FOCUS e-book

3. In pairs, discuss the following questions. Remember to give your opinions and develop your ideas
by giving reasons or examples.

• Pay attention to what your partner says and try to add any new ideas to the discussion.

Student A: Student B:

In which situation, will the learner Do you think learning online will
have most control over their be dominant to normal classrooms?
education?
What are the advantages and
How useful do you think is the use disadvantages of distance learning?
of computers and the internet for
language learning? Are you planning to have online
courses? If yes, why? If no, why?
Are you planning to have online
courses? If yes, why? If no, why?

Listening

1. Work in groups. Which if these places are in photos A-D? Which place would you most like to go to? Why?

▪ Edinburgh, Scotland

▪ Istanbul, Turkey

▪ Tokyo, Japan BDeessttiHnoaltiidoany
▪ Morocco
▪ Salzburg, Austria

ABC

DE

51

2. Listen to a teacher is giving a lecture on the effects of tourism. Are these statements True (T), False
(F) or Not Given (NG)?

1. Tourism is the only income economically for poor countries.
T/F/NG

2. According to the teacher tourism has advantages and disadvantage in Goa.
T/F/NG

3. Before 1986, tourists who visited Goa were foreign backpackers, hippies and Indian visitors.
T/F/NG

4. Tourists were not happy with the local types of accommodations offered in Goa.
T/F/NG

5. Tourism has witnessed an increase since 1986.
T/F/NG

6. Goa’s locals are delighted with the arrival of more and more tourists to their city.
T/F/NG

7. Tourism contributed to the prosperity of the agriculture and the spread of local industries in Goa.
T/F/NG

8. Goa is the safest destination for tourists.
T/F/NG

Writing

An Informal email B 52
Ending
1. Match the phrases in (A) to the correct title in (B).
Reasons for writing
A
Just a quick question … Making a request
I am wondering if … Greeting
I wanna let you know that …
Thanks a lot,
Take care,
Love,
Hi Ony,
Hello Ony,
Hey,
Would you mind coming/ giving …. ?
Can you send me/ wait for me …. ?
I am wondering if you will be/ are around later …

2. Read the email and write next to each arrow the correct title of the phrase or the sentence from the table
in question 1.

Ony

3. Imagine that you are travelling to Italy for a holiday.
Which of the following things would you like to request
and/or to enquiry about?

✔ Restaurants
✔ Touristy places
✔ The weather and types of clothes to wear
✔ The currency used
✔ Best hotels
✔ A car for transportation
✔ Receiving at the airport

Is there anything you might ask about or ask from your
friend to do for you?

4. Now, write an email to a friend in Italy informing him
about the reason of writing the email with making your
requests and inquiries about Italy before traveling.

53

6Family

Speaking

Activity 1

Watch the video by scanning the QR code.

After watching the video, answer the following question.

1. Often looking after her sibling causes arguments with her mom.
True / False

2. The boy says he gets lonely sometimes as he is the only child.
True / False

3. The girl has a elder brother who she can really talk to about a lot of stuff.
True / False

4. Being the only child in his family, he get a lot of … which he like.
Fill in the blank.

Activity 2 Family

Choose one of the prompts below and discuss with your friends.

❏ How big is your family and the members in your family
❏ What you enjoy spend time together with your family and explain why
❏ If you were the only child in your family, what are the pros and cons

After discussing with your friends, you may present your work with your
classmates.

55

Listening

Listen to Emma talking about her family. Nuclear
Family
1. Is Emma’s dog is part of the family?
Yes / No

2. Her sister is studying in England
True / False

3. She finds it better to talk to her mother about
teenager issues.
True / False

4. Emma and her family uses Sundays to have a
video call with her sister.
True / False

5. Emma enjoys sleeping in the tent and get the
chance to sing songs and chat with others.
True / False

6. It is quite challenging at first when Emma’s
father tell her to turn off her phone on holiday.
True / False

Helicopter Jim and Anna are discussing about Tiger Moms
Parents and Helicopter Parents. Listen to the audio and
and answer the questions.

Tiger Mom 1. A helicopter parent is very … .
big / rich / protective
56
2. Helicopter parents don’t want their kids to …
fail / get hurt / succeed

3. Anna prefer her daughter to have … .
goals / free time / independent

4. Anna is a … mom.
tiger / soccer / caring

5. Asian mom is basically … .
relaxed / strict / reserved

6. In Amy Chua, the Yale professor opinion, she
said that parents need to be strict and … your
kids and demand excellence.
push / bring / tell

7. The personality of a tiger is.
intelligent / aggressive / fast

Reading Tiger Parents

What is a Tiger Parent?

The term "Tiger Mom" burst onto the scene in 2011 when Amy Chua, a Yale law professor and mother of two
daughters, published a book about her parenting style called The Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother. "This term
has its positives and negatives," says Kim Parker, LCSW, author of East Meets West: Parenting from the Best
of Both Worlds. "But it's usually used by Asian Americans to describe their immigrant moms or dads who are
highly involved, motivated by love, and use coercive tactics — there's not too much positive parenting — to
raise their kids toward their definition of success."

"Tiger parenting is based in Asian values of independence and emphasizes creating a strong and committed
relationship between parent and child," says Hazel Rose Markus, Ph.D., professor of psychology at Stanford
University and co-author of the study "My Mother and Me: Why Tiger Mothers Motivate Asian Americans
But Not European Americans."

"Parents in Asian and Asian American contexts often direct children to recognize their fundamental
connectedness to others, especially parents and their obligation to them," she adds. "One of the most
important obligations is to become an educated person, so you can provide for the family and contribute to
society. Being a good child means living up to parental expectations."

To Westerners, this style can seem pretty rigorous. "A tiger parent sets
extremely high goals for his or her child, usually academic, and drives the
child relentlessly to achieve these goals," says Jenny Grant Rankin, Ph.D.,
educator and author of Sharing Your Education Expertise with the World.
"Once each goal is reached, another is immediately set, so there is no break
from the parent's demands."

Tiger parenting, with its emphasis on obligation to the family and reaching high
standards, may seem too authoritarian but that's not exactly the case. Kids are
highly supported in this method of parenting. "Parents sit with the child and
work on homework, making sure the child understands the problems," Dr.
Markus says. "They convey to their children that even if they don't understand
the problem at first, with much more practice, they will get it. They help their
children understand they are strong and have the ability."

Su Yeong Kim, Ph.D., co-author of the study "Does Tiger Parenting Exist?" and professor of human
development and family sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, studied the parenting style, and found it
high in one factor that was missing in other parenting styles: Shaming. "Supportive parents showed higher
levels of shaming than easygoing parents, suggesting that a moderate level of shaming may be an important
component of being a supportive and successful parent among Chinese Americans."

But while tiger parents rank high in shaming, they rank high in warmth as well. "'Authoritarian parenting'
generally has a negative connotation, like the parent is the ruthless dictator, using a 'my way or the highway' or
'children are to be seen not heard' approach," Parker says. "Tiger parenting utilizes some traits of authoritarians,
but it can also involve parental sacrifice rooted in selfless love for the child."

57

Reading

Before you start demanding more elaborate birthday cards from your kids, know that your children may not
respond well to tiger parenting. "Studies show that tiger parenting can be effective for Asian and Asian
American students, but not for Americans," says Dr. Markus. "In one study, Asian Americans students were
asked to think about their mothers following a failure to solve a problem. These students showed higher levels
of motivation than when they thought about themselves. In contrast, American students in families with
European backgrounds demonstrated lower levels of motivation when they thought about their mothers."

The positive results for Asian Americans, however, come with a price: "Students with tiger parents show a
paradoxical pattern of both higher distress coupled with high achievement," Dr. Kim explains.

And other kids don't take to tiger parenting at all, resulting in the opposite of what was intended. "Anytime a
child — especially a teenager — loses a sense of control or a sense of agency, it has a really a dramatic effect
on their motivation, which will affect their outcomes related to academics," says Christine Carter, Ph.D., author
of Raising Happiness. "If you try to externally motivate them with threats or bribes or any controlling parenting
style, their self-motivation will falter."

"These children can also experience the anxiety and other downsides of a high-stress environment," Dr. Rankin
says. "Such pressure is unsustainable, and these children can rebel later in life — giving up healthy goals
entirely — when they reach an age where independence is possible."

But in some families, the close bond of tiger parenting can mitigate some of those alienating factors. "Studies
show parental love and sacrifice, delivered in a warm relationship with the child, can trump any childhood
resentment and shame," Parker says.

In the end, Chua's children turned out just fine. "As I’ve gotten older, I’ve realized that my mom and I are
increasingly similar," Chua's younger daughter, Lulu, told Slate. "I think I’ve really absorbed a lot of her
values. My mom loves to pass on these little tidbits of knowledge, and I find myself giving them to my friends
now in a very mothering way."

Source: https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/life/parenting/a27197790/tiger-mom-parenting/

✓ obligation
✓ relentlessly
✓ authoritarian
✓ rebel
✓ ruthless
✓ paradoxical
✓ falter
✓ mitigate

58

Reading

Answer the following questions. Read the statement and answer True(T) or False(F).
1. A tiger parent has high expectation on his child
1. "Parents in Asian and Asian American contexts often
direct children to recognize their fundamental and will going to set a new goal after they have
connectedness to others, especially parents and their achieved the goals.
obligation to them,"
State one of the obligations. 2. Tiger parent gives lots of freedom on their
child’s education.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________ 3. Tiger parent has higher level of shaming than
easygoing parent.
2. How does kids support by their parents with tiger
parenting? 4. Tiger parenting can work effectively among all
children around the world.
__________________________________________
__________________________________________ Discuss with your friends.
❏ Are your parents using tiger parenting?
3. “Tiger parenting utilizes some traits of ❏ Share your experience on the method of
authoritarians, but it can also involve parental parenting that they used.
sacrifice rooted in selfless love for the child.”
How do they show their selfless love to you?

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

4. Do you love your family? How do you express you
love to your family members?

__________________________________________
__________________________________________

59

Vocabulary

Find the meaning of the words from dictionary.

