to be
known To know the effects of each factor separately is not appropriate as
at the end of the application of the factor A, Some changes would have
taken place which may affect the effect of second factor B.
2. Repeated measures design (Rotational group design)
In the repeated measure design, which is also a single group design,
the subjects in that group receive all treatments. To see the effects
different experimental treatments on the group, the subject serves as his
own control in this design. Such a design is not used in situations that
involve physical conditioning or learning because each subject may be
influenced by the main effects. Once conditioning or leaning has taken
place, it is not possible to make the group return to the previous levels for
another treatment.
Example (study where repeated measures design is used)
‘’ Effect of muscular tension on reaction time”. Here the subject was
tested on auditory reaction time and contraction of the gripping and
muscles was given .Reaction time was tested after each load of muscular
contraction such as 0, 10, 15, 25, and 30 kg. Learning and thus
improvement reaction time was avoided and thus controlled. The results of
the study proved that reaction time improved significantly more between 0
and 10 kg.
3. MORE THAN ONE GROUP DESIGN
1. Static group comparison design
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This design is used to compare two or more groups on their status
(strength or intelligence). Here, no experiment, using a programme or
schedule to see the effects, is applied.
Examples:
1. A comparative study of physical fitness between inter collegiate
Hockey players and Football players.
2. A comparative study of personality traits between yoga students and
physical Education Students.
2. Random Group design
This design consists of two or more groups of different subject’s
independent in nature. Here, the subjects are selected at random
independently drawn from a population.
The term “random sampling “or randomization is used when each
sample (individual) has an equal chance of being chosen.
For the two or more selected independently, different experimental
treatments are given.
In a study with the title, study of the effects of varied motivational
technique on the performance of Basketball skills”, three groups may be
independently drawn. Initial tests for a three groups are taken in free
throw shooting, dribbling etc. The groups may have different in initial
performance. Group “A” is kept as control group where no motivation is
given. Group “B” is motivated by head master and other staff members
watching and applauding the students during their practices on all the
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days. Group c is informed that they would be given valuable prize articles
on the final test results.
The difference between the initial and final readings of performance
is tested statistically to find out the difference.
3. Posttest only random group design
In this design, no pre-test is conducted on the groups selected.
Experimental and control groups are formed by random selection and
it is assumed that the groups are selected from the same population
and hence their initial means would not differ. The groups are tested
only on their post –test scores to see the difference, if any.
4. Related Group design or equated group design or parallel
group design
For this design, two or more groups are used where these
groups are grouped from the random sample by the process of
questions. All the subjects in the sample are tested for equal scores
for both the groups take place. The means and standard deviation for
these two groups will be equal.
One group acts as the control group and the other group as
experimental group. A control group is not involved in any
experimental treatment. After a period of experimental treatment on
the experimental group, final test or posttest is conducted for both
groups and the scores are statistically analyzed using ‘t’ test.
Example:
“Effect of breathing exercise on vital capacity among Kabaddi
players”.
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The researcher should control the following experimental factors
while carrying out his experiment to assure that he will get a valid and
reliable result.
4. CONTROL OF EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS
The researcher should control the following experimental factor
while carrying out his experiment to ensure that he will get a valid
and reliable result.
I. Subjects
Subjects are selected for study for physical education research
are normally school boys and girls, school and college athletes who are
easily available for testing. In choosing the subjects, the following
matters should be considered.
a. Randomization
A sample, to be representative of a population from which it is
drawn, must be obtained at random here, each individual in the
population should have an equal chance of being chosen the
selection of subjects may be done using table of random numbers
b. Age
For some students, subjects are to be chosen who are in a
particular range of age. The control of age is especially important in
growth studies where the variables may be affected by age.
When fitness studies are conducted, boys or girls of a particular
age range (13 to 15 years of age for example) are to be chosen.
c. Sex
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A sample should not possess both sexes which would affect the study
Due to physical and physiological difference between male and
female such as in body type, size, strength and motor ability, they
should not be combined to from the same sample.
d. Physical ability
If the researcher is interested in studying the human
performance of a group, the subjects must be randomly selected the
group should include subjects of high and low physical ability. If subjects
of low and high ability are chosen, the research test will be biased. Some
studies may need equal or almost equal abilities among subjects
selected. For example, in the analysis of movements in pole vault,
gymnastics etc subjects who are skilled must be chosen.
II. Methodology
A careful planning of data collection with the needed technical
knowledge is very essential. The investigator should be precise in
conducting the test, in applying the experimental treatment and
inappropriate statistical techniques.
III. Investigator
The investigator should posse’s enthusiasm and dedication in
conducting the experiment. He cannot expect punctuality and cooperation
from the subjects if he does not possess the same.
5. Establishing the research laboratory
University departments and colleges in physical education offering
master’s degree and research in the discipline must possess well–
established research laboratories. A research laboratory is any room that is
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available to conduct experiment and collect valid data. A gymnasium play
court, swimming pool or track may become a laboratory depending upon
the study.
Government or university Gants Commission or association bodies
must provide sufficient finance for establishing and effective functioning of
laboratory.
Consideration must be given to establish the following type of laboratories.
1. Human performance or cardiology or Exercise physiology
laboratory
His laboratory should provide facilities for conducting research on
studies in exercise physiology. In this a laboratory, provision for electrical
or electronic instruments must be made. The following instruments may be
provided.
a. Treadmill
b. Bicycle
c. Sphygmomanometer
d. Pulse monitor
e. Gamester
f. Stadiometer
g. Weighing machine
h. Electro- Cardio graph
i. Chronometer (reaction time) etc.
