Online Vol 16 No 1 January March 2026

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.137RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:The study on physical Abilities of school students of Niphad taluka has been set as the following objective to make the study universal. 1. To check physical abilities of student of Niphad Taluka.2. Suggesting remedial plans to rural school students and teachers in the above based on the above criteria.RESEARCH METHOD :Survey methods are used for the present research. “Study of physical abilities of school students of Niphad taluka”. How to select the group judgment sample required by the research for the presented research to be a effective and school students of Niphad taluka were selected sample. A total 150 students in the age group of 12 to 16 years of Niphad taluka were samples asking duster sampling method.STATICALLY METHOD:Shuttle run testTable showing information about shuttled run testSr.No. Standards Boys Girls1 Excellent 26 02 Good 25 163 Care 28 154 Bad 05 145 Too Bad 01 101. Based on the above information, it is dear that 26 children have excellent ability, 25 children have good ability , 28 children have fair ability, 5 children have poor ability and 1 child has very poor ability.2. Based on the above information, it is dear that this ability of 10 girl is very poor, 14 girls are poor, 15 girls are fair and 16 girls are good.CONCLUSION:Physical abilities of Niphad Taluka student were tested all the results obtained from this were studies statistically. Based on the above information, it can be concluded that some of the physical abilities of some rural school students are good.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.138REFERENCES:1. T. Johnson “The and over physical fitness testing programme, Research quarterly (15 March 1994)2. Aeilliams B. (1975) Hamlyn, Marshal arts of the orients.3. Amrle Vs. (May – 2000)- Time sabse study of development of functional capacity and physical measurement of children in Kridakal yojna4. Experienced Professor (2011) physical education paper 2-3 set net pragati publication P. No- 7-29 top 7-35

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.139EFFECT OF LOW INTENSITY PLYOMETRIC TRAINING COMBINED WITH DIFFERENT MUSCLE RELAXATION TECHNIQUES ON SPEED OF JUNIOR ATHLETESDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00006.2Manikandan S., Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Physical Education &Health Sciences, Alagappa University.Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Supervisor, Department of Physical Education &Health Sciences, Alagappa University.Dr. M. Kalaiselvi, Co-Supervisor, Department of Physical Education &Health Sciences, Alagappa University.ABSTRACT:Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low intensity plyometric training combined with different muscle relaxation techniques on speed of junior athletes. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes from Shree Bharath Vidyaashram, Chennai. The age ranged between 11 to 13 years, who were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the speed tested by 50 meters run test and performance recorded in seconds. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by paired sample t-test. The improvement percentage was assessed by using the formula of “%Δ = (x post-test – x pre-test) / pre-test * 100.”. The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The paired sample t-test showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in speed over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on speed was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on speed.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.140Keywords: 1. Plyometric training, 2. Stretching exercise, 3. Foam roller exercise,4. Speed , 5. Paired sample t-test INTRODUCTION:Plyometric training: Sports that require speed-strength include, throwing and sprinting; volleyball, baseball, football and basketball. Plyometric exercise is especially useful in sports that require speed-strength (Lundin, P.A 1989: Matveyev, 1983). Speed - strength is the ability to exert maximal force during high-speed movements. Plyometric training is a traditional training approach to develop strength and speed. Numerous studies were conducted in this area to enhance the top performance in all the games and sports. The basic nature of this plyometric training is also most linked with jump actions (Chu 1994). Foam roller exercise: Foam rolling is a type of selfmyofascial release that can be used to help relieve muscle knots and trigger points. Our fascia is the thin tissue that wraps and connects our muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. For a variety of reasons, such as muscle injury. Inactivity, disease, inflammation, or trauma, the fascia can become stiff and bind up. Foam rolling can be an effective way to help lengthen and release the built-up tension in the fascia by breaking up adhesions and scar tissue to help speed up the healing and recovery process after a workout. It can also be an effective way to help loosen up common areas of tightness before a workout (Scot, 2015). Stretching exercise: Stretching is a form of physical exercise in which a specific muscle or tendon (or muscle group) is deliberately flexed or stretched in order to improve the muscle's felt elasticity and achieve comfortable muscle tone. The result is a feeling of increased muscle control, flexibility, and range of motion (Bachale, 2008).METHODOLOGY:The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes from Shree Bharath Vidyaashram, Chennai. The age ranged between 11 to 13 years, who were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the speed tested by 50 meters run test and performance recorded in seconds. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. During the training period

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.141athletes not reported any injury. The basic training load was fixed based on the performance of pilot study. The progression of the load was raised in once in four weeks during the 12 weeks of training period. ANALYSIS OF SPEED OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROLGROUPS:TABLE-IVPRE AND POST TEST DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS(Performance in seconds)Groups Pre test Post test NMean SD Mean SD 15LIPT 6.62 0.22 5.38 0.11 15LIPT+SS 6.56 0.15 5.17 0.2 15LIPT+FRE 6.52 0.11 4.91 0.13 15CG 6.55 0.15 6.56 0.15 15Table -IV shows the pre and post test mean and standarddeviation of experimental and control groups on speed. The low intensity plyometric training (LIPT) group obtained pre test mean and standard deviation was 6.62+0.22 and post-test mean and standarddeviation was 5.38 + 0.11. The low intensity plyometric training combined with static stretching (LIPT+SS) group obtained pre and post-test mean and standard deviation was 6.56+ 0.15 and 5.17 + 0.2.The low intensity Plyometric training combined with foam roller exercise (LIPT+FRE) group obtained pre and post-test mean andstandard deviation was 6.52 + 0.11 and 4.91 + 0.13. The control group(CG) obtained pre and post-test mean and standard deviation was6.55 + 0.15 and 6.56 + 0.15.TABLE VREPEATED MEASURES ANOVA FOR SPEED OFEXPERIMENTALAND CONTROL GROUP(Performance in seconds)Source of variance SS df MS F value SignificanceTime effect 33.45 1 33.45 1740.6* 0.00Error (Time) 1.07 56 0.02Group effect 12.11 3 4.03 118.02* 0.00Error (Between) 1.92 56 0.03Time X Group interaction 11.93 3 3.97 206.9* 0.00Error (Interaction) 1.07 56 0.02

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.142Table-V shows the results of repeated measures analysis ofvariance for speed performance among the experimental and controlgroups. The obtained F value for time effect was significant (F=1740.6,p<0.05). It indicates that performance of speed was changed significantly from pre to post test. The obtained F value for group effect was significant (F=118.02, p<0.05). It indicates that the significantdifferences between the groups were observed. The obtained F value fortime X group interaction wassignificant (F=206.9, p<0.05). It indicatesthat the amount of improvement significantly differed among the experimental and control groups, it reflects the differential effectiveness of the scheduled interventions over the twelve-week period.TABLE VISCHEFFE’S POST HOC PAIRWISE COMPARISONS OFSPEED AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS(Performance in seconds)Groups Post test means differences P valueLIPT and LIPT+SS 0.135* 0.04LIPT and LIPT+FRE 0.285* 0.00LIPT and CG 0.55* 0.00LIPT+SS and LIPT+FRE 0.15* 0.02LIPT+SS and CG 0.69* 0.00LIPT+FRE and CG 0.84* 0.00The mean differences of LIPT and LIPT+SS is 0.135, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the group producedsignificantly different effect on the performance of speed. The mean differences of LIPT and LIPT+FRE is 0.285, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the group produced significantly different effect on the performance of speed. The mean differences of LIPT and CG is 0.55, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the group produced significantly different effect on the performance of speed. The mean differences of LIPT+SS and LIPT+FRE was 0.15, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the group produced significantly different effect on the performance of speed. The mean differences of LIPT+SS and CG were 0.69, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the group produced significantly different effect

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.143on the performance of speed. The mean differences of LIPT+FRE andCG were 0.84, it showed significant. It indicates that the both the groupproduced significantly different effect on the performance of speed.DISCUSSIONS:The Twelve weeks of low-intensity plyometric training (LIPT), low-intensity plyometric training combined with static stretching (LIPT+SS), and low-intensity plyometric training combined with foam roller exercises (LIPT+FRE) resulted in greater improvements in speed compared to the control group. The following studies in line with the current study’s findings.Junker D, Stoggl T (2019), Their study explored the effects of foam rolling versus core stabilization training on flexibility, strength endurance, and performance over eight weeks. Foam rolling significantly enhanced range of motion while maintaining balance, muscle performance, and core endurance. Ambili Ragavan, Maniazhagu (2019), Their study investigated the effects of varying volumes of plyometric training on different surfaces combined with SAQ drills on explosive power among junior volleyball players. The findings demonstrated that all training combinations effectively enhanced explosive power. Overall, the study emphasizes that integrating plyometric training with SAQ drills, regardless of surface or volume, can significantly boost explosive performance in young volleyball players.Amr H. Tammam & Enas M. Hashem (2020), their study inspected the individual and combined effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching and plyometric training on muscular power and flexibility in young male volleyball players over a 6-week period.Overall, the study concludes that combining PNF stretching with plyometric training is more effective for enhancing muscular power, while flexibility improvements are comparable across training methods.Chaabene H et al. (2019), their review observes the acute effects of static stretching (StS) on strength and power performance, with a focus on its role withinwarm-up routines. Overall, the findings recommend careful use of static stretching, emphasizing that duration and context within warmup routines determine its impact on performance.Faigenbaum AD et al. (2007), their study compared the effects of combined plyometric and resistance training (PRT) with resistance training alone (RT) on fitness performance in boys aged 12–15 years over six weeks. These findings indicate that integrating plyometric

