BOOK OF ABSTRACTS IBD2023

48 Pollination services are resilient to an extreme climatic event and mitigate crop yield declines Kedar Devkota1,* , Charles F. dos Santos2 , Charlie C. Nicholson3 , and Paul A. Egan4 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural and Forestry University, Nepal 2School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil 3Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; 4Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Extreme climatic events pose a threat to pollinators and their ecosystem services to agriculture. Yet little remains known on how pollinator communities respond to many climate shocks and experimental studies on crop pollination remain worryingly absent. Here we examined the effects of an extreme flooding event on pollinator communities in Nepal, and conducted insect exclusion experiments to quantify potential impacts on pollination services to two globally-important crops (oilseed mustard and buckwheat). We found that flooding led to lower pollinator abundance as a whole and significantly altered community composition. While social bees (Apis florea, A. cerana, A. dorsata, and A. mellifera) did not show large changes, flooding effects were instead stronger and more consistent for solitary bee species – and in particular mining and ground nesting guilds (Halictus, Lasioglossum, Andrena spp.). Despite these impacts, pollinator services to both crops remained resilient to flooding. Although buckwheat in particular incurred significant yield loss due to flooding, owing to the resilience of pollination services, pollinators made a proportionally greater contribution to yield in flooded fields (54.1 % of yield) than in non-flooded fields (36.1 %). Our study highlights how extreme events such as flooding can disrupt pollinator communities, but also how pollination services can nonetheless show resilience to such shocks, and buffer against crop yield loss. Accordingly, we discuss the urgent need to incorporate pollination into strategies for agricultural climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction, and call for more knowledge on the response of pollination services to extreme climatic events – especially for smallholder farming systems – as their frequency increases under climate change. KEYWORDS: Climate change; ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction; extreme weather; natural hazards; pollination adaptation; yield resilience.

49 Forest carbon stock assessment along the Sumagaya-Pamalihi Mountain Range (KSSP), Misamis Oriental, Philippines Jaime Q. Guihawan1,* , Peter D. Suson1 , Fejaycris O. Pillodar1 , Hilly Ann R. Quiaoit1 , and Hernando P. Bacosa1 1 Environmental Science program, Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, A. Bonifacio Ave., Iligan City, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to provide baseline data on the amount of carbon stored of the two ancestral domain (CADT) areas managed by the forest communities of PAMALIHI and MAMACILA located in the Sumagaya-Pamalihi Mountain Range (KKSP) at Claveria-Gingoog, and Balingasag, Misamis Oriental. Two sampling plots were established in each of the primary, secondary, and mossy forest types of the CADT areas. Carbon stock assessment was done in all parts of the forest ecosystem that includes live trees, deadwood, understory plants, forest litter, mosses, and soil. Diversity of trees were also determined using Shannon and Simpson indices. Results show that MAMACILA has the higher total carbon stock for the whole forest area with 4,703,904 Mg since it has a larger area compared with PAMALIHI that has 3,681,173 Mg of carbon stock. Both PAMALIHI and MAMACILA CADT areas show high diversity (Simpson Diversity Index values of 0.89 and 0.92 respectively. Trees present in both areas that are listed as threatened and endangered under IUCN are still found to be abundant in the sampling sites since the forest habitats of both areas are strictly monitored and managed by indigenous tribes. KEYWORDS: ancestral domain; diversity; endangered species.

50 Session 3: Biodiversity and BCG Economy Models Oral Presentations

51 Thai Universities' roles and responsibilities in BCG Economy: The contribution of U2T Projects in Isaan and future directions Mahinthorn Pothiwan1 1Programme of Agribusiness Management, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham City Centre, Maha Sarakham Province, 44000, Kingdom of Thailand Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This research considers the implications of the roles and responsibilities of Thai Universities as the main driving force in Bio-circular green (BCG) economy enhancement exhibited through local business creation and support under the U2T projects initiated by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHESI); let alone, exploring the way forward regarding the roles and responsibility, and impact areas that Thai universities and MHESI can potentially contribute in driving BCG economy enhancement through local business creation going forward. The research takes into consideration the secondary data collected by three (3) universities serving more than 300 districts and several sub-districts in the Isaan region, and analyses the following lenses of impact on the local communities: societal, economic, and environment, with aims to realize the contributions and impacts to have had on the local communities in the Isaan regions; also, accounts for impact areas for Thai universities and MHESI to contribute going forward. According to the analysis, it can be visualized that there is an improvement on the local communities economically due to the rise in income streams; thus, resulting in the rise of average household income. Regardless, the state of being self-sufficient and/or self-reliant is still far-fetched. In these societies, the analysis shows higher level of societal cohesion and higher life quality resulted from the business activities; let alone, reduced crime level and number of unemployed youths engaging in illegal activities. Environmentally, these communities were able to recycle or use unwanted plants to create products/services as a competitive advantage and leverage to advance their communities . In addition, the community can support the growth of crops and/or the production of community goods/services more efficiently than in the pre-project time. The way forward for MHESI and Thai universities in the areas of future impact, roles and responsibilities, and contributions are also summarized in this investigation. KEYWORDS: Bio-circular Green Economy; Local Business Creation; Multilateral Collaboration; Sustainability; Thai Universities.

52 Food waste habitat: A trove for the study of yeast communities and its application Varunya Sakpuntoon1 , Savitree Limtong1,3 and Nantana Srisuk1,2,* 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. 2Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand. 3Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand. *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Food waste is an appealing habitat for yeast community studies due to its variety and richness of nutrients. This abundant habitat offers vast opportunities to discover yeasts with potential abilities or undescribed yeast species. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring yeast communities in food waste, investigating the potential hydrolytic enzymes producing yeast, and optimizing the medium and conditions for enzyme production. The results indicated that, among 626 isolates, 32 showed the potential to be undescribed yeast taxa. At the time of writing, some of these yeasts have been published including Crinitomyces reliqui, Limtongella siamensis, Magnusiomyces siamensis, Savitreea pentosicarens, Wickerhamiella osmotolerans and W. tropicalis. In addition, this research revealed that the yeast Limtongozyma siamensis DMKU-WBL1-3, isolated from food waste, has a high potential for lipase production. The results of lipase production by L. siamensis DMKU-WBL1-3 under optimal conditions showed that lipase was produced up to 1,055.6 U/ml in a 2-liter fermentor using a low-cost substrate medium containing the alternative substrate, sweet whey, as the main composition. In conclusion, this research demonstrates the study of yeast diversity, the potential of those yeasts and bioproduction using industrial by-products as substrates to control the cost of production by yeast. Therefore, the present research will be one of the important foundations of the bioeconomy study and BCG model, which focus on the use of biological resources for the best value in bioproduction and applications. KEYWORDS: Enzyme production; food waste; lipase; low-cost; novel yeast; optimization.

53 Optimization of bioactive compound from black sugarcane rind by ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology Nicha Asadatorn1,* , and Kitipong Assatarakul2 1 International Program in Hazardous Substance and Environmental Management (IP-HSM), Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330 2Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, Thailand 10330 *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Air pollution is a pressing global issue with profound implications for both human health and the environment. Thailand, ranked 57th among the world’s most polluted countries, faces significant air quality especially PM2.5 challenges particularly in its capital, Bangkok. One contributing factor to this problem is the widespread practice among Thai sugarcane farmers of burning their crops before harvesting, a method aimed at reducing harvesting costs and expediting the process. This practice releases pollutants into the atmosphere, exacerbating air quality concerns. Simultaneously, there is a growing global awareness of health, leading to increased demand for health-related supplement products. This shift in opportunity in the health and wellness industry, to meet this demand, it is essential to establish suitable materials. “Black Sugarcane” (scientifically known as Saccharum officinarum Linn) is of particular interest due to its unique properties and potential health benefits. Bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, proteins, and carbohydrates, have the capacity to positively impact human health beyond basic nutrition. The sugar production generates various by-products including sugarcane bagasse, dry leaves, sugarcane press mud, and molasses. This study focuses on the extraction of bioactive compounds from black sugarcane peels using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The resulting extracts will be optimized and encapsulated through spray-drying techniques. The study will utilize Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to determine the optimal conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction, with three independent variables: ethanol concentration (X1), temperature (X2), and time (X3). This research has the potential to provide crucial insights into the development of functional ingredients in the food industry and contribute to greenhouse gas emission assessments associated with the black sugarcane industry. KEYWORDS: black sugarcane; Saccharum officinarum Linn; the Box-Behnken Design