1. obligation ________________________________________

2. relentlessly _______________________________________

3. authoritarian _______________________________________

4. rebel _______________________________________

5. ruthless _______________________________________

6. paradoxical _______________________________________

7. falter _______________________________________

8. mitigate _______________________________________

Complete the sentences by using the words in above.

1. Yanny has an to look after her younger sister.

2. Morphine may be given hypodermically to the pain.

3. The business was due to the pandemic.

4. John worked and hoped that he could perform well on the coming presentation.

5. The traditional methods of vaccine promotion may have effects.

6. The journalist was in his criticism.

7. Mario grew up with an brother who thought that he was king of the world.

8. Lincoln was a against the school administration.

60

Grammar Where do Adverbs of Manner go?

Adverbs of manner 1. It usually placed either after the main verb / after
the object.

2. It cannot be put between a verb and its direct
object. It must be placed either before the verb / at
the end of the clause.

What is Adverb?
❖ Adverbs provide description of how, where, when, in what manner and to what

extent something is done or happens.

Adverbs of manner

Explain how an action is carried out.
Example:
❖ She passed the exam easily.
❖ Jonathan answered the question correctly.

Some adverbs of manner take the same spelling as the adjective and never add an -ly to the
end .
Example:

❖ I have worked hard (hard) for the examination.
❖ Lily plays piano well (good).

Complete the table. Fill in the blank by using the words from the table.

Adjective Adverb 1. They performed … at the concert last night.
angrily 2. You should try to act … .
angry 3. Please speak … , I can’t hear you .
bad 4. He lounges ... in an armchair.
comfortable 5. Workers reacted … to the announcement.
fast 6. Shirley giggled … .
good 7. Dad drives … as we still have plenty of time.
happy 8. My sister worked really … all day.
hard 9. The ship was held ... by the anchor chain.
loud 10. I ate too ... and got hiccoughs.
normal
quick
soft
slow

Scan the QR code to get more exercises for adverbs of manner. 61
Scan the QR code to get more explanation for adverbs of manner.

Writing

1. Fill in the blanks

Dear Jenny,

Hi, dear. How are you? I am so (1)… that you will be coming to stay with us. It makes me feel excited,
we are going to (2)… meet. Don’t you think so? I thought you will like to know something about my
family.

We live in a four-bedroom house on the (3)… of town. It can be a bit quiet here, but you can easily (4)… a
bus into town. We all have a bedroom, and I thought you might like to stay with me in my room. If not,
there’s a (5)… room.

By the way, a word of warning my little brother, Josh loves playing (6)… on people, so watch out for the
first few days. You will be pleased to know that my mum is a (7)… cook and all her dishes are delicious
and healthy. Also, my dad isn’t as serious as he looks in the photo that I send. He is (8)… and loves going
out for walks at the weekends.

That’s all from me, I hope this gives you an idea about my family.

Regards,
Jessica

tricks great pleased spare
finally catch outskirts easy-going

You have been told that your
cousin sister will be coming and
stay at your home.

Describe your family and
explain the sleeping
arrangement in the letter.

2. Write an email between 100 to 150 words.
You may refer to Exercise 1.

62

Grammar

Modal verb : Necessity didn’t need to / needn’t have

didn’t need to needn’t have

Didn’t need to + infinitive Needn’t have + past participle
something wasn’t necessary to do. something wasn’t necessary but happened.

❖ She didn’t need to get up early. Her boss ❖ She needn’t have woke up early. Her boss
cancelled the meeting. cancelled the meeting.

- In this situation, she knew that the meeting - In this situation, she didn’t know that the
was cancelled. meeting was cancelled, so she woke up
early.

Choose a or b to follow each of the sentences 1-6. Must use all of the sentences.
1. My mum cooked dinner for us but we’d already eaten.
2. My mum came and ate with us at the restaurant.
a. She needn’t have cooked. 1
b. She didn’t need to cook.

3. Mr Patrick told us we had a choice to do the homework or not.
4. I spend the whole night doing my homework and now Mr Patrick isn’t here to take it in.

a. I needn’t have done it.
b. I didn’t need to do it.

5. Venice took her umbrella but it was a sunny day.
6. Venice left her umbrella as the forecast said today was going to be a sunny day.

a. She needn’t have taken it.
b. She didn’t have to take it.

Didn’t need to / needn’t have 63
❖ Both of these expressions are used for the past situation
❖ Although they look alike, but they have different meaning.
❖ When we use needn’t have, it means that the subject did the action

although it wasn’t necessary.

Scan the QR code to get more examples for didn’t need to and needn’t have.

Writing

From the starting of year 2020, the Covid-19 disease has spread to the whole world. Some country decided
to execute lockdown to control the spreading of this virus. So, Malaysia government has implement
movement control order and encourage everyone stay at home. Because of this pandemic, parents and
children have more time to spend with together during movement control order.
Write an essay describing how did your parents spend time with you during movement control order.
Words between 150 to 200.

Suggested sentences are shown in the video. Please scan the QR code to
access more information about it.

Stay home, Stay safe
Stay strong and we can fight for it.

64

7 Games

Speaking

Activity 1

Watch the video by scanning the QR code.

This is a guided video on how to answer the questions and
elaborate the content.

The following are the guided questions.

Part 1: Style Questions
❏ Do you like sports?
❏ Do you enjoy participating in any sport?
❏ Do you enjoy watching sports?
❏ Which sports are most popular in your country?

You should answer the question first, then elaboration with your explanation.

Part 2: Style Task
❏ Describe a sport that you would like to learn.

You should say:
What sport it is?
- How you would learn it?
- How difficult you think it would be to learn?
- Explain why you would like to learn this sport.

Style Questions
❏ Do you think that it is important to play a sport?

You should answer the question first, then elaboration with your explanation.

Activity 2

Choose one of the prompts below and discuss with your friends.

❏ Do you think video games or other electronics are an important part of society?
❏ So, can video games have a negative side？
❏ What do you think of the future of video games?

After discussing with your friends, you may present your work with your
classmates.

66

Listening

Since we are going to talk about video games in
this topic. Let’s have a look on the history of
video games and learn more about it.

Scan me to listen the audio Ralph Baer is known as the father
of video games.
Answer the following questions.
1. Who uses video games? 3. How much does Pac-Man arcade
game earned during the first year of
a. Scientists its release?
b. Military
c. All of the above

2. In 1972, the very first home game console
called … was released.
a. Atari
b. Odyssey
c. Safari

Alok Kanojia,
the co-founder of Healthy Gamer

Scan me to listen the audio

Answer the following questions. 67
1. What is provided in his online live sessions with the addictive gamers ?

a. Guided meditation b. Frank discussion c. All of the above

2. How does he help the gamers?
He help them by finding … and finding … .

Reading

For years video games have been criticised for making people more
antisocial, overweight or depressed. But now researchers are finding that
games can actually change us for the better and improve both our body and
mind.

Games can help to develop physical skills. Pre-school children who
played interactive games such as the ones available on Wii have been shown to
have improved motor skills, for example they can kick, catch and throw a ball
better than children who don’t play video games. A study of surgeons who do
microsurgery in Boston found that those who played video games were 27 per
cent faster and made 37 per cent fewer errors than those who didn't. Vision is
also improved, particularly telling the difference between shades of grey. This is
useful for driving at night, piloting a plane or reading X-rays.

Games also benefit a variety of brain functions, including

decision-making. People who play action-based games make decisions 25 per

cent faster than others and are no less accurate, according to one study. It was

also found that the best gamers can make choices and act on them up to six times

a second, four times faster than most people. In another study by researchers

from the University of Rochester in New York, experienced gamers were shown

to be able to pay attention to more than six things at once without getting

confused, compared with the four that most people can normally keep in mind.

Additionally, video games can also reduce gender differences. Scientists have

found that women who play games are better able to mentally manipulate 3D

objects.

There is also evidence that gaming can help with psychological problems. At the

University of Auckland in New Zealand, researchers asked 94 young people diagnosed

with depression to play a 3D fantasy game called SPARX and in many cases, the game

✓ Antisocial reduced symptoms of depression more than conventional treatment. Another research team
✓ Overweight at Oxford University found that playing Tetris shortly after exposure to something very
✓ Depressed upsetting – in the experiment, a film of traumatic scenes of injury and death was used – can
✓ Interactive actually prevent people having disturbing flashbacks.
✓ Pay attention
✓ Confused The effects are not always so positive, however. Indiana University researchers
✓ Manipulate carried out brain scans on young men and found evidence that violent games can alter
✓ Violent brain function after as little as a week of play, affecting regions in the brain associated with
emotional control and causing more aggressive behaviour in the player. But Daphne

Bavelier, one of the most experienced researchers in the field, says that the violent action

games that often worry parents most may actually have the strongest beneficial effect on

the brain. In the future, we may see many treatments for physical and neurological

problems which incorporate the playing of video games.

Video games are good for you!

Source: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/

68

Reading Video Games

Answer the following questions. Match the following phrases.

1. Which motor skills can be improved by playing who conventional
video games? .Surgeons
played video games . treatment in reducing
A kick, catch and throw
B touch, catch and throw depression
C touch, catch and draw
D kick, catch and draw symptoms.

2. Why does people who played computer games is .People who played . emotional control
able to make decisions faster than others? and cause aggressive
action-based games behaviour among the
__________________________________________ gamers.

__________________________________________ .Gamers were be . were 27 per cent
faster and made 37
3. By playing video games, does it able to improve able to per cent fewer errors.
people’s vision? Why?
3D fantasy game . pay more attention to
__________________________________________ more than six things
.are more effective at once.
__________________________________________
4. What are the games that can help with psychological than

problem? How? However, violent . . were 25 per cent
games will affect faster are no less
__________________________________________ the brain accurate.
associated with
__________________________________________
5. Is there any disadvantages of video games? If yes,

please give your explanation.

__________________________________________
__________________________________________
6. If you were a parent, do you encourage your child to
play video games?

