FOCUS e-book

Student’s Book

B2

FOCUS

First Edition Jin Peng
Jie Ying Mak
online learning Manal Yousef

Yen Yee Ho

Contents

Unit Reading Grammar Vocabulary

1. Are Celebrities Bad Expressing Wish and Words related to the text
Famous People for You? Regret: “wish” and “if Word Formation: Noun
only”
(Inspiring Individuals）

2. The World of Question Tags Words related to sports
Sweat it Out! Parkour

(Sports and Games)

3. Make Money from Comparative and Words related to money
Money, Money Money
Superlative Adjectives and finance
(Money and Consumerism) Driverless Cars:
How could they Active and Passive
4. change our lives? Voice
High-Tech World
England is More First Conditional & How reliable are voice
(Science and Technology) Than Just London
Second Conditional “if” assistants?
5.
Going Places Future Perfect
Continuous
(Travel and Tourism)
Talking About Future: Words related to
“Will” / “going to” and sceneries
Present Continuous

6. Tiger Parents Adverbs of manner Words related to the text
Family
Modal verb: Necessity
(Ties and bondings) needn’t have / didn’t
have to

7. Video games are Linkers: although, Words related to the text
Games good for you! despite, however

(Leisure and Entertainment)

Past ability: could, were
able to, manage to,
succeed in

8. Work and Home Reported Speech Phrasal Verbs
Occupations Life

(Work and Careers)

Listening Speaking Use of English Writing

Emma Watson introduces Agreeing & Word Formation: Informal letter: Fan
the new HeForShe.org Disagreeing: Nouns Letter
How Celebrities Want
to Make a Difference Writing an
Advertisement
Radio interview: Interview Famous Refer to Unit 2
Wakeboarding & Roller Athlete Report: Describing a
Derby graph
Talk about famous Review: Brain Drain
Colleges Worldwide Feel athletes’ key to success
the Financial Effects of
Coronavirus Talk about your opinion Refer to Unit 4
on money

Driverless Cars Internet Unit 3 & Unit 4 Your Ideal Future
Quizzes An Informal Email
Online Games and
Virtual Reality Refer to Unit 5

Best Holiday Destination Online Class

Nuclear Family Family members Refer to Unit 7 Letter: Write a letter to a
cousin who will be
Helicopter Parents and staying with you and
Tiger Mum describe your family
member.
The History of Gaming Video Games Unit 6 & Unit 7
How did your parents
Healthy Gamer - Treating Word-Building: spend time with you
Game Addictions Noun Endings during the MCO?

The Best Job in the World Factors Affecting Job Video games
Success experiences

Board games

Report Writing

1 Famous
People

Reading

Are celebrities bad for you?

Celebrities are everywhere nowadays: on TV, in magazines, online.
Is this preoccupation with famous people harmless fun or is it bad
for us? How many people are truly obsessed with modern media
idols? And on the other side of the coin, can fame be harmful to the
celebrities?

Studies suggest that the vast majority of teenagers do not really worship Ctaontfhaemceelbeebrhiatirems?ful
celebrities. Researchers have identified three kinds of fans. About 15%
of young people have an ‘entertainment-social’ interest. They love
chatting about their favourite celebrities with friends and this does not
appear to do any harm.

Another 5% feel that they have an ‘intense-personal’ relationship with a Image from: VectorStock.com
celebrity. Sometimes they see them as their soulmate and find that they
are often thinking about them, even when they don’t want to. These
people are more at risk from depression and anxiety. If girls in this
group idolise a female star with a body they consider to be perfect, they
are more likely to be unhappy with their own bodies.

That leaves 2% of young people with a ‘borderline-pathological’
interest. They might say, for example, they would spend several
thousand pounds on a paper plate the celebrity had used, or that they
would do something illegal if the celebrity asked them to. These people
are in most danger of being seriously disturbed.

What about the celebrities themselves? A study in the USA tried to
measure narcissism or extreme self-centredness, when feelings of
worthlessness and invisibility are compensated for by turning into the
opposite: excessive showing off. Researchers looked at 200 celebrities,
200 young adults with Masters in Business Administration (a group
known for being narcissistic) and a nationally representative sample
using the same questionnaire. As was expected, the celebrities were
significantly more narcissistic than the MBAs and both groups were a
lot more narcissistic than the general population.

5

Four kinds of celebrity were included in the sample. The most narcissistic were the ones who had become
famous through reality TV shows – they scored highest on vanity and willingness to exploit other people. Next
came comedians, who scored highest on exhibitionism and feelings of superiority. Then came actors, and the
least narcissistic were musicians. One interesting result was that there was no connection between narcissism
and the length of time the celebrity had been famous. This means that becoming famous probably did not make
the celebrities narcissistic – they already were beforehand.

So, what can we learn from this? People who are very
successful or famous tend to be narcissists and are
liable to be ruthless, self-seeking workaholics. As we
can see from celebrity magazines, they are also often
desperate and lonely. They make disastrous role
models.

Source: www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglishteens
Answer the following questions based on the text.

1. The writer concludes that: 4. The study showed that:
5.
A Narcissism is the result of fame. A All types of celebrity contain the same
B Narcissism is the reason for fame. degree of narcissism.
C Narcissism is not a result of fame.
D Narcissism already exists in certain people B Reality TV show celebrities are as
narcissistic as comedians and have a
before they become famous. higher degree of narcissism than
musicians and actors.
2. Studies show that:
C Reality TV show celebrities are more
A Some teenagers are “slaves” to the influence narcissistic than the other types of
of celebrities. celebrity

B All teenagers are at risk because of their D Reality TV show celebrities are much
obsession with celebrities. vainer than comedians and comedians
are as self-centred as actors and
C Most teenagers are not big fans of musicians.
celebrities.
The writer would like to say that:
D Few teenagers are at risk because of their
dangerous obsession with celebrities.

3. A study in the USA proved that

A Success and fame are more likely to lead

A celebrities are less narcissistic than MBAs to narcissism.
and the general public.
B Success and fame lead to narcissism.
B celebrities and MBAs are much more
narcissistic than the general public. C Success and fame never lead to

C celebrities are as narcissistic as MBAs. narcissism.
D the general public and MBAs are not
D Success and fame will definitely lead to
narcissistic.
narcissism.

6

Vocabulary

1. Complete the gaps with nouns from the text.

a. p____________ = an idea or subject that someone thinks about most of the time (paragraph 1)
b. w____________ = have or show feelings of profound devotion (paragraph 2)
c. s____________ = a person with whom you feel a deep affinity or connection (paragraph 3)
d. b____________ = something that separates two different qualities (paragraph 4)
e. n____________ = excessive interest in or admiration of oneself (paragraph 5)
f. v____________ = excessive pride or interest in your own attractiveness (paragraph 6)
g. w____________ = a person who works a lot of the time and finds it difficult not to work

(paragraph 7)
h. r____________ m____________ = a person we look up to and want to be like (paragraph 7)

2. Complete each of the gaps with one of the nouns from the box.

celebrity preoccupation superiority depression soulmate

a. Because of Star Wars, Mark Hamill became an overnight ________________________.
b. An ideal ____________________ who cares about you the most.
c. She fell into a black ____________________ and refused to leave her room.
d. Driving a Bugatti Veyron gave him a feeling of overwhelming _______________________.
e. An obsessive_______________________ with celebrities is potentially dangerous.

Word Formation

3. Complete each gap with an appropriate form of the word in capitals at the end of the line.
There is an example at the beginning (1) in italics.

1. That was her first appearance on TV. APPEAR

2. Even so, everyone was ………………………. to get back home. ANXIETY

3. Such a war would be ………………… for the country. DISASTER

4. Phone calls are the biggest ……………………….. at work. DISTURB

5. He denies any ……………….. for the accident. LIABLE

6. There was a note of……………… in his voice. DESPERATE

7. Everyone has the legal …………………… to receive a proper education. OBLIGE

8. She is ………………. with reading novels. OBSESS

9. Nature will teach us lessons about the ……………… of environmental misconduct. HARM

7

Grammar

“wish” and “if only”

We use wish and if only to talk about things that we would like to be different in either the present or the past. If
only is usually a bit stronger than wish.

In the present Examples: Fill in the blanks with the correct form of
verbs. Use the words in the box.
We can use wish/ if only + a I wish Taylor Swift
past form to talk about a had her concert 1. If only they ____________________
present situation we would here. you for advice before they started the
like to be different. project. You're the expert!
If only we knew have, ask
what to do.
2. He wishes he ___________________
She wishes she back in time and visit Ancient Rome.
could afford a BTS can, travel
album.
3. I wish she ___________________ her
In the past Examples: shoes there. I'm always falling over
them.
We can use wish/ if only + a They wish they will not, leave
past perfect form to talk hadn't stayed up
about something we would late watching 4. The traffic on the roads was terrible. I
like to change about the past. Korean dramas. wish we _________________ the
They're feeling very train instead!
tired now. have, catch

If only I'd studied 5. I'm not saying it again. I wish
harder when I was __________________ when I'm
at school. talking.
you would, listen
Expressing annoyance Examples:
6. If only I ________________ the time
We can use wish + would(n't) I wish you wouldn't off work, I'd come and visit you.
to show that we are annoyed borrow my clothes can, take
with what someone or without asking.
something does or doesn't do. 7. I'm so tired. I wish I _____________
We often feel that they are I wish it would home earlier last night.
unlikely or unwilling to rain. The hot have, go
change. weather is killing
my mood. 8. We're having such a lovely time in
Scotland. If only it ____________ all
She wishes he'd the time, though!
work less. They do not, rain
never spend any
time together. 8

Listening

Pre-task

Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–j next to the numbers 1–10.