54 Session 1: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Conservation and Services Poster Presentations

55 Revisiting and Digitizing the European Colonialism Type Collection of Thai Bees Pollinator: Enhancing Biodiversity Research and Conservation Efforts. Pakorn Nalinrachatakan1 , and Natapot Warrit1,* 1Center of Excellence in Entomology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) play a vital role as pollinators providing essential ecosystem services throughout the world. Hence, the evaluations of bee biodiversity have been pursued from various aspects, particularly focusing on community ecology and pollination biology, which further led to countless number of relevant conservation strategies. However, most of earlier Southeast Asia bee specimens were collected during the European Colonization era (17th – 20th centuries) and taken back to their subsequent countries. This resulted in a limited understanding in basic knowledge of Thai wild bees, leading to ambiguous or inadequate taxonomic misidentification and ranking. Of the 246 recognized Thai bees, more than 180 species lack information for their original descriptions, natural histories, and morphological characteristics, while some are one-time discoveries. Here, we conduct a comprehensive reassessment of Thai bee type specimens deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom (NHMUK) via the SYNTHESIS+ project inApril 2023. Overall, 84 type specimens of the primary Thai Bee types were assessed, representing 47 types for Apidae, 20 types for Megachilidae, and 17 types for Halictidae. A total of 394 high-resolution digitization of bee type specimens and label information were captured, which will be available online via the NHMUK data portal in the future. As a result, we retrieved this invaluable information and make it in an open access online format, thus repatriating the knowledge back to the countries of origins. This baseline information will significantly help bee experts and pollination ecologists in the identification of Thai bees and bees from the adjacent countries, hence facilitating both the precision and accuracy of biodiversity research. Furthermore, this baseline information will enhance Thai conservational efforts, enabling decision-making for further pollination conservation strategies. KEYWORDS: digitization; identification; morphological information; natural histories; taxonomy; type specimens.

56 Taxonomic revision of bee genus Megachile Latreille, 1802 in Thailand Nontawat Chatthanabun1 , Prapun Traiyasut 2 , and Natapot Warrit1,* 1Center of the Excellence in Entomology: Bee Biology, Biodiversity of Insects and Mites, Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Chulalongkorn University, Wang Mai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand 2Program in Biology, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani Rajabhat University, Nai Mueang, Mueang, Ubon Ratchathani, 34000, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Megachile Latreille, 1802 is a large genus of bee containing more than 1,400 species. Megachile nests in various substrates and resides in diverse ranges of habitats, from tropical rainforest to xeric areas. In Thailand, the taxonomy of Megachile presents many problems, including gender mismatch and high level intraspecific variations within species diagnostic characters. In addition, the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships of the Southeast Asian Megachile have never been explored. This research aims to revise the genus Megachile in Thailand from 1,597 Megachile specimens deposited in the Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History collected during 1911–2021 using integrative approach combining molecular and morphological data. The results suggest that the diversity of Thai Megachile species may have been underestimated. At present, we recognized 38 species, of which 4 are adventive. The indistinct color patterns on mesothorax and metathorax of the Megachile specimens lead to many misidentifications at a subgeneric level. The cutting edge of the mandible, a diagnostic characteristic in female bee, shows variation within species in the subgenus Aethomegachile. The labral shape exhibits differences among females Megachile species as a result from their adaptive functions in gathering different nesting materials. KEYWORDS: diversity; leaf-cutting bee; pollination; resin bee; taxonomy.

57 Molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of primitively segmented spider genus Liphistius Schiödte, 1849 in Thailand Varat Sivayyapram1 , Chawakorn Kunsete1 , Prapun Traiyasut2 , and Natapot Warrit1,* 1Center of Excellence in Entomology, Bee Biology, Biodiversity of insects and Mites, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University 10330 2Program in Biology, Faculty of Science, Ubonratchathani Rajabhat University, 34000 *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Primitively segmented spiders (Mesothelae) constitute the most basal clade among extant spiders. They differ from other extant spiders by presence of abdominal tergites and spinnerets on the median area of the ventral abdomen. Liphistius Schiödte, 1849 is primarily restricted to Southeast Asia and southwestern China; it includes 62 described species placed in seven species-groups based on genitalic characters. Thai Liphistius include 36 species in four species-groups: birmanicus, bristowei, linang, and trang. Phylogenetic relationships at the species and species-group levels remains unresolved. We sequenced five loci (COI, 16S, H3, 28S, and ITS2) from 162 specimens from 52 sites in Thailand and Myanmar to investigate phylogenetic relationships and delimiting species of Thai Liphistius using five delimitation methods including ASAP, GMYC, STACEY, and BFD. Results of the multi-locus phylogenies are mostly congruent with morphology-based classifications, supporting monophyly of Liphistius, bristowei-group, and trang-group. Our results do not support monophyly of species complexes within the trang-group. The phylogeny suggests a “Sibumasu” (Siam-Burma-Malaysia-Sumatra) origin and highly endemism of Liphistius in Thailand. All delimitation methods delimited Liphistius from discrete locations as separate species; variation in number of species proposed (53 to 72) stemmed from variation in delimiting sympatric cryptic species, indicating that genetic data should not be used as the sole basis for describing new species. KEYWORDS: Mesothelae; Biogeography; Liphistiinae

58 Pollinator diversity in organic and conventional guava farms in central Thailand Piriya Hassa1,* , Paweena Traiperm1 , and Alyssa B. Stewart1 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Most flowering plant species rely on animal pollinators, including many crop species. However, recent anthropogenic changes are contributing to global pollinator declines. Such changes include habitat loss and agricultural intensification, which generally lead to a reduction in plant diversity and an increase in chemical pesticide use. While chemical pesticide use is near ubiquitous worldwide, several guava farms in central Thailand have adopted eco-friendly agricultural practices. To assess whether farm management affects pollinator composition, we conducted pollinator observations in organic and conventional guava orchards. Our data show that diverse bee species pollinate guava in central Thailand, and that overall pollinator diversity is higher in organic farms. Moreover, bee abundance in each management type varied by pollinator species, suggesting that some species are more vulnerable to pesticide use than others. By linking pesticide application with pollinator community composition, this study is relevant to both agricultural stakeholders and pollinator conservation. KEYWORDS: Bees; crop pollination; pesticides; Psidium guajava

59 Diversity of target reef fish the Western Gulf of Thailand Jirasin Limpichat1,* , Ploypailin Rangseethampanya1 , Thamasak Yeemin1 , Makamas Sutthacheep1 , and Arirush Wongnutpranont1 1Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Target reef fish are grouped as economically important reef fish and are mostly captured for use in cooking, playing a pivotal economic role in coastal communities. This study employs a fish visual census method to examine the diversity of target reef fish on the underwater pinnacles of the Ko Tao group, encompassing six stations: White Rock, Hin Kong Sai Daeng, Ao Hin Wong, Hin Chumphon, Hin Tungku, and Hin Samran. Identification of target reef fish species relied on credible sources. The results showed that White Rock had the highest diversity of target reef fish species, followed by Hin Chumphon, Hin Kong Sai Daeng, Hin Samran, and Hin Tungku, while Ao Hin Wong exhibited the lowest diversity. A common target reef fish was Cephalopholis boenak. A highly commercially valuable species, Epinephelus malabaricus, was also found at Hin Khao. The other highly commercially valuable species, Lutjanus lutjanus were found at Hin Chumphon, Hin Tungku, and Hin Samran. The study areas were influenced by tourism, pollution and fishery impacts. The effective measures are urgently needed to conserve and manage the underwater pinnacle ecosystems to ensure the food security, sustainability of coastal and marine ecosystems and maintaining high marine biodiversity. KEYWORDS: Fishery;Gulf of Thailand; marine biodiversity; target reef fish; tourism; underwater pinnacle.

60 Phylogenetic relationships of the blue-spotted maskray (Neotrygon spp.) in Thai waters inferred from the COI gene Thadsin Panithanarak1,* , Ratima Karuwanjaroen 1 , Titirat Meejan2 ,Wansuk Senanan2 , Chanapa Utama3 , Penchan Laongmanee3 , and Tassapon Krajangdara4 1 Institute of Marine Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand 2Department of Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand 3 Faculty of Marine Technology, Burapha University, Chanthaburi Campus, Chanthaburi, Thailand 4Phuket Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center, Department of Fisheries, Phuket,83000, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail:[email protected] ABSTRACT: The blue-spotted maskray (Neotrygon spp.) was previously known as a single species (Neotrygon kuhlii) widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific. In Thailand, five species of the blue-spotted maskray were reported. Morphological characters of the blue-spotted maskray are very similar, and confirmation of the correct species is difficult when based only on morphology. Therefore, this study aimed to confirm species identification and examine phylogenetic relationships of the blue-spotted maskray in Thai waters, by analyzing nucleotide sequence variation at the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in mitochondrial DNA. Fifty-two individuals from various sampling sites of the Gulf of Thailand (n = 31) and the Andaman Sea (n = 21) were collected and sequenced. The maximum-likelihood (ML) tree revealed that the blue-spotted maskray in Thai waters were separated into two distinct clades corresponding to different Neotrygon species, N. varidens and N. caeruleopunctata, with strong bootstrap supports. The Kimura 2-parameter (K2P) genetic distances within clades were low ranging from 0-0.34% (mean 0.06±0.04%) and 0-0.51% (mean 0.42±0.13%) in N. varidens and N. caeruleopunctata clades, respectively, while the mean K2P distance between the clades was 3.33±0.76%. KEYWORDS: Andaman Sea; cryptic species;Gulf of Thailand; mitochondrial DNA; Neotrygon kuhlii species complex.