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

69

Vocabulary

Find the meaning of the words. a. Antisocial
b. Overweight
1. Fat c. Depressed
2. To control something d. Interactive
3. Unable to think clearly e. Pay attention
4. Unhappy and without hope f. Confused
5. Using force to hurt or attack g. Manipulate
6. Involving communication between people h. Violent
7. Often avoiding spending time with other people
8. To watch, listen to, or think about something carefully

Complete the sentences by using the words in above.

1. Alan yells a lot but I don’t think he’s ever been physically towards his wife.

2. I’m only a few kilograms , but I just can’t seem to lose them.

3. It is difficult to when the students are making noise.

4. It’s holiday now. I get sometimes, and doesn’t even know what day it is.

5. The application can produce and text and graphics.

6. The new program makes video game more than ever.

7. Ginny is very friendly, but her brother, John is rather .

8. The thought of taking the piano examination again Jim.

Match the words with the same meaning.

antisocial sad
overweight puzzled
depressed
manipulate obese
violent cruel
introvert

confused influence

70

Grammar

Linkers Although, Despite, However

Clauses of contrast
❖ These words express a relation of contrast between two clauses.

Although Clause
although + subject / verb It is a part of sentence
Example: that contains a verb.
❖ Although he studied very hard, he failed the exam.
Gerund
Despite It is the -ing form of a
despite + noun / gerund verb that functions the
Example: same as noun.
❖ Despite studying, he failed the exam.
❖ Despite his studies, he failed the exam.

However
Put the two ideas in two separate sentences with however
Example:
❖ He studied. However, he failed the exam.

Choose although, despite or however.

1. … the rain, we still went to the park.
2. … it was raining, we still went to the park.
3. It was raining. … , we still went to the park.
4. The restaurant was famous. … , the food was terrible.
5. I finished the homework, … it wasn’t easy.
6. John bought the watch, … the fact that it was expensive.
7. … she was cold, she went for a long walk.
8. Nina passed the test. ... , she didn’t get the job.
9. The workers managed to solve it, … I was not there.
10. We understood him .... his strong accent.

❖ Although - can be used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. 71
❖ Despite - use ‘the fact that’ before a clause.
❖ However - can be used at the beginning, at the end, or after the subject.

Scan the QR code to get more explanation for although, despite and however.

Writing

Nowadays, video games can be played via computer and smartphone. Share your experience about the video
games and how does video games influence you. You may also share your opinion about should teenagers
play video games?
Write an essay between 100 to 150 words.
You may use the following questions to help you on your essay writing.

1. What are the video games that you have played before?
2. What is your favorite video game?
3. Explain what do you like the video game?
4. How does the game influence you in your daily life? Did you apply the skills that you learned

from video games in your daily life?
5. Do you agree that teenagers should play video games? Why do you think so?

72

Grammar

Past ability could, were able to, manage to, succeed in

General ability could ❖ My brother could read when he was three.

Specific ability couldn’t ❖ Leela couldn’t persuade her to join us.

Specific ability was/were able to ❖ I were able to get a good price on the house.

Specific ability managed to ❖ Alex managed to get the job after the interview.

Specific ability succeeded in ❖ Firefighters succeeded in saving everybody from
the burning house..

Choose could, couldn’t, was/were able to, managed to or succeeded in.

1. When I was in university, I met a lecturer who … speak five languages.
2. Did you .... find the famous restaurant in the town?
3. Greg … talk since he was one year old.
4. Scientists have… predicted the disaster.
5. I have no idea how they … find a solution to solve the problem.
6. Anna was the only one in her family who … swim.
7. Scientists have … creating a new device.
8. Whisper has lost his driving licence. He … drive for the last two years.
9. My family and I were only at my mom’s hometown for a few days and unfortunately we

were not … visiting all the relatives.
10. She was heartbroken, but she … understand why he’d left her.

❖ Manage to (+ infinitive) 73
Jenny managed to escape from the fire.

❖ Succeed in (+ ing)
I was really pleased when I succeeded in handling the project for the first time.

Scan the QR code to get more explanation for past ability.

Writing

Board Games

Besides playing video games, board games are also another good choice. It is a great, inexpensive way for
families to spend quality time together while hitting pause on electronics.
These are the examples of board games that we used to play, which included Monopoly, Let’s Go Fishin’ ,
Mancala (Congkak) and etc.
Write an essay about board games between 100 to 150 words.
You may use the following questions to help you on your essay writing.

1. What are the board games that you have played before?
2. Do you like the board game? Why?
3. What is your favorite board game ever?
4. How does the board game influence you in your daily life? Did you apply the skills that you

learned from board games in your daily life?
5. Would you recommend board game to your friends and why?

74

Use of English

Fill in the blanks with could, was/ were able, managed to. Past ability

1. I …… finish the homework on time.

2. We …… leave our luggage at the hotel reception and spend our sweet time on sightseeing.

3. How did you …… find my house?
4. Leela …… barely speak Mandarin before you moved and stayed with your grandparents.
5. My sister …… play piano by age 6.

6. Mr. Lee did not …… get a reservation at the new restaurant because of the peak season.

7. The baby is only eight months and she …… already stand up.
8. After went for the training, I …… dance better.

Modal verb: Necessity Use needn’t have / didn’t need

1. I … (go) to work today but I went as I knew they were really on this new project..
2. We were …… (take) any money to the museum. I didn’t realise it was free to enter.
3. Nancy …... (get) a taxi to the restaurant. I would have given her a drive.
4. Greg, you ...… (buy) present for my birthday. A simple greeting would have been perfectly

acceptable.
5. Our team leader told us we had an extra five days to finish the assignment, so we ……

(work) so hard.
6. You … (explain) anything to Sarah about the broken window. She understood what had

happened.

Fill in the blanks with although, despite, however. Linkers

1. …… she is a beautiful girl, everyone doesn’t like her.
2. The baby slept deeply …… the noise.
3. …… earning a low salary, Rina helped her parents.
4. …… she was very hungry, she couldn’t eat.
5. Lisa worked so hard on that paper. ……, she didn’t get a good grade.
6. …… it was so cold, Anna didn’t put on her jacket.
7. …… the weather was bad, we had a good time together.
8. I tried to lift the parcel. ……, it was too heavy for me.

75

8Occupation

Reading A ) Ronan
I work in a fairly traditional office environment
Work and home life doing a typical nine-to-five job. I like my job,
but it's annoying that my commute to work
B) Jo takes an hour and a half each way and most of
I used to do a typical five-day week, but after I my work could really be done online from
came out of my maternity leave, I decided that I home. But my boss doesn't seem to trust that
wanted to spend more time with my children before we will get any work done if left to our own
they start school. After negotiating with my boss, devices, and everyone in the company has to
we decided to cut my working week down to a clock in and out every day. It's frustrating that
three-day work week. This of course meant a they feel the need to monitor what we do so
significant cut in my pay too, as I'm paid on a closely instead of judging us based on our task
pro-rata basis. I've since noticed, though, that my performance, like most companies do these
workload hasn't decreased in the slightest! I'm now days.
doing five days' worth of work in three days, but
getting paid much less for it! I find myself having C) Marcos
to take work home just so that I can meet the I work for a global IT company, but because
deadlines. It's wearing me out trying to juggle work their headquarters is in the States, I do all my
with looking after my children and my family, but I work online from home. That means that I don't
don’t dare to bring this up with my boss because I waste time commuting or making idle chit-chat
think he feels as if he's made a huge concession with colleagues. I work on a project basis, and
letting me come in only three days a week. this flexibility is very valuable to me because it
means that I can easily take some time off when
my children need me to go to their school
performances or if I need to schedule an
appointment with the dentist. The downside is
that without clear office hours, I tend to work
well into the evening, sometimes skipping
dinner to finish a task. It can also get quite
lonely working on my own, and I sometimes
miss sharing ideas with colleagues.

D) Lily Source: 77
I'm a freelancer and work for myself. This is great https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/skills/
because I am in control of what I do and how I spend reading/upper-intermediate-b2/work-life-bal
my time. At first, I was working from home, but I ance
found it really hard to concentrate. There were just too
many distractions around: housework that needed
doing, another cup of tea, my family members
wanting my attention for various things. So I started to
go to a nearby café to work, but the Wi-Fi connection
wasn't ideal and I found myself drinking too much
coffee. In the end, I decided to rent a desk in a
co-working space with five other freelancers like
myself. I liked getting dressed to go to work in the
morning and being able to focus in an office
environment. The other freelancers do similar kinds of
web-based work to me and so it's nice to have
workmates to bounce ideas off as well.

1. For questions from 1-4, choose from the texts A-D.

Writer

a. _______ thinks that renting an office space to work from is the best solution.
b. _______ believes that working from home is disadvantage because it lets you work later.
c. _______ is unhappy despite the reduction in the working hours.
d. _______ would prefer to be judged based on task performance done from home.

2. Choose True or False

a. Ronan wishes he could have more time working with his colleagues. True / False

b. Lily did not like working from home because she finds it difficult. True / False

c. Marcos’s job is very flexible with time. True / False

d. Jo is going to ask from her boss to reduce her working days into 2 days a week. True / False

e. Lily stopped working from the café because of drinking too much of coffee. True / False

f. Ronan is annoyed because he is under his boss’s control. True / False

g. In Ronan’s opinion, commuting to work is as tiring as working online. True / False

h. Jo is paid the same for a five-day work week as she is on a three-day work week. True / False

In pairs, discuss the following:

A- people who are in authority should intervene when there is a dispute or bad feeling
between colleagues. Do you think this is the right approach? Why?

B- working online is easier, time saver and more productive than working in offices. Do
you agree or disagree? Why?

Vocabulary C. Now, fill in the gaps with the correct phrases.

A. Write a phrasal verb from the box in the correct work on sb’s own / chit-chat with / maternity
form to replace the words in brackets in each leave / clock in and out / take some time off /
sentence. typical nine-to-five / meet the deadline /
co-working space / pro rata basis

wear sb out / come out / bring sth up / 1. Leave entitlement is calculated on a
bounce sth off / cut sth down / clock in …………………., according to the length of service.

1. At our school, we have to …………… at 7:30 am. 2. When I meet them, I will ………………………….
(record our arrival) them about my weekend.