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.144exercises with resistance training enhances both upper and lower body power more effectively than resistance training alone. ulia Samek et al. (2025), they analyzed that the effects of foam rolling on muscle recovery, with emphasis on muscle strength, lactate clearance, range of motion, and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Overall, foam rolling appears to be a promising recovery strategy, but further research is needed to standardize protocols and confirm long-term benefits. Nuannuan Deng et al. (2022), their meta-analysis looked into the effects of combined upper and lower limb plyometric training (ULLPT) on physical fitness in athletes. The findings revealed small to large positive effects on upper and lower body muscle power, strength, sprint speed, agility, and flexibility. Tsai WC & Chen ZR (2021), they investigated the acute effects of foam rolling (FR) and vibration foam rolling (VFR) on drop jump performance in NCAA Division I male volleyball athletes. Overall, the findings suggest that short duration foam rolling performed approximately 2 minutes before explosive activity may enhance performance, whereas vibration foam rolling may not provide the same benefit. Warneke K et al. (2024), their systematic review evaluated whether static stretching has any meaningful effects on jumping and sprinting performance in athletic populations engaged in high-speed strength sports. These results suggest that its role in training programs should remain limited to flexibility development rather than performance enhancement. Wohlann T et al. (2023), their study tested the effects of a 6-week self-performed static stretch training (SST) program on muscle strength, flexibility, muscle morphology, and contractile properties. The findings suggest that improvements in strength are likely due to neural adaptations rather than muscle hypertrophy, while flexibility gains are attributed to changes in the muscle tendon unit. Suyog, Ishani Sinha, Zeeshan (2025), their systematic review discovered the effects of foam rolling (FR) on muscle recovery, pain reduction, and explosive performance in plyometric-trained athletes. The evidence from multiple randomized and experimental studies indicates that foam rolling is effective in reducing delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and improving shortterm recovery after high-intensity exercise. Some studies also reported improvements in explosive power when foam rolling was applied as a post-exercise recovery strategy, although the results were not fully consistent across all trials. The variability in outcomes is influenced by differences in rolling duration, frequency, and individual athlete

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.145characteristics. Overall, foam rolling appears to be a practical and accessible recovery method that supports muscle relaxation and functional recovery. It may also provide temporary performance benefits in explosive activities. However, further well-controlled research is required to confirm its long-term effectiveness and to develop standardized application protocols for athletes.CONCLUSIONS:1. Twelve weeks of low-intensity plyometric training (LIPT), lowintensity plyometric training combined with static stretching (LIPT+SS), and low-intensity plyometric training combined with foam roller exercises (LIPT+FRE) resulted in greater improvements in speed compared to the control group.2. Among the three experimental groups, LIPT combined with foam roller exercises (LIPT+FRE) produced the greatest improvement in speed, outperforming LIPT+SS and LIPT alone.3. The LIPT combined with static stretching group (LIPT+SS) showed significantly greater improvement than the LIPT-only group.4. The least improvement among the experimental groups was observed in the LIPT-only group.5. The control group showed no improvement in speed among junior athletes.REFERENCES:1. Ambili Ragavan, Maniazhagu (2019). Effects of two volume of plyometric training on different surface combined with SAQ drills on explosive power of junior volley ball players. International journal of physical education sports management and yogic science,9(1): 13-172. Amr H. Tammam & Enas M. Hashem (2020). Individual and Combined Effects of PNF Stretching and Plyometric Training on Muscular Power and Flexibility for Volleyball Players. https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/1499/14853. Chaabene H, Behm DG, Negra Y, Granacher U (2019). Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power: An Attempt to Clarify Previous Caveats. Front Physiol. 2019 Nov 29; 10:1468. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01468. PMID: 31849713; PMCID: PMC6895680.4. Faigenbaum AD, McFarland JE, Keiper FB, Tevlin W, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Hoffman JR (2007). Effects of a short-term plyometric and

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.146resistance training program on fitness performance in boys age 12 to 15 years. J Sports Sci Med. 2007 Dec 1;6(4):519-25. PMID: 24149486; PMCID: PMC3794493.5. Julia Samek, Wojciech Ługowski, Karolina Bartoszewska, Weronika Matwiejuk, Iga Kwiecień, Jakub Komorowski-Roszkiewicz, Karol Marcyś, & Piotr Suski. (2025). The impact of foam rolling on muscle recovery and pain relief-a review article. International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science, 2(46). DOI: https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.2(46).2025.33236. Junker D, Stöggl T (2019). The Training Effects of Foam Rolling on Core Strength Endurance, Balance, Muscle Performance and Range of Motion: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med. 2019 Jun 1; 18(2):229-238. PMID: 31191092; PMCID: PMC6543984.7. Nuannuan Deng, Kim Geok Soh, Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Borhannudin Abdullah, Kamariah Md Salleh and Dandan Huang (2022). Effects of Combined Upper and Lower Limb Plyometric Training Interventions on Physical Fitness in Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2023, 20(1), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph200104828. Suyog, Ishani Sinha, Zeeshan (2025). Influence of foam rolling on muscle pain and explosive power in plyometric-trained athletes: a systematic review. 2025 IJRAR April 2025, Volume 12, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)9. Tsai WC & Chen ZR (2021). The Acute Effect of Foam Rolling and Vibration Foam Rolling on Drop Jump Performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 27; 18(7):3489. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073489. PMID: 33801720; PMCID: PMC8037843.10. Warneke K, Freundorfer P, Plöschberger G, Behm DG, Konrad A and Schmidt T (2024). Effects of chronic static stretching interventions on jumping and sprinting performance–a systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Front. Physiol. 15:1372689. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1372689 11. Wohlann T, Warneke K, Hillebrecht M, Petersmann A, Ferrauti A and Schiemann S (2023). Effects of daily static stretch training over 6 weeks on maximal strength, muscle thickness, contraction properties, and flexibility. Front. Sports Act. Living 5:1139065. DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1139065.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.147EFFECT OF DROP BALL GAME TRAINING ON SELECTED MOTOR SKILLS AND SPORT-SPECIFIC SKILLS OF ATHLETESDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00007.9Nagsen Dyaneshwarrao Atkore, Research Scholar, Dr. B. A. M. University Chattrapati Sambhaji Nagar Aurangabad.Dr. Abdul Waheed, Professor, M. S. M. College of Physical Education, Dr. B. A. M. University Chattrapati Sambhaji Nagar Aurangabad.ABSTRACT:Fitness components related to skills such as coordination, speed, reaction time, and accuracy play a crucial role in athletic performance. The drop ball game is a perceptual-motor training method used to improve neuromuscular skills in athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of drop ball game training on selected motor skills and sport-specific skills in college athletes. Thirty-six athletes were selected and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group underwent drop ball game training for eight weeks, while the control group continued with their traditional training. Skill-related tests were conducted before and after the training period. Statistical analysis revealed significant improvements in coordination, reaction time, speed, and skill accuracy in the experimental group. The study concluded that drop ball game training is an effective method for improving skill-related performance in athletes.Keywords: Drop Ball Game, Motor Skills, Coordination, Reaction Time, Skill PerformanceINTRODUCTION:Skill-related fitness is a crucial component of athletic performance and includes reaction time, coordination, speed, agility, power, and accuracy. These skills play a vital role in almost all sports and physical activities. Athletes with superior skill-related abilities can execute movements more efficiently, react quickly to changing situations, and perform sport-specific techniques with greater precision. Therefore,

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.148developing skill-related fitness has become a primary objective of modern sports training programs. In recent years, sports scientists and coaches have focused on perceptual-motor training methods to enhance motor skill performance. One such innovative training method is the drop ball game, also known as reaction ball training. The drop ball game utilizes a specially designed irregularly shaped ball that bounces unpredictably when dropped. This unpredictable movement pattern forces athletes to react quickly, improve visual perception, and enhance neuromuscular coordination. The drop ball game stimulates the central nervous system by requiring rapid processing of sensory information and immediate motor responses. When an athlete attempts to catch or react to the randomly bouncing ball, multiple physiological systems, such as the visual system, nervous system, and musculoskeletal system, work in conjunction. This integrated response enhances sensorimotor coordination, reaction speed, and motor learning. Consequently, drop ball game training is widely used in sports such as cricket, football, badminton, basketball, judo, and tennis. Skill acquisition and motor learning are fundamental aspects of physical education and sports training. According to motor learning principles, repeated practice with varied and unpredictable stimuli improves motor control and adaptability. The drop ball game provides diverse practice scenarios that help athletes develop adaptive motor skills and improve performance in competitive situations. Furthermore, this training method enhances focus, decision-making abilities, and anticipation skills, which are crucial for high-level athletic performance. Previous research studies have indicated that reaction-based drills significantly improve reaction time, agility, and coordination among athletes. However, limited research has been conducted on the effects of drop ball game training on selected skill-related fitness components and sport-specific skill performance. Therefore, there is a need to scientifically study the effectiveness of drop ball game training on motor skills such as coordination, speed, reaction time, and skill accuracy. The present study aims to investigate the effects of drop ball game training on selected skill-related fitness components and sport-specific skills among athletes. The findings of this study can provide valuable insights to coaches, trainers, and physical education teachers in designing effective training programs for skill development.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of Drop Ball Game training on selected skill-related