61 Diversity of macrobenthic fauna on underwater pinnacles at Ko Tao, Surat Thani Province Sittiporn Pengsakun1,* , Thamasak Yeemin1 , Makamas Sutthacheep1 , Wanlaya Klinthong1 , Charernmee Chamchoy1 , Wiphawan Aunkongthong1 , Laongdow Jungrak1 , and Maneerat Sukkeaw1 1Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Macrobenthic fauna plays a major role in coastal and marine ecosystems. They can link between the primary producers and the consumers at higher trophic levels, particularly target species of fisheries. The diversity and density of macrobenthic fauna are also used as an indicator of the abundance and diversity of reef-associated organisms. This research aims to examine the diversity and community structure of macrobenthic fauna on underwater pinnacles at Mu Ko Tao, Surat Thani Province, the Western Gulf of Thailand. SCUBA divers monitored macrobenthic fauna along belt transects at six study sites, i.e., Hin Samran, Hin Tungku, Hin Chumphon, White Rock, Ao Hin Wong, and Hin Kong Sai Daeng. The dominant species of macrobenthic fauna included Diadema setosum, Arca ventricosa, Pedum spondyloideum, Spirobranchus giganteus, and Holothuria leucospilota. The highest density of macrobenthic fauna was observed at Hin Samran (23.40±0.1 ind.m-2 ) while the lowest one was found at Hin Kong Sai Daeng (0.27±0.06 ind.m-2 ). The highest species diversity index of macrobenthic fauna was observed at Hin Samran, followed by Hin Tungku, White Rock, Ao Hin Wong, Hin Kong Sai Daeng and Hin Chumphon. The diversity of macrobenthic fauna on underwater pinnacles can be used as an indicator for potential sites of ecotourism and fishery resources. This study provides important scientific data for conservation and management of coral communities on underwater pinnacles in the Western Gulf of Thailand. KEYWORDS: Coral community; diversity; ecotourism; fishery; macrobenthic fauna; underwater pinnacle.

62 Preliminary study of population genetic structure of Brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) in Thailand Pimpakarn Laongdee1 , Wanlada Klangnurak1,* , Wansuk Senanan2 , and Tassapon Krajangdara3 1Aquacultural Technology and Aquatic Resource Management, School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand 2Aquatic Science, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, 20131, Thailand 3Phuket Marine Fisheries Research and Development Center, Phuket, 83000, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The study aimed to investigate the population genetic structure of brownbanded bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) in the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI). Fifty-two individuals were collected from four provinces from the Andaman Sea (n = 31) including Ranong, Phuket, Trang, and Satun provinces and five provinces from the Gulf of Thailand (n = 21) including Prachuap Khiri Khan, Rayong, Chumphon, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Songkhla provinces. The analyses detected eight haplotypes amongst all C. punctatum samples. Haplotype 1 was the most common haplotype comprising 54% of all individuals, in both the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand samples. Three haplotypes were unique to the Andaman Sea sample, and four haplotypes were to the Gulf of Thailand. The Gulf of Thailand sample has slightly higher haplotype and nucleotide diversity (0.6143 and 0.0018) than those in the Andaman Sea (0.4581 and0.0012). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed the genetic structure between the Andaman Sea and The Gulf of Thailand (FST= 0.376, df=1, p≤0.001). Geographic barriers (Malay Peninsula) may significantly contribute to the genetic differentiation between two populations. Conservation efforts involving the release of hatchery-reared pups into the wild should seriously consider using local broodstock sources to avoid genetic homogenization. Additional samples may be needed to examine fine-scale genetic structure within each region. The results from this study can provide a basis for fisheries management and conservation plans for this shark species in Thai waters. KEYWORDS: Genetic diversity; COI; Population structure; Gulf of Thailand; Andaman Sea

63 Molecular phylogenetic relationships of some species amongst Calymperes and Syrrhopodon (Calymperaceae, Bryophyta) in Thailand Tinnapat Sripeng1 , Natchanon Rongdach1 , Pamika Na Ranong1 , Jiroat Sangrattanaprasert1,* , Sahut Chantanaorrapint2 , Ekaphan Kraichak3 , and Nopparat Anantraprayoon3 1Mahidol Wittayanusorn School, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand 2Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkhla University, Songkhla, Thailand 3Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Members of genus Calymperes Sw. and Syrrhopodon Schwägr. (Calymperaceae, Dicranales) have always been traditionally placed in relationship to one another by using morphological characters. Differentiation between the two genera from herbarium specimens requires tremendous effort, and the morphological variation could also be the result of acclimation to different habitats. Mosses belonging to both genera are found chiefly in humid tropical regions around the world including Thailand as epiphytes and are different by only a few morphological characters. Members of Calymperes possess some degree of leaf dimorphism, the absence of peristomes, and plicate calyptra in sporophytes. In contrast, members of Syrrhopodon always have monomorphic leaves, the presence of peristomes, and non-plicate calyptra. Currently, two members of the family Calymperaceae: C. aeruginosum Hampe ex Sande Lac., and S. peguense (Besch.) W.D.Reese are not phylogenetically confirmed to be a member of their respective genera with their morphological characters. Genomic DNA from specimens representing 22 members of Calymperaceae housed in Prince of Songkhla University Herbarium was extracted and amplified for three biomolecular markers, including trnL-F intergenic spacer, ITS, and rps4 to reconstruct phylogenetic trees of the group to solve the decadelong uncertainty within this group. More specifically, we had important research goals to verify phylogenetic placements for some problematic taxa in Thailand, including C. aeruginosum Hampe ex Sande Lac., and S. peguense (Besch.) W.D.Reese We found a close relationship between S. peguense and a member of Syrrhopodon subg. Heliconema, suggesting the affinity of S. peguense with this subgenus. We were also able to show that several specimens of C. aeruginosumwere closely related to the generic type of Calymperes. Overall, the results provide further support for the hypothesis independently reoccurring changes toward longer and slimmer gemmiferous leaves in several moss lineages. KEYWORDS: Calymperes; herbarium specimens; Moss; Syrrhopodon; taxonomic revision

64 MOSS Flora: Their Morpho-Systematic Analysis, Species Distribution and Microhabitats in Mt. Nebo, Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines Gio Vincent A. Balansag1,* , and Maria Melanie M. Guiang2,3 1Graduate Student, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines 2 Faculty, Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines 3Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Morpho-systematics studies of some mosses, their distribution and microhabitat preferences were conducted in Mt. Nebo, Bukidnon, Mindanao, Philippines. Transect method was employed in five stations to assess the distribution and microhabitat preferences. Morpho-systematic analysis was performed through microscopy examinations for each representative family. This was done by identifying the morpho-taxonomic characters such as leaf arrangement, leaf shape, leaf base, leaf margin, leaf apex and costa. Research revealed that the forest harbors rich moss flora with a total of 20 families, 36 genera and 47 species. Dicranaceae family obtained the highest species-rich while the least families were Bartramiaceae, Entodontaceae, Fissidentaceae, Garovagliaceae, Hypnodendraceae, Mniaceae, Pterobriaceae and Spiridentaceae. A high degree of species similarity was observed among three (3) transect stations, assigned as Transect three (3), Transect four (4) and Transect five (5), while Transect one (1) has a high degree of similarity with Transect two (2). The most numbered of moss species was documented in Transect 3, while the least number of species occurred in Transect 5. The forest harbors rich moss flora where a total of 58% of the listed mosses are epiphytic, confined on tree trunks, branches and bases. Seventeen (17) percent thrived in moist soil habitats, 15% on decayed logs and 10% on rocks. Understanding the current systematic studies and distribution underscore the importance and conservation efforts of bryofloral species. KEYWORDS: Distribution patterns; microhabitat; morpho-systematics; mosses

65 Exploration and inventory of Araceae at Mt. Bagalbal Mary Edmavette L. Fuentes1,* , and Ma. Melanie M. Guiang2 1 Faculty of Kuya National High School, Kuya, Maramag, Bukidnon, 8714, Philippines 2Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This study investigated the taxonomy and distribution pattern of Araceae species at Mt. Bagalbal, Sitio Migtulod, Barangay Mt. Nebo, Valencia City Bukidnon, Philippines as well as their ecological and conservation status. Araceae are highly diverse in life form at Mt. Bagalbal which comprises of thirteen (13) species under three (3) subfamilies, with Monsteroideae having the most number of species, followed by Aroideae and Pothoideae as the lowest. The Araceae flora from Mt. Bagalbal's species distribution pattern revealed a distinct and unambiguous dispersal of the majority of the angiosperms. Out of thirteen (13) species collected, two (2) species were ecologically classified as both endemic and native in the Philippines, eight (8) species were native and one (1) species was naturalized. In terms of conservation status, one (1) species has no data because it was not identified, nine (9) species were data deficient (DD), one (1) is Least Concern (LC), one (1) is Near Threatened (NT) and one (1) is vulnerable (VU) and it is the Alocasia zebrina. KEYWORDS: Araceae; conservation status; distribution pattern; ecological status