1. ....... suffocating a. men and women having the f. the enjoyment of exaggerated
2. ....... to launch something same rights, responsibilities and behaviour seen as being typically
3. ....... to figure something out opportunities male

b. in a few words g. making you feel very
uncomfortable, like you can’t
4. ....... lad culture c. to introduce something to the breathe
5. ....... an awareness campaign public
h. obtaining ideas, money, content or
6. ....... a scholarship d. a series of actions designed to services by asking for contributions
7. ....... in a nutshell provide information about from a large number of people,
something usually online

8. ....... gender equality e. to finally understand something i. an amount of money given to a
student by an organisation to pay for
their education

9. ....... annulled j. cancelled, made not valid
10. ....... crowdsourcing

Listen to this interview (to 5 minutes
and 15 seconds only) between the
interviewer, Ali Plum and the famous
star, Emma Watson
about a new campaign.

Source: learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

9

Image from: medium.com/@kecatlin

Speaking

How celebrities want to make a difference

Pre-Task
Group these agreeing and disagreeing phrases in the box into the correct group.

Yes, good point. You’re right. I see your point, but … I think so too.
I couldn’t agree more. Maybe, but ...
I’m not so sure about that. Yes, but …

Agreeing Disagreeing

Source: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

Below are a few discussion topics. Work in small groups and give opinions on the topic given.
You may use the phrases above in your discussions.

● What is your opinion about A-list celebrities fighting for a good cause?
● Do celebrities fighting for a good cause just for publicity?
● Does celebrities’ involvement attract more attention to some social issues?
● Do you have any celebrities or famous individuals that you admire or consider role models?

Adapted: eslbrains.com

Do: Don’t:

● Think about your opinion before the ● Only give your own opinion but also
discussion starts. respond to your partner.

● Say what you really think about the topic ● Worry if you don't agree with your
and explain why you think that. partner. That's fine!

● Listen to what your partner says and say ● Talk about things that are not relevant to
if you agree or disagree. the topic.

● Make sure you know the language for ● Let the discussion stop. Keep it going!
agreeing and disagreeing. ● There are many suggestions of language

● Be polite if you disagree. you can use in discussions to agree and
● Ask your partner what he/she thinks. disagree in the section called
● Use every second you are given to do the Communication strategies.

task.
● Finish the discussion by summarising

what you have spoken about.

10

Source: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/exams/speaking-exams/discussion

Writing To begin a letter To end a letter

Writing a Fan Letter

1. Write the phrases in the correct group.

I am a big fan of yours since your debut.
Wish you the best in your new album!
Thanks for reading this letter.
I hope you are doing well.
Hope to see your upcoming projects.
I am writing to you from Japan.

2. We all have someone we look up to.
Refer to the following fan letter as a guide and write a fan letter
to your favourite person.

Dear Miss Rowling,

Hello! My name is Jane and I am 18 years-old. I am a student in Oakley High School
and I've been a huge fan of yours ever since I read the Harry Potter series when I was
a kid! When I was a kid, I’ve always imagined myself to be one of the students in
Hogwarts. As silly as it may sound, I even waited for months for the owl to deliver my
acceptance letter to Hogwarts!
Among all the series, I especially loved The Goblet of Fire because it really showed
me what it means to be brave in the face of impossible challenges. I also like how
Harry, Hermione and Ron's friendship has inspired me to be loyal and faithful to our
loved ones. It would mean the world to me if you could send me an autograph. I
would like to have your autograph on my collection of books!
Thanks so much for taking the time to read my letter, I can’t wait to read more of your
world of magic soon!

Sincerely,

Jane.

- Introduce yourself. 11
- Mention your favourite work of theirs.
- Ask for an autograph politely.
- Thank them and wish them well.
- Contracted forms e.g. I’d, She’s
- Informal expressions like phrasal verbs

2Sweat it
Out

Reading

1. Read about Parkour and freerunning, then answer the questions.

The World of Parkour

In 1902, a volcano in the Caribbean island of Martinique blew up.
A French naval officer on the scene, Lt. George Hébert managed to
coordinate the rescue of over 700 people, both indigenous and
European. He noticed, as he did so, how people moved, some well,
some badly, around the obstacles in their path, and how this
affected their chances of survival. Hébert had travelled widely and
was well aware of skills many indigenous people exhibited in being
able to traverse the natural environment. From these experiences,
Hébert developed a training discipline which he called ‘the natural
method’ in which climbing, jumping and running techniques were
used to negotiate obstacles. His method was adopted by the French
military and became the basis for all their training. In time, it
became known as parcours du combattant – the path of the warrior.

Raymond Belle was a practitioner of parcour in Vietnam in the 1950s. He had great athletic ability, and the skills and
agility he had learnt through parcour earned him a reputation as an agile and elite soldier. In later life, he returned to
France and passed on his skills to his son, David, who combined what he had learnt from his father with his own
knowledge of martial arts and gymnastics, and in time, the sport of parkour was born.

Parkour involves a range of ‘moves’, although none are official. They involve vaulting, jumping and landing accurately on
small and narrow features, catching ledges, traversing high wall and landing with a rolling impact to absorb impacts.
Belle formed a group of traceurs called the Yamikasi, meaning ‘strong man, strong spirit’, that included his friend,
Sebastian Foucan. In time, the two of them started to follow different paths. Belle concentrated on the art of getting from
place to place in the most efficient way possible, while Foucan developed his own style which involved more self
expression. This he termed freerunning.

From the late 1990s, the art and sport of parkour spread worldwide. Both Belle and Foucan gave interviews and appeared
on television. In 2003, filmmaker Mike Christie made the film Jump London, and urban freerunning, or freeflow, began to
dominate the London scene. But it was the arrival of YouTube in 2005 that really brought freerunning to a global
audience. People around the world began to post their videos online, making freerunning a mainstream sport, and in 2007,
the first major freerunning and parkour competition was held in Vienna.

Since parkour values freedom, there are few facilities dedicated to
the practice. Traceurs use both rural and urban areas, typically
parks, offices and abandoned buildings. Traceurs generally respect
the environment they practice in, and since part of their philosophy
is ‘leave no trace’, there have been few concerns over damage to
property. However, law enforcement and fire and rescue teams
argue that freerunners are risking their lives needlessly, especially
when they practice at height. However, practitioners argue that
injuries are rare, because they rely on their own hands and feet
rather than things out of their immediate control, such as ice and
wheels, as is the case with skiing and race-driving.

Source: https://www.examenglish.com/B2/b2_reading_sport.htm

13

1. George Hebert developed parcour du combattant 6. Freerunning differs from parkour in that...
because... A. it is faster.
A. he saw native people doing it in Martinique. B. it is more creative.
B. he saw how it could save lives. C. it is more efficient.
C. he saw how the French were poor at
negotiating obstacles. 7. What brought parkour and freerunning to an
international audience?
2. The natural method... A. TV appearances and interviews
A. was replaced by Hebert’s new discipline. B. a British documentary
B. was taught to Hebert by indigenous people. C. a video sharing website
C. was widely practiced by the French military.
8. According to practitioners, where is the best place to
3. Raymond Belle... do parkour or free-running?
A. was trained by George Hebert. A. in cities
B. gave the discipline its new name. B. in safe facilities
C. was a notable practitioner of the natural C. wherever you like
method.
9. Which of the following is NOT true about
4. David Belle... freerunning?
A. brought in moves from other disciplines. A. There are a large number of reported injuries.
B. also learnt parcour while in the French B. There are now international competitions.
military. C. Practitioners often cause damage to public
C. learnt parcour from his father in Vietnam. property.

5. A traceur is... 10. Parkour and freerunning practitioners...
A. a parkour move. A. require a lot of equipment.
B. someone who practices parkour. B. rely on their own bodies.
C. an obstacle in a parkour course. C. avoid taking risks.

In pairs, discuss if parkour is a healthy sports. Provide reasons to your justification.

● Do you think parkour is a healthy sport? Why?
● Should parkour be considered as a mainstream sports?

Vocabulary

1. Look up the dictionary for the following words from the text. Write down the definition for
each one of them.

1. Obstacle = __________________________________________________________
2. Indigenous = ________________________________________________________
3. Agility = ___________________________________________________________
4. Vaulting = __________________________________________________________
5. Traversing = ________________________________________________________
6. Mainstream = _______________________________________________________
7. Dominate = _________________________________________________________
8. Philosophy = ________________________________________________________

14

2. Fill in the blanks with the words given in the box.

spectators / tournament / stadium / league / referee / victory / defeat / season /
amateurs / professional / medal / athletes

a. The ____________ can hold 80,000 people.
b. Many ___________ took part in that tournament last year.
c. The team played badly which led to a big ___________.
d. Our team are top of the ____________.
e. The British football ___________ begins in August and ends in May.
f. Wimbledon tennis ______________ is held every June.
g. She won bronze ___________ in the contest.
h. A ______________ can earn a lot of money.
i. The __________ had problems controlling the football teams.
j. They won 4-0 in front of over 40,000 cheering ____________.
k. Phoenix managed a 135-114 ___________ over Denver.
l. The competition was only open to ____________.