2. Can I …………my ideas………… you before the 3. You have to work extra hours in order to
meeting? (tell them my plans to get their opinions) …………………………. of the submission date.

3. She is trying to …………….. on caffeine. (reduce to 4. Jack can ……………………….. or in a team.
use less). 5. Let’s search the net for some

4. They are always …………………………. their …………………………….. list in Penang. We
financial problem. (start to talk about a subject). might find some nice places to work in
collaboratively.
5. Would you like to ……………………. for a drink 6. The changes will affect any women on
sometime? (go out for something). ……………………. or taking a career break while
they raise children.
6. Studying the whole day and night really 7. My boss does not care about when I
……………………. (makes me extremely tired) ……………………… as long as I get the work done.
8. Laila is bored with her …………………………job
B. Read the reading extracts again and discuss the and she feels like she works fulltime for nothing.
meanings of the highlighted phrases. You have been continuously working for a year
without a vacation. You need to ………………….78
and indulge yourself.

Word Building: Noun Endings
Look at this table. How are the nouns formed? Complete the column.

Root of the word Noun for people’s jobs Ending
Employ Employee
Freelance Freelancer
Commute Commuter
Act Actor
Assist Assistant
Art Artist
Music Musician

Discuss in pairs,
Which endings do we use for people’s jobs?
Write down more job words for each suffix.

Speaking

Work in pairs. Fill in the gaps in the diagram with these words/phrases in the yellow box.

in work for a receptionist
old people
……...a restaurant ...……. ……..a newspaper ...……. yourself
………………………...… ………………………...… accountant
……..………………….… ……..………………….…
………………….……..… ………………….……..… a multinational company
………………………...… ………………………...… an office
.…………………….….… .…………………….….… teenagers
a charity
as with an editor
a shop
……...a journalist ...……. ……….. children .....…….
………………………...… ………………………...… a shopkeeper
……..………………….… ……..………………….… unemployed people
………………….……..… ………………….……..…
………………………...… ………………………...… other engineers
.…………………….….… .…………………….….… Italy

79

Speaking

1. Think of three jobs that you would like to do and three jobs that you would hate to do.
2. Work in groups and compare your ideas. Tell each other why you would like to do and hate to do the jobs you chose.
3. Are there any jobs that you would all like to do?
For the sentences from 1 -5, underline the correct alternative.

1. Your job is what you do to earn your life / work / living.
2. The manager declared that we need to take action immediately before the situation gets out of head / hold / hand

/ help.
3. The company offers good promotion prospects and you will be given every / much / great / all opportunity in

your career.
4. I am sorry, I can’t deal with it now because I can never work under force / push / pressure.
5. I decided to take a / an fast / early / earlier / soon retirement.

Discussion Topic

What effect might these factors have on
an employee’s job?

Now decide which of these factors is the most vital in achieving success in work? Why?

80

Listening

The Best Job in the World

1. Listen to a man who is advertising for jobs you can do in Australia. Write down which activities
you can do in Australia.

2. Discuss with a partner which activity you would most like to do and why?

Source:
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org

1. Listen again and choose the correct answer: 5. If you fancy feature writing, photography and
making videos, you can apply for the position of
1. Tourism Australia is offering ………………. for six lifestyle……………….. for Time Out in
months. Melbourne.
A. 7 jobs. A. Journalist
B. 5 jobs. B. video maker
C. 6 jobs. C. Photo editor
D. 12 jobs. D. photojournalist

2. If you think one of these is your dream job, you have 6. The taste master will need to …………. about
to make a ……………….. explaining why you are the food as well as enjoy eating it.
best person for the role. A. talk.
A. 60-second video B. introduce.
B. 30-second video C. study.
C. 40-second video D. know.
D. 20-second video
7. New South Wales is looking for a
3. The job of 'outback adventurer' is for someone with a ……………..who would be based in Sydney
passion for ………………… . while travelling around the state and tweeting
A. outdoor life about the coolest things going on.
B. indoor life A. chief funnier
C. adventure life B. chief funster
D. risky life C. chief funniest
D. chief lover
4. Another island job is as …………………on Kangaroo
Island in South Australia. 8. You’d also be involved in……………..the
A. wild caretaker
B. wildlife caretaker Sydney Festival, Mardi Gras and Vivid Festival
C. wildlife caretaker
D. lovely caretaker as spectacular, and as fun, as possible

A. working

B. taking 81
C. making

D. letting

Writing 82

1. Read the following report and then put these subheadings over the
correct paragraph in the report:

✔ Recommendation.
✔ Negative aspects
✔ Positive aspects
✔ Introduction.

2. With a partner, underline the linking devices and discuss which one is used
to:
add more / extra information / introduce a result / show two contrasting ideas /
present a reason.

The online training course for developing staff competencies
………………………………….
The aim of this report is to outline the positive and negative features of the online training course
that the staff of “Al Madina” took a week ago. The competency-based training course was run by
UK -based company “BMW Import Expertise” in order to build competencies amongst the staff
working for a local Libyan company “Al Madina”. This report will also consider the positive sides and
the negative aspects of this course in general. It will also make recommendations for possible
improvements.
………………………………...
The most notable positive feature of this two-month online training course was its convenience and
flexibility. Al Madina company officials and the trainers were able to choose times for each training
session that were compatible with staff working hours, so that they did not clash with one another.
This was easily arranged since the trainers did not have to be physically present in the classroom. In
addition to the timetabled training sessions, trainers were available on the associated e-learning
forum; therefore, any question was able to be answered almost instantly. Moreover, the online
course enabled us, the participants, to receive announcements, notes and other material immediately,
to have a quick access to this, to discuss any questions we had both amongst ourselves and with
trainers. Furthermore, we were encouraged to be more active and independent participants on the
course because we could review and study at any time we wanted to.
…………………………………………
Although this facilitated the reception of the required information and knowledge, some drawbacks
to this approach were raised by participants. All of the information contained in the course was
seen to be quite theoretical in nature and the participants were not given the opportunity to
practise and apply the acquired knowledge in the “real world”. Consequently, after the course, we
were rather uncertain as to how to practically apply the skills and knowledge we had acquired. This
is because with more traditional “classroom” or other non-virtual training, experiential learning could
further reinforce that in the classroom, with the application of classroom learning in the actual
work environment and with the presence of tutors “on-site” enabling the immediate determination of
how fully we had learned a new skill or process yet.
………………………………………….
We would suggest that, in order to achieve a better balance of the benefits of online and more
traditional “face to face” courses, the company should seriously consider inviting the trainers to visit
us here in Libya for a few weeks after the online course has finished, in order to better evaluate
our progress by monitoring our practice in reality. Additionally, they could test our communication
skills and assets the level of out proficiency both in advertising and marketing and in dealing with
customers.

Writing a Report ● Reports are often based on information you
have collected. For this reason, you were
3. Imagine the Minister of Education has accepted asked to collect information based on a
the headmistress’ invitation to her school. The survey from students.
headmistress of your school has asked you to
carry out a survey amongst students and then ● Write a title that shows what the report is
write a report. about.
She wants suggestions on:
● Divide your report into paragraphs with
● problems the students face in the school subheadings.
● things that need vital repairs
● a present to give to him to say thank you ● State the aim or aims of the report in the
introduction.
for your coming to visit your school.
● Write your report in 200-220 words. ● Use more formal language.
● You need to make a polite

recommendation in the conclusion.

Grammar

Reported Speech

A) Manal is having a job interview. Here is the B) Now, Manal is calling her mum to tell her what 83
interview with the boss Ibrahim. happened with her in the job interview.

Ibrahim: Do you have any experience dealing with Manal: Hi mum.
people?
Mum: Hi love. How did it go? You said that you
Manal: Yes, I help people at school fair and visit old were having the interview at four o’clock.
people at the home.
Manal: Well, he asked if I had any experience with
Ibrahim: have you ever acted? people, so I told them about helping at the school fair
and visiting old people at the home.
Manal: Yes, I have done it.
Mum: That’s fine Ony. What else?
Ibrahem: What did you act?
Manal: He asked me whether I had ever acted. I told
Manal: I had a main part in the school play. them that I had had a main part in the school play.

Ibrahem: OK, that’s cool. Do you speak any foreign Mum: Great!
languages?
Manal: He also asked if I spoke any foreign
Manal: I only speak English with my mother tongue languages, and said he would call me later to let me
of course, the Arabic language. know. That’s it mum.

Ibrahim: Thank you Manal and I will call you later
and let you know.

1. Look at the two dialogues. Choose the correct answer, the dialogue (A) shows the direct speech of
what someone is actually saying / reported speech of what someone said. While dialogue (B)
represents the direct speech of what someone is actually saying / reported speech of what someone
said.

2. Look at the highlighted verbs in dialogue (A) and dialogue (B), notice how the verbs change.
Then fill in the table with these verb forms.

Would past continuous past perfect past simple past perfect

Verb form in direct speech Verb from in reported speech
Present simple
Past simple
Present continuous
Present perfect
Will

3. Look at dialogue (B) and complete the rules with always and never:
Say…………. has an object. Tell……………an object.

4. Reported questions

Read the following sentences and complete the rule below.

'Do you have any experience dealing with people?'
He asked if I had any experience dealing with people.
‘Have you ever acted?’
He asked me whether I had ever acted.
We often use ……………. then change the tenses as with statements. In reported questions,
……………………are not used after the ……………….. .
Read the examples below and then complete the rule.