66 Morphometrics of the paleotropical genus Neuropeltis (Convolvulaceae) Pantamith Rattanakrajang1,2, Timothy M. A. Utteridge2 , Somran Suddee3 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, King Rama VI Road, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand. 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, U.K. 3 Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. *Corresponding author, e-mail: Paweena Traiperm, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Neuropeltis is comprised of 15 taxa representing 14 species, and is distributed throughout two paleotropical floristic continents; west-to-central Africa (10 species) and south-to-southeast Asia (4 species with one variety). Due to the disconnected continental areas, there is only region-level study in this genus which conducted both taxonomy and morphological comparison. The generic boundary of Neuropeltis is questionable, because the data obtained from all distribution areas has never been combined to delimit the generic circumscription. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the morphological variation of Neuropeltis from all distribution regions, in order to delimit its generic boundary. Sixty-one flower characters (34 quantitative and 27 qualitative) from 47 flowers and 33 fruit characters (22 quantitative and 11 qualitative) from 106 fruits were measured and observed from herbarium specimens of 15 taxa of Neuropeltis, and 1 outgroup species from the closely related genus, Neuropeltopsis. Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) in R programming were used for statistically analysed. The results from flower specimens showed four separate groups including (1) Asian Neuropeltis, (2) African Neuropeltis (most), (3) Neuropeltis prevosteoides, and (4) Neuropeltopsis alba. However, there is no apparent differences of all accessions in fruit specimens. This study supports that the monotypic genus Neuropeltopsis is morphologically different from all species of Neuropeltis, affirming that Neuropeltopsis are statistically distinguish from Neuropeltis, especially Asian species. For the separation of African species of Neuropeltis, we provide the key morphological traits of N. prevosteoides that discrete from other African species. The taxonomic changes will be clarified by our ongoing molecular works. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; Phenetics; Solanales; tropical Africa; tropical Asia.

67 Lichen family Pertusariaceae on Doi Hua Moo viewpoint of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Suthattra Siringamram1,* , Phimpha Nirongbut1 , Phimpisa Phraphuchamnong1 , Sanya Meesim1 , Supattara Phokaeo1 , Udomrak Meethong1 , Vasun Puangsungnoen1 , Wetchasart Polyiam1 , and Kawinnat Buaruang1 1 Lichen Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Lichens family Pertusariaceae is in the order Pertusariales. The family of crustose lichens which have thallus surface smooth to verrucose. Colour range from grey, greenish grey, greenish yellow to pale yellow. The thallus may fluoresce under long wave-length ultraviolet light (360 nm). Isidia or soredia usually found on thallus surface. Apothecia ascomata, wart-like, convex, may be verruciform or disciform. Ascospores simple, oval ellipsoid, ellipsoid to elongated, colourless, one to eight per ascus. Doi Suthep-Pui National Park Located in Mueang Chiang Mai District, Mae Rim District and Hang Dong District, Chiang Mai Province. The total area is approximately 261 square kilometers. The area of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park is a complex mountain. The height of the area is between 330-1,685 meters above sea level. The objective of this study was to collect lichens in the family Pertusariaceae from Doi Hua Moo Viewpoint of Doi Suthep-Pui National Park in May 2023. Specimens collected on four phorophytes in Hill Evergreen Forest at 1,670 meters above sea level. They were identified to two genera, four species: Lepra albescens was common species followed by Pertusaria cicatricosa, Lepra scaberula and Pertusaria mundula respectively. KEYWORDS: Pertusariaceae; Pertusaria; Lepra; Phorophyte

68 Biodiversity of Disco-lichen at Doi Suthep–Pui National Park in Chiang Mai Province Phimpisa Phraphuchamnong1,* , Phimpha Nirongbut1 , Sanya Meesim1 , Supattara Phokaeo1 , Suthattra Siringanram1 , Udomrak Meethong1 , Vasun Puangsungnoen 1 , Wetchasart Polyiam1 , and Kawinnat Buaruang1 1 Lichen Research Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand, *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Disco-lichen are referred to as crustose lichens with round disc, convex or concave cup-shape like apothecia on thallus. Two types of apothecia were found. Two types of apothecia were found lecideine apothecia which lacks algae in the rim of the disc and lecanorine apothecia which has algae incorporated with the rim of an apothecium. Ascospores are colorless and produced within the ascus, they could be diverse in shape and type such as acicular, bacilliform, ellipsoid, filiform, fusiform, or oval shapes with simple, septate sub-muriform and muriform of ascospore type. The objective of this research was to study the biodiversity of disco-lichen from Doi Suthep–Pui National Park. A total of one hundred and five specimens were collected from May 2023 on seven phorophytes in Hill evergreen forest area at an altitude of 1,500-1,672 meters above sea level on the top of Doi Suthep at San Ku and of Doi Hua Moo viewpoint, one phorophyte in Dry Dipterocarp Forest area on the roadside forest at viewpoint of Sala Chaloem Phra Kiat at an altitude of 700 meters above sea level. All specimens were classified and identified by morphological, anatomical, and chemical structures into 12 families, 14 genera and 23 species. Maronina orientalis was a common species followed by Malmidea subaurigera and Bacidia arceutina respectively.Bacidia medialis, Bacidina phacodes and Malmidea inflata was found only one specimen of each species. Unknown trees were the phorophyte housing the most diverse of the discolichen followed by Quercus semiserrata, Vine and Castanopsis tribuloides respectively. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; Discolichen; Phorophyte; Taxonomy

69 Inventory of epiphytic lichen flora and their medicinal values inhabiting Mt. Kalatungan natural park, Bukidnon, Philippines Ehlrich Ray J. Magday1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo1 , Lalaine G. Sariana1 , Roselynn Grace G. Montecillo1 , and Melanie P. Suldano1,2 1College of Education, Central Mindanao University, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines 2Valencia National High School, Valencia City, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Field inventory of foliose lichens and their medicinal values was conducted in Mt. Kalatungan Natural Park, Pangantucan, Bukidnon. It specifically aimed to determine the species richness, composition, ecological status, and medicinal values of the collected species. Field sampling was performed through belt transect and random sampling technique along the montane region of the park. The lichens were described according to its systematic structures, mode of reproduction such as the presence or absence of soredia, isidia, rhizines and apothecia were used as basis to classify them into families, genus and species. The study revealed a total of 71 species belonging to 18 genera and 11 families. The montane forest exhibited high species richness values in their order of families: Parmeliaceae, Lobariaceae, Pertusariaceae, Physciaceae, Lecanoraceae, Collemataceae, Cladoniaceae, Gyalectaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Graphidaceae, and Ramalinaceae. Four (4) macrolichens species were noted to have medicinal value such as Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm,Parmotrema reticulatum(Taylor) M. Choisy, Usnea articulata L. Hoffm, and Usnea longissima Ach. The species exhibited antimicrobial activity, antipyretic, diuretic, antiseptic, antihypertensive, anticancer and healing effects. KEYWORDS: Epiphytic; growth form; pollution indicator. Taxa; vegetation types

70 DIVERSITY and Taxonomy of Lichen Flora along Vicinity of Waterfalls, Kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines Alryn T. Mercader1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo2 , Arman P. Nuezca2 , Ehlrich Ray J. Magday2 , Leovelyn C. Dumaog1 , Razel S. Manegdeg3 , Maricel M. Gonzales4 , and Mariza M. Baiño4 1Pangantucan National High School, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Faculty of Science Education Department, College of Education, Central Mindanao University, Philippines 1 Teacher III, Pangantucan National High School, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines 3 Teacher, Don Carlos National High School, Sinangguyan, Don Carlos, Bukidnon, Philippines 4Master Teacher I, San Miguel National High School, Bukidnon, Philippines 4Master Teacher I, Bukidnon National School of Home Industries, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Diversity studies and morpho-taxonomy of lichens inhabiting along natural waterfalls was conducted in kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines. A survey of the lichen flora around the waterfalls area by collecting sample foliose lichens and subjecting for taxonomic and morphology examinations using field lens and dissecting microscope. Data findings show that there are 28 species, belonging to ten (10) genera and seven (7) families. The families noted in their order of abundance are Parmeliaceae, as most speciesrich followed by Cladoniaceae, Physciaceae, Lobariaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Collemataceae, and Ramalinaceae as the least species-rich. Morpho-taxonomy reflects the kind of lichen species describing their morphology features such as growth form, presence of reproductive structures such as aprothecia, isidia and soredia. Anatomical examinations of the thalli for each representative species were also noted. Further, indicator species analysis were also described. The diversity of growth forms seemed highly correlated with the overall lichens richness at the vicinity of waterfalls which can be used to infer the species abundance and diversity. KEYWORDS: Abundance; Diversity; Flora; Lichens; Morpho-taxonomy; Thalli.