3. Motor Analysis laboratory(Bio-Mechanics-laboratory)
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This laboratory would analysis the movement s of players and
athletes at practice and competition. The following equipment may
be made available.
a. Photo Finish High speed movie camera
b. Film projector
c. Video cassette recorder
d. Movie camera
Besides the above, for collecting data like grip strength, leg strength
and back strength, flexibility etc. the following equipment’s could be
used.
a. Grip dynamometer
b. Back arm leg dynamometer
c. Goniometer
d. Skin Fold Caliper.
4. Motor earning and sports psychology Laboratory
For this kind of laboratory, an area that is quiet and free of traffic
where subjects can concentrate on motor leaning track must be
provided. The following equipment’s may be available.-
a. Reaction and movement time apparatus
b. Color perception apparatus
c. Time sense apparatus
d. Hand steadying apparatus
e. Mirror drawing test apparatus
f. Eye – hand coordination test apparatus
5. Bio –Chemistry Laboratory
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For setting this laboratory, special arrangements like gas lines,
Vacuum lines, Oven cabinets and refrigerators must be made. The
following must be available:
a. Chemicals and reagents for analysis
b. Microscope
c. Blood and urine analysis apparatus
d. Electronic mixer
e. Pipe test etc
5. Computer Laboratory
A data analysis laboratory with adequate facilities is very much
needed. For the researcher, data analysis applying statistics will be a very
long and difficult task if there is no proper laboratory of this kind. The
flowing facilities must be provided:
a. Minicomputer-cum – word Processer
b. Pocket and table calculators for statistical functions etc.
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UNIT-VIII
PEPARATION OF A RESEARCH REPORT
For the benefit of a post graduate student (M.P.Ed.) doing his first
research writing, there are some guidelines given below in detail on how to
organize a thesis report.
8.1 Organization of materials or organization of Thesis report
I. Front Materials:
The following items may appear in the front of the thesis report.
1.1 Title Page
This contains the title of the thesis, the author’s full name and a
statement indicating the college or university Name of the degree and the
date of degree awarded. An example is given below.-
A Study of Schneider’s test among School Athletes and Non –
Athletes
68
By
ABC XYZ
A THESIS
Presented to the Swarnim Gujarat Sports University through
The Department of Physical Education, SGSU, Gandhinagar
in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
Master of Physical Education
April, 2012
1.2 Approval Page
A4 SIGE PAGE IS ALLOTTD FOR THIS IMMEDIARELY NEXT TO
THE TITLE PAGE. The page has only the following.
Approved: (Signature of Thesis adviser)
(Typed name of the Thesis adviser)
1.3 Vitae
Vitae includes the following information about the investigator
1. Full Name of the author, his place and date of birth
2. Undergraduate and Graduate schools attended
3. Degree Awarded
4. Areas of special interest , if any
5. Awards and honors received
6. Professional experience, if any
1.4 Acknowledgments
In this page, which comes next to Vitae, the researcher records his
indebtness (thanks) to mainly his staff adviser who has guided him in
throughout writing of the thesis. He also thanks other members of the
69
faculty and the principal or head of the department who have helped him
in the research project, his fellow colleague and the subjects who
volunteered to give necessary data.
1.5 Dedication page
It is usually optional and entirely personal for the researcher.
Subjects for dedication shall be Parents, Wives or husbands, children or
other who have given support in writing thesis. It is a separate page at the
centre as given below.
TO MY
Loving Parents
Brothers and sisters
1.6 Table of contents
In order to make the reader locate easily any section of the thesis,
table of contents must be clearly given. It must include titles with major
sub headings and minor sub –heads. The chapter headings are usually
typed in capital letters and their subdivisions in small letters.
1.7 List of tables
A list of tables must be given next to the table of contents page. The
exact and complete titles of the table given in the text shall be listed down.
The number of tables is usually by Roman numerals (I, II III)
1.8 List of figures
A list of figures such as diagrams, graphs etc shall be given next to
tables. The titles should be the same as given in the body of the thesis.
Usually figures would have Roman numbers.
1.9 The chapters
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In physical education, it is conventional to have five chapters in a
thesis report.
Chapter-I Introduction
Chapter -II Review of related Literature
Chapter III Methodology
Chapter -IV Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter -V Summary, conclusions and Recommendations.
8.2 Introduction
In this chapter, the researcher orients the reader with knowledge of
the literature connected with the title at the beginning. He gives clearly the
statement of the probe, the need and importance of the study. The
purpose the study should be clearly given. The researcher shall indicate the
limitations of the study and define and give the meanings of the difficult
terms used in the study report. The hypothesis is also given by the
investigator.
8.3 Review of related Literature
In this chapter, reports of the results given by authors in text books
related to the study taken, shall be given, the researcher shall collect
information supporting his study from text books, research journal, thesis
etc supporting his study and present them here.
8.4 Methodology
Depending upon the method of research chosen by the researcher,
the procedure adopted by him in collecting the data, the tool of aspirates
or techniques used etc. are all explained here. The nature and number of
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subjects chosen, the experimental variables used and statistical techniques
needed to analyze the data are all given in the chapter.
8.5 Analysis and Interpretation of Data
This chapter contains the tables of data collected with due
explanation of them. The researcher also explains the meaning of the data
statistically. The results are discussed and its relationship to the hypothesis
formulated is also stated. Graphs and figures for better and easy
understanding of the reader may also be provided.
8.6 Summary, conclusions and Recommendations
This final chapter contains the complete summary of the purpose of
the study, the methodology adopted, and the results with discussion on
them. The researcher provides conclusions based on the finding of the
study and gives recommendations for further research and those by which
he continues something to the field.