‘What did you act?’
He asked what had I acted? ( × ) He asked what I had acted. ( √ )

Reported speech of …………… consist of a reporting clause that begins with a ………… such as (who,

what, when, where, why, how). We don’t use a ……………….. at the end of the reported question

statement. 84

Grammar Exercises

1. Underline the errors and rewrite the sentences using the correct structure

Mack said me that he has not seen his aunt for a long time.
_______________________________________________________________

She asked me what did I do.
_______________________________________________________________

My dad told to me not to go out alone.
_______________________________________________________________

A) ‘Where were you yesterday?’ B) ‘I was working on my assignment.’
She replied that she was working on her assignment.
_______________________________________________________________

Laila asked if had she finished her work.
_______________________________________________________________

My brother asked where my sister was?
_______________________________________________________________

She said that she knows the answer.
_______________________________________________________________

I asked her will she travel this summer.
_______________________________________________________________

2. Change the following direct sentences into ‘They were singing and dancing the whole night
reported speech. yesterday.’
……………………………………………………
‘Where have you been?’
…………….…………………………………… ‘Where are your parents?. Are they in Paris?’
……………………………………………………
‘I am eating my sandwich now’
………………………………………………… I was waiting for a bus when he arrived.
……………………………………………………
‘Will you be safe if you go out alone’
…………………………………………………… ‘She can ride the bicycle, but she did not do it,
and I do not know why she refused.’
‘Has she ever tried Spanish food?’ ……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
‘I will never be there again’.
‘Hello, Is your dad at home?’ …………………………………………………… 85
……………………………………………………

Answer Key Unit 1 & 2

Unit 1: Famous People Listening Unit 2: Sweat It Out
Activity 1
Reading Reading
Activity 1 1. g Activity 1
2. c
1. A 3. e 1. B
2. C 4. f 2. C
3. B 5. d 3. C
4. B 6. i 4. A
5. A 7. b 5. B
8. a 6. B
Vocabulary 9. j 7. C
Activity 1 10. h 8. C
9. A
a. preoccupation Speaking 10. B
b. worship Activity 1
c. soulmate Agreeing: Vocabulary
d. borderline Activity 1
e. narcissism - Yes, good point. Accepts any definitions from reliable
f. vanity - You’re right. source.
g. workaholic - I think so too.
h. role model - I couldn’t agree more. Activity 2
Disagreeing: a. stadium
Activity 2 - I see your point, but … b. athletes
a. celebrity - I’m not so sure about that. c. defeat
b. soulmate - Yes, but … d. league
c. depression - Maybe, but ... e. season
d. superiority f. tournament
e. Preoccupation Activity 2 g. medal
Accepts any relevant answers. h. professional
Activity 3 i. referee
2. anxious Writing j. spectators
3. disastrous To begin a letter: k. victory
4. disturbance l. amateurs
5. liability - I am a big fan of yours since
6. desperation your debut. Grammar
7. obligation Activity 1
8. obsessed - I hope you are doing well.
9. harmfulness - I am writing to you from Japan. 1. a
To end a letter: 2. b
Grammar - Wish you the best in your new 3. a
Activity 1 4. b
album! 5. a
1. had asked - Thanks for reading this letter. 6. b
2. could travel - Hope to see your upcoming 7. a
3. wouldn’t leave 8. a
4. had caught projects.
5. you’d listen Activity 2
6. could take Activity 2 1. isn’t it
7. had gone Refer to rubric. 2. haven’t you
8. didn’t rain 3. wasn’t he
4. can’t she
5. aren’t I
6. can you
7. will they
8. aren’t you

86

Answer Key Unit 2

Speaking Activity 3 87
Activity 1 1. immediate
Accepts any relevant answers. 2. design
3. Square
Activity 2 4. Perfect
Accepts any relevant answers. 5. wear and tear
6. due to
Listening 7. nearest
Activity 1 8. collection
Wakeboarding:
Activity 4
- The sport began in the 1930s. Refer to rubric.
- This sport involves doing tricks

in the air.
- There are more guys than girls

doing it.
- It started in California.
- There are strong influences

from other, similar sports.
- A big event for this sport is

held in Wales.

Roller derby:
- It’s becoming really popular in
the UK.
- There are more girls than guys
doing it.
- When you compete, you score
points for your team.
- The clothes people wear for
this sport have changed.

Activity 2
1. B
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. A
6. A

Writing
Activity 1

- immaculate condition
- no wear and tear
- unmarked

Activity 2
- excellent quality
- extremely comfortable
- immaculate condition
- cool modern feel
- dark-coloured wooden legs

Answer Key Unit 3

Unit 3: Money Grammar Speaking
Reading Activity 1 Accept any relevant answers.

1. 1) T 2) F 3) F 4) T 1. fewer Writing (1) Describing a graph.
5) NOT GIVEN 2. better
3. more intelligent Activity 2
2. 1) deposits 2) wisely 3) risks 4. easier
4) multiply 5. more expensive, less a. considerably; dramatically;
6. most dangerous
3. 1) C 2) B 3) B 4) A 7. most delicious remarkably; significantly;
4. 1) AEG 2) BCF 3) DH 8. very best
9. hottest strikingly
Vocabulary：Money expressions 10. nicest
Activity 1 b. rapidly; sharply;
Every individual has their own thinking
and understanding in terms of money. c. marginally; negligibly; slightly
Some people view money as a status
symbol. In their minds, money d. gradually; steadily
represents high social status and a good
fortune renders them self-confidence Activity 2 Activity 3
and respects from others. 1. Many accidents are caused by 1. jump rocket rise increase
careless driving. recover double shoot up soar
Activity 2 2. The village was destroyed by a surge
1. owe bomb. 2. stay constant level off remain
2. lend 3. will be asked stable plateau remain steady
3. invoiced 4. would be assigned 3. decrease drop fall halve
4. bet 5. are being followed plummet plunge decline slump
5. invest 6. was being investigated
6. withdraw 7. have been sold out Activity 4
7. do 8. had been announced 1. most important
8. save 9. must be finished 2. lowest amount of
9. do 10. He was looked up to by his 3. thermal power
10. repay followers. 4. main source
5. overtook
Activity 3 Listening 6. primary source
1. borrowers, borrowed Activity 1 7. rose dramatically to a peak
2. bank, bank, bankers 8. by contrast
3. finance, financers 1. deficits 9. fell
4. deposits, depositors 2. ticket 10. remained at this level
3. shrunk 11. relatively stable
Activity 4 4. drop-offs, coronavirus 12. a small rise to approximately
1. expenditures 5. positions
2. liabilities 6. $100, $375 Writing Exercises
3. net 7. pandemic Refer to rubric.
4. long-term 8. inadequate
5. loss 9. endowments
6. retained profits 10. downturn
7. debtor 11. gap
8. receivable 12. enrollment, $70
9. unprofitable 13. script

Activity 2
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. D

Activity 3 2. F
1. T 4. F
3. T

88

Answer Key Unit 4 &
Unit 5

Unit 4: High-Tech Family Use of English Unit 5: Tourism
Comparative Adjectives Quiz
Reading Reading 3: D 4: C 5: C
1. C 1. A Exercise 3 8: B 9: D 10: B
2. A 2. B 1: A 2: B
3. B 3. A 6: A 7: B
4. Matching 4. C
Level 0: D 5. C Vocabulary B: fabulous
Level 1: F 6. A Exercise 1 D: amphitheater
Level 2: E 7. A A: striped
Level 3: B 8. C C: architectural
Level 4: C 9. B E: grey
Level 5: A 10. B
5. 1). T Exercise 2 B: individual
2). F Superlative Adjectives Quiz A: expressive D: creaky
3). F 1. C C: lifelike
2. B E: reasonable
Listening 3. B
Activity 1 4. C Grammar 3: C
5. A Grammar Box
1. Four. 6. B 1: C 2: A
2. Driver-assist functions. 7. C
3. Take a driving test. 8. B A: The positive form of will:
4. 1.2 million. 9. B Will comes after the subject and before
5. Sven Beiker. 10. C another verb. It is often contracted to ’ll
in informal situations
Activity 2 Conditionals Quiz I will be in London next summer.
1. equivalent 1. A I’ll give you a call at about 6 o’clock.
2. extreme circumstances 2. A Negative form of will:
3. racked up 3. C The negative form of will is will not /
4. prototype 4. C informal: won’t.
5. automotive 5. B They will not/ won’t tell us very much
6. A until January.
Vocabulary 7. C The positive form of going to:
1. command 8. C We use a form of to Be (am, are or is) +
2. sacrificing 9. A going to and the infinitive of the verb.
3. convenience 10. A I am going to move in the end of June.
4. accidentally triggered The negative form of going to
5. permission Future Perfect Continuous Quiz We use a form of Be (am, is, are) + not
6. deepened 1. B + going to and the infinitive of the verb.
7. infringing 2. A They are not going to play football
8. accurate 3. C today.
9. preferences 4. C The positive for of the present
10. targeted 5. A continuous for future tense
11. popularity 6. B We use the form of Be (am, is, are) +
12. unstoppable 7. A main verb+ ing-form
13. wired 8. A We are going out tonight at 9:30.
14. source 9. B The negative form of the present
15. symphony 10. B continuous for future tense
16. transparency We use the form of Be (am, is, are) +
not+ main verb+ ing-form
Speaking She is not coming to the party
Accept any relevant answers. tomorrow.

Writing
Refer to rubric.

89

Answer Key Unit 5

B: The question form of will: Speaking
Will comes before the subject + another Exercise 2
verb. Happy with online classes:
Will you do talk to my dad? the online one-to-one option is helpful/
The question form of going to You can interact as you would in a
We use a form of Be (am, is, are) before normal classroom / Asking and getting
a subject pronoun + going to and the spontaneous replies on e-learning
infinitive of the verb. platforms / An easy and quick access to
Are you going to learn driving a car? information not only from teachers /.
The question from of present Dissatisfied with online classes:
continuous for future Lack of computer skills / Teacher
We use the form of Be (am, is, are) doesn’t give the control of the computer
before a subject pronoun+ main verb+ / Technical problems accessing the
ing-form. material / The internet suddenly cuts off
Is he joining us in the project? / Difficult to work together with
classmates on projects /
Exercise 3:
1. am having Listening
2. will 1. Not Given
3. is going to 2. True
4. are starting 3. False
5. am not coming 4. Not Given
6. will 5. True
7. will 6. False
8. will 7. False
9. are you going to 8. False.
10. is speaking.
Writing
Exercise 4: Exercise 1
1. we are not travelling back Just a quick question…. I am wondering
2. am going to take if…. I wanna let you know that … =
3. am going to take reasons for writing
4. am going to prepare Thanks a lot, Take care, Love, = making
5. am starting ending.
6. going round Hi Ony, Hello Ony, Hey, = greeting
7. will do Would you mind coming/ giving …. ? /
8. will be Can you send me/ wait for me …. ? / I
9. are staying am wondering if you will be/ are around
10. will decide later … = making a request.
11. are going to do
12. will be. Exercise 2
1. Greeting
2. reason for writing
3. making a request.
4. making ending.