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.149fitness components and sport-specific skills of athletes. The specific objectives of the study were as follows:1. To study the effect of Drop Ball Game training on coordination of athletes.2. To examine the effect of Drop Ball Game training on reaction time among athletes.3. To determine the effect of Drop Ball Game training on speed performance of athletes.4. To evaluate the effect of Drop Ball Game training on sport-specific skill performance (such as passing, throwing, striking, or catching skills).5. To compare the pre-test and post-test performance of the experimental group in selected skill-related variables.6. To compare the post-test performance of experimental and control groups after the training period.7. To provide scientific recommendations for coaches and physical education teachers regarding the use of Drop Ball Game training for skill development.HYPOTHESES:In the present study, the following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 level of significance:1. Null Hypotheses1. There will be no significant difference in coordination between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group after Drop Ball Game training.2. There will be no significant difference in reaction time between the experimental and control groups after the training period.3. There will be no significant difference in speed performance between the experimental and control groups after Drop Ball Game training.4. There will be no significant difference in sport-specific skill performance between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group.5. There will be no significant difference in overall skill-related fitness variables between the experimental and control groups at the post-test stage.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.150METHODOLOGY:1 SubjectsThe subjects consisted of 36 male athletes aged 18–25 years selected from a college sports department. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups:• Experimental Group (n = 18)• Control Group (n = 18)2 Variables• Independent Variable: Drop Ball Game Training• Dependent Variables:✓ Coordination✓ Reaction Time✓ Speed✓ Sport-Specific Skill Performance3 Training ProgramThe experimental group underwent Drop Ball Game training for 8 weeks, 5 days per week, 30 minutes per session.Training drills included:• Single-hand drop ball catch• Dual-hand alternating catch• Partner reaction drills• Sport-specific ball response drillsThe control group followed routine physical training.4 Tests UsedVariable TestCoordination Alternate Hand Wall Toss TestReaction Time Drop Ball Reaction TestSpeed 50 m Sprint TestSkill PerformanceSport-Specific Skill Test (Passing / Throwing / Striking Accuracy Test)5 Statistical AnalysisMean, Standard Deviation, and t-test were used to analyze the data at 0.05 level of significance.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.151RESULTS:Table 1: Coordination Scores (Experimental Group)Test Mean SDPre-test 15.20 2.50Post-test 23.45 2.10t = 7.45 (p < 0.05)Table 2: Reaction Time ScoresGroup Pre-test (sec) Post-test (sec)Experimental 0.41 0.27Control 0.40 0.38t = 5.92 (p < 0.05)15.223.452.5 2.10510152025Pre-test Post-testTable 1: Coordination Scores (Experimental Group)Mean SD0.41 0.40.270.3800.5Experimental ControlTable 2: Reaction Time ScoresPre-test (sec) Post-test (sec)

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.152Table 3: Speed Performance (50 m Sprint)Group Pre-test (sec) Post-test (sec)Experimental 6.80 6.20Control 6.75 6.60Table 4: Skill Performance TestGroup Pre-test Post-testExperimental 18.30 27.50Control 18.20 20.106.8 6.756.26.65.866.26.46.66.87Experimental ControlTable 3: Speed Performance (50 m Sprint)Pre-test (sec) Post-test (sec)18.3 18.227.520.10102030Experimental ControlTable 4: Skill Performance TestPre-test Post-test

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.153DISCUSSION:The findings of the study indicated that Drop Ball Game training significantly improved coordination, reaction time, speed, and sport-specific skills among athletes. The irregular bounce of the drop ball requires rapid perception, decision-making, and motor execution, which enhances neuromuscular efficiency.Drop ball training improves sensorimotor coordination and enhances skill learning by increasing neural adaptation and motor unit recruitment. These findings support previous research studies that reported significant improvement in perceptual–motor skills following reaction ball training.CONCLUSION:The present study was conducted to examine the effect of Drop Ball Game training on selected skill-related fitness components and sport-specific skills of athletes. Based on the results and statistical analysis, it was concluded that Drop Ball Game training had a significant positive impact on the development of coordination, reaction time, speed, and sport-specific skill performance among athletes in the experimental group.The findings revealed that athletes who participated in the Drop Ball Game training program showed greater improvement in motor skills compared to those who followed conventional training methods. The unpredictable nature of the drop ball drills enhanced perceptual–motor coordination, neuromuscular efficiency, and cognitive response, which contributed to improved skill execution and overall athletic performance.The study also confirmed that perceptual–motor training methods such as the Drop Ball Game are effective tools for skill development in sports. This type of training helps athletes adapt to dynamic and unpredictable sport environments by improving their ability to perceive stimuli, make quick decisions, and execute precise movements.Therefore, it can be concluded that Drop Ball Game training is an effective and scientifically supported training method for enhancing skill-related fitness and sport-specific skills. Coaches, trainers, and physical education teachers are strongly recommended to incorporate Drop Ball Game drills into regular training programs to improve athletes’ skill performance and competitive success.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.154REFERENCES:1. Johnson, B. L., & Nelson, J. K. (1988). Practical Measurement for Evaluation in Physical Education. Surjeet Publications.2. Magill, R. A., & Anderson, D. (2017). Motor Learning and Control: Concepts and Applications. McGraw-Hill.3. Rajguru, V., & Maurya, N. (2020). Effect of reaction ball training on agility and reaction time in football players. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education, 7(4), 6–114. Schmidt, R. A., & Lee, T. D. (2014). Motor Control and Learning: A Behavioral Emphasis. Human Kinetics.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.155EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NEUROMUCULAR TRAINING ON AGILITY OF JUNIOR ATHLETESDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00008.5Shanthi S., Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University.Dr. D. Maniazhagu, Supervisor, Department of Physical Education &Health Sciences, Alagappa University.Dr. M. Kalaiselvi, Co-Supervisor, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University.ABSTRACT:Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of different neuromuscular training on agility of junior athletes. Methods: The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes’ who taking part in the school level zonal athletic competitions from Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Erode Tamilnadu. The age ranged between twelve and thirteen years, which were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the agility tested by ‘T’ test and performance recorded in seconds. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. Statistical Procedure: To process the results of the study, analysis of the data was done with the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software. The statistics obtained were provided by way analysis of co variance. The level of confidence was fixed at 95% and values below p<0.05 were considered significant. Results: The oneway analysis of co variance showed a significant (p<0.05) improvement in agility over the 12 weeks of stipulated training. Conclusion: The results indicate considerable significant improvement on agility was observed. The findings indicate that the selected training regimes led to significant improvement on agility.Keywords: 1. Plyometric, 2. Resistance band, 3. Jump rope, 4. Agility 5. Ancova.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.156INTRODUCTION:Neuromuscular training, as a training program that incorporates general (e.g., fundamental movements) and specific (e.g., sport-specific movements) strength and conditioning activities, Neuromuscular training is a multimodal form of training that uses resistance exercises, dynamic stability, core exercises, and plyometric and agility training performed in short intervals with intermittent periods of rest. The word plyometrics is actually a derivation from the Greek words plyo, which means to increase and metric, which means to measure. Consequently, the purpose of plyometrics may be thought of as “to increase themeasurement.” Typically, the measurement is sports performance outcomes demonstrated in testing or competition such as throwing, serving velocity, jump height or sprint speed. Jump rope training is a form of training to improve both lower and upper extremities. Today, rope jumping is often featured prominently as part of sports training and fitness programs because it has proven itself as a valuable technique that provides a wide range of benefits and competitive advantages.METHODOLOGY:The experimental study enrolled 60 junior athletes’ who taking part in the school level zonal athletic competitions from Sakthi Higher Secondary School, Erode TamilNadu. The age ranged between twelve and thirteen years, which were selected to carry out the research. The subjects who met the inclusion criteria were selected using random sampling and divided into three intervention groups and a control group. The test items used to collect the agility tested by ‘T’ test and performance recorded in seconds. The 12 weeks of stipulated training was provided to the participants for the period of 60-minute sessions for the three alternative days in a week. During the training period athletes not reported any injury. The basic training load was fixed based on the performance of pilot study. The progression of the load wasraised in once in four weeks during the 12 weeks of training period.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.157TABLE-1THE END RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON AGILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUP(Scores in seconds)Test SAQ RBT PT CG SV SS Df MS ‘F’ Ratiop value Pre TestMean 13.05 13.00 12.99 12.97 Between 0.05 3 0.019 0.16 0.918S.D. 0.36 0.33 0.3 0.32 Within 6.18 56 0.11Post TestMean 11.16 12.41 11.68 13.003 Between 30.43 3 10.14 176.6* 0.00S.D. 0.21 0.22 0.09 0.35 Within 3.21 36 0.5Adjusted Post TestMean 11.14 12.42 11.69 13.05 Between 31.19 3 10.39 280.85* 0.00Within 2.03 55 0.03Table F Value for significant at 0.05 level with df 3 and 55 is 2.77) The pre-test means of agility were 13.05 and SD 0.36 for speed agility and quickness training, 13.00and SD 0.33 for resistance band training, 12.99 and SD 0.3 for plyometric training and 12.97and SD 0.32 for control group. The obtained F ratio 0.16 was lesser than the table F ratio 2.77 Hence the pre-test was not significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 3 and 55. The post-test means of agility were 11.16 and SD 0.21 for speed agility and quickness training, 12.41and SD 0.22 for resistance band training, 11.68 and SD 0.09 for plyometric training and 13.003 and SD 0.35 for control group. The obtained F ratio 176.6 was higher than the table F ratio 2.77 Hence the pot-test was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 3 and 55. The adjusted post-test means of agility were 11.14 for speed agility and quickness training, 12.42 for resistance band training, 11.69 for plyometric training and 13.05 for control group. The obtained F ratio 280.85 was higher than the table F ratio 2.77 Hence the adjusted pot-test was significant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 3 and 55. The results has clearly proved that there was a significant difference noticed among the experimental groups. To observe