Source: cambridgeenglish.org Vocabulary
Activities for Sports B1/B2 level

Grammar

Question Tags Sometimes there is no auxiliary verb already in the statement.
For example, when:
We can add question tags like isn't it?, can you? or didn't they? to
a statement to make it into a question. Question tags are more ... the verb in the statement is present simple or past simple
common in speaking than writing. and is positive. Here we use don't, doesn't or didn't:

We often use question tags when we expect the listener to agree Jennie eats cheese, doesn't she?
with our statement. In this case, when the statement is positive, I said that already, didn't I?
we use a negative question tag.
... the verb in the statement is to be in the present simple or
She's a doctor, isn't she? past simple. In this case we use to be to make the question
Yesterday was so much fun, wasn't it? tag:

If the statement is negative, we use a positive question tag. The bus stop's over there, isn't it?
None of those customers were happy,
He isn't here, is he? were they?
The trains are never on time, are they?
Nobody has called for me, have they? ... the verb in the statement is a modal verb. Here we use the
modal verb to make the question tag:
If we are sure or almost sure that the listener will confirm that our
statement is correct, we say the question tag with a falling They could hear me, couldn't they?
intonation. If we are a bit less sure, we say the question tag with a You won't tell anyone, will you?
rising intonation.
If the main verb or auxiliary verb in the statement is am, the
Formation positive question tag is am I? but the negative question tag is
usually aren't I?:
If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, we use it to form the
question tag. I'm never on time, am I? 15
I'm going to get an email with the
I don't need to finish this today, do I? details, aren't I?
James is working on that, isn't he?
Your parents have retired, haven't they?
The phone didn't ring, did it?
It was raining that day, wasn't it?
Your mum hadn't met him before, had
she?

1. Choose the correct question tag. 1. If the main part of the sentence is
positive, we add a negative question tag.
1. Selim and Jess had been seeing each other for years,
_____? 2. If the main part of the sentence is
a. hadn't they negative, we add a positive question tag.
b. been they
3. If the sentence contains an auxiliary verb
2. Aki didn't say much, _____? or modal verb, we use that for the
a. had he question tag.
b. did he
4. The other exception is the verb be –we
3. I wasn't rude, _____? use that for the question tag if it appears
a. was I in the main part of the sentence.
b. wasn't I
5. If the main part of the sentence contains a
4. We should have turned left, _____? different verb, we make the question tag
a. haven't we using do, in the correct form.
b. shouldn't we
Source:
5. I'm giving the next presentation, _____? https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/gramm
a. aren't I ar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/questio
b. I aren't n-tags

6. She can't meet on Mondays, _____?
a. could she
b. can she

7. You usually take the bus, _____?
a. don't you
b. doesn't you

8. None of the printers are working, _____?
a. are they
b. aren't they

2. Circle the correct tag to complete the questions.

1. It's next to the supermarket, don’t it / isn’t it ?
2. You've met my brother before, don’t you / haven’t you ?
3. He was born in 1970, didn’t he / wasn’t he ?
4. Bela can help, can’t she / doesn’t she ?
5. I'm right, aren’t I / am I ?
6. You can't drive down your road, can’t you / can you ?
7. They won't be late, will they / are they ?
8. You're coming tomorrow, aren’t you / do you ?

Source:
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/int
ermediate-grammar/question-tags

16

Speaking

1. Based on the listening task, work in pairs, one person will be the
interviewer and the other act as an athlete.
Use the given prompts to help you in your conversations.

Interviewer: Athlete:

● Good morning, I’d like to ask you a ● Good morning. Sure, go
few questions about your career. ahead.

● Who are your heroes ? Why? ●…
● What would you do if ●…
●…
..................................................? ●…
● How did you learn to train ● You’re welcome. It was a

endurance to win etc. What is pleasure to me too.
your biggest challenge, and how
do you do manage this challenge? Source: eslflow.com
● What makes you different from
other athletes?
● Thanks for your time. It was a
pleasure to talk to you.

2. These are a few world famous athletes. Identify all of them.
Work in small groups, discuss about their key to being
success.

17

Listening

Sports Interview

Listen to the radio interview about two types of sports,
wakeboarding and roller derby.

Source: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

1. Check your understandings. ● This sports involves doing tricks
Put the sentences in the box into the correct group. in the sir.

Wakeboarding Roller derby ● A big event for this sport is held
● ... in Wales.

2. Choose the correct answer. 4. ● This sport began in the 1930s.
5. ● There are more guys than girls
1. People are talking about these sports because 6.
________. doing it.
A. they are becoming more and more ● It started in California.
popular ● There are more girls than guys
B. they might be included in the 2020
Olympics doing it.
C. a lot of people are getting injured doing ● It’s becoming really popular in
them
the UK.
2. In wakeboarding the rider is attached to ● When you compete, you score
________.
A. the board points for your team.
B. another rider ● There are strong influences from
C. a speed-boat
other, similar sports.
3. Wakestock festival in Wales ________. ● The clothes people wear for this

A. has a similar feel to California sport have changed.
B. is a good place to see the best riders
C. is really cool but not many people Wakeboarding tricks ________.

know about it yet A. are unique to the sport
B. have different names to skateboarding

and surfing moves
C. are often the same as skateboarding and

surfing ones

Roller derby ________.

A. has had a revival in popularity in the last
fifteen years

B. has always had a small group of
dedicated fans

C. has continually grown in popularity
since it started

Roller derby teams are currently ________.

A. mostly non-professional 18
B. mostly professional

C. about half professional and half amateur

Writing

Writing an Advertisement

1. We see lots of advertisements everyday online. Before you read the advertisement given, tick the
three correct words and phrases from below to show an item for sale is in very good condition.
immaculate condition
no wear and tear
has some minor damage
unmarked
signs of use
reasonable condition

Sofa For Sale!

This gorgeous brown sofa made by grandsofas.com is excellent quality and extremely comfortable. It is in
immaculate condition (see photo) and comes with a 25-yr guarantee. Material is cotton and it has a cool
modern feel.
Cushion covers are all removable and machine washable, with a quality foam filling, and it’s super
comfortable. Keeps its shape when you sit on it. The dark-coloured wooden legs can be easily removed to
allow the sofa to fit through a standard doorway. No wear and tear as we’ve only had it for two years and
kept it in good condition. Sofa comes from a smoke-free, pet-free home. Only selling it due to moving
house, as the new place isn’t big enough for the sofa.
Sofa measurements:

● Width: 182cm
● Overall height: 81cm
● Height without legs: 63cm

Any questions, feel free to ask. Asking price: £250. **For collection ONLY**

Source: www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish

19

2. Underline the adjective and adverbial phrases used for the item for sale from the advert. One
has been underlined for you.

3. Complete the advert using the words from the box.

nearest / design / due to / Square / immediate / wear and tear / collection / Perfect

Beautiful, large, white coffee table for (1).................................... sale. Good condition. Sleek, modern
(2)...................................., with a solid wood base and a glass top.

(3).................................... shape, 120 x 120 x 50 cm. (4).................................... for books, magazines,
drinks or plates of snacks.

Minor (5)...................................., not really noticeable. Selling (6).................................... moving
house. Please call or message Alex at 09876 543210 to view. Asking price £50 or
(7).................................... offer. For (8).................................... only.

Source: www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish

1. Keep the advert short, with clear paragraphs or
bullet points.

2. Include description of the material, style, size /
measurements and condition.

3. Say if the item must be collected or if you can
deliver it.

4. You can leave out certain words to make
sentences shorter, e.g. Selling due to moving
house... instead of I am selling ... .

Writing Task

4. You have accidentally bought
online a pair of new sports
shoes online which is not your
size.
You could not change them nor
get a refund, so you decided to
post an advert online.

Refer to the advert on page 19
and write an advert about your
shoes.

20

3Money,
Money

Name: Jin Peng
Matric Number: P-PM0110/20

profit, and retaining the family trademark, long-term investments more liquid: they can
which symbolized the bank’s sound easily be sold and turned into money.
reputation. Third, branches took in large Savings can also be pooled to lower
deposits from wealthy savers, multiplying transaction costs and diversify risks. Mutual
the lending that could be given out for a funds, pension funds, and insurance
modest amount of initial capital, and so companies all perform this role.
multiplying the bank’s profits.

Economics of banking

Humans have long engaged in borrowing and These elements of the Medici success In 16th-century Europe prices were rising
lending. There is evidence that these activities story correspond to three economic concepts inexplicably. Some said that rulers were
took place 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia highly relevant to banking today. The first is using an old practice of “debasing”
(present day Iraq) at the very dawn of civilization. “economies of scale.” It is expensive for an currencies by minting coins with
But modern banking systems did not emerge until individual to draw up a single legal loan ever-smaller amounts of gold or silver in
the 14th century in northern Italy. contract, but a bank can draw up 1,000 such them. This was true. However, Jean Bodin, a
contracts at a fraction of the “per-contract” French lawyer, argued that something much
The word “bank” comes from the Italian word cost. Dealings in money (cash investments) more significant was also happening.
for the “bench” on which the bankers sat to are suitable for economies of scale. The
conduct business. In the 14th century the Italian second is “diversification of risk.” The In 1568, Bodin published his Response to
peninsula was a land of city states that benefited Medicis lowered the risk of bad lending by the Paradoxes of Malestroit. The French
from the influence and revenue of the papacy in spreading their lending geographically. economist Jean de Malestroit (?–1578) had
Rome. The peninsula was ideally located for trade Moreover, because the junior partners blamed the price inflation solely on
between Asia, Africa, and the emerging nations of shared in profits and losses, they needed to currency debasement, but Bodin showed
Europe. Wealth began to accumulate, especially in lend wisely—in effect they took on some of that prices were rising sharply even when
Venice and Florence. Venice relied on sea power: the Medici risks. The third concept is “asset measured in pure silver. He argued that an
institutions were created there to finance and transformation.” Merchants might want to abundance of silver and gold was to blame.
insure voyages. Florence focused on deposit earnings or borrow money. One These precious metals were entering Spain
manufacturing and trade with northern Europe, merchant might want a safe place to store from its new colonies in the Americas and
and here merchants and financiers came together his gold, from where he can withdraw it then spreading throughout Europe.
at the Medici Bank. quickly if necessary. Another might want a
loan—which is riskier for the bank and may
Florence was already home to other banking tie up money for a longer time. So the bank
families, such as the Peruzzi and the Bardi, and to came to stand between the two needs:
different types of financial bodies— from “borrowing short, and lending long.” This
pawnbrokers, who lent money secured by personal suited everybody —the depositor, the
belongings, to local banks that dealt in foreign borrower, and of course the bank, which
currencies, accepted deposits, and lent to local used customer deposits as borrowed money
businesses. The bank founded by Giovanni di (“leverage”), to multiply profits and make a
Bicci de’ Medici in 1397 was different. high return on its owners’ invested capital.