8.7 Mechanics of writing
Foot Notes: - The purpose of the foot notes is:
1. To establish the validity of evidence.
2. To acknowledge indebtedness to the author under reference.
3. To amplify the discussion beyond the point permissible in the text.
4. To provide cross reference to various parts of the thesis
While giving footnotes at the bottom of the page, the following
practice must be born in mind. The foot notes should be separated
from the text by a twenty –space line (about two inches), two spaces
below the line. It should be indented the same as the paragraph
beginning, with the number (superscript) half a space above the line
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of typing the foot--note. If a foot note extends to the next line, this
begins at the left hand margin as in the text and typed single space.
If more foot notes than one are typed in the same page, there shall
be double space between them.
A foot- note should be normally on a separate line. The acceptable
from of foot- note with proper punctuation is as follow:
‘Author’s name, (written first name first), Title (place of
publication: name of publisher, date of publication), page number
locating the reference.
EG: H. Harrison Clarke, Application of measurement to Health and
physical education ((Englewood cliff: Frantic- Hall, Inc., m 1967)
P.1954
8.8 Special forms foot note references
I Ibid: - The Latin abbreviation ibidem (in) the same (place)
a) may be used by itself if the reference is to the same page, but
if it is not , proper page reference must be added to the
abbreviation
b) Must be consecutive< although may be on different pages of
the paper.
c) Ibid: Must be underlined to indicate italics.
4. Lynn’s. Rodney. Administration of Public Recreation (New
York: The Ronald press Company, 1964) P.75
5. Ibid (to indicate the same page as previous reference)
6. Ibid P.142 (same Work but at different page)
73
7. Ibid pp-144-148 (Same work but covering more than one
page)
8. Ibid 6Ibid PP-158-162 (Note: short foot notes may be
placed on the same line so to balance page)
II OP. Cit. Latin abbreviation for opers citato, (in work cited)
a. Used where reference to same work follow, each other
closely, but with intervention of other citation.
b. Author’s last name must be repeated, unless it is given in
the body of the paper.
c. The page number of reference must be given
d. Op. Cit. must be underlined to indicate italics.
E.g. 1 Donald K. Mathews, Measurement in physical Education
(Philadelphia: W.B. Saudera Company, 1968). P.20
2 C.H McCoy and Norma D Young, Test and measurement
in physical Education. (New York: Appeton –century crofts.
Inc., 1954) P.120
3 Op. Cite (if the author’s name is given in the body of the
paper refers also to the same page as in the previous foot note
by the same author)
4 Mathew Op cit. P.136 (If the author’s name is not given in
the body of the paper)
III Loc.cit. Latin abbreviation for Loco citation (in the place cited)
a. Refers to same reference and page
b. Can be used when the same materials is repeated.
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c. Author’s last name must be included; the page number
never follows the from Loc.cit.
d. Loc.cit. must be underlined to indicate italics. 4 Clarke,
Loc.cit.
8.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
In Bibliography, the references are arranged in alphabetical order,
the last name of the author first (in case of more than one author the last
name of the first author followed by the name of the other authors, first
mane first). Each source of reference is flushed in the left margin and the
subsequent lines are single spaced and indicated. Five spaces, thus forming
an over-hanging indentation. Double space is to be left –between sources
of reference. The acceptable form of bibliography with proper punctuation
is as follows:-
Author’s name (written last name first). Title. Place of publication:
publisher, Date of publication, Total number of pages (to indicate the total
number of pages is optional, some professors prefer however), Examples
are given below.
1 Mathews Donald, K Measurement in physical Education (Philadelphia:
W. B. Saudera Company, 1968 388pp
2 Clarke H. Harrission and David H. Clarke development and adopted
physical Education angle wood cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall Inc, 1963,
364pp
More than three authors
75
3 Evan, Ruth et.al. Physical Education of elementary schools, New
York: McGraw hill Book co., 1958, 317pp (Note et al, means “and
others’)
8.10 Manuscript form
Only one side of the paper shall be used. Type face may either be
Elite or Pica, of a standard design. An Italic type face is not acceptable,
since it is a well-established convention to use Italic style only for special
purposes, not for the main text. A black ribbon must be used and if special
symbols or accent marks are inserted by hand they must be lettered in
black Indian ink.
8.11 Spacing
The body of the thesis is double spaced. There spaces are left
between a heading or sub-heading and the text as well as between page
number and the text. The first page of the Thesis text and chapter or
section, begins not less than two inches and not more than three from the
top of the page. Paragraph indentation is uniform, not fewer than five and
not more than ten spaces.
8.12 Margin
The left –hand margin is one and half inches and the top and right
hand margins are one inch. The bottom margin is not less than one inch,
but may be more. If foot-notes are to be located at the bottom of the
page, adequate space must be allowed to accommodate them, in no case
must they be permitted to intrude the bottom margin. A bottom margin of
at least one inch is required, whether there are foot notes or not.
8.13 Using numbers in the body of Thesis:
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Numbers in the sentence beginning should be speed out. Numbers
below ten, and fractions, should be spelled out unless they are combined
(e.g., One half, 71/2). Percent should be spelled out and the numbers used
with the percent need not be spelled out, unless they are in the beginning
of the sentence
8.14 Quotations
1. Short Quotations
If direct quotations not more than three typewritten lines are used,
they may be included as running matter in the regular text with quotation
marks.
2. Long quotations:
When the direct quotations, exceed three types written lines they
shall be separated from the main text and placed two spaces below. Such
quotations shall be typed in single space and indented three spaces from
both the right and left margins. The running matter after such quotations
should begin only in the next line as a paragraph, two spaces below the
quotations.
3. Pagination:
Page numbers must be placed inside the margins at the upper right
corner of the page, one inch below the top edge of the page and one inch
to the left from the right edge. Three lines are to be left between the
number and the first line of typed text.
The pages are numbered in Arabic numerals from the first to last,
beginning with the first page of chapter. This includes any tables and
figures, bibliography and appendices, and any other supplemental matter.