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.158the superiority effect among the training group the bonferroni multiple pair wise test was observed.TABLE-2 BONFERRONI PAIR WISE MULTIPLE COMPARISON ON AGILITY AMONG THE EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPSAQ RBT PT CG Mean Differences P value 11.14 12.42 - - 1.28* 0.0011.14 - 11.69 - 0.55* 0.0011.14 - - 13.05 1.91* 0.00- 12.42 11.69 - 0.73* 0.00- 12.42 - 13.05 0.63* 0.00- - 11.69 13.05 1.36* 0.00Significant comparisons:7) The speed agility and quickness training and resistance band training.8) The speed agility and quickness training and plyometric training.9) The speed agility and quickness training and control group.10) The resistance band training and plyometric tarining.11) The resistance band training and control group.12) The plyometric training and control croup.The mean differences values of above comparisons were 1.28, 0.55, 1.91, 0.73, 0.63, and 1.36respectively, which is lesser than the p values of 0.05 level of confidence. Hence the above all comparisons were show the significant different improvement of agility.COMPARISON RESULTS:4) The speed agility and quickness training has better than resistance band and plyometric training.5) The plyometric training has shown the second best than the resistance band.6) The resistance band also shows the least improvement on agility.DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS;The Twelve weeks of peed agility and quickness training (SAQ), resistance band training (RBT), plyometric training (PT) resulted in greater improvements in agility compared to the control group. The following studies in line with the current studies. Lourdu Raj, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2022), their study aims to investigate the

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.159effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on the power of junior athletes. The results indicated that both experimental groups showed greater improvement in power compared to the control group.Cincy B Christopher, Urvashi Tiwari, D. Maniazhagu (2025), their study intend to analyze the effect of concurrent neuromuscular training combined with football practice on speed performance among 45 school boys aged 11–12 years from Alagappa Physical Fitness Academy, Karaikudi. Overall, the study effectively demonstrated the impact of training timing on speed development in young football players. Malar Ss, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2019), They attempt to evaluate the effects of two combinations of neuromuscular drills and asana practices on speed performance among 30 school boys aged 10–13 years from Alagappa Fitness Foundation, Karaikudi. Overall, the study confirmed that combined neuromuscular and asana training effectively enhances speed performance in school boys. S. Balaganesh, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2024), they endeavor to study the effect of concurrent neuromuscular training combined with football practice on cardiorespiratory endurance among school boys. The level of significance was set at 0.05 to test the hypotheses. Maniazhagu Dharuman, Soniya James, Malar S. (2018), they set out to investigate the effects of asana practices and stretching exercises combined with neuromuscular drills on cardiorespiratory endurance among school girls. The findings revealed improvements in both experimental groups, with a greater increase in the AP-NMD group. Overall, asana practice combined with neuromuscular drills proved more effective in enhancing cardiorespiratory endurance than stretching exercises and control condition Maria S. A. et.al. (2025), they focus on examining the effects of jump rope training on cardiovascular capacity and muscular strength among university students. The findings indicate that incorporating jump rope training effectively enhances both cardiovascular efficiency and muscular strength in young adults. Zhou, Q. et.al. (2025), their study work to analyze the biomechanical effects of cycle-tempo variations on motor control in elite jump rope athletes. Overall, the findings highlight significant motor control adaptations with increased jump rope tempo, providing valuable insights for optimizing training efficiency and performance. Nanda Eriko Pratama et.al. (2018), their study aimed to examine the effects of ladder drills and jump rope exercises on speed, agility, and lower limb muscle power. The results showed that both training methods significantly

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.160improved speed, agility, and muscle power compared to the control group. Ladder drills were more effective in improving speed and agility, while jump rope training showed greater improvement in lower limb muscle power. Overall, both training methods positively influenced physical performance variables.Trecroci A, Cavaggioni L, Caccia R, Alberti G (2015), they undertake to explore the effects of incorporating jumping rope exercises on motor abilities and body balance in preadolescent soccer players. Overall, jumping rope training was found to enhance coordination, balance, and general motor skills in young soccer players, supporting its inclusion in regular training programs. Lorke, N et.al. (2022), their study conducts an analysis of the biomechanical characteristics of speed rope skipping with a focus on the contributions of the upper and lower limbs to overall performance in 23 rope skippers. Results showed highly consistent lower-limb movement patterns across participants, whereas upper-limb handle trajectories varied in shape and symmetry depending on performance level. Notably, turning performance showed a strong and significant correlation with overall skipping ability, unlike jumping performance. These findings suggest that rope skipping performance is primarily constrained by upper-limb function, with lower-limb actions adapting to maintain rhythmic stability and coordination.Si X, Liu Y, Feng X & Feng S (2025), their study pursue an investigation into the effects of Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) training on agility performance in collegiate Sanda athletes, compared with traditional agility training. Notably, large effect sizes were observed in key tests such as the Illinois Agility Test and sport-specific combinations, indicating strong practical significance. Overall, the findings suggest that SAQ training is more effective than traditional methods in enhancing agility performance among collegiate Sanda athletes, supporting its integration into specialized training programs.Chen, C.F, & Wu, H.-J. (2022), their purpose of this study was to explore the utility of an 8-week rope skipping intervention in enhancing standing long jump performance was assessed by means of specific kinematic parameters acquired by 3-D space photography. Based on the results, the velocity of the center of gravity at take-off and landing were significantly improved. In addition, the study confirmed the requirement for forward tilt of the hip joint at landing to increase the velocity of the center of gravity and hence long jump distance. The detailed kinematic analysis described here provided further evidence of

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.161the benefits of integrating non-specialized and specialized training activities to enhance athletic performance and offers a contribution to movement theory and practice. Deng L et.al. (2024), they quasiexperimental study examined the effects of a 10-week fancy rope skipping intervention on motor coordination and selective attention in 7–9-year-old children. Overall, the findings suggest that structured fancy rope-skipping can effectively enhance both motor coordination and selective attention accuracy in children aged 7-9 years. Barrio E.et.al. (2023), their systematic review explored how modifying moderator variables within jump rope training (JRT) programs influences health and physical fitness outcomes in school-age participants. Using a comprehensive search across PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, eight eligible studies were analyzed and mapped through an evidence-gap framework. The findings revealed that both health- and fitness-related outcomes were moderately represented, though overall research remains limited. Importantly, variables such as rope weight, type of jump, total jump volume, and post-exercise recovery strategies were identified as key factors influencing training effectiveness. The study highlights that strategic manipulation of these variables can optimize JRT outcomes, while also emphasizing the need for further research to address existing gaps in evidence.Wei B, Cheng W & Qiu J (2025), their study be designed to examine the effects of high-intensity intermittent rope skipping (HIIRS) on soccer-specific speed and power in elite players over a 12-week training period. These findings highlight the value of integrating high-intensity rope skipping into soccer training to optimize neuromuscular adaptations and overall speed development.CONCLUSIONS:6) Twelve weeks of speed agility quickness training (SAQ), resistance band training (RBT) plyometric training (PT) resulted in greater improvements in agility compared to the control group.7) Among the three experimental groups, speed agility quickness training (SAQ), produced the greatest improvement in agility, outperforming both resistance band training (RBT) and plyometric training (PT).8) The plyometric training (PT) showed significantly greater improvement than the resistance band training (RBT) group.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.1629) The least improvement among the experimental groups was observed in the resistance band training (RBT) group.10)The control group showed no improvement in agility among junior athletes.REFERENCES:1. Barrio E. D. Alvarez, C. Thapa R, K. Ramachandran, A. K. Singh U & Ramirez-Campillo R. (2023). Jump rope training for health and fitness in school-age participants: secondary analyses from a systematic review. Int. J. Kinesiol. Sports Sci.11, 27–41. 10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.11n.1p.272. Chen, C.F, & Wu, H.-J. (2022). The Effect of an 8-Week Rope Skipping Intervention on Standing Long Jump Performance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(14), 8472. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191484723. Cincy B Christopher, Urvashi Tiwari, D. Maniazhagu (2025). Effect of concurrent neuromuscular training and football game practice on speed 2025 JETIR 23 September, Volume 12, Issue 9, DOI: www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-51624. Deng L, Wu H, Ruan H, Xu D, Pang S and Shi M (2024). Effects of fancy rope-skipping on motor coordination and selective attention in children aged 7–9 years: a quasi-experimental study. Front. Psychol. 15:1383397. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.13833975. Lorke, N., Keller, S., Rein, R., Zedler, M., Drescher, C., Weil, P., Braunstein, B. (2022). Speed Rope Skipping - Performance and Coordination in a Four-Limb Task. Journal of Motor Behavior, 54(5), 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2022.20421786. Lourdu Raj, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2022). Effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on power. January 2022 International Journal of Physical Education Sports and Health 9(1):168-173 DOI:10.22271/kheljournal.2022.v9.i1c.23637. Malar Ss, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2019). Effects of integrative neuromuscular training combined with yoga and stretching exercises on speed of primary school children. January 2019 International Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences 9(3):14 DOI:10.5958/2278-795X.2019.00017.18. Maniazhagu Dharuman, Soniya James, Malar Ss (2018). Effects of asana practices and stretching exercises combined with neuromuscular drills on cardio respiratory endurance of school girls. October 2018, International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6(10):221-226 DOI:10.5281/zenodo.1486217

