PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.1873. Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19–40.4. Spaaij, R. (2012). Beyond the playing field: Experiences of sport, social capital, and integration among Somali refugees. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(9), 1519–1538.5. United Nations. (2015). Sport for development and peace: Towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.188EFFECT OF VARIED NEUROMUSCULAR TRAINING ON FLEXIBILITY OF SCHOOL ATHLETESDOI No.: 10.5958/2278-795X.2026.00014.8Santhose T., Research Scholar, Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Alagappa University.Dr. P. Kaleeswaran, Professor & Research Supervisor, Alagappa University College of Physical Education, Alagappa University.ABSTRACT:The purpose of study was to find out the effect of varied neuro mucular training on flexibility of school athletes. To achieve this purpose of the study, forty-five school boys’ athletes from St. Mary’sschool Nagercoil, were randomly selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged between 12 and 13 years. They were divided into three equal groups. The experimental group-1, underwent jump rope training the experimental group-2 underwent ladder training and group 3 served as control group and did not do any specific training. The flexibility was selected as criterion variable and the measurement was recorded in centimeters. The selected two treatments were performed 3 days in a week for the period of twelve weeks, as per the stipulated training program. The collected pre and post data was critically analyzed with apt statistical tool of one-way analysis of co-variance, for observed the significant adjusted post-test mean difference of three groups. The Scheffe’s post hoc test was used to find out pair-wise comparisons between groups with. To test the hypothesis 0.05 level of significant was fixed in this study. Key words: 1. Jump rope training, 2. Ladder training, 3. Flexibility, 4. Sit and reach test,5. Ancova.INTRODUCTION:Jumping rope can additionally use as a high intensity interval training workout. Stewart and J. Warner (2012). Because of the quick rebounding, jumping rope primarily works the foot muscles and joints. It may be regarded as a form of plyometric training to increase power and stiffness, two essential components of endurance-running performance. Pinillos (2019). The ladder is a form of a physical training using stairs to train the agility of the legs and to harmonize movements
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.189in a balanced manner. The agility ladder is a training tool for coordination, speed, and agility. In this agility ladder, athletes can move their feet quickly in the right motion Rosdiana and Sidik(2023). Because of the quick rebounding, jumping rope primarily works the foot muscles and joints. It may be regarded as a form of plyometric training to increase power and stiffness, two essential components of endurance-running performance. Pinillos (2019). The ladder is a form of a physical training using stairs to train the agility of the legs and to harmonize movements in a balanced manner. The agility ladder is a training tool for coordination, speed, and agility. In this agility ladder, athletes can move their feet quickly in the right motion Rosdiana and Sidik (2023). The range of motion around a joint, or move simple the degree to which a person can move their limbs with grace and efficiency, is flexibility. Flexibility is important in performing exercise efficiently, safely and enjoyably. Without adequate flexibility, a person not able to stretch sufficiently, might overstress a muscle or ligament and might even feel uncomfortable moving. Flexibility is probable the component of physical fitness that is most overlooked, yet the consequences of ignoring flexibility can be pain and discomfort, injury and poor health. METHODOLOGY:The experimental group-1, underwent jump rope training the experimental group-2 underwent ladder training and group 3 served as control group and did not do any specific training. The flexibility was selected as criterion variable and the measurement was recorded in centimeters. The selected two treatments were performed 3 days in a week for the period of twelve weeks, as per the stipulated training program.RESULTS OF FLEXIBILITY:The analysis of dependent ‘t’ test on the data obtained for flexibility of the pre test and post test of jump rope training, ladder training and control group have been analyzed and presented in table I.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.190TABLE- ITHE SUMMARY OF MEAN AND DEPENDENT ‘t’-TEST FOR THE PRE AND POST TEST ON FLEXIBILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS(Scores in Centimeters)Trainings Pre Post ‘t’-TestMean SD Mean SDJRT 15.24 0.74 18.12 0.86 20.45*LT 15.3 0.83 19.40 0.58 31.67*CG 15.26 0.78 15.22 0.77 1.87*Significance at 0.05 levels. From the table I the dependent ‘t’-test values between the pre and post test means of jump rope training, ladder training and control group were 20.45, 31.67 and 1.87 respectively. Since the obtained ‘t’-test value of experimental groups are greater than the table value 2.14 with df 14 at 0.05 level of confidence. It is concluded that jump rope training and ladder training with had significant improvement in the performance of flexibility. However, the control groups have no significant improvement in the performance of flexibility. The analysis of covariance on experimental and control group have been analyzedand presented in table IITABLE –IIANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE ON FLEXIBILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS(Scores in Centimeters)Adjusted Post Test MeansSource of VarianceSum of Squares df Mean Squares‘F’-ratio JRT LT CG18.14 19.38 15.22 Between 136.38 2 68.19 413.27* Within 6.74 41 0.165*Significance at 0.05 levelsFrom the table II the adjusted post test mean values of flexibility for rope training, ladder training and control group are 18.14, 19.38 and 15.22 respectively. The obtained F-ratio of 413.27 for adjusted post test mean is more than the table value of 3.23 for df 2 and 41 required for significance at 0.05 level of confidence.