77
However while the pages on which each chapter begins are counted, no
page number will appear on them. The numbering of the introductory page
should be in lower case Roman numerals, typed at the bottom center of
the page, three spaces above the lower edge. These pages include the
approval page, Vita, acknowledgment, dedication and table of contents.
Although the title page is counted no number is placed on it.
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1 Mrs. James is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without
interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly
speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?
a. prediction b. Description
c. explanation d. Exploration
2 Which of the following is a form of research typically conducted by teachers,
counsellors, and other professionals to answer questions they have and to specifically
help them solve local problems?
a. action research b. Basic research
c. predictive research d. Orientational research
3 How much confidence should you place in a single research study?
a. you should completely trust a single research study.
b. you should trust research findings after different researchers have found the same
findings
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b
4 The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from
which type of research?
a. basic research b. Action research
c. evaluation research d. Orientational research
5 Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of
premises?
a. rationalism b. deductive reasoning
c. inductive reasoning d. probabilistic
6 The idea that when selecting between two different theories with equal explanatory
value, one should select the theory that is the most simple, concise, and succinct is
known as ____________.
a. criterion of falsifiability b. Critical theory
c. guide of simplicity d. Rule of parsimony
7 Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the "same
variables but different people" is which of the following?
a. exploration b. Hypothesis
c. replication d. Empiricism
8 ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.
a. Rationalism b. Deductive reasoning
c. Logic d. Empiricism
9 According to your text, what are the five key objectives of science?
a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description
b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence
d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary
10 A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how
well children learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study was:
a. Explanation b. Description
c. Influence d. Prediction
433. Which of the following can be viewed as an effect size indicator?
a. r-squared b. r c. Eta-squared d. Omega-squared e. All of the
above
434. When the researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, a ____ error occurs.
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11 There is a set of churches in the U.S. where part of the service involves snake handling.
The researcher wants to find out why the people attending these churches do this and
how they feel and think about it. In this case, the primary purpose of the study is:
a. Exploration b. Description
c. Influence d. Prediction
12 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good theory or explanation?
a. It is parsimonious
b. It is testable
c. It is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or
person
d. All of the above are characteristics of good theories
13 Which of the following is not a basic assumption of science?
a. Science cannot provide answers to all questions
b. It is possible to distinguish between more and less plausible claims
c. Researchers should follow certain agreed upon norms and practices
d. Science is best at solving value conflicts, such as whether abortion is immoral
14 What general type of research is focused on collecting information to help a
researcher advance an ideological or political position?
a. Evaluation research b. Basic research
c. Action research d. Orientational research
15 Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3)
theory?
a. Inductive b. Deductive
c. Inductive d. Top down
16 Rene Descartes is associated with which of the following approached to knowledge
generation?
a. Empiricism b. Rationalism
c. Expert opinion d. None of the above
17 Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?
a. Deductive method b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method d. Pattern method
18 Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?
a. Deductive method b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method d. Pattern method
19 Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method d. Pattern method
20 Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a. Deductive method b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method d. Pattern method
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21 Which of the following statements is true of a theory?
a) it most simply means “explanation”
b) it answers the “how” and “why” questions
c) it can be a well-developed explanatory system
d) all of the above are correct
22 Which research paradigm is based on the pragmatic view of reality?
a. Quantitative research b. Qualitative research
c. Mixed research d. None of the above
23 Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?
a. Quantitative research b. qualitative research
c. Mixed research d. None of the above
24 Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
a. the collection of no numerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory
25 A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called
___.
a. a constant b. A variable
c. a cause-and-effect relationship d. A descriptive relationship
26 A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. categorical variable b. Dependent variable
c. independent variable d. Intervening variable
27 All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. it relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. it can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. it uses the deductive scientific method
d. it rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment
28 Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics
except:
a. it is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. it relies on the collection of no numerical data such as words and pictures
c. it is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d. it uses the inductive scientific method
29 Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause
and-effect relationships?
a. non-experimental Research b. experimental Research
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30 What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. extraneous variables are never present
b. a positive correlation usually exists
c. a negative correlation usually exists
d. manipulation of the independent variable
31 In _____, random assignment to groups is never possible and the researcher cannot
manipulate the independent variable.
a. basic research b. quantitative research
c. experimental research d. causal-comparative and correlational research
32 What is the defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. resistance to manipulation b. manipulation of the independent variable c. the
use of open-ended questions d. focuses only on local problems
33 A positive correlation is present when _______.
a. Two variables move in opposite directions.
b. Two variables move in the same direction.
c. One variable goes up and one goes down
d. several variables never change.
34 Research in which the researcher uses the qualitative paradigm for one phase and
the quantitative paradigm for another phase is known as ______.
a) action research
b) basic research
c) quantitative research
d) mixed method research
e) mixed model research
35 Research in which the researcher uses both qualitative and quantitative research
within a stage or across two of the stages in the research process is known as ______.
a. action research
b. basic research
c. quantitative research
d. mixed method research
e. mixed model research
36 Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a) experimental research
b) historical research
c) replication
d) archival research
37 ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research
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38 Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
a. age, temperature, income, height
b. grade point average, anxiety level, reading performance
c. gender, religion, ethnic group
d. both a and b
39 What is the opposite of a variable?
a. a constant
b. an extraneous variable
c. a dependent variable
d. a data set
40 Which of the following is the type of nonexperimental research in which the primary
independent variable of interest is categorical?
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. qualitative research
d. mixed research
41 Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
a. age b. annual income c. grade point average d. religion
42 In research, something that does not "vary" is called a ___________.
a. variable b. method c. constant d. control group
43 When interpreting a correlation coefficient expressing the relationship between two
variables, it is very important to avoid _______.
a. checking the strength of relationship
b. jumping to the conclusion of causality
c. checking the direction of the relationship
d. expressing a relationship with a correlation coefficient
44 A researcher studies achievement by children in poorly funded elementary schools.
She develops a model that posits parent involvement as an important variable. She
believes that parent involvement has an impact on children by increasing their
motivation to do school work. Thus, in her model, greater parent involvement leads
to higher student motivation, which in turn creates higher student achievement.