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.1639. Maria SA, Nicolae OM, Nicola M, Szekely AS, Sorin S, Dorina I, Hervás-Gómez C, Cornelia P, Florina GE, Teodor GV (2025). Jump Rope Training Improves Muscular Strength and Cardiovascular Fitness in University Students: A Controlled Educational Intervention. Sports (Basel). 2025 Sep 5; 13(9):307. DOI: 10.3390/sports13090307. PMID: 41003613; PMCID: PMC12473967.10. Nanda Eriko Pratama, Edy Mintarto, Nining Widyah Kusnanik (2018).The influence of ladder drills and jump rope exercise towards speed, agility, and power of limb muscle. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE) e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 5, Issue 1, (Jan - Feb 2018), PP 22-29 www.iosrjournals.org11. S. Balaganesh, Maniazhagu Dharuman (2024). Effect of concurrent neuromuscular training and football game practice on cardio respiratory endurance. January 2024 International Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences 14(1):28-42 DOI:10.5958/2278-795X.2024.00004.412. Si X, Liu Y, Feng X & Feng S (2025). Experimental study on the impact of Speed-Agility-Quickness Training method on the agility performance of collegiate sanda specialty students. PeerJ. 2025 May 14; 13:e19406. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19406. PMID: 40386240; PMCID: PMC12085117.13. Trecroci A, Cavaggioni L, Caccia R, Alberti G (2015). Jump Rope Training: Balance and Motor Coordination in Preadolescent Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med. 2015 Nov 24; 14(4):792-8. PMID: 26664276; PMCID: PMC4657422.14. Wei B, Cheng W & Qiu J (2025). The effects of 12 weeks of highintensity interval rope skipping training on speed and power indexes in male soccer players. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2025 Jul 10; 13:1579535. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2025.1579535. PMID: 40708856; PMCID: PMC12287092.15. Zhou, Q., Liu, Y., Kang, J., Wang, X., Zhang, K., & Shan, G. (2025). Biomechanical analysis of cycle-tempo effects on motor control among jump rope elites. Bioengineering, 12(2), 162. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12020162

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.164EFFECT OF CONCURRENT COMPLEX TRAINING AND AEROBIC TRAINING ON VO2 MAX OF COLLEGE HANDBALL PLAYERSDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00009.1Byju K. Research Scholar, Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Alagappa UniversityDr. P. Kaleeswaran, Professor & Research Supervisor, Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Alagappa UniversityABSTRACT:The purpose of study was to find out the effect of concurrent complex training and aerobic training on VO2 max of college handball players. To achieve this purpose of the study, forty-five collegiate men handball players from affiliated colleges of Alagappa university, Karaikudi, were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 and 25 years. They were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=15, COM.T(a)AT, underwent complex training after aerobic training, the experimental group-2 (n=15, COM.T(b)AT) underwent complex training before aerobic training, and group 3 served as control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. The VO2 max was selected as criterion variable and the measurement was recorded in litters. The selected two treatments were performed 3 days in a week for the period of twelve weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The collected pre and post data was critically analysed with apt statistical tool of one-way analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups with. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant was fixed in this study. Key words: 1. Complex training, 2. Aerobic training, 3. VO2 max, 4. Step test, 5. Ancova.INTRODUCTION: Complex training occurs when the athlete alternate weight training and plyometric within the same workout session. The athlete may also experience a quicker rise in performance when doing this

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.165form of training; this makes it extremely useful for athletes who have a shorter time to prepare for competition because of their scheduling (eg., professional tennis players). Combining strength movement exercises with speed movements (such as the depth jump, double-leg hop, or standing triple jump can be a very effective way to stimulate the neuromuscular system and provide variety for the athlete. The arousal mechanism that is stimulated with maximum or near maximal lifting, and the athlete can take advantage of this situation when using plyometric exercises as well. The body appears to remain in this arousal or heightened state of excitement for a short window of time at the conclusion of a heavy set. By immediately adding a plyometric activity, the athlete can take advantage of this physiological state and use it to perform higher-quality plyometric drills. This type of training is an advanced form and works best for athletes who have a training base and history to fall back on. Proper execution of the lifts and the jump drills is extremely important, and this is the wrong time try to teach basic lifting techniques (Chu, 2013). Aerobic training is a rhythmic, continuous activity that increases heart rate and oxygen consumption, strengthening the cardiovascular system and improving endurance. It involves large muscle groups in exercises like running, swimming, or cycling, with recommended weekly goals of 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous activity to boost overall fitness and health.METHODOLOGY:To achieve this purpose of the study, forty five collegiate men handball players from affiliated colleges of Alagappa university, Karaikudi, were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged between 18 and 25 years. They were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1 (n=15, COM.T(a)AT, underwent complex training after aerobic training, the experimental group-2 (n=15, COM.T(b)AT) underwent complex training before aerobic training, and group 3 served as control group (n=10, CG) did not undergo any specific training. The VO2 max was selected as criterion variable and the measurement was recorded in litters. The selected two treatments were performed 3 days in a week for the period of twelve weeks, as per the stipulated training program.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.166TABLE - ITHE RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE OF DIFFERENT GROUPS (Scores in Litters)Test Conditions Ex-1COM.T(A)+ATEx-1COM.T(B)+ATGr3CGSV SS Df MS ‘F’ ratioPre test M 3.48 3.50 3.49 0.0028 2 0.0014 0.57S.D. 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.0129 42 0.0025Post test M 3.58 3.54 3.50 0.0499 2 0.0224 8.91S.D. 0.04 0.05 3.54 0.0025 42 0.0025Adjusted Post test M 3.69 3.53 3.500.0557 2 0.027974.000.0154 41 0.004* Significant at .05 level of confidence. The required tables value for test the significance was 2.87 and 2.87 with the df of 3 and 36, 3 and 35.RESULTS OF MAX:The pre-test means and standard deviation on VO2 Max scores G1, G2, and G3 were 3.48+0.04, 3.50+0.06, and 3.49+ 0.04, respectively. The obtained pre-test F value of 0. 57 were lesser than the required table F value 2.87. Hence the pre-test means value of complex training after aerobic training, complex training before aerobic training before start of the respective treatments were found to be insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for the degrees of freedom 2 and 42. Thus this analysis confirmed that the random assignment of subjects into three groups were successful. The post-test mean and standard deviation on VO2 Max scores G1, G2, and G3 were 3.58+0.04, 3.54+0.05, and 3.50+ 0.54, respectively. The obtained pre-test F value of 8.91 were lesser than the required table F value 2.87. Hence the pretest means value of complex training after aerobic training, complex training before aerobic training before start of the respective treatments were found to be insignificant at 0.05 level of confidence for thedegrees of freedom 2 and 42. Thus this analysis confirmed that the random assignment of subjects into three groups were successful. The adjusted post-test means on cardio respiratory endurance scores of G1,