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.191The results of the study indicates that there is significant difference between the adjusted post test means of experimental and control group on the development of flexibility. To determine which of the paired means had a significant difference on flexibility, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test and the results are presented in table IIITABLE IIITHE SCHEFFE’S TEST FOR THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE ADJUSTED POST TEST PAIRED MEANS ON FLEXIBILITY(Scores in Centimeters)Adjusted Post Test Means Mean DifferenceConfidential JRT LT CG interval value18.1418.14----19.38----19.38----15.2215.221.23*2.91*4.15*0.46From the table III the pair wise comparisons show the mean differences of 1.23, 2.91, 4.15 for group 1 and 2, group 1 and 3, group 2 and 3 respectively. The mean difference values were greater than the confidential interval value 0.46. Hence, the result shows that there was a significant difference among the groups.DISCUSSIONS:The selected two training interventions have enhanced the nature of flexibility owing to the 12 weeks of training program. The effect of jump rope training from pre (15.2+4 0.74) to post (18.12+0.86) and the effect of Ladder training from pre (15.3+0.83) to post (19.40+ 0.58) have significantly changed. The jump rope training and ladder training showed a percentage of improvement of 0.03 % and 0.04% respectively. Yakout, A. Larion, and C. Popa (2017). According Alibrahim and A. K. Hassan (2024) effects of battle rope and elastic training on physiological and physical indicators in athletes participating in individual sports, these training methods are beneficial for athletes. Future studies should look into how this type of training affects biochemical indicators like haemoglobin and lactic acid levels, as these measurements are essential for understanding how the body reacts to intense training and its capacity for recovery. D. Maniazhagu, S. Malar, and M. Manogari (2019) found that the impact of circuit and battle rope training on schoolgirls' speed revealed that both training
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.192methods enhanced the speed's characteristics. In the two training groups, the improvement was comparable. Research indicates that including a rope jump training program into school physical education classes has improved students' weight, fat ratio, speed, leg strength, and VO2 max after ten weeks of training. The development of these parameters in the children at this age was expedited and enhanced by the rope-jump training program, it. Eler and H. Acar, (2018). The research found that the integrative neuromuscular training (strength training, coordination exercises, jump rope training etc.,) combined with yoga and stretching exercises have improved the ability of speed in primary school children. Malar and D. Maniazhagu (2019) Overall, when comparing the results of jump rope training with ladder drills, it was found that the BR-LD and JR-LD: The adjusted post-test mean differences of battle rope training combined with ladder drills and jump rope training combined with ladder drills was 88.92. It was significant (p<0.01). It shows that both the groups have produced significantly different effect on cardio respiratory endurance. The conceptual research findings include two indicators: the ladder drill model and the pairing jump rope athletic training model both enhance the athletic ability of children, but descriptively, there is a difference in the enhancement of children's athletic ability between the two models of athletic training in schoolchildren. When it comes to children's athletic abilities, the ladder drill model of athletic training is superior to the pair jump rope model. Rohman, A. Cholid, R. Septiria, and A. L. Hakim (2019) According to the study, the performance of power ability was greatly improved by twelve weeks of battle rope training combined with ladder drills and jump rope training combined with ladder drills. The results of a study on the impact of battle rope exercises on college students' power and jumping abilities revealed that for female handball players looking to increase their power and leaping ability, the Battle rope is a very useful training aid. Research on the impact of jump rope training on the physical fitness of female students aged 9 to 10 has demonstrated that jump rope training improves female students' physical fitness M. Sohrabi Jahromi and M. Gholam (2015). According to the results of effects of jump rope training on explosive power in badminton players have found that the athletes' lower limb explosive power and speed can be significantly increased by incorporating jump rope training into their physical badminton training J. Tang (2020). There has been a stronger impact on upper body muscular endurance
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.193after six weeks of circuit and battle rope exercise. Battle rope training was proven to have a greater impact than circuit training. Maniazhagu,Thiyagachanthan, K. S. Sridhar, M. Kalidasan, S. Malar, and M. Manogari (2021). Over all BR-LD and JR-LD: The adjusted post-test mean differences of battle rope training combined with ladder drills and jump rope training combined with ladder drills was 88.92. It was significant (p<0.01). It shows that both the groups have produced significantly different effect on cardio respiratory enduranceCONCLUSION:The ladder training has produced greater effect on flexibility than the other training groups rope training. The second-best improvement was found in rope training. The control group did not show any significant changes on flexibilityREFERENCES1. F. Rosdiana and D. Z. Sidik, \"The effect of resistance band ladder drill training pattern using interval and pyramid methods on aerobic ability improvement in futsal,\" International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 457–462, 2023. doi: 10.13189/saj.2023.110224.A. Hidayat, \"Effect of agility ladder exercises on agility of participants in extracurricular futsal at Bina Darma University,\" Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1402, no. 5, p. 055003, 2019. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1402/5/055003.2. M. Dharuman, N. V. Thiyagachanthan, K. S. Sridhar, M. Kalidasan, S. Malar, and M. Manogari, \"Effects of circuit training and battle rope training on upper body muscular endurance of school girls,\" Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 39–43, 20213. M. Sohrabi Jahromi and M. Gholam, \"The effect of jump-rope training on the physical fitness of 9- to 10-year-old female students,\" Advances in Applied Science Research, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 135–140, 2015.B. Stewart and J. Warner, Ultimate Jump Rope Workouts. Ulysses Press, 2012.4. Tang, \"Effects of jump rope training on explosive power in badminton players,\" Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, vol. 29, p. e2022_0627, 2022.
PESY, ISSN Online 2278-795X, Print 2231-1394 Vol.16, No.1945. U. Rohman, A. Cholid, R. Septiria, and A. L. Hakim, \"Influence of athletic training with pair jump rope training model and ladder drill to increase ability kids athletic elementary school students,\" Advances in Health Sciences Research, vol. 35, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sport Sciences, Health and Tourism (ICSSHT 2019), 2019.6. Z. Yakout, A. Larion, and C. Popa, \"Effect of battle rope training on certain phy Seo K. The effects of dance music jump rope exercise on pulmonary function and body mass index after music jump rope exercise in overweight adults in 20's. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017 Aug;29(8):1348-1351. doi: 10.1589/jpts.29.1348. Epub 2017 Aug 10. PMID: 28878460; PMCID: PMC5574342.