71 Diversity and Ecology of Macrolichens in Mt. Mayo, Davao Oriental, Philippines Maria Fe Dumaran1,* , and Andrea G. Azuelo1 1Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the diversity and ecology of macrolichens species inhabiting Mt. Mayo Range, Davao Oriental, Philippines. It aimed to: 1. describe the morphology characters of macrolichens and classify in terms of family, genera and species; 2. Determine the diversity and ecological status of lichens in terms of species diversity, species composition, distribution patterns and microhabitat preferences; and 3. Assess the conservation status of the identified macrolichens. Descriptive research design was employed involving two phases of investigative work namely, Field laboratory which focuses on lichens diversity, morphology and ecology. Three vegetation sites, the dipterocarp and montane regions (upper and lower) were identified as elevations, habitat preferences, and species composition. Microscopy examinations through chemotaxonomy was performed. Assessment of conservation status was based from IUCN. Research findings revealed 58 macrolichens taxa categorized into family, genera and species. Each was taxonomically described based on morphology, growth form, anatomy and reproductive structures. The macrolichens exhibited moderate to high diversity index, with varied similarity indices between sites. Parmeliaceae family showed the most species-rich followed by Lobariaceae and Physciaceae. Their microhabitat preferences were on tree trunks, twigs, tree branches, decayed logs, and moist rocks. On conservation status, the species of Coccocarpia erythroxyli was regionally extinct. Two species namely, Crocodia aurata and Pseudocyphellaria argyraceae, were endangered and critically endangered. Physma byrsaeum and Parmotrema subsumptum were at risk and naturally uncommon while Leptogium azureum and Heterodermia aff. comosa were nearly threatened. Some species recorded as data deficient, and not evaluated. Further, research investigations indicate 5 new lichen species to the Philippine island, Mindanao region namely: Leptogium milligranum Sierk, Lobaria spathulata (Inumaru) Yoshim, Sticta diversa (Stirt.) Zah, Peltigera pruinosa (Gyeln.)Inumaru, and Polyblastidium propaguliferum (Vain.) Kalb. KEYWORDS: conservation status; diversity; macrolichens

72 FLORISTIC Survey of Foliose Lichens in Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City Arman P. Nuezca1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo1 , Ehlrich Ray J. Magday1 , Nelmar T. Bacol8 , Edgar M. Anud Jr. 1 , Gilden Maecah M. Migalang2 ,Mc Arthur L. Cababan4 ,Marlo A. Cuario3 , Sundae Carmel S. Basubas10 , Razel L. Salinasal5 , Jan Vivienel I. Beleno6 , Hermie M. Abaquita9 , Rovel P. Ora7 , and Ivor I. Ontoy11 1Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon 2Alubijid National Comprehensive High School, Alubijid, Misamis Oriental 3Ateneo de Zamboanga, Zamboanga City 4 Lourdes Integrated School, Lourdes Valencia City, Bukidnon 5Capitan Bayong National High School, Impasugong, Bukidnon 6Kitaotao National High School, Kitaotao, Bukidnon 7 Jasaan National High School, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental 8Kuya National High School, Maramag, Bukidnon 9 Little Baguio National High School, San Fernando, Bukidnon 10Siargao National Science High School, Surigao del Norte 11Mapang 1 Elementary School, Rizal, Zamboanga Del Norte *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: A preliminary survey of foliose lichens was conducted in Mt. Binalabag, Pasonanca Park, Zamboanga City in December 2018. The Philippine foliose lichen flora is poorly documented thus no systematic data have been on these groups of lichens. The forest is a montane vegetation type with 1, 364 masl and is characterized by clouds of fogs and exhibited a great variety of microhabitats and diverse rich lichen species. The so-called foliose lichen is one of the growth forms collected through transect walk method. These species have been known to pioneer hostile environments and varied types of microsites such as on trunks, rocks and barren cryptogamic soil crusts which serves as substrate preference. Results of the study revealed a total of 95 foliose lichens species belonging to 21 genera and 8 families. The growth form thallus, size, color, presence and absence of reproductive structures (soredia, isidia, rhizines, apothecia, pycnidia, perithecia) were used to classify into families, genera and species. Further, the montane forests showed foliose lichens in their order such as Parmeliaceae (33), Lobariaceae (19), Physiaceae (19), Collemataceae (14), Coccocarpiaceae (7), Gyalectaceae (1), Hygrophoraceae (1) and Ramalinaceae (1), respectively. Spot test analysis was also investigated specifically for the family Lobariaceae on the three genera namely: Pseudocyphellaria indicated positive (+) results to Sodium hypocholorite (C) and Potassium hydroxide (K); for Lobaria sp., a possibly new species showed negative (-) results was noted to both C and K tests; for Sticta sp. spot test showed negative (-) results to C test and positive (+) to K tests. The chemical data analysis indicated that speices of Pseudocyphellaria had an aromatic compounds and some bioactive compounds such as pulvinic acid, xanthones and usnic acid; also indicate the presence of anthroquinones and napthaquinones. So far, the overall floristic investigation and assessment of the species richness of montane park is significant as a preliminary baseline documented data. More importantly, the current research is an added taxonomic knowledge and crucial importance for the life conservation strategy and for future bioactivity research of the park. KEYWORDS: Diagnostic characters; montane forest; and spot tests.

73 Identification wild edible mushroom Russula and Lactifluus from dry dipterocarp forest, Sri Nan National Park, Nan Province using nuecleotide sequence data Nootcharee Doungsin1 , Baramee Sakolrak1 , Panrada Jangsantear1 , Piyangkun Lueangjaroenkit2,3 , and Winanda Himaman1,* 1 Forest Entomology and Microbiology Research Group, Forest and Plant Conservation Research Office, 61 Department of NationalParks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Phahonyothin Road,Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 2Department of Microbiology Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3Biodiversity Center, Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Twenty wild edible mushrooms samples, collected from dry dipterocarp forest, Sri Nan National Park, Nan Province, were identified by using morphological characteristics and sequencing of two nuclear ribosomal regions (Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and Large Subunit (LSU)). Mushroom genomic DNA was extracted from its fruiting body using FavorPrepTM Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Mini Kit (Favorgen) (Flavogen, Taiwan). Amplification of the ITS and LSU regions using ITS1F/ITS4 and LROR/LR5 primers, respectively and then sequenced. The analysed sequences of studied mushrooms were identified by comparison with deposited sequences in NCBI. Based on NCBI BLAST search, these mushroom sequences were identified to Russula cf. subfoetens, Russula cyanoxantha, Russula densifolia, Russula griseoviridis, Russula rosacea, Russula sp., Russula violeipes, Lactifluus aff. piperatus, Lactifluus leoninus, Lactifluus volemus and Lactifluus sp.. The study showed Russula and Lactifluus exhibit a great variation in morphological and generic characteristics. KEYWORDS: Russula; Lactifluus; ITS; LSU; molecular technique; Sri Nan National Park

74 A DNA-assisted diversity assessment of the genus Caulerpa (Chlorophyta) in the Central Indo-Pacific biogeographic realm Stefano G.A. Draisma1,* , Thomas Sauvage 2 , Laura Lagourgue 3 , Aki Kato4 , Phaik-Eem Lim5 , Richard Dumilag6 , Mayalen Zubia 7 , and Claude E. Payri 3 1 Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Science Faculty, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110 Songkhla, Thailand 2Smithsonian Marine Station at Ft. Pierce, 34949 Florida, United States 3UMR ENTROPIE (IRD, UR, UNC, IFREMER, CNRS), IRD, B.P. A5 Nouméa Cedex, 98848, New Caledonia 4 Fisheries Research Station, Blue Innovation Division, Seto Inland Sea Carbon-neutral Research Center, Hiroshima University, Minato-machi 5-8-1, Takehara, Hiroshima 725-0024, Japan 5Marine Biotechnology Unit, Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia 6School of Graduate Studies, Sorsogon State University, Sorsogon City Campus, Magsaysay St., Sorsogon City, 4700 Philippines 7UMR EIO (UPF, IRD, IFREMER, ILM), University of French Polynesia, BP6570 Faa’a, Tahiti, French Polynesia *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The coenocytic green algal genus Caulerpa comprises about 100 species distributed throughout tropical and warm-temperate waters. Despite numerous taxonomic studies conducted in the past, species identification based on morphology remains contentious due to the existence of heteromorphic and cryptic species and, therefore, DNA barcodes are necessary. The molecular diversity of Caulerpa in the Central Indo-Pacific marine biogeographic realm (CIP) has not been comprehensively assessed to date. The central part of the CIP, known as the Coral Triangle, is considered a center of Caulerpa diversity based on morphology. To reassess the CIP diversity, we first compiled a global tufA reference sequence database representing more than two-thirds of accepted Caulerpa species. This database was analyzed together with almost 700 tufA sequences from the CIP. Up to fifty molecular species could be recognized within the CIP, yet Caulerpa species delimitation using tufA is not unambiguous. Over half of the species were found within the Coral Triangle and almost all in the peripheral provinces. The level of diversity in the Coral Triangle rivals that of southern Australia in the Temperate Australasian realm, which is also considered a center of Caulerpa diversity. The number of Caulerpa species found in the CIP is the highest recorded to date for a biogeographic realm. KEYWORDS: Bryopsidales; Coral Triangle; DNA barcoding; macroalgae; species delimitation; species diversity.