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.167G2, G3 and G4 were 3.59, 3.53 and 3.50 respectively. The obtained adjusted post-test F value of 74.00 was higher than the required table F value of 2.87. In order to find out the superiority effects among the treatment and control groups the Scheffe’s post hoc test were administered. The outcomes of the same are presented in the table IITABLE - IITHE RESULTS OF SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST MEAN DIFFERENCES ON VO2 max ENDURANCE AMONG THE GROUPS(Scores in Litters)Ex-1SNPEx-2SNP+PPGr-3CGMean Differences CI Value3.59 3.53 ----- 0.06*0.018 3.59 - 3.50 0.09*----- 3.53 3.50 0.03** Significant at .05 level of confidence.RESULT OF SCHEFFE’S POST HOC TEST ON CARDIO RESPIRATORY ENDURANCE:Table II shows the paired mean differences of complex training after aerobic training and complex training before aerobic training, complex training after aerobic training and control group, complex training before aerobic training and control group. The results clearly indicated that all two training have produced a significant improvement on VO2 max than the control group. However the superior of effect has noticed on complex training after aerobic training.DISCUSSIONS:Dellus, C., Kumar, S. R., Balsundar, G., & Natarajan, P (2026), their study investigated that the effects of a 12-week structured and varied physical training program on cardiovascular endurance among school-level male handball players. Sixty participants were randomly divided into functional, conventional, combined, and control groups, with experimental groups training five days per week. Cardiovascular endurance was assessed using the Cooper 12-minute run/walk test. The findings revealed significant improvements in all experimental groups, while the control group showed minimal change. Among the interventions, functional training produced the highest improvement, followed by combined and conventional training.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.168Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences between groups, favoring the experimental treatments. Overall, the study highlights that structured multi-modal training, particularly functional training, is highly effective in enhancing cardiovascular endurance in young handball players. Razeena, K. I., & Razia, K. I (2025), they study surveyed the effect of aerobic exercises on selected physical fitness variables among school-level handball players. Thirty participants aged 15–18 years were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent a 12-week aerobic training program, while the control group followed regular activities. Pre- and post-tests were conducted, and data were analyzed using the dependent t-test at a 0.05 level of significance. The results revealed significant improvements in all selected physical fitness variables in the experimental group. In contrast, the control group showed no notable changes. The findings highlight the effectiveness of aerobic exercises in enhancing overall fitness among handball players. Rameshkannan and Chittibabu (2024), they observed that the effects of handballspecific endurance circuit training on VO₂ max and cardiovascular variables in trained male handball players. Twenty-four players were divided into experimental and control groups, with the training group performing high-intensity circuits for 12 weeks. The results revealed significant improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and Yo-Yo test performance. Notable positive adaptations were also observed in cardiovascular variables, including resting and peak heart rate. The structured high-intensity protocol enhanced aerobic efficiency while reducing cardiovascular strain. The findings emphasize the effectiveness of sport-specific endurance circuits in optimizing performance. Overall, the study supports the use of targeted training for improving aerobic capacity and cardiovascular fitness in handball players. Ajithkumar, L (2023), his study observed the impact of plyometric training and resistance training on physical and physiological parameters of male handball players. Forty-five players aged 18–25 were divided into plyometric, resistance, and control groups for an 8-week training program. Standardized tests were used to assess shoulder strength, abdominal muscular strength, resting heart rate, and breath-holding time. The results revealed significant improvements in physical parameters for both experimental groups compared to the control group. Resistance training showed greater enhancement in shoulder strength, while plyometric training was more

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.169effective in improving abdominal muscular strength. However, physiological variables such as resting heart rate and breath-holding time showed no significant changes. Overall, the findings indicate that both training methods are effective for improving physical performance, with specific advantages depending on the variable. Papaevangelou et al. (2023), they studied the changes in cardiorespiratory fitness among female soccer, basketball, and handball players across an annual training cycle. A total of 71 athletes underwent VO₂ max testing at the beginning, middle, and end of the season. The results revealed significant improvements in VO₂ max during the midcompetitive phase across all sports. However, a slight decline was observed at the end of the season. These variations indicate the influence of training load and seasonal demands on aerobic fitness. The mid-season peak reflects optimal physical conditioning, while the decline suggests possible fatigue or training adjustments. Overall, the study highlights the dynamic nature of cardiorespiratory fitness throughout the training cycle. Tomar R, Allen JA (2021), their study examined the effect of recreational handball on body fat percentage, VO₂ max, blood pressure, and resting heart rate among physically inactive individuals. Twenty-four participants were divided into intervention and control groups, with the experimental group engaging in recreational handball twice weekly for 12 weeks. The findings revealed a significant reduction in body fat percentage in the intervention group. However, no significant improvements were observed in aerobic capacity, blood pressure, or resting heart rate. Additionally, a notable negative relationship was found between VO₂ max and body fat percentage. The results suggest that recreational handball is effective for improving body composition but limited in enhancing physiological parameters. Overall, the study highlights its potential as a health-promoting activity for inactive populations. Kalaiselvi, D. R. M. (2022), her study intended to evaluate the effect of aerobic training combined with asana practices on cardiorespiratory endurance among handball players. Forty-five school boys aged 14-17 years were randomly selected and divided into three groups: aerobic training, aerobic training with asana, and a control group. The experimental groups underwent a 6-week training program on alternate days, while the control group received no specific training. Cardiorespiratory endurance was assessed using the Cooper 12-minute run/walk test. The results were analyzed using one way analysis of

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.170covariance at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicated significant improvements in endurance among the experimental groups compared to the control group. Notably, the group combining aerobic training with asana practices showed superior enhancement. The study highlights the effectiveness of integrating yoga practices with aerobic training for improving endurance performance. Balasubramaniana, C. M., & Chittibabu, B. (2014), their study aimed to assess the impact of four and eight weeks of small-sided handball games on body composition and VO₂ max in male handball players. Sixteen university players were randomly assigned to a training group and a control group, with the experimental group performing small-sided games three times per week. Measurements were taken at pre-, mid-, and post-test stages. The results revealed no significant changes in body composition variables such as body fat and lean body mass. However, VO₂ max showed significant improvement after both four and eight weeks of training. The enhancement in aerobic capacity was progressive, indicating the effectiveness of the training program. Overall, the findings suggest that small-sided handball games are highly effective for improving aerobic fitness, though they may not influence body composition. Balasubramanian, C. M., & Chittibabu, B. (2014), they examined that the effect of handball-specific aerobic training on the aerobic capacity of male handball players. Sixteen players were randomly divided into experimental and control groups, with the training group performing high-intensity small-sided games for six weeks. Aerobic capacity was assessed using the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level II, along with maximum heart rate monitoring. The findings revealed significant improvements in aerobic capacity, with progressive gains observed at mid- and post-testing. However, maximum exercise heart rate did not show notable changes across groups or testing phases. The structured high-intensity training proved effective in enhancing endurance within a short duration. Overall, the study supports the use of sport-specific aerobic training to improve performance in handball players.CONCLUSIONS:1. Both training interventions namely complex training g after aerobic training and complex training g before aerobic training have produced the statistically significant improvement on VO2 Max that the control group.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.1712. The complex training after the aerobic training has produced greater improvements on VO2 Max than the other training group.3. The complex training before aerobic training has produced a least development of VO2 Max than the control group.4. No changes observed in the control group on VO2 Max.REFERENCES:1. Ajithkumar, L (2023). Plyometric and Resistance Training Impacts on Strength and Cardio-Respiratory Capacity among Male Handball Players. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences. Vol.14, Issue 80, Oct 2023 International Bimonthly (Print) Open Access ISSN: 0976 – 09972. Balasubramanian, C. M., & Chittibabu, B. (2014). Effect of handball specific aerobic training on aerobic capacity and maximum exercise heart Rate of male handball players. Int. J. Phys. Educ. Fit. Sports, 3, 85-91.3. Balasubramaniana, C. M., & Chittibabub, B. (2014). Effect of handball specific aerobic training on body composition and VO2 max of male handball players. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 3(4), 40-47.4. Dellus, C., Kumar, S. R., Balsundar, G., & Natarajan, P (2026). Evaluation of a structured and varied physical training programme on cardiovascular endurance performance among school level male handball players. International Journal of Sports, Health and Physical Education 2026; 8(3): 19-23, DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.33545/26647559.2026.v8.i3a.3435. Kalaiselvi, D. R. M. (2022). Effect of Aerobic Training Combined with Asana Practices on Cardio Respiratory Endurance of Handball Players. International Journal of Physical Education Sports Management and Yogic Sciences, 12(1), 9-14. DOI: 10.5958/2278-795X.2022.00002.96. Papaevangelou, E., Papadopoulou, Z., Michailidis, Y., Mandroukas, A., Nikolaidis, P. T., Margaritelis, N. V., & Metaxas, T. (2023). Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness during a season in elite female soccer, basketball, and handball players. Applied Sciences, 13(17), 9593. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131795937. Rameshkannan, S., & Chittibabu, B. (2024). Maximal oxygen uptake and cardiovascular adaptation to handball game specific

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.172endurance circuit training in handball players. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología-Serie de Conferencias, 3, 882.8. Razeena, K. I., & Razia, K. I (2025). A Study on the Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Selected Physical Fitness Variables among Handball Players. Istoria Journal (2079-8782), Volume 8 Issue 1 2025, https://istoriya.ac9. Tomar R, Allen JA (2021). Physical and physiological benefits of small sided recreational handball in untrained males: relationship of body fat with aerobic capacity. Physical Education of Students. 2021; 25 (6): 339-44. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2021.0601

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.173INDIVIDUALIZED AND COMBINED EFFECT OF KETTLE BELL AEROBIC TRAINING ON RESTING HEART RATE AMONG COLLEGE MEN KABADDI PLAYERSDOI NO.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00010.2P. Nithish, Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa UniversityDr. M. Kalaiselvi, Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Health Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi TamilNaduABSTRACT:The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of “Individualized and combined effect of kettle bell, aerobic training on Resting heart rate among college men kabaddi players”. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five men Kabaddi players were randomly selected from Madurai Kamaraj University affiliated colleges Madurai and their age ranged between 18 to 21 yrs. The selected 45 subjects were divided in to three group of fifteen each. The groups namely Experimental Group I will be given Kettle bell training and Experimental Group II Aerobic training group for the period of 12 weeks (three days per week) and Group III acted as control group the subjects in control group are not engage in any training program other than their regular activity. Pretest will be taken before the Kettle bell training and Aerobic training period and posttest was measured immediately after the 12-week training period. The collected data will be analyzed with application for t’ test to find out the individual effect from base line to posttest if any. Further Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to determine the significant difference between the treatment means. Whenever the ‘F’ ratios will be found to be significant, scheffe’s post hoc test will be applied to test the significant difference between the paired adjusted means. 0.05 level of confidence will be fixed for all the variables to test the level of significance. Key words: Kettle bell, Aerobic training, Resting heart rate