The Medici Bank financed long distance trade Finance broadly Bodin’s calculations of the increase in
in commodities such as wool. It differed from coinage were remarkably accurate. Later
existing banks in three ways. First, it grew to a Banking is just the largest part of economists concluded that prices in Europe
great size. In its heyday under the founder’s son, quadrupled during the 16th century, at the
Cosimo, it ran branches in 11 cities, including finance, but all finance is about connecting same time as the amount of physical silver
London, Bruges, and Geneva. Second, its network people who have more money than they and gold circulating in the system tripled;
was decentralized. Branches were managed not by need with people who need more money Bodin had estimated the increase in precious
an employee but by a local junior partner, who than they have—and will use it metals at more than 2.5 times. He also
shared in the profits. The Medici family in productively. Stock exchanges connect highlighted other factors behind the
Florence were the senior partners, watching over these needs directly, through equities inflation: a demand for luxuries; a scarcity
the network, earning most of the (shares conferring ownership of a of goods for sale due to exports and waste;
company), bonds (lending that can be greedy merchants able to restrict the supply
traded), or other instruments. These of goods through monopolies; and, of
course, the rulers adulterating the coins.
exchanges are either physical places, such as
the New York Stock Exchange, or regulated Reading
markets where trading takes place through
phone calls and computers, like the
international bond market. The clustering
created by exchanges makes these

22

3. Matching

A. Jean Bodin
B. Jean de Malestroit
C. Giovanni di Bicci de’
Medici

1) The bank founded by in 1397 was different.

2) published his Response to the Paradoxes of

Malestroit.

3) Calculated that the increase in coinage were

remarkably accurate

4) contradicted that prices were rising sharply.

1. Ture or False or Not Given 4. Choose the correct answers.

1) Modern banking systems emerged in the 14th century A. decentralization of network
in northern Italy. B. asset transformation
C. economies of scale
2) Venice relied on manufacturing and Florence focused D. a demand for luxuries
on sea power. E. a great size
F. diversification of risk
3) Giovanni di Bicci de’ Medici ran branches in 11 cities. G. take in large deposits
H. restrict the supply of goods
4) Branches were managed by a local junior partner.
1) Why were the Medici Bank different from other
5) Jean de Malestroit and Jean Bodin are good friends. existing banks?

2. Write your answers in the boxes. 2) Why Medici succeed?
3) What are factors behind the inflation?

23

Vocabulary

1. What kind of attitude do you think we should adopt towards money?

2. Complete these flow charts. Use the words in the box. 4. Put these words into the right place to
make pairs of financial terms.
do, invest, save, earn, withdraw, owe, bet, repay, invoiced, do, lend
long-term, expenditure, accounts
0) earn money → be paid for your work → spend money receivable, net, fixed cost, retained
profits, unprofitable, loss, debtor,
1) borrow money → money → pay back money liabilities
0) variable costs fixed costs
2) money → charge interest → make a profit 1) income and
2) assets and
3) order goods → be for the goods → pay for the goods 3) gross and
4) current and
4) money on a horse → win money → collect your winnings 5) profit and
6) dividends and
5) money in shares → earn interest → buy more shares 7) creditor and
8) accounts payable and
6) go to the bank → some money → spend the money 9) profitable and

7) put your car up for sale → receive an offer → a deal Word Extension

8) find a car you want to buy → negotiate a discount → money Different kinds of expressions of
money:
9) business → make a profit → reinvest the profit finance, asset, deposit, savings,
profit, currency, coin, mortgage,
10) Be short of money → take out a loan → the loan share, stock, loan, fund, bond,
pension, wage, salary, bursary,
3. Complete the sentences with the word in bold. allowance, bonus, scholarship

1) borrow, borrower 24

a. Lenders are encouraged to spread their risks among at least twenty

b. English has words from many languages.

2) bank, banker

a. The dishonored his check because he had no money in

the .

b. During the monetary crisis, several European rallied to the

pound.

3) finance, financer

a. Those measures target trade, shipping, and and so on.

b. Several joined the plot to take over the profitable company.

4) deposit, depositor

a. All for holiday cottages are refundable.

b. The negative interest rate means that pay the bank instead of

receiving interest payments.

Grammar 1 Exception:

1. Explanation The following adjectives have irregular forms:

There are several different ways to compare things in English. We also good → better, well (healthy) → better
can modify comparisons to show big or small differences. We can use
superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not bad → worse, far → farther/further
two things).
Although we use comparative adjectives when
2. Read about the uses of comparative and superlative adjectives talking about two things (not three or more things),
in fact one or both of the things may be a group of
There are two ways to make or to "form" a comparative adjective: things.

short adjectives: add "-er" long adjectives: use "more" Mt Everest is higher than all other mountains.

Short adjectives: add -er examples Here, we are talking about hundreds of mountains,
but we are still comparing one thing (Mt Everest) to
one other thing (all other mountains).

Adjectives 1-syllable old, fast

2-syllable adjectives ending happy, easy
in -y

RULE: add "-er" old → older Comparative adjectives
1) Comparing
Variation: if the adjective late → later We can use comparative adjectives to compare
ends in -e, just add -r different things.
Hellen is taller than Nancy.
Variation: if the adjective big → bigger There are fewer boys than girls in our class.
ends in consonant, vowel, She is busier than ever.
consonant, double the last We can use as…as with an adjective to say that
consonant two things are the same, or not as…as to say
that one thing is less than another.
Variation: if the adjective happy → happier
Their house is about three times as big as ours.
ends in -y, change the y to i
It isn’t as cold as it was yesterday.
Long adjectives: use more examples
We can also use expressions like different from,
2-syllable adjectives not modern, pleasant similar to and the same as.
ending in -y
England is different from the United Kingdom.
all adjectives of 3 or more expensive, intellectual
syllables His car is similar to mine.

RULE: use "more" modern → more modern The results from the first test are the same as
expensive → more expensive the results from the second.

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-er" OR "more": 25
quiet → quieter/more quiet, clever → cleverer/more clever
narrow → narrower/more narrow, simple → simpler/more simple

Grammar 1 Superlative adjectives
There are two ways to form a superlative adjective:
2) Show big differences short adjectives: add "-est"
We can use much, so much, a lot, even or far with comparative long adjectives: use "most"
adjectives We also usually add 'the' at the beginning.
You have far more imagination than I have.
We can use nowhere near with as…as Short adjectives
The interview was nowhere near as difficult as the written
exam. 1-syllable adjectives old, fast
We can use very, really, completely or totally with different from
They may be twins, but they’re completely different from each 2-syllable adjectives happy, easy
other. ending in -y old → the oldest

3) Show small differences RULE: add "-est"
We can use slightly, a little, a bit, a little bit or not much with
comparative adjectives Variation: if the late → the latest
This bag is slightly heavier than the other one. adjective ends in -e,
We can use almost, nearly, not quite, roughly, more or less or just add -st
about with as…as and the same as.
The answers were more or less right. Variation: if the big → the biggest
adjective ends in
4) Showing there is no difference consonant, vowel,
We can use exactly, the same as or just as…as to emphasize that consonant, double the
there is no difference. last consonant
You know as much about that as I do.
Variation: if the happy → the happiest
adjective ends in -y,
change the y to i

Long adjectives

2-syllable adjectives modern, pleasant
not ending in -y
expensive, intellectual
all adjectives of 3 or
more syllables modern → the most
modern
RULE: use "most" expensive → the most
expensive

With some 2-syllable adjectives, we can use "-est" OR "most": Exception: The following adjectives have irregular forms:

● quiet → the quietest/most quiet ● good → the best
● clever → the cleverest/most clever ● bad → the worst
● narrow → the narrowest/most narrow ● far → the farthest/furthest
● simple → the simplest/most simple
This is much the worst stretch of motorway in the country.
When we compare one thing with itself, we do not use "the":
England is coldest in winter. (not the coldest) 26

Grammar 2 How do we make Passive Voice?

Active & Passive Voice 1) We make the passive using the verb be + past
participle. We start the sentence with the object.

Avatar was directed by James Cameron.

1. Compare and Tick A for Active and P for Passive Voice. Object +be+ past participle
Lu Xun wrote the book.
The book was written by Lu Xun. 2) It is not always necessary to add who or what
They took her to hospital. did the action.
She was taken to hospital.
I painted the walls yellow. My flight is cancelled.
The walls were painted yellow.
He showed his works at the gallery. Object +be+ past participle
His works were shown at the gallery.
3) Only the form of be changes to make the tense.
2. Do you know how to use the passive voice to change the The past participle stays the same. Here are
focus of a sentence? Look at these examples to see how the examples of the passive in its most common tenses.
passive voice is used.
A lot of olive oil is produced in Italy. Tense Example Structure
This book was written by Angela Davis.
The suspect will be released tomorrow. Present simple Alioli is made is/are + past
This product has not been tested on animals. from oil, garlic participle
and salt.
3. Read the explanation to learn more.
Grammar explanation Present The hall is is/are being +
We use the passive voice to change the focus of the sentence. continuous being painted past participle
My bike was stolen. (passive – focus on my bike) this week.
Someone stole my bike. (active – focus on someone)
We often use the passive: Past simple John F. was/were +
1)when we prefer not to mention who or what does the action Kennedy was past participle
(for example, it's not known, it's obvious or we don't want to say) assassinated in
2)so that we can start a sentence with the most important or most 1963.
logical information
3)in more formal or scientific writing. Past continuous The signs were was/were being
being put up + past
last week. participle

Present perfect Oranges have have been +
been grown past participle
here for
centuries.