75 SOME Indigenous Medicinal Weeds and Their Taxonomic Associated Characters Surveyed in Bukidnon, Philippines Hermie M. Abaquita1,* , Edgar M. Anud, Jr. 2 , Vergil B. Tagalogon2 , Ehlrich Ray J. Magday2 , Arman P. Nuezca2 , and Andrea G. Azuelo2 1 Faculty of Little Baguio National High School, San Fernando, Bukidnon 2 Faculty of Science Education Department, College of Education, Central Mindanao University (CMU) University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The current researches on ethnobotanical knowledge specifically on weeds in the Philippines received national significance. It holds promised that herbal weed plants are of great value due to its bioactive components and its medical practices are utilized by the Bukidnon “herbalists”. A number of the collected indigenous weeds were identified as potential source of useful medicines or drugs. Field survey of indigenous weed plants and their taxonomic features and ethnic uses was conducted and documented. Field collections was done in an understory forest trees through transect walk along two different valley sites. The number of taxa currently determined with medicinal properties was based from the collected weeds. The medicinal values was generated from a pool of resources, interviews, literature review and scientific journals. Taxonomic characters include morphology features of leaf orientation, stems, flowers and seeds and habit of the weed plants were used to identify into family, genera and species using field lens and microscopy examinations. Results of study highlights the differences on their morphology, ethnobotanical uses and adaptations within the montane ecosystem. A total of 63 species of medicinal weeds, 35 families and 60 genera. Of these data, 26 weed species indicated with medicinal claims belonging to 16 families and 26 genera. The weed species under study exhibited antimicrobial activity, antidiuretic, analgesic, astringent, antineoplastic and healing effects based from documented analysis. KEYWORDS: Herbal; indigenous species; morphology; taxonomic characters

76 A new record of the red seaweed, Grateloupia orientalis (Halymeniaceae) in Thailand Narongrit Muangmai1,2* , Stefano G.A. Draisma3 , and Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont1 1Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand 2Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3 Excellence Center for Biodiversity of Peninsular Thailand, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90112, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: We recently collected several samples of compressed and pinnately branched red seaweed from two locations along the Gulf of Thailand: Samaesan, Chonburi province and coastal areas of Songkhla province (from Sakom Beach to Sathing Phra Beach). By examining their morphological and genetic features, we affirm the presence of Grateloupia orientalis for the first time in Thailand. This alga was found in small clusters attached on surface of natural rock or artificial concrete stones at the high intertidal area. Morphologically, this species was characterised by narrow and compressed thalli, numerous pinnate branchlets and auxiliary-cell ampulla composing two orders of unbranched filaments prior to fertilization. In addition, genetic distance among all rbcL sequences of G. orientalis ranged from 0.07 to 1.47%, while that among Thai samples ranged from 0.07 to 0.14%. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that our Thai samples were more closely related to samples from Pacific Ocean than those from Atlantic Ocean. This finding enhances our knowledge of algal diversity and expands distributional ranges for G. orientalis in Thailand. KEYWORDS: Diversity; Macroalgae; Phylogeny; Rhodophyta; Taxonomy

77 Diversity investigation of tailed phages, potential biocontrol agents against bacterial wilt disease in tomato Chooseel Bunsuwansakul1 , and Udom Sae-Ueng 1,* 1National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueang, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: As the most abundant biological entity on Earth, bacteriophages maintain an ecological balance as natural regulators of the bacteria population. Pathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum complex causes bacterial wilt disease in crops leading to economic losses in agriculture. One appealing solution to specifically combating bacteria is a bacteriophage (phage). Improved knowledge of Ralstonia phages provides a foundation for developing biocontrol agents. C22, C19, and P7 phages —the candidate biocontrol agents— showed bacterial lysis activity and shared the same host isolate even though they were isolated from the soil samples from the north (C22 and C19 phages) and the south (P7 phage) of Thailand. Evidenced by the plaque-based infectivity assay (plaque assay), P7 phage formed the smallest plaque in diameter (0.2–0.5 mm), followed by C22 phage (0.5–1 mm) and C19 phage, which generates highly variable plaque sizes (0.5–5 mm). The TEM images of the phage structures revealed that the P7 phage had a large head and a long contractile tail (Myovirus), but the C19 and C22 phages had small heads that were ~50 nm in diameter with short tails (podoviruses). The C19 phage genome was designated as Risjevirus RSJ2 in Autographiviridae. In contrast, whole genome sequencing of the C22 phage and bioinformatics analysis suggested that it is a unique unidentified phage family with a few closely related phages in the NCBI database. The C22 phage genome requires further characterization. Knowledge of bacterial lysis activity, phage morphology, and genomes will be essential in the future to control the plant pathogen in the field. KEYWORDS: Bacteriphage; phage; plaque; TEM; transmission electron microscope;WGS; whole genome sequencing.

78 Biodiversity of Yeast Isolated from Wild Mushrooms and Discovering of New Yeast Species Panadda Nualthaisong1,2, Savitree Limtong1,2,3, and Pannida Khunnamwong1,2,* 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 2Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 3Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand. *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The diversity of yeasts associated with wild mushrooms was investigated by a culture-dependent method. They were isolated by dilution plate technique on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) agar supplemented with 0.02% chloramphenicol. Two hundred yeast strains were obtained from 124 samples of wild mushrooms collected from Bangkok (n=14), Samut Sakhon (n=71) and Si Sa Ket (n=39) provinces. All yeast strains were identified based on the analysis of the sequence similarity of D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene. Among them, 128 strains (64%) were identified as 29 known species in the phylum Ascomycota viz. Candida conglobate, C. easanensis, C. glabrata, C. jaroonii, C. maltose, C. orthopsilosis, C. sharkensis, C. silvanorum, C. tropicalis, C. uthaithanina, C. xylanilytica, Hanseniaspora opuntiae, H. uvarum, Kodamaea kakaduensis, K. ohmeri, Metschnikowia agaves, M. laotica, M. koreensis, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, Mey. carpophila, Pichia kudriavzevii, Schwanniomyces polymorphus, Starmerella floricola, Suhomyces anneliseae, S. panamericanus. S. maxi, Sugiyamaella smithiae, Yamadazyma mexicana and Zygosaccharomyces mellis, and 66 strains (33% ) were identified to be 14 known species in the phylum Basidiomycota viz. Colacogloea retinophila, Cryptococcus flavescens, Cystobasidium calyptogenae, Dirkmeia churashimaensis, Hannaella phetchabunensis, Moesziomyces parantarcticus, Papiliotrema laurentii, Piskurozyma taiwanensis, Pseudozyma hubeiensis, Rhodotorula paludigena, R. toruloide, Rhodosporidiobolus ruineniae, Saitozyma podzolica and Vishniacozyma taibaiensis. Four strains ( 2% ) were found to be most closely related to three fungal species i. e. Aureobasidium melanogenum, Ustilago sparsa and Xenoacremonium recifei. Furthermore, two strains ( 1% ) , DMKU- BP19 and DMKU- BP24) , were considered to a represent new species. They were characterized on the basis of polyphasic taxonomic approach and proposed as a new species namely Kodamaea samutsakhonensis. The most prevalent species of yeasts isolated wild mushrooms was K. ohmeri with 22% relative frequently. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; culture-dependent; mushroom; Thailand; yeast; new species