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.174INTRODUCTION:The word Training has been a part of human language since ancient times. It denotes the process of preparation for some task. This process invariably extends to a number of days and even months and years. The term Training is widely used in sports. There is, however, some disagreement among sports coaches and also among sports scientists regarding the exact meaning of this word. Some experts, especially belonging to sports medicine, understand sports training as basically doing physical exercises. KABADDI: Kabaddi is a popular game played throughout India. It is also very popular in Japan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Malaysia, Thailand, Iran, West Indies and Pakistan. It is a very exciting and thrilling game, played between two teams consisting of seven players in a small flat area measuring 10 meters by 13 meters which is divided by a midline. The game is played for a duration of 40 minutes which is divided into two halves with an interval of 10 minutes in between. Kabaddi is a game of offence and defensive raid is the offence part of the game. The main feature of the game is raiding on the opponent’s court, alternatively by both the team players. The singularity of this game is that the defence is done with team work, whereas, attack is made by only one player against a team. This attack is known as a raid and is completely an individual effort; offensive is sum total or rounding techniques and tactics, where foot work plays a major role. Since raid is a means to score more points, the offence part of the game is given prime importance in Kabaddi. The diamonds of Kabaddi game are very discrete movements, frequent changes of pace and direction in small area and execution of skill in quick succession. All these demands by very height motor ability whichever specific to the game and are to be stressed in the training program. As the game calls for variety of qualities and an individual must develop and maintain the abilities which are very much required and are to be tested to reveal one’s playing ability.KETTLEBELL TRAINING:Kettle bells are cast iron weights ranging from 5 lbs to over 100 lbs, shaped like a ball with a handle for easy gripping. The kettle bell originated in Russia and was popular in the U.S. decades ago, but

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.175has hit resurgence in the last few years with a flurry of classes, videos, and books. Kettle bells offer a different kind of training using dynamic moves targeting almost every aspect of fitness endurance, strength, balance, agility and cardio endurance. People love it because it's challenging, efficient and you only need one piece of equipment.AEROBIC TRAINING:Aerobic exercise is any rhythmic activity maintained continuously for a period of time that uses large muscle group. The Common examples of aerobic exercise include walking, jogging/ running, swimming, rowing, stair climbing, bicycling, cross-country skiing, step and dance exercise, roller-skating, and the more continuous forms of tennis, racquetball and squash. Aerobic activity trains the heart, lungs and cardiovascular system to process and deliver oxygen more quickly and efficiently to every part of the body. The benefits of aerobic exercise and fitness include improved circulation and respiration; reduced risk of heart diseases; improved fat metabolism and reduced body weight (fat free body mass); strengthened bones, ligaments and tendons; personality changes like enhanced self-concept, body image and emotional stability. The increased capacity and adaptability associated with aerobic fitness can add life to your years, not just years to your life. Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness.METHODOLOGY:The purpose of this study was to find out “Individualized and combined effect of kettlebell, aerobic training on resting heart rate among college men Kabaddi players”. To achieve the purpose of the study forty-five men Kabaddi players were randomly selected from Madurai Kamaraj University affiliated colleges Madurai and their age ranged between 18 to 21yrs. The selected 45 subjects were divided into three group of fifteen each. The groups namely Experimental Group I will be given Kettle bell training and Experimental Group II Aerobic training period of 12 weeks (three days per week) and Group III acted as control group the subjects in control group are not engage in any training program other than their regular activity. Pretest will be taken before the Kettle bell training and Aerobic training period and posttest

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.176was measured immediately after the 12-week training period. The collected data will be analyzed with application of ‘t’ test to find out the individual effect from base line to posttest if any. Further Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) will be used to determine the significant difference between the treatment means. Whenever the ‘F’ ratios will be found to be significant, Schiff’s post hoc test will be applied to test the significant difference between the paired adjusted means. 0.05 level of confidence will be fixed for all the variables to test the level of significance. SELECTION OF VARIABLES:The Investigator reviewed the available scientific literature and on the basis of discussion with experts, feasibility, criteria, availability of instruments, equipment’s and the relevance of the variables to the present study. The following variables were selected for the present study.Independent variables 1. Kettle bell training2. Aerobic trainingDependent Variable 1. Resting Heart rateSTATISTICAL TECHNIQUE:Analysis of covariance will be used in this study. The level of significance is 0.05 level of confidence which will be considered to be the appropriate for the study and Schaffer’s post –hoc test is used in further computed to find out which group has shown up better .(Clarke and Clarke 1972).REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Andrzej Klusiewicz (2018). Conducted on endurance training. 13 solid, untrained, male volunteered understudies from physical instruction chose for the investigation. The multi-week preparing program was restricted for this investigation. The after effects of the investigation demonstrated that did not affirm a critical change in the deliberate Spiro metric parameters following the preparation program. Be that as it may, we watched a pattern of increment in greatest inspiratory weight esteems was fringe after the preparation program

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.177and a huge Edward L. Melanson (2001), conducted on endurance training for resting heart rate variability in sedentary male. 11 already stationary grown-up guys,in as the exploratory (EXP) gather with the normal age 36.6years, and they were participated in a thrice in a week for 16week supervised exercise program with the 80% of heart rate reserve to determine the temporal effects of a direct to-fiery force practice program on heart rate fluctuation five inactive guys in the normal age of 36.6 years, filled in as non-practicing controls gathering. Heart rate save was estimated at regular intervals. The consequences of the examination demonstrated that. high- impact limit (crest oxygen take-up), expanded in trial gathering, yet did not change in charge gathering. Resting heart rate did not change in either test gathering or control gathering. It is reasoned that a direct to-vivacious power practice program produces increments in time-and recurrence area measures of heart rate changeabilitywithin12week.RESULT:Resting Heart Rate: Table--1Analysis of Covariance on Resting Heart Rate of kettle bell training group, and Aerobic training group and Control groupTest Kettle bell Training GroupAerobic training groupControl groupSource of VarianceSum of Squaresdf Mean SquaresF ratioPre Test Mean 75.20 75.20 75.00Between 0.10 2 0.200.29Within 28.80 42 0.69Post Test Mean 73.07 72.13 75.13Between 70.71 2 35.3656.24*Within 26.40 42 0.63Adjusted Post Test Mean73.02 72.09 75.23Between 77.12 2 38.55132.28*Within 11.95 41 0.29Significant at 0.05 level of confidence, Table value for df (2, 42) at 0.05 level = 3.22, Table value for df(2, 41) at 0.05 level = 3.23

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.178 The above Table -1 shows that the pre-test mean values on Resting Heart Rate of kettle bell training group, Aerobic training group and Control group are 75.20, 75.20, 75.00 respectively. The obtained “F’ ratio of 0.29 for pre-test score was lesser than the table value of confidence on Resting Heart Rate. The posttest mean values on Resting Heart Rate of Kettle bell training group, Aerobic training and Control group are 73.07, 72.13, 75.13 respectively. The obtained “F’ ratio of 56.24 for post-test score was higher than the table value of 3.22 for degree of freedom 2 and 42 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on Resting Heat Rate.The adjusted post-test means on Resting Heart Rate of Kettle bell training group, Aerobic training and Control group are 73.02, 72.09 and 75.23 respectively. The obtained ‘F’ ratio of 132.28 for adjusted post-test score was higher than the table value of 3.23 for degree of freedom 2 and 42 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence on resting Heart Rate.The result of the study indicate that there are significant difference among the adjusted post-test means Kettle bell training group, Aerobic training and Control group in Resting Heart Rate performance.To determine which of the paired means have a significant difference, the Scheff’s test is applied as Post hoe test and the results are presented in Table--II.Table –IIScheffe’s Test for the Differences between Adjusted Post-Test Mean on Resting Heart RateAdjusted Post-test meansKettle bell Training GroupAerobic training GroupControl groupMean DifferenceConfidence Interval73.02 72.09 0.93* 0.5073.02 75.23 2.21* 0.5072.09 75.23 3.14* 0.50*Significant at 0.05 level of confidence

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.179Table –II shows that the adjusted post-test mean difference in Resting Heart Rate between Kettle bell Training groups, Aerobic Training group and Control group, Kettle bell training and control group and Aerobic training group and control group are 0.93, 2.21 and 3.14. The values are greater than the confidence interval value 0.50, which is significant at 0.05 level of confidence. It may be concluded from the result of the study that kettle bell training group and Aerobic training group is found to be a better tool to improve the resting Heart Rate than Control group.The pretest and post-test mean values of Kettle bell training group, Aerobic training group and Control group on Resting Heart Rate are graphically represented in the Figure-I. The adjusted post-test mean value of Kettle bell Training group, Aerobic Training group and Control group on Resting Heart Rate are graphically represented in the Figure -II.Figure-IThe pre test and post test mean values of Kettle bell Training group, Aerobic Training and Control group on Resting Heart Rate75.2 75.2 7573.0772.1375.1370717273747576Pre Test Post Test