Past perfect When he got had been + past
home, he found participle
that his flat had
been burgled.

Future simple The work will will be + past
be finished next participle
week.

Grammar Exercises

1. Complete the sentences. Use the comparative adjectives or the superlative adjectives.

1) I will try to make (few) mistakes next time.

2) She was feeling a little (good) than usual.

3) She was (intelligent) than I imagined.

4) It was (easy) than I thought.

5) The (expensive) petrol becomes, the (little) people drive.

6) He was the (dangerous) criminal in the country.

7) That was the (delicious) meal I have ever had.

8) I want to give my children the (very good) education I can afford.

9) Yesterday was the (hot) day of the year.

10) It is one of the (nice) parks in the country.

2. Write the sentences by passive voice.

1) Careless driving causes many accidents.

2) A bomb destroyed the village.

3) Some of us (will ask) to speak at the meeting.

4) He hoped that he (will assign) a more suitable job.

5) I think we (are following).

6) They told me that the case (is investigating).

7) All the tickets (sell out) already.

8) He wanted to know if the result (announce).

9) The book (must finish) by the end of the month.

10) His followers looked up to him.

28

Listening

1. Vocabulary Challenge 11) Recent studies have found that large numbers of high

Listen and complete the sentences. school students plan to take a year before

1) Colleges and universities are working hard to close deep starting college.

budget . 12) Student is also major concern for colleges and

2) Many schools are losing even more money universities that have come to depend on international

from sales after sports seasons were cut short. students, especially those from China, which will

3) The value of their investments has because of wild represent a loss of up to million next year.

swings in stock prices. 13) There really is no playbook or for this.

4) University officials are predicting sharp among 2. True or false.

international students because of the crisis as well. 1) The American states had been slowly

5) Many colleges and universities have stopped filling increasing their financial support for higher

job and suspended work on building projects so education over the past five years.

they will have enough money to pay employees. 2) The American states will provide higher

6) Johns Hopkins expects a net loss of million in 2020

education more financial aid than ever.

and up to million in losses in 2021.

7) In March, U.S. lawmakers passed a $2 trillion bill to help 3) Many schools are struggling with the

Americans hurt by the coronavirus . immediate needs of student safety and moving

8) The American Council on Education, a group of college classes online.

presidents, had requested $50 billion and called the bill 4) Brian Mitchell argues that higher education

“woefully .” has the ability to solve financial problem.

9) Even colleges with large are expecting a painful

financial hit.

10) Demands for financial aid are expected to increase as

millions of Americans lose their jobs in the

economic .

(Scan this QR code to access to listening)

29

Listening

3. Listen again and choose the right answer from A, B, C or D.

1) How much money could any school loss in the U.S?

A. $100 million B. $120 million C. $130 million D. $150 million

2) What does experts concern of higher education?

A. Actions were taken to protect people from the new coronavirus.

B. The schools return money to students for things like meal plans and housing.

C. Sports seasons were cut short.

D. Large numbers of college students will not return.

3) How does Mary Papazian say about San Jose State University?

A. It Is famous for keeping detailed records of coronavirus cases and deaths.

B. A warned of possible employee dismissals.

C. The school will lose $16 million by the end of May.

D. Their savings are enough because of financial support from their states and the federal government.

4) Why does schools worry about the increase of financial aid?

A. They cannot meet students’ requests.

B. Millions of Americans lose their jobs in the economic downturn.

C. Many schools use their endowments to pay for financial aid, employees’ wages and normal operations.

D. The value of stock shares dropped.

5) Which are NOT problems for colleges and universities?

A. Financial covering.

B. Cancel school visits.

C. The loss of international students.

D. None. (Scan this QR code to access to listening)

30

Speaking

Language Bank 11) funny money

1. Read and discuss the meaning with your partner. The bank teller spotted the funny money in the man's

1). have money to burn deposit almost immediately. (counterfeit money)

I don't know what she does but she seems to have money to burn. What am I going to do with all this funny money

2). easy money when I leave here? It's no good anywhere else.

The task was simple and got him easy money. (temporary or substitute money, good only in

3). Money talks. certain places)

She got what she wanted. Well, you know money talks! We had better buy some gifts and get rid of some of

4). spend money like water this funny money before our flight. (foreign money)

They both spend money like water. 12) I'd bet money (on it)

5). pocket money I'd bet money on it. I'd bet money that Jane will get that job.

A ten-thousand-dollar donation is pocket money for him. 13) in the money

6) any money John is really in the money. He's worth millions. (wealthy)

You will be lucky to prise any money out of him. I knew when Jane came around the final turn that she was in

7) roll in money the money. (in the winning position in a race or contest.)

She is rolling in money. 14) heavy bread

8) right on the money That car cost some heavy bread. (a great deal of money)

exactly right; in exactly the right place 15) be coining it (money)

You were right on the money when you said that I would really to be earning a lot of money quickly

like that book. The magazine has been coining it since the new editor took over.

9) come into some money

to get some money unexpectedly, usually by inheritance

She came into a lot of money when she turned twenty.

10) fork some money out (for something)

to pay (perhaps unwillingly) for something

Do you think I'm going to fork twenty dollars out for that book?

31

Speaking

2. Do you agree or disagree? Discuss with your partner.
1) Money is a good servant but a bad master.
2) Money makes the mare go.

3. Work in pairs and discuss these questions.
1) If you dropped a penny on the ground, would you stop to pick it up?
2) Do you ever buy anything secondhand?
3) Do you prefer credit cards or 'cold hard cash'?
4) Do you know how to read the business pages of the newspaper?
5) If you borrowed a dollar from your classmate, how soon would you pay it back?
6) Do you ever haggle over a price or ask for a discount?
7) Do you think money is more important than love?
8) How much weekly allowance should a teenager get in your country?
9) What do you do to save money?

32

Writing 3. Which of the adverbs in the box
below describe changes that are …
Describing a graph
a. … big? considerably dramatically
1. Writing skills: b. … fast? gradually marginally
When you describe a line graph, it is very important to evaluate the c. … small? negligibly rapidly
tendency of the line, make comparisons and describe the bottom d. … slow? remarkably sharply
point and peak point. significantly slightly
steadily strikingly

Language Bank.

You may use these words.

horizontal axis vertical axis

general trend reach a low point

reach the bottom reach the rock

hit a trough hit a historic low

reach a peak turn the corner

reach the highest point/the top/the
summit

rebound recover/recovery pick up

2. These are the three basic trends. Write the words in bold flatten out plateau remain stable
from the box into the correct column.
level off stay at the same level
jump rocket rise increase recover double shoot up soar surge
constant stagnate steady
decrease drop fall halve plummet plunge decline slump
stabilize considerable constant
stay constant level off remain stable plateau remain steady

there is little/hardly/any/no change

double

triple / three fold / three fold increase

quadrupled fluctuate (around)

a fluctuation in (display /demonstrate a
fluctuation)

remarkable

33

Writing Between 1980 and 2005, electricity production from

4. Choose right words and fill in the blanks. nuclear power 7) of 430 terawatt hours.

The graph below shows electricity production (in 8) , the figure for thermal power 9) to
terawatt hours) in France between 1980 and 2012.
only 50 terawatt hours in 1985, and 10) for the
remained at this level, by contrast, overtook, main
source, most important, fell, nuclear power, lowest rest of the period. Hydroelectric power generation
amount of, a small rise to approximately, thermal
power, relatively stable, rose dramatically to a peak, remained 11) , at between 50 and 80 terawatt
primary source
hours, for the whole 32-year period, but renewable

electricity production saw only 12) 25

terawatt hours by 2012.

The line graph compares the amount of electricity Language Bank
produced in France using four different sources of power You may use these sentences.
over a period of 32 years.
1) As we can see from the graph/ As can be seen
It is clear that nuclear power was by far the 1) from the line chart, the two curves show the
fluctuation of … over the period from…to…
means of electricity generation over the period shown.
2) The line chart depicts the changes in the number
Renewables provided the 2) electricity in each year. of…over the period from 2000 to 2004．

In 1980, 3) stations were the 4) of electricity 3) The graph, presented in the curve diagram, shows
the general trend in…
in France, generating around 120 terawatt hours of power.
4) This is a line chart showing…
Nuclear and hydroelectric power stations produced just
5) The…in the graph is measured in units, each of
under 75 terawatt hours of electricity each, and renewables which is equivalent to…

provided a negligible amount. Just one year later, nuclear 6) The horizontal axis stands for…

power 5) thermal power as the 6) of 7) The vertical axis stands for…

electricity. 8) There was a (rapid/
dramatical/drastic/sharp/great/remarkable/
slight/little/slow) increase/ rise/ decrease/ drop/
fall/decline of A over the period from…to…

9) The curve appeared to level off in 1988．

10) The situation reached a peak/a high(point)at…in
2000.

11) The situation fell down to/reached the bottom in
2000.

12) The figures hit a trough in 2000．

34

Writing Exercises

1. Writing Task 1: Report
The graph below shows the percentages of young people who have left their home countries to go abroad to look for
work from 2000 to the present. It also shows projections until 2030.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.

2. Writing 2: Review
Read this writing task and write a review (140-190 words).
More and more qualified people are moving from poor to rich countries to fill vacancies in specialist areas like
engineering, computing and medicine. Some people believe that by encouraging the movement of such people, rich
countries are stealing from poor countries. Others feel that this is only part of the natural movement of workers
around the world. Do you agree or disagree?