Student motivation is what kind of variable in this study?
a. Manipulated variable b. Extraneous variable
c. Confounding variable d. Mediating or intervening variable
45 The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research
methods?
a. Experimental b. Causal-comparative
c. Correlational d. Ethnography
46 Which correlation is the strongest?
a. +.10 b. -.95 c. +.90 d. -1.00
47 The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive b. Negative
c. Perfect d. They are not correlated
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48 A good qualitative problem statement:
a. Defines the independent and dependent variables
b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to
find
49 The “tool” function of theory is to:
a. Summarize existing knowledge
b. Summarize existing hypotheses
c. Suggest new relationships and make new predictions
d. Suggest new theories
50 The statement of purpose in a research study should:
a. Identify the design of the study
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d. Describe the study
51 Why is the statement “What are the effects of extracurricular activities on cognitive
development of school age children” not a good statement of a quantitative
research question?
a. Because there is no connection between extracurricular activities and
cognitive development
b. Because there are not enough school age children engaged in
extracurricular activities to conduct the study
c. Because the study would be too difficult to do given all the different
extracurricular activities
d. Because the statement was not specific enough to provide an understanding
of the variables being investigated
52 A qualitative research question:
a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored
b. Is generally an open-ended question
c. both a and b are correct
d. None of the above
53 According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in
the flowchart of the development of a research idea?
a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research
question, hypothesis
b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research
question, hypothesis
c. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research
question, hypothesis
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d. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question,
research purpose
54 It is essential that you evaluate the quality of internet resources because
information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very
good.
a. True
b. False
55 One step that is not included in planning a research study is:
a. Identifying a researchable problem
b. A review of current research
c. Statement of the research question
d. Conducting a meta-analysis of the research
e. Developing a research plan
56 Sources of researchable problems can include:
a. Researchers’ own experiences as educators
b. Practical issues that require solutions
c. Theory and past research
d. All of the above
57 A key characteristic of past research that guides researchers in new
research questions is that:
a. Extensive research conclusively and definitively answers
research questions
b. Studies typically generate more research questions than they
answer
58 Which of the following is a function of theory?
a. Integrating and summarizing current knowledge
b. Making predictions
c. Explaining phenomena
d. All of the above are important functions of theory
59 A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows
the researcher to do which of the following?
a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of
interest
b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
c. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon
of interest
d. All of the above
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60 Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data
collection is not recommended by grounded theorists.
a. True
b. False
61 What kind of ideas can’t be empirically researched?
a. Effectiveness of different methods of instruction
b. Description of educational practices
c. Issues of values and morality such as the correctness of having
prayer in schools
d. Factors helpful in predicting future drug use
62 Which of the following is not a database containing information to be used
during the literature review?
a. ERIC
b. PsychINFO
c. SocioFILE
d. all of the above are potentially useful data bases
63 Computer database searches can be done:
a. With a computer with CD-ROM drive
b. At the library
c. Online
d. All of the above
64 The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Skills required of the researcher
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above
65 A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research
study” generally ______.
a. Is made prior to the literature review
b. Is made after the literature review
c. Will help guide the research process
d. All of the above
e. b and c
66 Which of the following quantitative research questions is superior?
a. “What is the effect of participation in various extracurricular
activities on academic performance?”
b. “What effect does playing high school football have on students’
overall grade point average during the football season?”
a. Type I b. Type A c. Type II d. Type B
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67 A statement of the quantitative research question should:
a. Extend the statement of purpose by specifying exactly the
question(s) the researcher will address
b. Help the research in selecting appropriate participants, research
methods, measures, and materials
c. Specify the variables of interest
d. All of the above
68 The research participants are described in detail in which section of the
research plan?
a. Introduction
b. Method
c. Data analysis
d. Discussion
69 Research hypotheses are ______.
a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d. b and c
70 Hypotheses in qualitative research studies usually _____.
a. Are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study
b. Are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and
analyzed
c. Are never used
d. Are always stated after the research study has been completed
71 A research plan _____.
a. Should be detailed
b. Should be given to others for review and comments
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study
d. All of the above
72 The Method section of the research plan typically specifies
a. The research participants
b. The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of
interest
c. The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
d. The planned research procedures
e. a, c and d
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73 The Introduction section of the research plan
a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b. Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
c. Concludes with a statement of the research questions and, for
quantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis
d. All of the above
74 According to your text, which of the following is not a source of
research ideas?
a. Everyday life
b. Practical issues
c. Past research
d. Theory
e. All of the above ARE sources of research ideas
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Ethics is the set of principles and guidelines that help us to uphold the things we value.
a. True b. False
76 Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?
a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
b. A description of the purpose of the research
c. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years
77 Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?
a. Informed consent from the parent or guardian
b. Assent from the child if he or she is capable
c. Informed consent from the child
d. Both a and b
78 Which of the following is true about the use of deception in research?
a. It should never be used
b. It can be used anytime
c. If there is deception in a study, the participants may need to be debriefed
d. The use of deception must be outweighed by other benefits of the study
e. Both c and d are true
79 Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in
the field?
a. Getting informed consent
b. Keeping participants from physical harm
c. Maintaining consent forms
d. Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality
80 What is the primary approach that is used by the IRB to assess the ethical
acceptability of a research study?
a. Utilitarianism b. Deontology
c. Ethical skepticism d. Comparativeism
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81 Which of the following approaches says that ethical issues should be judged on the
basis of some universal code?