90

Answer Key Unit 6 &
Unit 7

Unit 6: Family Vocabulary Unit 7: Games
Activity 2
Speaking Listening
Activity 1 1. obligation Activity 1
2. mitigate
1. True 3. falter 1. C
2. True 4. relentlessly 2. B
3. False 5. paradoxical 3. One billion dollars
4. attentions 6. ruthless
7. authoritarian Activity 2
Listening 8. rebel 1. C
Activity 1 2. Finding domains in your life;
Grammar (Adverb)
1. Yes Activity 1 Finding balance between the online
2. True world and the real world
3. False 1. Comfortably
4. True 2. Fast Reading
5. True 3. Well Activity 1
6. True 4. Happily
5. Hard 1. A
Activity 2 6. Loudly 2. Any suitable answer accepted
1. Protective 7. Normally 3. It trains the eyes to
2. Get hurt 8. Quickly
3. Independent 9. Softly differentiate the shades of
4. Soccer 10. Slowly colours.
5. Strict 4. SPARX, a 3D fantasy game. It
6. Push Activity 2 could reduce the symptoms of
7. aggressive 1. Well depression.
2. Normally 5. Any suitable answer accepted
Reading 3. Loudly
Activity 1 4. Comfortably Activity 2
5. Happily
1. Become an educated person, so 6. Softly Vocabulary
you can provide for the family 7. Slowly Activity 1
and contribute to society; 8. Hard
Being a good child means 1. b
living up to parental Writing 2. g
expectations 1. pleased 3. f
2. finally 4. c
2. Sit with the child and work on 3. outskirts 5. h
homework, making sure the 4. catch 6. d
child understands the 5. spare 7. a
problems; Help their children 6. tricks 8. e
understand they are strong and 7. great
have the ability 8. easy-going

3. Any suitable answer accepted Grammar
4. Any suitable answer accepted 1. 1
2. 2
Activity 2 3. 2
1. True 4. 1
2. False 5. 1
3. True 6. 2
4. False

91

Answer Key Unit 7 &
Unit 8

Activity 2 Linkers Word Building: Noun Endings.
1. violent 1. Although Exercise E
2. overweight 2. Despite
3. pay attention 3. Despite 1. -(ee)
4. confused 4. Although 2. -(er)
5. manipulate 5. However 3. -(er)
6. interactive 6. Although 4. -(or)
7. antisocial 7. Although 5. -(ant)
8. depressed 8. However 6. -(ist)
7. -(ian).
Use of English Unit 8: Occupation
Grammar Speaking: Occupation
Vocabulary Exercise A:
1. Although Exercise A Work in:
2. Despite a restaurant/ an office/ a shop / Italy.
3. However 1. clock in Work for:
4. However 2. bounce off yourself/ a multinational company/ a
5. Although 3. cut down charity/.
6. Despite 4. bringing up Work as:
7. Despite 5. come out a receptionist / an accountant/ an editor/
8. However 6. wears me out a shopkeeper.
9. Although Work with:
10. Although Exercise B old people/ teenagers/ unemployed
1. normal job that starts from 9 people / other engineers.
Grammar am to 5 pm.
1. Was able to 2. to record the time you arrive at Exercise B:
2. Managed to work and when you leave. 1. living
3. Was able to 3. a period in which a woman is 2. hand
4. Could legally allowed to be absent 3. great
5. Manage to from work in the weeks before 4. pressure
6. Could and after she gives birth. 5. early.
7. Succeeded in 4. calculated according to, or as a
8. Couldn’t share of, the fixed rate for a Writing: Report
9. Succeeded in larger total amount: Exercise 1
10. Could 5. to finish something at the time 2 - Introduction.
it is meant to be finished 3 - Positive aspects
Use of English 6. non-sense conversation 4 - Negative aspects
Past ability 7. take some time off: to have a 5 - Recommendation.
break from work.
1. Managed to 8. work on my own: work alone Exercise 2
2. Were able to 9. co-working space: shared add more/extra information:
3. Managed to workspaces for those looking and / also/ in addition to/ moreover/
4. Could to escape the isolation of a furthermore/ additionally.
5. Could home office or coffee shop. introduce a result:
6. Managed to therefore/ consequently.
7. Could Exercise C show two contrasting ideas:
8. could 1. pro rata basis. although.
2. chit-chat present a reason:
Necessity 3. meet the deadline in order to/ because.
1. Didn’t need to go 4. co-work space
2. Needn’t have taken 5. maternity leave
3. Needn’t have got 6. clock in and out
4. Needn’t have bought 7. typical nine-to-five
5. Didn’t need to work 8. take some time off
6. Didn’t need to explain

92

Answer Key Unit 8

Listening: The best job in the world. Grammar exercises 93
1. 6 jobs. Exercises 1
2. a 30-second video.
3. outdoor activity. 1. Mack said that he had not seen
4. wildlife caretaker his aunt for a long time.
5. journalist
6. know 2. She asked me what I did.
3. My dad told to me not to go out
Grammar: Reported Speech.
Exercise 1 alone.
4. She replied that she had been
A. the direct speech of what
someone is actually saying. working on her assignment.
5. Laila asked if she had finished
B. reported speech of what
someone said. her work or not yet.
6. My brother asked where my
Exercise 2
sister was.
Verb form in Verb from in 7. She said that she knew the
direct speech reported speech
answer.
Present simple Past simple 8. I asked her if she would travel

Past simple Past perfect this summer.

Present Past continues Exercise 2
continuous 1. She asked me where I had
been.
Present perfect Past perfect 2. My sister told me that she was
eating her sandwich at that
Will would moment.
3. My dad asks whether I would
Exercise 3 be safe if I went out alone.
A. Never 4. He asked if she had ever tried
B. Always the Spanish food.
5. They asked if my dad was at
Exercise 4 home.
We often use if / whether then change 6. He told me that they were
the tenses as with statements. In singing and dancing the night
reported questions, question forms are yesterday.
not used after the reporting verbs. 7. She asked where my parents
Reported speech of information were and whether they were in
questions consist of a reporting clause Paris.
that begins with a WH-word such as 8. She said that she had been
(who, what, when, where, why, how). waiting for a bus when he had
We don’t use a question mark at the end arrived
of the reported question statement. 9. He said that she could ride the
bicycle, but she had not done it,
and he did not know why she
had refused.
10. My brother told us he would
never be there again.

Unit 1

Listening Script

Unit 1 Emma Watson introduces the new HeForShe.org

Ali: Hi, I’m Ali Plum. I’m here to talk to Emma about HeForShe and the launch of the new HeForShe website. For those
who don’t know, what is HeForShe?

Emma: HeForShe is a solidarity movement for gender equality, like, in a nutshell.

Ali: Big question here … what is HeForShe trying to achieve?

Emma: We’re trying to achieve gender equality, but I think the really cool thing about HeForShe is that we aren’t just,
you know, an education or an awareness campaign. It’s wonderful that so many people are talking about it and it’s great
that so many people are talking about it but we’re more than just an awareness campaign, we are mission-focused. We’re
really trying to erm… collect, register, be aware of people that are taking action for gender equality, and, and that’s really
our main focus.

Ali: Where are we currently in the world with the state of gender equality?

Emma: Well, it’s really interesting because there’s this perceived notion that gender inequality was sort of a thing of the
past, that we’ve sort of figured that one out and, you know, we’re kind of where we need to be but when you start to look
even just a little bit deeper beneath the surface you start to realise that actually we’ve got quite a long way to go.

Ali: Why is it important to involve men, like myself, with this project?

Emma: I think there’s this perception that feminism or gender equality or women’s issues are to be talked about by
women, that it’s for women, and you know, women are like this separate thing but of course, women are human beings
and these are human rights that we’re talking about so we kind of need everyone to be part of the conversation and that
was really what HeForShe is about and how HeForShe was born, was that we wanted to make sure that conversation was
inclusive and also we were talking to people that didn’t agree with us and that was actually really important. We want to
create change and so the conversation needs to be opened up to groups that perhaps traditionally hadn’t been associated
with engaging with feminism or gender equality.

Ali: Could you give me some examples of stories from men who have become involved with HeForShe?

Emma: I was on the university, er, tour for HeForShe and there was a young man who we asked, you know, like, what
would gender equality mean for you and he was like, well, it would mean that I could drink my fizzy cider without my
mates taking the piss out of me, and I was like, well, it doesn’t sound like a very compelling reason to achieve gender
equality in the world, but actually, he sort of started to elaborate more, and he was just saying that he found the pressure
to fit this male mould and to conform to this kind of lad culture of like this very heavy binge drinking, actually really
kind of soul-destroying and he was often ashamed of how he acted when he was on these huge, like, binge drinking, erm,
things with his mates and and how he treated girls specifically when he was like that and … the dude just wanted to
drink fizzy cider, you know what I’m saying?! And it was just … it was just really sweet, actually and I just found that,
something so simple, but guys feel this incredible pressure to be ... that, in order to be a man, there are all these ideas that
they really have to live up to and to conform to and it’s actually a bit suffocating.

Ali: We’re here to specifically discuss the HeForShe.org website. Why is that so important?