35

4
High-Tech
World

Name: Jin Peng
Matric Number: P-PM0110/20

Reading

What is a driverless car? Level 3 Conditional automation (eyes 94% of road accidents are due to human
off) error, so it’s predicted that driverless
Cars that drive themselves may have vehicles could have a huge impact on
been the thing of childhood dreams even The car is almost entirely in control of traffic accidents. And with the majority of
10 years ago, but today they are a reality. itself – but the driver is still required to driverless cars expected to be electric,
Across the globe, but especially in the pay some attention and be prepared to they’re also the greener choice of car.
UK, the tech world has begun designing intervene. The vehicle can handle
and testing cars that do everything we do immediate responses like emergency Driverless vehicles are also capable of
behind the steering wheel - but without a braking, and would only be authorised to driving far more efficiently, potentially
driver. The dawn of driverless cars is upon take complete control during cutting journey times and fuel costs. The
us, and it’s set to change driving as we slow-moving traffic on highways with a way cities work may also see big changes;
know it. physical barrier that separates oncoming cars could drive themselves home after
traffic. dropping off their owners, so the need for
The ultimate goal for these cars is to car parks would disappear overnight. The
do away with the driver completely, Level 4 High automation (mind off) idea of a city without parking might be
creating safer, stress-free roads where crazy, but it also might just be the future.
everything is programmed for The driver isn’t required to pay
problem-free transport. The UK is fast attention to the road, but these can only be Safety
becoming a leader in the development of self-driven under particular
these vehicles, with projects happening circumstances, such as certain speed ● The majority of car accidents are
across the country, designed to bring us to limits and road types. Specific geofenced due to human error, and
the forefront of the driverless areas could allow complete automation. self-driving cars would reduce
development. The vehicle must be able to cancel a trip human decision making
and park itself without the driver’s
What makes a driverless car? control, should these circumstances ● Safety will be the utmost priority
become inapplicable. in driverless vehicles and will
When it comes to driverless cars, there incorporate new and existing
are five levels of automation. Level 5 Complete automation (steering technologies such as heat sensors
wheel optional)
Levels of a driverless car Equity
The car is completely autonomous,
Level 0 Conditional automation (eyes on) and no human interaction is required to ● Anyone can ride in a driverless
The human driver is in total control of fully operate the vehicle. The design of car – young or old, disabled or
these vehicles can vary hugely: with no abled, blind or sighted – creating
the vehicle. They handle everything, such need to watch the road, is there any need truly equal transport
as the brakes, steering, throttle, and for front windows? At this stage, it may
power. Simply put, near all aspects of not look like a car at all! ● If you can work while you’re
driving are controlled by a human being driven, you can (in theory)
operator. Already, we can see levels one and live anywhere, and hours from
two on UK roads, and we can expect to work, granting true freedom of
Level 1 Driver assistance (hands on) start seeing conditional automation living
vehicles (level three) emerging by 2021,
Control of the vehicle is shared according to Chancellor Philip Hammond. The environment
between the driver and the automated Level four vehicles are expected follow in
system. Some aspects of driving, like the next couple of years, followed a few ● Imagine if we had parks instead
speed, are controlled through adaptive years later we’ll have fully driverless cars of parking places – a driverless
cruise control and parking assistance, – without even a steering wheel. Some, car can park itself anywhere,
while the steering and other aspects are like industry leader NVIDIA CEO Jensen eliminating the need for car
still in the hands of the driver. Huang, even expect things to progress parks
sooner, with level five cars on the road by
Level 2 Partial automation (hands off) 2022. ● Driverless cars could cut
congestion, and less congestion
The automated system has almost What are their benefits? means less pollution
complete control over handling the
acceleration, braking, and steering. The Driverless cars have plenty of benefits ● Driverless cars won’t be able to
driver does need to be prepared to react to offer, including improved safety and a “speed”, and lower speeds can
urgently – but contact between the hands reduced environmental impact. According translate into savings on fuel and
and steering wheel is usually unnecessary. to the US Department of Transport, up to less environmental fuel impact

37

Source: https://www.moneysupermarket.com/car-insurance/driverless/

Reading ● Your car can essentially become escaping your parents by driving - it’s hardly
a second living room or office. an escape if they know where the car is at all
Changing your daily life There's no need to be living in times. Our relationship towards cars, and the
the middle of the city if you can way we make them significant, is set to
Driverless cars could change your start working on your way to change.
everyday life in more ways than just the work!
daily commute. Whether we will need If you were driving and cars around you
drivers licenses is still a big question, as is ● Imagine telling your car your were automated, with no driver or occupants,
whether you’ll even need to own your own destination, and your car would you feel safer than if they weren’t
car or could simply use a one-off or providing you with the perfect automated?
subscription service. movie to last the duration of your
journey. We could see the Exercises
The domination of driverless cars would emergence of a bunch of new,
impact more industries than just motoring. innovative apps and services for Choose the answer from A, B, and C.
We’re already seeing innovations like in-car entertainment. 1. What will be like with driverless cars in the
driverless trucks change how the US future from this article?
delivery industry works, but cars are likely ● Dinner for two with a ride A. Drivers are not satisfied with this kind of
to create even wider ranging changes to included - or your hotel booking technologies because they will lose jobs.
society. with free airport transportation - B. Drivers will manipulate their cars remotely
think of all the brilliant package and get a higher salary.
● No more driving tests! If a car is deals that'll come with driverless C. Drivers will be benefit from these
completely driverless, then there’s cars! technologies and ultimate mostly get rid of
probably no reason to gain a accidents and traffic stress.
driver’s license or even take a test ● Like any device with internet
in the first place. access, driverless cars can be 2. Which one is NOT the benefit of driverless
hacked. While it might not cars?
● Furthermore, people might not impact your safety, it’s a new toy A. Traffic accidents will be eliminated.
even own their own cars. We’ll see for hackers nonetheless. B. Environmental pollution will be reduced.
the emergence of companies who C. The disabled or blinded will ride the car
own fleets of driverless cars that ● Mornings and evenings will be a without any pressure.
can be hired on a pay-as-you-go whole lot easier for parents if an
basis - much like how ridesharing driverless car can take the kids to 3. Which one is incorrect according to this
services like Uber already operate. school! article?
A. It is probably that we will not need parking
● Portable power! A driverless car is Tomorrow’s trolley problem lot anymore.
essentially a big, mobile battery. B. It is definitely that there is no need to grant
They’ll be able to act as generators While we can give driverless cars the a driving license when people ride the
- Large-scale vehicles like trucks ability to ‘see’ and program them to make driverless car.
may even be able to completely decisions based on these visuals, deciding C. Parents will probably feel much easier in
power to remote areas - meaning on their decision-making process is much the morning and evening because they can
we could see a lot less power lines more complicated. Establishing how cars reserve driverless cars to pick their children
on our streets. react to situations is an ethical dilemma up home.
that has no simple solution.
● Say goodbye to parking. What if 4. Matching
you could get dropped off by your In situations where the car would
car, and then it drives itself home inevitably crash, driverless cars have to A. Lily concentrates on designing the
until you’re ready to be picked up? make a decision about just how they promotion brochure on the way to company
There’s no need for parking spaces would crash. If in the seconds before without paying any attention on the road
when your car can occupy itself - impact the car can swerve away and avoid because her car panned everything
which means urban spaces will be a hitting a pedestrian, but could injure the automatically.
whole lot prettier! More space for driver instead, should it do so?
pedestrianised areas is always a B. Peter does not need to do anything on
good thing! Companies must answer these ethical slow-moving road because his car will move
questions - and other dilemmas we by itself and initiate an emergency brake
● What’s James Bond without his haven’t even discovered yet - before when necessary.
Aston Martin? It’s crucial bit of driverless vehicles begin to hit the roads.
product placement that we might When it comes to these questions though, C. Jerry’s car are planning and cancelling the
be seeing a whole lot less of in the it’s worth considering just where you
near future. Think about all your stand, and what you think cars should do route trip automatically without his particular
favourite action movie chase in dangerous situations.
scenes - now imagine them with attention. 38
driverless cars. Even the Are driverless cars the best future for us?
entertainment industry will be
impacted! Truthfully, it’s tough to say exactly
how driverless cars will change society in
● Of course, the same applies back in the coming years. Milestones like getting
the real world. That infamous OJ your first car or your license might lose all
Simpson police chase will be a meaning, and ‘drink-driving’ could all but
baffling sight for future disappear overnight.
generations!
New risks like your car being hacked will
appear, replacing the teenage nostalgia of

Reading Listening

D. Tom is mainly in charge of driving the car, his 1. Listening and answer questions.
driving skills are tactical from his handling with 1). How many times did the writer take a driving test?
the steer wheel, brakes and so on. 2). What allows a human driver to take over in a driverless car?
3). What does Chris Urmson hope his son will never have to do?
E. Jack are reading books and giving his car 4). How many people die in road accidents every year?
necessary guidance under urgent circumstances, 5). Who thinks people may forget how to drive if they don't do it regularly?
while his car is running by itself without hand
manipulation of his steer wheel. 2. Listen again and choose the correct words from the following
boxes.
F. Mary’s car is very convenient because the
automated system provides her necessary equivalent driver-assist automotive conventional
assistance and enhance the driver’s safety.
1). Ten miles is roughly __________ to 16 kilometres.
Levels of driverless cars
prototype extreme circumstances equivalent vision
Level 0 2). I will only lend people money in __________.

Level 1 operated racked up retrofitted assisted

Level 2 3). We __________ £200,000 in sales last year.

Level 3 prototype equivalent vision automobile

Level 4 4). We are building a __________ for a new type of bicycle.

Level 5 automotive driver-assist manufacturer conventional
5). The new cars will really boost the American __________ industry.
5. True or False
1). It is a little bit difficult for us to develop
driverless cars the ability to see and make
decisions.
2). People are permitted to drive after drinking if
they use driverless car.
3). Nearly half of people are not reluctant to ride
driverless cars.