a. Deontological b. Ethical skepticism c. Utilitarianism
82 Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with
humans?
a. Getting informed consent of the participant
b. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed
c. Keeping participants’ identity anonymous
d. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time
83 Which of the three ethics approaches says research ethics should be a matter of the
individual's conscience?
a. Deontological approach b. Ethical skepticism
c. Utilitarianism d. Ontological skepticism
84 ________ means that the participant's identity, although known to the researcher, is
not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff.
a. Anonymity b. Confidentiality
85 Which of the following is not true?
a. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest
b. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect
c. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect
d. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem
86 Ideally, the research participant's identity is not known to the researcher. This is
called:
a. Anonymity b. Confidentiality c. Deception d. Desensitizing
87 Which of the following approaches taken by people to resolve ethical issues is the
primary approach used by the federal government and most professional
organizations?
a. Deontological approach b. Ethical skepticism
c. Utilitarianism d. None of the above
88 What is it called when the participants are not revealed to anyone but researcher and
staff?
a. Confidentiality b. Anonymity c. Ethics d. Discretion
89 Research participants must give what before they can participate in a study?
a. Guidelines b. A commitment
c. Informed consent d. Private information
90 There are three basic approaches that people tend to adopt when considering ethical
issues in research. Which one of the following is not one of the approaches?
a. Ethical skepticism b. Deontology c. Ontology d. Utilitarianism
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91 Identify the term that refers to a post study interview in which all aspects of the study
are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’
questions are answered?
a. Desensitizing b. Debriefing c. Dehoaxing d. Deploying
92 A set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most
important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is
called ____.
a. Research ethics b. Deontological approach
c. Utilitarianism d. None of the above
93 IRB is an acronym for which of the following?
a. Internal Review Board b. Institutional Rating Board
c. Institutional Review Board d. Internal Request Board
94 When it is necessary to engage in a good amount of deception to conduct a
scientifically valid study, what procedure(s) should a researcher consider
following?
a. Debriefing b. Dehoaxing
c. Desensitizing d. All of the above should be considered
95 The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or
publication refers to which of the following professional issues:
a. Partial publication b. Duplicate publication c. Deception d. Full publication
96 Concerning "authorship" in educational research, intellectual ownership is
predominantly a function of:
a. Effort expended b. Creative contribution
c. Professional position d. Level of higher education
97 Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large
study?
a. Duplicate publication b. Partial publication
c. Triplicate publication d. None of these
98 Which of the following is a right of each participant according to the AERA?
a. Deception b. Utilitarianism
c. Freedom to withdraw d. Participants have no rights
99 Which of the following is not an assumption underlying testing and measurement?
a. Various approaches to measuring aspects of the same thing can be useful
b. Error is rarely present in the measurement process
c. Present-day behaviour predicts future behaviour
d. Testing and assessment benefit society
100 Systematic error is associated with:
a. Reliability b. Validity
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101 Which of the following is a type of criterion–related validity evidence?
a. Concurrent evidence b. Predictive evidence
c. Internal consistency d. Both a and b are correct answers
102 If a test measures a single construct then:
a) The items should correlate with the total score
b) The items should not correlate with the total score
c) The test should not correlate with other measures of the same construct
d) There must be a reliable alternative form.
103 Professor X develops a test of emotional intelligence. Which of the following
represent convergent and discriminant evidence?
a) The test correlates highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is
uncorrelated with self-efficacy
b) The test correlates with highly with another test of emotional intelligence and is
highly correlated with self-efficacy
c) The test does not correlate with another test of emotional intelligence, but does
correlate with self-efficacy
d) The test does not correlate with other tests of emotional intelligence nor with self-
efficacy
104 An ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics.
a. True b. False
105 Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?
a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
106 ______ tests focus on information acquired through the informal learning that
goes on in life.
a. Personality b. Achievement c. Aptitude d. Intelligence
107 Let’s say that a test accurately indicates participants’ scores on a future
criterion (e.g., the PSAT is used to indicate high-school GPA scores). This test
would clearly have which of the following?
a. Face validity b. Concurrent validity
c. Predictive validity d. Content validity
108 If a baseball coach calculates batting averages, what scale would be used?
a. Interval scale b. Ratio scale c. Nominal scale d. Ordinal scale
109 According to the text, most of the outcome/dependent variable characteristics
and attributes measured in educational research probably exist at the
______________ level of measurement.
a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval d. Ratio
110 Which of the following is most clearly an example of a psychological trait?
a. Anxiety enduring for months or years
b. Anxiety over just seeing a spider
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c. Shyness when meeting a stranger for the first time
d. Depression caused by the loss of a ball game
111 All of the following are examples of Intelligence Tests except _________:
a. Wechsler Scales b. Stanford-Binet
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) d. Slosson
112 Reliability is most simply known as which of the following?
a) Consistency or stability
b) Appropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores
c) Ways in which people are the same
d) A rank order of participants on some characteristic
113 An ordinal scale is:
a) The simplest form of measurement
b) A rank-order scale of measurement
c) A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers
d) A scale with an absolute zero point e. A categorical scale
114 Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
a. Test-retest b. Split-half c. Content d. Internal consistency
115 Which of the following statements accurately describes test-retest reliability?
a. Measure of consistency of test scores over time
b. Measure of consistency of scores obtained from two equivalent halves of
the same test
c. Measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct or
concept
d. Measure of degree of agreement between two or more scorers, judges, or
ratters
116 Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test
scores over time?
a. Equivalent forms reliability b. Split-half reliability
c. Test-retest reliability d. Inter-scorer reliability
117 Identify the following term that most closely refers to a judgement of the
extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the
examinees' performance in some activity:
a. Content reliability b. Face validity
c. Criterion-related validity d. Inference validity
118 Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens’ four levels of
measurement?
a. Ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval b. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
c. Interval, nominal, ordinal, ratio d. Ratio, interval, nominal, ordinal
119 Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test
scores?
a. Validation b. Validity c. Reliability d. Prediction
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120 When evaluating tests and assessments, “reliability” refers to asking ourselves
which of the following questions?
a. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
b. Are there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something?
c. Does it give consistent results?
d. Does it measure multiple constructs?