Emma: Well, it’s important because we want to be the first and largest, er, crowdsourcing tool for solutions to gender
equality and the reason that is exciting is because we’ve had people sign up to the commitment and I’ve had lots of
wonderful emails from men, saying all right, I’m on board, I get it, I’m into it, you know, great, but what do you want
me to do? What do you actually want me to do about this now? I’m like … So this has been great, and we’ve received
hundreds of emails like this and so we’ve set up this website. But what’s been interesting is that we haven’t wanted to
prescribe to anyone how best within their specific country, town, school, community whatever the best way to enact this
change is and actually when people have come up with their own solutions organically, there’s been some amazing
things that have happened, so, erm, a man in Zimbabwe started a husband school for HeForShe, which was incredible,
erm, we’ve had, one of our HeForShe champions, the president of Malawi, just annulled 300 child bride marriages, and
sent the girls back to school, which was unbelievable, erm … we’ve had the University of Waterloo decided that they’re
going to give scholarships for girls for engineering specifically, which has been amazing, so, we’ve kind of, we’ve
realised that, like, you guys have the solutions and we just need to create the platform through which we can inspire you,
erm, so, we’ve created this website and we think it’s pretty awesome.

94

Listening Script Unit 2

Unit 2: Sports Interview: Wakeboarding & Roller Derby

Presenter: Now the 2020 Olympics might seem a long way away to you, but people are already talking about what new

sports might be included. Today I’m going to talk to two people who are hoping their sport might be included. The first

is Jonny Mills whose sport is wakeboarding. Jonny, can you tell us what wakeboarding is? Is it like surfboarding?

Jonny: Well, a bit. It started in California because people wanted to surf but didn’t have waves ... It’s also a bit like

waterskiing in that the rider is towed behind a specially-built speed boat.

Presenter: How fast does the boat go?

Jonny: Usually at about 25 mph, or a bit less. The rider uses the wake the board produces in the water to launch into the

air.

Presenter: And then you do a lot of complicated things in the air?

Jonny: That’s right, spins of up to 1260 degrees, things like that.

Presenter: 1260 degrees, that’s impossible isn’t it?

Jonny: Oh no, but it’s pretty crazy. You spin round three and a half times in the air.

Presenter: And then you have to land again without falling over.

Jonny: You’ll have to come and watch some wakeboarding if you haven’t seen any. Come to Wakestock in July if you

can.

Presenter: That’s in Wales, isn’t it?

Jonny: Yep, Abersoch in North Wales. It’s a really popular wakeboarding and music festival. It’s right by the beach. It’s

not quite the same as California, but it’s cool. It attracts a lot of great riders.

Presenter: Who does wakeboarding?

Jonny: They reckon about 3 million people all over the world. More guys do it, but there are increasing numbers of girls

too. The people who compete are usually in their teens or twenties, but anyone can do it. There’s a lot of crossover with

other board sports like surfing and skateboarding. The tricks people pull are similar and the names for things are often

the same.

Presenter: And looking at you, I’d say the fashion was similar too.

Jonny: Yeah, the clothes and the lifestyle are similar.

Presenter: Right, now I’d like to ask Jules Russell about her sport. She’s a skater in a roller derby team. Tell us about

that, Jules. Is it a popular sport?

Jules: Yes, it’s becoming really popular in the UK. There are about 60 leagues in England and 1,200 throughout the

world. In the US and Canada, of course, and places like Scandinavia and Australia, but lots of other countries too.

Presenter: The sport began in the States, didn’t it?

Jules: Yes, in the 1930s, but it was more for entertainment than sport and it died out by the 1970s. Then there was a

revival in Texas in 2001 and from then on it’s just been growing and growing.

Presenter: So how do you play it?

Jules: Well, you have two teams of five people on roller skates, of course, and they go round an oval track in the same

direction. Each team has a "jammer" who scores points by passing members of the opposing team. They do whatever

they can to stop her, within reason. The team with the most points at the end of the match wins.

Presenter: It sounds a bit rough!

Jules: Well, it’s a contact sport, so there’s bound to be a lot of pushing and falling over. It’s all good fun, though; people

don’t often get hurt. If you try and trip someone up you get penalised. You do try and frighten the other team a bit

though.

Presenter: That’s right. You have frightening clothes and special names.

Jules: People used to have incredible costumes a couple of years ago. Now the sport is changing and becoming more

professional. Lots of the teams train three or four times a week, and spend a lot of time in the gym you have to be really

dedicated and fit. We still have nicknames, though. I’m “The Julifier”.

Presenter: And is the sport all female?

Jules: There are a few men who do it, but it’s mostly female and amateur at the moment. Things are changing fast

though, so who knows what the future will bring. It would be fantastic to be an Olympic sport.

Presenter: What do you think about roller derby, Jonny?

Jonny: It’s wild! Those ladies scare me to death! Good luck to them with the Olympics thing though. And good luck to

us too. 95
Presenter: Good luck to you both.

Listening Script Unit 3

Unit 3 Colleges Worldwide Feel the Financial Effects of Coronavirus

Colleges and universities are working hard to close deep budget deficits. And some have been pushed close to financial
ruin because of actions taken to protect people from the new coronavirus. Those measures have led to financial losses that
could reach $100 million at some schools in the United States.
Ohio State University and the Nebraska State College System are among the schools returning money to students for things
like meal plans and housing. Many schools are losing even more money from ticket sales after sports seasons were cut
short. And some say the value of their investments has shrunk because of wild swings in stock prices.
Yet even if school buildings reopen later this year, many U.S. experts on higher education worry large numbers of college
students will not return. There is widespread fear that the weak economy will leave many Americans unable to pay for
college. University officials are predicting sharp drop-offs among international students because of the coronavirus crisis as
well. This is not only a concern in the U.S. In Britain and Australia, higher education leaders are also expecting billions of
dollars in losses.
Many colleges and universities have stopped filling job positions and suspended work on building projects so they will
have enough money to pay employees.
Johns Hopkins University in Maryland is famous for keeping detailed records of coronavirus cases and deaths. In a recent
statement, the university’s president Ronald Daniels warned of possible employee dismissals. Johns Hopkins expects a net
loss of $100 million in 2020 and up to $375 million in losses in 2021.
Mary Papazian is president of San Jose State University in California. She estimates her school will lose $16 million by the
end of May.
“We may be looking at cutting academic programs if it comes to it,” she told The Associated Press.
But college and university presidents say their savings will only go so far. Many are asking their states and the federal
government for more financial support to avoid deeper cuts.
In March, U.S. lawmakers passed a $2 trillion bill to help Americans hurt by the coronavirus pandemic. President Donald
Trump signed the bill into law. The measure provides $14 billion for U.S. higher education. The American Council on
Education, a group of college presidents, had requested $50 billion and called the bill “woefully inadequate.”
Even colleges with large endowments are expecting a painful financial hit from the pandemic. On March 31, Yale
University asked its department heads to amend their budgets in preparation of major losses.
The current conditions leave some colleges wondering if they can meet students’ requests for financial assistance. Demands
for financial aid are expected to increase as millions of Americans lose their jobs in the economic downturn. Many schools
use their endowments to pay for financial aid, employees’ wages and normal operations. But their investments have
suffered deep losses as the value of stock shares dropped.
In Massachusetts, the endowment at the College of the Holy Cross has dropped in value by 15 percent. Officials there fear
a similar drop in financial donations.
Perhaps the greatest question for schools is about what will happen in late summer. Recent studies have found that large
numbers of high school students plan to take a gap year before starting college. At the same time, colleges and universities
have been forced to cancel school visits and other events designed to appeal to future students.
Student enrollment is also major concern for colleges and universities that have come to depend on international students,
especially those from China. Nearly 3,000 Chinese students attended the University of Connecticut last autumn. University
officials say they are preparing for international student enrollment to drop by 25 to 75 percent. That will represent a loss of
up to $70 million next year.
James Palmer says many American states had been slowly increasing their financial support for higher education over the
past five years. But it is highly unlikely they will be able to continue doing so in the weeks and months to come.
Palmer is a professor of higher education at Illinois State University. He also works for Grapevine, a yearly study of state
support for U.S. colleges and universities.
He told VOA a big problem is that many schools are still struggling with the immediate needs of student safety and moving
classes online. As a result, they do not have the ability to think too far ahead.
“There really is no playbook or script for this. Right now, colleges and universities are in crisis mode,” noted Palmer.

96

Listening Script Unit 4

However, Brian Mitchell, a former president of Bucknell University in Pennsylvania, argues U.S. higher education is
stronger than it appears.
Mitchell co-wrote the book “How to Run a College.”
“These institutions have been around, in many cases, for 150 to 200 years and they have faced other major crisis,” he told
VOA. “They have shown they can do it, many of them. But whether they can, precipitated by a pandemic, is an open
question.”
Mitchell says some colleges may close, but others may join with other schools to share financial resources. He is most
concerned about what will happen to colleges with small endowments. Many of these schools often serve local communities
and poor and minority students.
I’m Alice Bryant.
And I'm Pete Musto.

Unit 4 Driverless Cars

I passed my driving test at the fourth attempt. You might think that means I'm not as safe as someone who passed first time.
But would you feel safer with no driver at all? Maybe not, and it's for this reason that automotive firms have included
driver-assist functions in their prototype driverless cars. This allows the human driver to take over if there is a problem.
Google is one manufacturer that has prototype driverless cars. These have been retrofitted with steering wheels and
conventional controls to allow normal driving. But this is just a stage – the vision is to have fully automated cars very soon.
The director of Google's self-drive project, Chris Urmson, hopes his 11-year-old son will never have to take a driving test.
To achieve that, the cars need to be on the roads in five years. He says driverless cars will drastically reduce accidents and
traffic jams.
According to Chris, "Some 1.2 million people are killed on the roads around the world each year. That number is equivalent
to a jet falling out of the sky every day." He thinks gradual changes to existing car designs are not enough to deal with the
problem. "If we are really going to make changes to our cities, get rid of parking lots, we need self-drive cars," he says.
Google's prototypes have racked up over a million kilometers on the road. They have also had to deal with unexpected
situations, such as a child driving a toy car in the road, and a woman in an electric wheelchair chasing a duck. In each case,
the car reacted safely. Some are not convinced. Sven Beiker of Stanford University thinks driverless cars will still need
human input in extreme circumstances. He also worries that people may forget how to operate their vehicles if they do not
do it regularly. I guess I shouldn't throw away my driver's license just yet.