Listening Key Glossary
automotive
driver-assist
prototype
manufacturer
retrofitted
conventional
vision
drastically
equivalent
racked up
extreme circumstances
operate

39

Grammar 1 We use the second conditional to talk about the possible
result of an imagined situation in the present or future.
First Conditional & Second We say what the conditions must be for the present or
future situation to be different.
Conditional “if” If people complained, things would change. (People
don’t complain at the moment.)
The first conditional is used to talk about the possible
Read more examples:
situations in the future. If we had virtual reality holidays, we wouldn’t have any
problems with the weather.
The pattern is If they invented virtual reality holidays, I would go on
an around-the-world tour.
If clause main clause If I were a tiger, I would eat only grass.
If I were a bird, I would fly to the sky.
If + v will/won’t + v If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house for my
parents.
Find out things we would do and we wouldn’t do if If I were a millionaire, I would build a school.
we had virtual reality holidays and virtual universities. If the God gave (give) me another chance, I would tell
(tell) the girl three words: I love her! If our love had to
we wouldn’t… we would… (have to) be set a time limit, I wish it would be (be)
10,000 years!
If we had virtual have any travel around the If I had worked harder, I would have passed exam.
reality holidays problems with world, entering
the weather and exciting First and second conditional compared
countries in
seconds When we use the first conditional, we think the
imagined situation is more likely to happen than when
have to spend a go to anywhere we use the second conditional.
long time we like
travelling Types of conditional: summary

have to go there The table shows how the main types of conditionals
in flesh relate to one another.

have to pack a
suitcase

be able to study true likely/possibl less
in a e likely/less
If we had virtual world-famous possible
universities N/A university
without going
out your room. real first second

Can you summarize the rule of second conditional?

The pattern is: If we had
more
If Clause main clause If it snows, we If she gets students, we
get our skis the job, we’ll would run
If + Ved would/could/might/should + V out. celebrate. the course.

Imagined conditions: Second Conditional (We do this
every time it
a) Unrealistic hopes for the future snows.) (It is possible (It is less
or likely she likely or
b) Plans for the future will get the unlikely that
job.) we will get
c) Something that isn’t possible now. more
students.)
40

Grammar 2 How do we make the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of the Future Perfect Continuous tense is:

subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main
will have be verb
Future Perfect Continuous
invariable invariable past Present
The Future Perfect Continuous tense looks at the participle participle
past from the future.
will have been base +ing
Use:
● Use the future perfect continuous to talk about For negative sentences in the Future Perfect Continuous tense,
an event that will be in progress for some time we insert not between will and have. For question sentences,
before a specified time in the future. we exchange the subject and will. Look at these example
sentences with the Future Perfect Continuous:
Janet will be really tired when we get home. She will
have been looking after the children all day!

subject auxiliary auxiliary auxiliary main
will have be verb

● It can be used to make predictions about event working
that will be in progress before a specified time I will have been for four
in the future.
hours.
Joe won’t mind that we are late. He won’t have been
waiting long. travelling
have been for two
You will
days.

● It can be used to predict what was happening She will not have been using the
in the past. car.

“What do you think the men were doing in the store We will not have been waiting
room?” long.

“Don’t worry. They will have been unpacking boxes.”

Will you have been playing
football?

● Both the fixed future time and the length of Will they have been watching
time of in future perfect continuous TV?
sentences.are often mentioned

By the end of this week, I’ll have been working here We sometimes use shall instead of will, especially for I and we.
for five months.

Fixed future time: the end of this week How do we use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense?

Length of time: five months The Future Perfect Continuous tense is like the Future Perfect
Tense, but it expresses longer actions or states extending up to
some specific event or time in the future. For example:

But this is not always the case. ● Ram starts waiting at 9am. I am late and cannot arrive
before 10am. Ram will have been waiting for an hour
Anne will be in a bad mood at the party this evening by the time I meet him.
because she’ll have been doing housework.
41

Grammar 2 voice assistant to come under fire. In 2018, Alexa, a voice

● He'll be tired when he gets here. He'll have assistant developed by US tech company Amazon, recorded a
been travelling all day.
private conversation between a couple and sent it to a
● How long will Jo have been working when he
retires? stranger without their (5) . These issues

● Next month I'll have been studying Chinese (6) concerns that tech companies are (7)
for two years.
users' rights of privacy. Many people have long feared that
● Will you have been working when I arrive?
● He won't have been studying long enough to tech companies are listening and collecting data from private

qualify. conversations, reported Forbes. Using this data, third party
● Next week Jane is going to swim from England
companies could then paint an (8) picture of users'
to France. By the time she gets to France she'll
have been swimming non-stop for over habits and (9) in order to serve them more (10)
thirteen hours.
advertisements, or even worse, sell this private data.
Notice that the long action or state can start at any time
in the past, present or future, but of course it always Despite this risk, the (11) of voice assistant seems
ends in the future.
to be (12) . According to a report by Ovum, a

London-based research firm, there will be almost as many

voice assistants on the planet as people by 2021. "In the near

future, everything from your lighting to your air-conditioning

to your refrigerator, your coffee maker, and even your toilet

could be (13) to a system controlled by voice,"

commented The Atlantic. Colin Horgan wrote on the blog site

Medium that he believed people's daily lives will soon

become a (14) of data. "The sounds of our homes,

the (15) of life – laughing, crying, talking, shouting,

sitting in silence – will no longer be considered memories,

but data," he wrote. To deal with the issue, Blake Morgan,

reporter for The Atlantic, believed that the answer is

(16) . All companies need to have messaging ready

to explain to customers what they do with private data," she

wrote on The Atlantic.

Vocabulary convenience, deepened, preferences, sacrificing,
source, permission, targeted, infringing,
unstoppable, transparency, popularity, accurate,
wired, symphony, command, accidentally triggered

How reliable are voice assistants?

Many of you may have used Siri, a voice

assistant of US tech company Apple. You only have

to say "hey Siri" and it will answer to your (1)

However, we may be (2) our privacy to enjoy

this (3) .

According to a recent report by the Guardian, Siri

can be (4) and start recording private

conversations, such as discussions between doctors

and patients. Some of these recordings are then given

to workers outside the company to review. Apple

claimed the data was used to help Siri improve, but

users were not informed of this measure in the first

place. Apple's Siri is not the only 42

Speaking

Language Bank

1. With the popularity of the Internet, almost every kind of resource can be obtained from it.

2. Admittedly, confronted with so much information, it is not an easy task to mine the latent and valuable information
quickly and effectively.

3. People should bear a reasonable mind to the various stuff emerging on the Internet, and select the essence and
discard the dross.
4. Indulgence in Internet chatting will keep people away from friends.

5. It goes without saying that if this tendency continues, the Internet would inevitably become a demon separating
people apart instead of an angel connecting them together.

6. In previous years, it seemed that it was a fantasy to buy things at home through the Internet. Nowadays, the things
we couldn’t imagine have become reality.

7. Internet slang terms are so popular that they have become one part of our daily life.

8. It is necessary to adopt a strict attitude on Internet slang terms in official documents.

Internet Online Games and Virtual Reality

1. Do you often use the Internet? 1. Do you or your friends play online games? What are
2. What do you use the Internet for? the advantages and/or disadvantages of playing online
3. Do you think the use of the Internet needs to be games?
controlled?
4. Why do people use the Internet? 2. In computing language, virtual reality refers to
5. What are the benefits of the Internet? computer-generated simulation of an image or
6. What are the negative influences of the Internet on environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly
children? real or physical way. Would you enjoy living in this
7. Will e-books replace traditional books? way? Why or why not?
8. Will online education take the place of traditional
education? 3. Should virtual property bought online be treated
9. Is it wise to make friends online? material goods? If such “property” is stolen, should it
10. The impact of social networking websites be protected by law? Who should be responsible for its
protection?

43

Writing

Scan QR codes and watch these videos about Virtual Reality (VR) and Artificial
Intelligence (AI). Think about your education, home, job, partner, family, etc. Write
about your ideal future.

Write conditional sentences to explain why you would like this kind of life.

How Far is Too Far How virtual reality turns
The Age of A.I. students into scientists

The Evolution of Virtual The Future Tech of
Reality by 2025 Virtual Reality

44

Conditionals Quiz

Use of Language 1. What would you do if it ________ on your wedding day?

A.rained B. will rain C. would rain

2. If she comes, I _____ call you.

A. will B. would C. would have

3. If I eat peanut butter, I ________ sick.

A. would have gotten B. would get C. get

Comparative Adjectives Quiz 4. What will you do if you ________ the history exam?

1. Comparative adjectives are used when comparing _______ things, A. would fail B. will fail C. fail

people or groups. 5. If they had not _____ the car, I would have driven you.

A. two B. two or more C. three or more A. take B. taken C. would take

2. Which is the comparative form? "I'm strong, but my brother is 6. If it snows, ________ still drive to the coast?

_______ ." A. will you B. would you C. would you have

A. strongest B. stronger C. as strong 7. "He would have gone with you if you had asked him." Which

3. Many adjectives are changed into the comparative form by adding conditional is this?

A. -er B. -est C. -ies A. first B. second C. third

4. Which is the correct comparative form? "My phone's expensive, 8. "If I won a million dollars, I would buy my own airplane."

but Joe's is _______ ." Which conditional is this?

A. expensiver B. most expensive C. more expensive A. zero B. first C. second

5. A long adjective of 3 or more syllables is changed into a 9. "If I forget her birthday, Andrea gets upset." Which conditional

comparative adjective by is this?

A. adding -er to it B. adding -est to it C. putting "more" before it A. zero B. first C. second

6. Which is correct? "Do you think Maria is _______ than Selena?" 10. "What will she do if she misses the bus?" Which conditional is

A. prettier B. more pretty C. more prettier this?

7. Which is not a comparative form of the adjective "clever"? A. first B. second C. third

A. cleverer B. cleverrer C. more clever

8. Which is correct? "English is _______ Japanese."

A. easier B. more easy C. easier than Future Perfect Continuous Quiz

9. Which is correct? "This year the weather is ______ than last year." 1. My mom ________ for two days by the time I see her.