121 Validity of a test designed to measure a construct such as self-esteem is best
described by which of the following?
a. Scores from the test correlate highly with most intelligence tests
b. Scores from the test correlate highly with most tests of different constructs
c. Scores from the test are not correlated with anything
d. Scores from the test have a relatively strong and positive correlation with
other tests of the same construct (i.e., with other measures of self-esteem)
but much lower correlations with tests of different constructs
122 Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individuals'
scores on two equivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same
characteristic?
a. Split-half b. Test-retest
c. Split-forms d. Equivalent forms
123 Achievement tests are designed to measure the degree of learning that has
taken place after a person has been exposed to a specific learning experience.
a. True b. False
124 _________ refers to how well the particular sample of behaviours used to
measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviours that
constitutes that characteristic.
a. Construct validity evidence b. Criterion-related validity evidence
c. Content validity evidence d. Face validity evidence
125 According to your text, how many points should a rating scale have?
a. Five b. Four
c. Ten d. Somewhere from 4 to 11 points
126 What is the problem(s) with this set of response categories to the question
“What is your current age?” 1-5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
a. The categories are not mutually exclusive
b. The categories are not exhaustive
c. Both a and b are problems
d. There is no problem with the above set of response categories
127 You should mix methods in a way that provides complementary strengths and
non over lapping weaknesses. This is known as the fundamental principle
of mixed research.
a. True b. False
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128 According to the text, questionnaires can address events and characteristics
taking place when?
a. In the past (retrospective questions)
b. In the present (current time questions)
c. In the future (prospective questions)
d. All of the above
129 Which of the following are principles of questionnaire construction?
a. Consider using multiple methods when measuring abstract constructs
b. Use multiple items to measure abstract constructs
c. Avoid double-barrelled questions
d. All of the above
e. Only b and c
130 Which of these is not a method of data collection.
a. Questionnaires b. Interviews c. Experiments d. Observations
131 Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?
a. Official documents b. Personal documents
c. Archived research data d. All of the above
132 An item that directs participants to different follow-up questions depending
on their response is called a ____________.
a. Response set b. Probe
c. Semantic differential d. Contingency question
133 Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected
at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
a. Primary data b. Secondary data
c. Experimental data d. Field notes
134 Researchers use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to collect data.
Which of the following statements is true?
a. Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the
researcher’s predetermined response categories
b. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participant’s own
words
c. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participant’s own
words
d. Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the
participants’ own words
135 Open-ended questions provide primarily ______ data.
a. Confirmatory data b. Qualitative data
c. Predictive data d. None of the above
136 Which of the following is true concerning observation?
a. It takes less time than self-report approaches
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b. It costs less money than self-report approaches
c. It is often not possible to determine exactly why the people behave as they
do
d. All of the above
137 Qualitative observation is usually done for exploratory purposes; it is also
called ___________ observation.
a. Structured b. Naturalistic c. Complete d. Probed
138 As discussed in chapter 6, when constructing a questionnaire it is important
to do each of the following except ______.
a. Use "leading" or "loaded" questions
b. Use natural language
c. Understand your research participants
d. Pilot your test questionnaire
139 Another name for a Likert Scale is a(n):
a. Interview protocol b. Event sampling
c. Summated rating scale d. Ranking
140 Which of the following is not one of the six major methods of data collection
that are used by educational researchers?
a. Observation b. Interviews c. Questionnaires d. Checklists
141 The type of interview in which the specific topics are decided in advance but
the sequence and wording can be modified during the interview is called:
a. The interview guide approach
b. The informal conversational interview
c. A closed quantitative interview
d. The standardized open-ended interview
142 Which one of the following in not a major method of data collection:
a. Questionnaires b. Interviews
c. Secondary data d. Focus groups
e. All of the above are methods of data collection
143 A question during an interview such as “Why do you feel that way?” is known
as a:
a. Probe b. Filter question c. Response d. Pilot
144 A census taker often collects data through which of the following?
a. Standardized tests b. Interviews c. Secondary data d. Observations
145 The researcher has secretly placed him or herself (as a member) in the group
that is being studied. This researcher may be which of the following?
a. A complete participant b. An observer-as-participant
c. A participant-as-observer d. None of the above
146 Which of the following is not a major method of data collection?
a. Questionnaires b. Focus groups
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c. Correlational method d. Secondary data
147 Which type of interview allows the questions to emerge from the immediate
context or course of things?
a. Interview guide approach b. Informal conversational interview
c. Closed quantitative interview d. Standardized open-ended interview
148 When conducting an interview, asking "Anything else?, What do you mean?,
Why do you feel that way?," etc, are all forms of:
a. Contingency questions b. Probes
c. Protocols d. Response categories
149 When constructing a questionnaire, there are 15 principles to which you
should adhere. Which of the following is not one of those principles?
a. Do not use "leading" or "loaded" questions
b. Avoid double-barrelled questions
c. Avoid double negatives
d. Avoid using multiple items to measure a single construct
150 When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being
selected, this is called:
a. A non-random sampling method b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample d. An Equal probability selection method
151 Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a. a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to
participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from
within each ethnic group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random
number table to pick cases from the table.
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the
school.