79 Yeast Communities in Pineapple Leaves and Discovering of New Yeast Genus and Species Pannida Khunnamwong1,2,* , Wanatchaporn Boontham3 , andPumin Nutaratat4 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 2Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand. 3Program of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Pathom Rajabhat University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand 4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Thaksin University, Pa Phayom, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand. *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This work aimed to study the yeast communities in pineapple leaves in Thailand. A total of 70 samples of pineapple leaves were collected from cultivation fields in Chon Buri (n=20), Phatthalung (n=10) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (n=40) provinces. Yeasts were isolated by dilution plate technique on yeast extract malt extract (YM) agar supplemented with 0.025% sodium propionate and 0.02% chloramphenicol. Three hundred and sixteen yeast strains were isolated frompineapple leaves, which were collected from Chon Buri (n=130), Phatthalung (n=43) and Prachuap Khiri Khan (n=143) provinces. All strains were identified based on the analysis of the sequence similarity of D1/D2 domain of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene and revealed that 240 strains (76%) were identifies to be 3 known species in two genera of the phylum Ascomycota: Hanseniaspora (1 species) and Meyerozyma (2 species), and 40 known yeast species in 24 genera of the phylum Basidiomycota: Carcinomyces (1 species), Cyrenella (1 species), Cystobasidium (1 species), Dioszegia (1 species), Erythrobasidium (1 species), Fellomyces (2 species), Filobasidium (1 species), Goffeauzyma (1 species), Hannaella (1 species), Hasegawazyma (1 species), Jaminaea (1 species), Kwoniella (1 species), Moesziomyces (1 species), Occultifur (2 species), Papiliotrema (6 species), Pseudozyma (1 species), Rhodosporidiobolus (2 species), Rhodotorula (5 species), Saitozyma (2 species), Sakaguchia (1 species), Solicoccozyma (1 species), Sporobolomyces (2 species), Sympodiomycopsis (3 species) and Tremella (1 species). Of these, yeasts belong to the phylum Basidiomycota were common yeasts in the pineapple leaves. The most prevalent species in pineapple leaves was Rhodotorula toruloides (Pucciniomycotina, Microbotryomycetes) with 9.5 % relative frequency, and followed by Hasegawazyma lactose (Pucciniomycotina, Cystobasidiomycetes) with 7.3 % relative frequency. Among yeasts obtained pineapple leaves, 66 strains (21%) were similar to 34 undescribed species in 20 genera Carcinomyces, Carlosrosaea, Cryptotrichosporon, Cystobasidium, Erythrobasidium, Filobasidium, Graphiola, Goffeauzyma, Hannaella, Hasegawazyma, Meira, Papiliotrema, Pseudozyma, Rhodotorula, Sakaguchia, Sporidiobolus, Symmetrospora, Tremella, Ustilago and Vishniacozyma. In addition, four strains (1%) were found to be most closely related to two yeast-like fungi i.e. Aureobasidium thailandense and Exophiala dermatitidis. Furthermore, 6 strains (2%) were found to represent one new genus and three species, which were described based on the analysis of polyphasic taxonomic approach and proposed as Savitreella phatthalungensis gen. nov., sp. nov., Goffeauzyma siamensis sp. nov. and Spencerozyma pingqiaoensis sp. nov. KEYWORDS: Community; new species; pineapple; leaves; Thailand; yeast.

80 Composition and densities of meiofauna in coral reef ecosystems at Trat Province, the Eastern Gulf of Thailand Makamas Sutthacheep1,* , Thamasak Yeemin1 , Wanlaya Klinthong1 , Suphakarn Phoaduang1 , Phatthira Karnpakob1 , Patompong Jindaloung1 , and Laongdow Jungrak1 1Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Huamark, Bangkok, 10240, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Coral reef ecosystems are complex ecosystems and bear the high biological diversity of the oceans. Soft bottom habitats in coral reef ecosystems, such as sand and rubble, are important components. Meiofauna studies in coral reef ecosystems in Thailand are relatively limited, although coral reefs are important ecosystems in coastal zones of tropical countries and their ecosystem services are very significant, particularly for the fishery sector. The present study examined the composition and density of meiofauna from coral reef ecosystems in Trat Province, the Eastern Gulf of Thailand. The meiofauna was sampled using a PVC meiocore of 3.5 cm in diameter at five study sites, i.e., Ko Rat, Ko Rayang Nok, Ao Salad, Ko Phi and Ko Bidang. Twenty major taxa were identified in this study. The dominant groups were Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta, and Harpacticoida. The highest average total density of meiofauna was observed at Ko Rat (156.39 ± 36.56 inds.10 cm-2 ), followed by Ao Salad (111.80 ± 18.08 inds.10 cm-2 ) while the lowest one was found at Ko Rayang Nok (76.08 ± 5.68 inds.10 cm-2 ). Ko Rat harbored the highest diversity of meiofauna in Trat Province. The density and composition of meiofauna significantly varied among the study sites. Our results highlight that the meiofauna can play a major role in coral reef ecosystems and their total densities and composition can affect the coral reef food webs under the global change crisis. The coastal development and harvesting of fishery resources continue to increase; therefore, ecological studies play an important role in coral reef management and conservation in the Gulf of Thailand. KEYWORDS: Coral reef; diversity; fishery; Gulf of Thailand; management; meiofauna.

81 ASSESSMENT of Epiphytic Lichens in Mt. Malambo Forest, Davao City, Philippines Vergil B. Tagalogon1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo1 , Arman P.Nuezca1 , Maricel M. Gonzales2 , Roselynn Grace G. Montecillo1 , Nelmar T. Bacol3 , and Ehlrich Ray J. Magday1 1 Faculty of Science Education Department, College of Education, Central Mindanao University (CMU), 2Master Teacher I, San Miguel National High School, Maramag, Bukidnon 3 Teacher I, Kuya National High School, Maramag, Bukidnon *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The epiphytic lichen communities are widespread in tropical forest habitats where they are considered an important component of the total biodiversity. Mt. Malambo forest reflects a cold-humid environment, however the lichen flora species and analysis of their taxonomic characters was examined. The present study examined the montane forest-associated lichens, diversity, and species composition in Mt. Malambo, Davao City, Philippines. Specifically, the objectives are to: assess the distribution of epiphytic lichens species occurring in the study area; determine the diversity status as to species richness of the epiphytic lichens. The current study recorded the lichen species employing transect and quadrat sampling method. Taxonomic findings revealed a total of 97 lichen taxa belonging to 30 genera and 13 families. The lichen species index value is 16 which indicate high species number. The families in their order of abundance namely: Parmeliaceae, Lobariaceae, Collemataceae, Physciaceae, Cladoniaceae, Coccocarpiaceae, Gyalectaceae, Lecanoraceae, Pannariaceae, Peltigeraceae, Pyrenulaceae, Graphidaceae, Ramilinaceae, Hygrophoraceae, and Malmidiaceae. The need for comprehensive taxonomic-morphological analysis is investigated. Moreover, the bioecological, characterization, nomenclature, and conservation research plays significant in the field of systematics. KEYWORDS: Epiphytic; growth form; macrolichens; systematics; and taxa.

82 Epiphytic lichens as potential indicator of air pollution from a coal-fired power plant in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines Josephine Pescadera1,* , and Ma. Reina Suzette Madamba, Ph.D. 2 1Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT), College of Science and Mathematics, Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines 2 Faculty of Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University- Iligan Institute of Technology (MSU-IIT),College of Science and Mathematics, Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Tibanga, 9200 Iligan City, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Epiphytic lichens are known bioindicators of air pollution because of their ability to proportionally take up pollutants from their environment, along with water and nutrients. While numerous studies have utilized lichens to evaluate air quality conditions, there have been very few studies conducted or none at all in the Philippines about lichens concerning air pollution. This study used biodiversity and pollutant accumulation of epiphytic lichens as potential indicators of air pollution from a coal-fired power plant in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte, Philippines. Six study sites located proximal to the coal-fired power plant in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte, were assessed, and four Cocos nucifera trees in each site were chosen for the assessment of epiphytic lichen diversity and distribution with a control site included far from pollution sources. The accumulation of air pollutant-related elements, including N, S, Al, Pb, and Hg in the Pyxine cocoes thalli collected from all study sites was also quantified using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) Analysis. The index of atmospheric purity (IAP) was also formulated to assess the pollution levels among sites. A total of 28 lichen species belonging to 16 genera under 11 families were found. Assessed elements were all detected in the P. cocoes thalli collected from all study sites. Two moderately polluted zones within the 2 km distanced sites from the coal-fired power plant were identified using IAP, and a significant relationship between IAP and lichen diversity was observed. Results of this study revealed that the air quality of the sites proximal to the coal-fired power plant is generally good, as indicated by the high diversity of lichens and low concentrations of accumulated elements in the P. cocoes thalli. These findings were likely to be attributed to the three-year short-period operation of the coal plant in Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte, combined with its clean coal technology application that may have minimized the released of air pollutants, thus not affecting the lichen communities in the area. KEYWORDS: Air pollution; biodiversity; bioindicators; coal-fired power plant; epiphytic lichens.