A. badder B. worse C. worser A.has been travelling

10. Which is comparative? "Whose English is _______? Mine or B.will have been travelling

his?" C.will has been travelling

A. good B. better C. best 2. They'll be exhausted by dinner. They will have been _____

hockey for seven hours.

Superlative Adjectives Quiz A.playing B.played C.play

1. Superlative adjectives can be used when talking about _______ 3. Will you ________ here for ten years by the time of the

things, people or groups. Christmas party?

A. two B. two or more C. three or more A.have been worked B.have to work C.have been working

2. Which is correct? "None of our players is taller than James. He's 4. It's a 24-hour relay. They'll only have been ________ for half

our _______ player." the time by 6pm.

A. most tall B. tallest C. most tallest A.ran B.run C.running

3. Many adjectives with one syllable can be changed into the 5. We ________ been waiting long.

superlative form by adding A.will not have B.have not will C.will have not

A. -er B. -est C. -er OR -est 6. I ________ working for two years.

4. Which is correct? "That was _______ movie I've ever seen!" A.willn't have been B.won't have been C.not have been

A. the most scary B. the scaryest C. the scariest 7. Won't they ________ travelling for two weeks by then?

5. Which is correct? "Do you really think Japanese is the world's A.have been B.had been C.has been

_______ language?" 8. The teachers will ________ for a month by the time the deal is

A. most difficult B. difficultest C. the most difficult made.

6. All adjectives of 3 or more syllables are made superlative by A.have been striking B.will strike C.will be striking

using 9. The films run all night. We ________ movies for six hours by

A.-est B. most C. -est OR most the time the feature comes on.

7. Which is the superlative form of the adjective "clever"? A.watched B.will have been watching C.will watch

A.cleverest B. most clever C. cleverest OR most clever 10. She'll still be groggy. She ________ undergoing surgery for

8. Ariana sang her latest songs and _______ of her old songs. three hours.

A.the best B. her best C. best A.will has been B.will have been C.will be have

9. In 2019 NASA stated that the previous five years were _______

ever recorded.

A.the most hottest B. the hottest C. the most hot

10. Choose the superlative form: "It looks like our _______ fears Unit 3 & Unit 4 Quizzes

are coming true." 45

A.bad B. worse C. worst

5 Going
Places

Reading

Discussion
1. Where would you go for your ideal holiday? What would you do there? Who would you go with?
2. Imagine you are going to spend a week in the Sahara; the greatest and hottest desert on the African
continent, attempting to discover the life there.
• What would you need to take with you?
• What difficulties do you think you might face?

3. Read an article about other places in England.

England is More Than Just London C- For example, my home in the UK is in the historical
city of Chester. In Spain, hardly anybody has heard
of this city and so I describe the location by saying
it is near Manchester (of Manchester United football
club) and Liverpool (the home of The Beatles). Yet
Chester is a beautiful and important city in itself! As
it is a Roman city we have city walls circling the
city centre, Roman ruins and even an amphitheatre!
In addition, the majority of the buildings in the city
centre were built in the 1300s which means that
most of the houses and shops are very pretty black
and white striped buildings.

A- I have been working as a language assistant in Northern
Spain for just over a month now and whilst I have D- For these reasons, Chester is a very popular city
amongst Asian and British tourists who want to see
enjoyed introducing myself and talking about culture in
the historical sites, yet the majority of Spaniards
the UK I have noticed that many Spanish students,
don’t seem to know about it! Other beautiful places
teachers and friends of mine seem to think that the UK
to visit in the UK include York, Bath, Cornwall, the
has only one place to visit – London!
Lake District, the Cotswolds... The list goes on!

B- Whilst of course London is our capital city and a E- It seems that most Spanish people who have visited
fabulous place to visit, my personal opinion is that it is a the UK stayed in ‘The Big Smoke’ (London’s
big grey city with too many people and so I think that nickname due to its industrial origin) and didn’t
foreign visitors should really explore the UK a bit more! venture anywhere else. What a shame! I hope that
Living in Spain, I often have to explain to people that after reading this article, if you get the chance to
there are lots of other beautiful places to visit in my visit my beautiful country, you might be a little bit
country which also have impressive historical or more adventurous and travel outside of the grey
architectural features. bubble of our capital city.

Source:

learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/magazine/life-around-wo

rld/england-more-just-london

For questions 1-10, choose from the sections (A-E). The sections may be chosen more than once.

1. Misconception about the United Kingdom. {}

2. The writer’s acknowledgment of the real description of London. { }

3. This city is particularly known by tourists who admire historical features. { }

4. The writer gives an example of the beauty of his city by comparing it to another city. { }

5. An impressive historical and architectural place that is worth a visit. { }

6. The writer expresses his disappointment. { }

7. There are many other places tourists have to go and discover to in the UK. { }

8. The writer does not consider the capital of the UK as the most attractive place to visit. { }.

9. The writer was surprised that most Spaniards are not very familiar with the tourism in the United Kingdom.

{} 47

10. London is not the only famous and beautiful place that is worth a visit. { }

Vocabulary

1. Based on the article, use context to guess the meanings of the highlighted words in the reading text and match them
with their correct definitions:

A- something that has lines on it like a zebra.
B- very good; excellent.
C- relating to the design and construction of buildings
D- is a large open area surrounded by rows of seats sloping upwards. Amphitheatres were built mainly in

Greek and Roman times for the performance of plays.
E- boring and unattractive, and very similar to other things or other people.

2. Which noun does not usually collocate with the adjective on the left?

A- ruins ancient/ picturesque/ expressive
B- assistant research/ individual / clerical
C- culture postmodern/ youth/ lifelike
D- building creaky/ derelict/ adjacent
E- features topographic/ reasonable/ unique

Grammar Abbreviations

Talking about future Will = ’ll
I’ll / you’ll / we’ll / he’ll / she’ll / it’ll /
Will / going to and present continuous: they’ll
are verb forms used to talk about future plans: a spontaneous Will not = won’t.
plan, a pre-decided plan and an arranged plan with someone else. I won’t / you won’t / we won’t / he won’t /
she won’t / it won’t / they won’t
Going to = gonna.
I am gonna / you’re gonna / we’re gonna /
he’s gonna / she’s gonna / it’s gonna /
they’re gonna

Look at the examples 1-3. Then answer the questions from A-C.

1. Oops, I forgot to go to the supermarket. I will do it tomorrow after work.
2. I am going to buy some chocolate for my niece. I promised her this morning.
3. We are having a party tomorrow, would you like to come?

Which verb action in italics refers to
A- a plan decided before the moment of speaking.
B- an arranged plan that is already confirmed with at least one other person with confirming
the time and place of doing it.
C- a spontaneous plans decided at the moment of speaking.

Which verb form comes after will and be going to? Which verb form is used to make present
continuous form?

48

Fill in the gap with the correct verb form of will. Be going to, present continuous:
1. I can’t come to work tomorrow. I ______________________ a tooth taken out. (have)
2. Wife: Would you like some coffee? Husband: No, I ______________________ have a melon juice, please.
(have)
3. Sumaia has thrown her guitar away. She ______________________ another new one. (buy).
4. They have paid for the course and they ______________________ next week (start)/
5. I don’t have enough time so I think I ______________________ to the party. (come).
6. What ______________________ when you finish your university? (do).
7. A: This table is too heavy.
B: I ______________________ you. (help)
8. Dad, ______________________ a bigger flat when you have a promotion in your job? (get)
9. Guys, what ______________________ after the course? (do)

10. She ______________________ at the conference. (speak)

Write the correct form of the verb from the box to fill in with the missing words in the
paragraph:

go / prepare / travel back / stay / do (2) / start / be (2) / decide /
take (2) / start / go round

My plans for 2021

We are a few days away from entering the New Year 2021. In this coming year, I have some
educational and entertainment plans that I very much intend to make. I am currently staying with my dad in
Malaysia doing my Master’s degree in TESOL. I am in my second semester. After this semester finishes, we
……………….. to my home country. Alternatively, a course in DELTA from the British council.
…………………. driving lessons as I urgently need a car. In addition, I …………………….. for the proposal
defence during the break time between the semesters.

For entertainment, it has always been my aim to learn how to apply make-up so I registered a
course and ………………………. at the end of February. My dad and I need to explore more about Malaysia,
so we …………………….. some islands starting with Langkawi. However, we are not sure of what we
………………….. in Langkawi Island because it ……………………. our first trip to it! We
…………………………. in one of the resorts near the beach and then we …………………. what we
………………….. I think …………………… a wonderful experience.

49

Speaking

Long Turn

Here are two pictures showing learners who are learning in two different ways.

Before you start … Get it right! 1. Work with a
partner. Compare
✔ When comparing between two pictures, talk about between the two
similarities and differences between them. pictures.

e.g. both pictures show ..., in the first picture ... , but this 2. Useful language:
one ... , whereas the other ... , in contrast to this picture ... ,
the same as in this picture… Arrange the phrases in the box into
✔ You are not simply describing the pictures, you are the two groups.

expressing your diversity of opinions about the Happy with online Dissatisfied with
pictures. classes online classes

e.g. I think learners will have problems in …. 50
I expect that it will be an interesting experience to ….
They will find it quite tough to begin with ….

Lack of computer skills.
The online one-to-one option is helpful.
You can interact as you would in a normal classroom.
Teacher doesn’t give the control of the computer.
Technical problems accessing the material.
Asking and getting spontaneous replies on e-learning platforms.
The internet suddenly cuts off.
An easy and quick access to information not only from teachers.
Difficult to work together with classmates on projects.