152 Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?
a. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
b. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population
proportions
c. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting
large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be
done
d. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample
153 Which of the following statements are true?
a. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis,
the larger the sample needed
c. The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data
analysis, the larger the sample needed
d. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval
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154 Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to
include in the original sampling?
a. Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1
b. Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size
c. Proportion likely to respond/population size
d. Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond
155 Which of the following sampling techniques is an equal probability selection
method (i.e., EPSEM) in which every individual in the population has an equal
chance of being selected?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Proportional stratified sampling
d. Cluster sampling using the PPS technique
e. All of the above are EPSEM
156 Which of the following is not a form of non-random sampling?
a. Snowball sampling b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling d. Purposive sampling
e. They are all forms of non-random sampling
157 Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the
population from which a sample has been taken?
a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b. A small sample based on simple random sampling
c. A large sample based on simple random sampling
d. A small cluster sample
158 Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in
quantitative research?
a. Simple random sampling b. Systematic sampling
c. Quota sampling d. Purposive sampling
159 Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling d. Proportional stratified sampling
160 How often does the Census Bureau take a complete population count?
a. Every year b. Every five years c. Every ten years d. Twice a year
161 People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the
sampling method called ______.
a. Simple random sampling b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling d. Convenience sampling
162 Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining
the appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then
taking convenience samples from those groups?
a. Proportional stratified sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. One-stage cluster sampling
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d. Two-stage cluster sampling
163 A type of sampling used in qualitative research that involves selecting cases
that disconfirm the researcher's expectations and generalizations is referred
to as _______________.
a. Extreme case sampling b. Typical-case sampling
c. Critical-case sampling d. Negative-case sampling
164 How many participants will you need for a research study with a population
of 120,000?
a. 242 b. 331 c. 377 d. 384
165 In which of the following non-random sampling techniques does the
researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research
participants?
a. Snowball b. Convenience c. Purposive d. Quota
166 Which of the following is the most efficient random sampling technique
discussed in your chapter?
a. Simple random sampling b. Proportional stratified sampling
c. Cluster random sampling d. Systematic sampling
167 If we took the 500 people attending a school in New York City, divided them
by gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random
sampling of the females, the variable on which we would divide the population
is called the _____.
a. Independent variable b. Dependent variable
c. Stratification variable d. Sampling variable
168 A number calculated with complete population data and quantifies a
characteristic of the population is called which of the following?
a. A datum b. A statistic c. A parameter d. A population
169 The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the
sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is
called _________.
a. Sampling without replacement b. Sampling with replacement
c. Simple random sampling d. Systematic sampling
170 Which of the following is not a type of non-random sampling?
a. Cluster sampling b. Convenience sampling
c. Quota sampling d. Purposive sampling
e. They are all type of non-random sampling
171 Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of
its efficiency?
a. One stage cluster sampling b. Simple random sampling
c. Two stage cluster sampling d. Quota sampling
172 A technique used when selecting clusters of different sizes is called _____.
a. Cluster sampling b. One-stage sampling
c. Two-stage sampling d. Probability proportional to size or PPS
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173 The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.
a. Sampling b. Census c. Survey research d. None of the above
174 It is recommended to use the whole population rather than a sample when the
population size is of what size?
a. 500 or less b. 100 or less c. 1000 or less d. you should always use a sample
175 Which of the following is not an example of a non-random sampling technique?
a. Purposive b. Quota c. Convenience d. Cluster
176 Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people
for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling d. Random sampling
177 ___________ is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain
rules.
a. Sample b. Population c. Statistic d. Element
178 Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number
between 1 and k, and including each Kth element in your sample are the steps for
which form of sampling?
a. Simple Random Sampling b. Stratified Random Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling d. Cluster sampling
179 The non-random sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a
population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called
_____.
a. Convenience sampling b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling d. Snowball sampling
180 When a extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and
influences the dependent variable, it is called:
a. Another dependent variable b. A confounding variable
c. A moderating variable d. An unreliable variable
181 Which of the following statements is true?
a. A statistical relationship is sufficient evidence to infer causality
b. Temporal order of the cause and effect is not important in inferring
causality
c. A statistical relation of X and Y is insufficient evidence for inferring
causality
d. Temporal order of cause and effect variables and statistical relation are all
that are needed to infer causality
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182 A school district examines a program that uses mentors to help very poor readers
improve their reading performance. The children in the program are at the 4th
percentile at pre-test. At post-test they are around the 20th percentile. While it is
possible that the program made the difference, another reason for the change in
scores could be:
a. History b. Regression artefact
c. Multiple-treatment interference d. Differential selection
183 A group of researchers do a study where children from particular classrooms are
assigned to treatment or control conditions. After the study, the researcher finds out
that the students in the control group are higher achievers than those in the
experimental group. He found no treatment effect. The failure to find an effect may
be due to:
a. A treatment effect b. A testing effect
c. A differential selection effect d. A maturation effect
184 A researcher examines a program looking at the effects of mentoring on poor
readers' reading achievement. He looks at two different schools. One serves as the
control and the other the experimental group. Both schools had reading achievement
that was around the 50th percentile. During the time that the mentoring program is
in place in the experimental group, a state-wide reading initiative is started in
randomly selected schools. The experimental, but not the control school is involved
in the initiative. At the end of the year, the experimental group does better than the
control. From the information presented above, a likely threat to the internal validity
of the study is:
a. Selection by mortality interaction b. Mortality
c. Selection-history effect d. Selection-maturation effect
185 Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship
between two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity
186 Which type of validity refers to the ability to infer that the independent and
dependent variables are related ant that the measured strength of the relationship is
accurate?
a. Internal validity b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity d. Statistical conclusion validity
187 An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and
also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.
a Confounding variable b. Third variable
c. Second variable d. Both a and b are correct
188 The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure
that the investigators agree with what took place is known as _______.
a. Interpretive validity b. Researcher bias
c. Multiple operationalism d. Investigator triangulation
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