Unit 5 Best Holiday Destination

The early twentieth century was a time in America when people started to challenge the traditional values laid down by
homes, schools and the church. For the first time, women, as well as men, took jobs and had an income of their own,
sometimes living away from home, away from the eyes of prying parents. At the same time, the working week shortened
considerably, giving workers much more free time. Between 1901 and 1921, for example, the average working week
dropped from 58.4 hours to 48.4 hours, an unprecedented decline which has, incidentally, not been equalled since. There was
a quickly emerging middle class which demanded recreation, and a working class with an increased income and more leisure
time. Meanwhile, new immigrant groups brought in waves of alternative recreational activities that had not been experienced
before by the predominant white population.

97

Listening Script Unit 5

This led to a rise in what may be called ‘commercial’ recreation - that is, a recreation industry that generated money. Prior to
this, people made their own fun with pursuits such as reading, needlecraft, music and so on. The religious middle classes
had preached the values of self-control, moral integrity and industriousness, and their leisure pursuits were supposed to be
morally upright and useful to society. It was these people who had founded museums, libraries, art galleries and symphony
orchestras in the late eighteen hundreds. Now, there were increasing numbers of dance halls, theatres, cinemas, social clubs
and amusement parks. People frequented beaches, parks and picnic areas where there were band pavilions and outdoor
games, and they went to shows - circus shows, vaudeville theatre, burlesque and travelling fairs with daredevil rides. This
hedonistic lifestyle more often than not involved drinking alcohol, and gave limitless opportunities for unsupervised
socialising between the sexes, and the traditional, long-established organisations - churches and so on, feared for the
corruption of their youth.

They had to respond, and respond they did. There was, primarily, a call for the new recreational establishments - the dance
halls, bowling alleys and pool parlours - to require permits in order to operate, which limited, to some extent, the spread of
these new, morally-corruptible establishments. The traditional organisations also began to offer alternatives - alternatives to
the dance halls and theatres - that would keep the populace, both young and old, in morally acceptable pursuits. Until that
time, establishments such as schools, museums, libraries and so on, had closed for long periods of the year, such as
throughout the summer holidays, but now they remained open all year round, and began to promote organised activities such
as sport, music, games and drama in a bid to lessen the urge for unacceptable behaviour. Schools began to run vacation
clubs, and an extensive range of extra-curricular activities, especially in sports, publications - creating a school newspaper,
and hobbies - chess, stamp-collecting and the like. This was also the era when voluntary organisations such as the Boy
Scouts were set up to encourage healthy, active and moral pursuits for children - the National Association of Boys was
another, the Camp Fire Girls, the Girl Scouts were others. Some had roots in the church, such as the St John’s Ambulance
and the Boys’ Brigade. For young adults, there was the YMCA - the Young Man’s Christian association, another religious
group, and the YWCA for women; and there were also community service groups for adults, like the Rotary Club and Lions
Club. Another important player at this time was the Playground Association of America. This was a national group led by
Luther Halsey Gulick, which had the backing of the US president, Roosevelt. The purpose of this was to assist people of all
ages to use their recreation time to good effect. Remember that in the eighteenth century, children’s play was not
encouraged - children would get arrested for playing on the street together. There were no established parks and
playgrounds for children. The Playground Association of America, however, acknowledged that play was important and
necessary, and a vital part of children’s learning, but that it required effective leadership. The organisation worked
nationwide to develop playgrounds in towns and cities, and also put on recreational programs, as well as running courses to
train adults in effective play leadership.

Unit 6: Nuclear Family
I wouldn’t say that I have a big family, just four people. My mum and dad of course, and my big sister and me. Oh yes! I
also have a dog called Ben, who’s part of our family, too. My mum and dad work hard every day, but when I come back
from school, we eat dinner together and get a chance for a chat. My parents are easy to talk to, and when I have a problem
they give me good advice.
My sister was always around for me when I was young, so I feel very close to her. She’s studying in England now, but we
still talk online. If I need to talk to her about teenager issues, she’s always there to help me out.
On Sunday, we always have a video call with all four of us plus Ben. So, we can catch up on what we have been doing
during the week. I really like that.
When my sister comes back during the holidays, we get the chance to visit some interesting places together. I really enjoy
going on a camp trip, as we sleep in a tent, and get the chance to sing songs and chat with each other. My dad tells us to
switch off our phones on holiday, which can be challenging at first, but I think it brings us together as a family.
Funny enough using technology brings us together more, when we are living away from home. This year, I’m off to
university, so we will have to rely on technology, to keep in touch on a regular basis.

98

Listening Script Unit 6

Unit 6 Helicopter parents and tiger mom

Todd: Now there’s a couple that are kind of, that are not as nice. They can be positive or negative like for example a
helicopter parent.
Julia: A helicopter parent? What’s that?
Todd: So a helicopter parent is basically a parent that just hovers over their child all the time. They’re always worried about
their child. They follow them everywhere. They want to know what they’re doing at all times and they just worry a lot.
They’re so worried…
Julia: That sounds very stressful.
Todd: Yeah.
Julia: As a parent.
Todd: They’re always worried their child’s going to get hurt or something, you know, or they just are just over-protective, I
guess yeah. So are you a helicopter parent?
Julia: No, I don’t think so, no. No, I’m very happy for my daughter to have independence.
Todd: That’s good. That’s good. So you don’t like, if she goes outside for a few minutes or if she’s, you know, you hear
some clanging in the next room, you don’t go rushing over.
Julia: No. I wait for the tears before I go over.
Todd: Smart, smart. There’s, recently because of a very popular book we have, it’s called the Tiger Mom.
Julia: A Tiger Mum?
Todd: Yeah, Tiger Mom.
Julia: Sounds cool. Is it a positive term or is it a negative?
Todd: It is kind of. Actually it comes, the tiger I think comes from the Asian reference. It’s like for an Asian mother and it’s
basically really strict, really driven, like really push your kids, make them study hard, demand good grades, demand that
they do extracurricular activities, really push them to have high paying careers or successful careers, do well academically
and stuff like that.
Julia: From very young, does this…?
Todd: Yeah, from very young. The woman who wrote the book, I think it’s actually called Tiger Mom and she was a Yale
professor and I think she was of Chinese ancestry and she raised these very successful daughters and so she wrote a book
and basically saying you need to be strict and push your kids and demand excellence. I think that’s what she wrote.
Julia: Is the tiger, is it reference to like the Chinese horoscope, maybe like the characteristics of the tiger for that year?
Todd: No. Actually I just think it has to do with being a tiger comes from Asia, I think that’s it.
Julia: OK, well a tiger does have a pretty kind of aggressive or driven sort of image.
Todd: Right.
Julia: When a tiger gets something in its sights, you know, like where it comes from.
Todd: Totally.
Julia: No, I’m not so much a tiger mum, no.
Todd: So you’re a soccer mom.
Julia: More of a soccer mum I think, yeah.
Todd: That’s good. Yeah, that’s what I would want, a soccer mom.
Julia: A soccer mum, yeah.

99

Listening Script Unit 7

Unit 7 The History of Gaming

Hi, I’m Medium Invader, from the classic game Space Invaders. And I want to tell you a little bit about where video
games came from. A video game is an electronic game that has an interface designed for human interaction on a video
device. Simple. Video games are used by scientists, the military, and people like you, and their evolution has spread across
arcades, consoles, computers, smartphones and all kinds of other electronics. These days video games are everywhere, but
they were actually made in science labs. In fact, the earliest U.S. video game patent on record was in 1948, at that time, it
was referred to act as a cathode-ray tube amusement device. That’s a mouthful! Some of the earliest video games include
the Nimrod computer, OXO, Tennis for Two, and my personal favourite, Spacewar! But none of these video games were
ever sold to the public because they were either too huge or too expensive to get out of the lab.

This all changed when a man named Ralph Baer looked at his television screen and wondered how else it might be used.
In 1972, Bear’s idea to get the video games out of the science lab and into the living room led to the release of a game
console called Odyssey. Odyssey allowed you to play a game on your TV. At about the same time, two other people,
Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dadney were working on something similar in a little company called Atari. You might have
heard of it, and even if you haven’t, I’m sure that you dad has. Atari’s first major game release was in 1972, an arcade
game called Pong. It was an immediate hit, and it’s credited as the first commercially successful video game. Atari then
released a home version of Pong in 1974. By 1978, competition between Atari and another game company called Midway
was heating up. Midway had licensed an arcade game for the Japanese company, Taito that put them on the map. The
game: Space Invaders. It featured iconic actors, like me and it went on became the second highest selling arcade game of
all time. Space Invaders also helped kick off what is known as the Golden Age of Arcade Games. In response, Atari
followed with the release of the arcade game Asteroids, which ranked sixth on the list of highest selling arcade games. It
was a good game, but it’s no Space Invaders.

By 1980, color came to arcade game and this was also the year that another video gaming milestone was born. Pac-Man,
created by the Japanese company Namco, was brought to the U.S. by Midway. Important to the spread of video games
into popular culture, Pac-Man was a character that could be licensed. It wasn’t long before it had a song on the charts, a
Saturday morning show, and all sorts of other products. In just a year, Pac-Man arcade games made over one billion
dollars in quarters.

Then, in 1981, a company called Nintendo started making waves in the U.S. video game market with their release of
Donkey Kong. It was the earliest video game to have a story line. The story went a bit like this: Donkey Kong is the pet of
a carpenter named Jumpman. Jumpaman mistreats his pet ape, so the ape steals his girlfriend, leaving the game player to
assume the role of Jumpman and rescue the girl. Jumpman was eventually renamed to Mario.

Other iconic arcade games from the early 80s include Froggers, Dragon’s Lair and Mario Brothers. Perhaps the last iconic
game considered to be part of the Golden Age of Arcade Games is Double Dragon. It was the first really successful
example of the beat-them-up genre. It was released in 1987, and like Donkey Kong, it featured a damsel in distress
storyline, a storyline common in many video games. By the mid-90s, the Golden Age of Arcade Games was coming to an
end, and the home game console was gaining in popularity. While arcade games continue to decline in sales over the
years, the popularity of video games was merely beginning and we’ll talk about that a lot more in part two of a brief
history of video games.

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