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.180Figure -IIThe adjusted posttest mean values Kettle bell Training group, Aerobic Training and Control group on Resting Heart RateCONCLUSIONS: From the results obtained, the following conclusions were drawn:1. It was observed that the twelve weeks of Kettle bell and Aerobic training group have significantly improved the selected variables of resting heart rate than the control group. 2. The experimental groups had achieved significant improvement on resting heart rate of college men kabaddi players when compared to control group.RECOMMENDATIONS: The following recommendations have been derived from this study:1. A similar study may be conducted to women kabaddi players.2. Further studies may be conducted physical variables.3. A similar study may be conducted to school girls.REFERENCES:1. Castagna, Carlo; Chaouachi, Anis; Rampinini, Ermanno; Chamari, Karim; Impellizzeri, Franco (October 2009), Aerobic and Explosive Power Performance of Elite Italian Regional-Level 73.0272.0975.2370.57171.57272.57373.57474.57575.5

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.181Basketball Players, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: - Volume 23 - Issue 7 - p 1982-19872. Delextrat, Anne; Cohen, Daniel, (October 2009) , Strength, Power, Speed, and Agility of Women Basketball Players According to Playing Position, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: -Volume 23 - Issue 7 - p 1974-19813. Duffield, R, Dawson, B, Pinnington, HC, and Wong, P. Accuracy and reliability of a Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system. J Sci Med Sport 7: 11-22, 2004.4. E. PRASAD RAO Modern Coaching in KabaddiD.V.S.Publications New Delhi-110019 India 1994.ISBN 81-85466-07-6.p 02.5. Erčulj, Frane; Blas, Mateja; Bračič, Mitja (November 2010) Physical Demands on Young Elite European Female Basketball Players With Special Reference to Speed, Agility, Explosive Strength, and Take-off Power, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: - Volume 24 - Issue 11 - p 2970-29786. Häkkinen, K. Effects of the competitive season on physical fitness profile in elite basketball players. J Human Mov Stud 15: 119-128, 1988.7. Hardayal Singh: “ General Theory Method of Training” (DVS Publications,New Delhi)8. Hoffman, JR and Maresh, CM. Physiology of basketball. In: Exercise: Basic and Applied Science. Garrett, WE and Kirkendall, DT, eds. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000. pp. 733-744.9. Hoffman, JR, Epstein, S, Einbinder, M, and Weinstein, Y. The influence of aerobic capacity on anaerobic performance and recovery indices in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 13: 407-411, 1999.10. Hoffman, JR, Stavsky, H, and Falk, B. The effect of water restriction on anaerobic power and vertical jumping height in basketball players. Int J Sports Med 16: 214-218, 1995.11. Hoffman, JR, Tenenbaum, G, Maresh, CM, and Kreamer, WJ. Relationship between athletic performance tests and playing time in elite college basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 10: 67-71, 1996.12. Nimphius, Sophia; Mcguigan, Michael R; Newton, Robert U (April 2010) Relationship between Strength, Power, Speed, and Change of

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.182Direction Performance of Female Softball Players, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: - Volume 24 - Issue 4 - p 885-895

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.183SPORTS AS A PLATFORM FOR BUILDING INCLUSIVE AND VALUE-BASED COMMUNITIESDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00012.5Rohan, Ph.D. Research Scholar , Panjab University ChandigarhDr. Amanendra Mann, Supervisor & Associate Professor, DAV College Sector 10 , ChandigarhABSTRACT:This study focuses on the role of sports as a platform for building inclusive and value-based communities. Sport is not only a form of physical activity but also an important social tool that brings people together. It creates equal opportunities for individuals from different backgrounds, including different genders, cultures, abilities, and economic conditions. By encouraging participation and teamwork, sports help reduce social barriers and promote inclusion. The study also explains how sports develop important values such as respect, fairness, discipline, cooperation, and responsibility, which are necessary for strong and peaceful communities. Participation in organized sports helps young people build confidence, leadership skills, and positive attitudes, while community-based sports programs increase social interaction and strengthen relationships among members. The findings suggest that sports improve social cohesion and create a sense of belonging when managed properly. However, inclusive policies, ethical leadership, and supportive coaching are necessary to ensure positive outcomes. Overall, sport is an effective tool for promoting inclusion, shared values, and community development.Keywords : Sport, Inclusion, Equality, Value-Based Communities, Social Integration, Community Development, Teamwork, Fairness, Youth Development, Social CohesionINTRODUCTION: Sport is more than just physical activity or competition. It is an important social activity that brings people together from different backgrounds. In many societies, sport helps promote inclusion, equality, and shared values. Today, communities still face problems such as discrimination, social exclusion, and inequality. Sport can create a space where people interact, cooperate, and learn from one

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.184another. Through teamwork and participation, individuals develop respect, fairness, and understanding. (Coalter, 2013)Inclusion in sport means giving equal opportunities to everyone, regardless of gender, race, religion, disability, or economic background. Major international organizations such as the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee recognize sport as a tool for social development and peacebuilding. The United Nations has promoted Sport for Development and Peace programs, which use sport to reduce social barriers and promote gender equality (United Nations, 2015). Similarly, the Olympic Movement encourages values such as excellence, friendship, and respect, which support ethical behavior and global unity.Sport is also important in shaping personal and social values, especially among young people. Research shows that participation in organized sport can help young individuals develop leadership skills, discipline, responsibility, and teamwork (Fraser-Thomas, Côté, & Deakin, 2005). When sports are properly managed, they encourage fair play and respect for rules. These positive behaviors can strengthen relationships within communities. Community sports programs often bring together people from different cultural and social groups, helping to reduce prejudice and improve social integration. (Spaaij, 2012)Furthermore, many sports initiatives are designed to support disadvantaged groups such as refugees, individuals with disabilities, and economically marginalized youth. These programs provide safe and supportive environments where participants feel valued and included. Feeling a sense of belonging increases confidence and encourages civic participation. Studies suggest that sports-based community programs can build trust and cooperation among community members, leading to stronger social cohesion. (Coalter, 2007)However, sport does not automatically promote inclusion and positive values. It requires good leadership, clear policies, and ethical coaching practices. Without proper planning, sport can sometimes reinforce inequalities instead of reducing them. Therefore, it is important to design sports programs carefully to ensure they promote fairness, equality, and shared values.In conclusion, sport plays a significant role in building inclusive and value-based communities. By encouraging teamwork, respect, and equal participation, sport helps strengthen social bonds and

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.185promote unity. With proper support from policymakers, educators, and sporting organizations, sport can continue to be a powerful tool for positive social change.OBJECTIVE OF STUDY:The main objective of this study is to understand how sports help bring people from different backgrounds together and create equal opportunities for everyone in the community. It also aims to examine how participation in sports helps develop important values such as respect, teamwork, fairness, and responsibility, which are necessary for building strong and inclusive communities.KEY ELEMENTS WITH EXPLANATION:1. Sport as a Social PlatformSport acts as a social space where people from different backgrounds meet and interact. It helps in building communication and understanding among participants, which supports community unity. (Coalter, 2013)2. InclusivityInclusivity in sport means providing equal opportunities for participation regardless of gender, race, disability, religion, or economic status. Organizations such as the United Nations promote sport as a tool to reduce social exclusion and encourage equalparticipation (United Nations, 2015).3. Equality and FairnessSport teaches fairness through rules, respect for opponents, and equal treatment of players. The International Olympic Committee promotes Olympic values such as respect and friendship, which support equality and ethical behavior in society. (IOC, 2021)4. Value DevelopmentParticipation in sports helps individuals develop important life values such as discipline, teamwork, leadership, and responsibility. Research shows that youth sport participation contributes to positive character development (Thomas et al 2005).5. Social CohesionSports activities bring different social groups together, helping to reduce prejudice and strengthen relationships. This interaction improves trust and social integration within communities.

PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.186(Spaaij, 2012)6. Community DevelopmentCommunity-based sports programs create a sense of belonging and collective responsibility. They contribute to stronger and more connected communities. (Coalter, 2007)7. Ethical Leadership and CoachingPositive coaching and effective leadership are necessary to promote inclusion and shared values in sport. Without proper guidance, sport may not achieve its social development goals. (Coalter, 2013)CONCLUSION:This study shows that sports play an important role in building inclusive and value-based communities. Sport is not only about competition or physical fitness, but it is also a strong social platform that brings people together. It provides opportunities for individuals from different backgrounds to interact, participate, and feel included in society. By promoting equal participation regardless of gender, culture, ability, or economic status, sports help reduce discrimination and social barriers. The study also explains that sports help develop important life values such as respect, fairness, teamwork, discipline, and responsibility, which are essential for creating peaceful and cooperative communities. When individuals learn to follow rules, respect others,and work together as a team, they become more responsible and active members of society. Community and school sports programs are especially important because they help young people build confidence, leadership skills, and positive attitudes. However, the benefits of sport do not happen automatically. Proper planning, inclusive policies, ethical leadership, and supportive coaching are necessary to ensure positive outcomes. Without these, sports may not fully promote inclusion and value development. Therefore, governments, educational institutions, and sports organizations must work together to create fair and welcoming sports environments. Overall, sport is a powerful tool for strengthening communities and promoting unity.REFERENCES:1. Coalter, F. (2007). A wider social role for sport: Who’s keeping the score? Routledge.2. Coalter, F. (2013). Sport for development: What game are we playing? Routledge.