83 Lichens across land use types of Mt. Musuan, Bukidnon, Southern Philippines Ermalene C. Taer1,* , Manuela Dal Forno2,3, Bibiana Moncada4,5,6, Victor B. Amoroso1,7, and Fulgent P. Coritico1,7 1 Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon 8710, Philippines 2Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth Botanic Garden, Fort Worth TX 76107, USA 3Research Associate, Department of Botany, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 10th St. & Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20560, USA 4Botanischer Garten, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 6-8, 14195 Berlin, Germany 5Negaunee Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, 1400 South Lake Shore, Chicago, IL 60605, USA 6Biología y Licenciatura en Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Cra. 4 No. 26D-54, Torre de Laboratorios, Herbario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia 7Center for Biodiversity Research and Extension in Mindanao (CEBREM), Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Explorations on the knowledge and biodiversity of Philippine lichen funga have progressed recently. However, comparatively little attention has been given to the species composition along a lowland secondary forest ecosystem. Thus, the study aimed to provide information on the occurrence of lichen species in relation to various land use types of Mt. Musuan of Mindanao Island, surrounded by forest fragments and cultivated agricultural areas. A series of floristic surveys across land use types revealed a total of 38 lichen species distributed in 27 genera and 15 families. Among the land use types, the Mixed Species Forest harbors the highest recorded species with 22, followed by Teak Forest and Builtup (Peak/Summit) with 15 and 14 species, respectively. Lichens with the most represented families were revealed to be Graphidaceae with 10 species, Caliciaceae with 6 species, Physciaceae and Parmeliaceae with 3 species each, while Arthoniaceae, Pyrenulaceae, Collemataceae, Letrouitiaceae, and Trypetheliaceae recorded with 2 species each. Out of these collections, two species viz., Letrouitia subvulpina (Nyl.) Hafellner and Pyrenula globifera (Eschw.) Aptroot were new records in the Philippines. The results of this study will provide information to encourage effective management and biodiversity conservation efforts of various land use types, as lichens are sensitive to anthropogenic threats and pressures from environmental conditions. KEYWORDS: Mindanao, new record, non-vascular, secondary forest, species richness

84 An Assessment of Air Quality Using Corticolous Lichen Diversity in Initao – Libertad, Philippines Protected Landscape and Seascape. Emir P. Macataman1 , and Ma. Reina Suzette B. Madamba1 1Department of Biological Sciences, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology Iligan, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Lichens are widely recognized as valuable indicators of environmental conditions, with their presence signifying a healthy ecosystem. This study aimed to evaluate air quality by examining corticolous lichen diversity in the Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape. Sampling techniques and lichen diversity analysis followed the European guidelines for Mapping Lichen Diversity as an Indicator of Environmental Stress. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed using the Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST v4.13). A comprehensive survey identified a total of 52 lichen species belonging to 25 genera and 14 families. The majority of species exhibited a crustose growth form. Notably, Swietenia macrophylla emerged as the tree species hosting the highest number of lichen species. According to the Lichen Diversity Values, sampling sites 2, 3, and 1 demonstrated high diversity respectively, indicating minimal environmental disturbance in the area based on the European guideline scale. To comprehensively assess the environmental status of the Initao-Libertad Protected Landscape and Seascape, it is recommended to implement sustained conservation efforts, mitigation strategies, and conduct further extensive research on lichen species diversity. KEYWORDS: air quality; corticolous; diversity; european guidelines; lichens.

85 Species Richness of Epiphytic Lichens in a Forest Over Limestone of Sikyop, Iligan City, Philippines Franchesca Claire Vega1, * , and Ma. Reina Suzette Madamba1 1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State UniversityIligan Institute of Technology, Andres Bonifacio Avenue, Iligan City 9200 Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Epiphytic lichens serve as bio-indicators of air pollution and have various potential applications such as in medicine. However, research on lichens, particularly in the Philippines, is limited. This study aimed to establish a baseline for the species richness of epiphytic lichens in Sikyop, Iligan City, Philippines. The research covered five sampling sites, sampling 100 living trees. Morphological and chemical tests identified a total of 24 species from 17 genera and 12 families. The families Graphidaceae and Arthoniaceae had the highest species richness. Sunlight availability was assumed to be the primary factor influencing the species richness of epiphytic lichens. The agricultural site and campsite exhibited greater species richness due to favorable sunlight exposure. Most lichens observed had a crustose growth form, typical for lower elevations like Sikyop. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in lichen individuals observed among the diameter at breast height (DBH) classes of trees, suggesting an influence of DBH on lichen observations. However, this relationship was not solely linear, indicating habitat-specific preferences of epiphytic lichens. Other factors such as microclimate, moisture, and substrate availability likely play significant roles in lichen distribution and abundance. Future research should explore the ecological requirements and preferences of epiphytic lichens, as their diversity indicates both air quality and the overall health of forest ecosystems KEYWORDS: piphytic lichens; species richness; biodiversity.

86 Distribution of Endophytic Actinomycetes in Wild Rice (Oryza rufipogon) and their Activity to Inhibit Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae Duangkamon Boonchuay1,2,* , Nantana Srisuk1,3 , and Kannika Duangmal1,3 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand 2Chainat Rice Research Center, Muang Chainat, Chai Nat, 17000, Thailand 3Biodiversity Center Kasetsart University (BDCKU), Bangkok, 10900, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: Bacterial leaf blight (caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae; Xoo) and bacterial leaf streak (caused by X. oryzae pv. orycicola; Xoc) are listed as major diseases of rice. Nowadays, Thai farmers tend to use chemicals to control plant diseases. However, the continuous usage of chemicals is dangerous to humans and environment. Application of actinomycetes as biocontrol agents is an alternative to reduce the use of chemicals, that serve to inhibit the growth of many plant pathogens and promoting plant growth. Wild rice is an interesting source for isolation of actinomycetes due to its genetically similar to cultivated rice and resistant to rice diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and identify endophytic actinomycetes from wild rice and examined their abilities to control bacterial rice diseases and promote plant growth. One hundred and eighty-eight isolates of endophytic actinomycetes were isolated from leaves, stems, and roots of wild rice plants collected from Prachinburi, Sakon-nakhon, Buengkan, Pathumthani, Pattalung, and Chai Nat provinces. Whole-organism hydrolysates of the isolates were analyzed for the presence of diaminopimelic acid (DAP). One hundred eighty-eight isolates were classified into 4 main groups based on the color of the mature spore mass: gray, white, brown and no spores. Among these, 120 isolates were found to rich in LL-isomer of DAP, the remaining 68 isolates contained meso-isomer of DAP, the property consistent to the group of streptomycetes and non-streptomycetes, respectively. Ninety-two isolates were selected and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence. The result showed that the strains could be assigned to eleven genera including Streptomyces, Mycolicibacterium, Pseudonocardia, Actinomadura, Nocardia, Micrococcus, Micromonospora, Microbispora, Actinopolymorpha, Williamsia and Dietzia. The results of antibacterial activities showed that 118 isolates were active against Xoo and 111 isolates were active against Xoc. The results of plant growth promoting activities showed that 161 isolates produced siderophores, 58 isolates solubilized phosphate and 3 isolates solubilized potassium. The results obtained from this study would be useful for the application of these endophytic actinomycetes as biocontrol agents in the future. KEYWORDS: Actinomycetes; endophyte; bacterial rice pathogens; plant growth promotion; wild rice.

87 Symbiosis of Ipomoea pes-caprae and Periglandula fungus throughout Thailand Manita Watanachariya1,2, Alyssa Stewart 1 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Several plants in the morning glory family (Convolvulaceae) have been found interacting with fungi in the genus Periglandula, which can produce bioactive compounds called ergot alkaloids, essential components for medicine. According to earlier studies, Periglandula fungi are frequently seen on plant leaves, particularly immature ones. Despite extensive research on Periglandula fungi, it has not been proven if populations of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L) R. BR. consistently carry these fungi. We conducted histochemical and anatomical examination of such plants from Chonburi, Rayong, and Trang populations in order to increase our understanding of the prevalenceof the fungus among I. pes-caprae populations throughout Thailand. According to early findings, the fungus appears to be an endophyte and is consistently present among study populations of I. pes-caprae. The prevalence of such fungus among populations of I. pes-caprae indicates that I. pes-caprae is a potential plant species that can further be used to produce ergot alkaloids for medicinal purposes. KEYWORDS: alkaloid; secondary metabolites; symbiosis.

88 Gene expression analysis of ergot alkaloid biosynthesis and ergine quantification in different parts of Ipomoea asarifolia Yanisa Olaranont1 , Alyssa B. Stewart1 , Wisuwat Songnuan1 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Ergot alkaloids, a class of mycotoxins, are primarily synthesized by fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family and are renowned for their valuable pharmaceutical properties. These bioactive compounds have also been detected in various plant species, with some of the most recent discoveries occurring in the Convolvulaceae. Periglandula fungi have a symbiotic relationship with Convolvulaceae plants and have been identified as the source of ergot alkaloids. Previous research has demonstrated that these compounds are mainly stored in the leaves and seeds of the plant. However, in an earlier study, we also found the fungus P. ipomoea in the flowers of Ipomoea asarifolia. This prompted us to investigate the expression levels of the dmaW gene, which plays a crucial role in the biosynthesis of ergot alkaloids, and to quantify the amount of ergot alkaloids in different plant parts and during different growth stages of I. asarifolia (including young leaves, mature leaves, stems, roots, flower buds, mature flowers, young seeds, and mature seeds). Our findings revealed that young seeds and young leaves exhibited the highest levels of dmaW gene expression. Conversely, the highest concentrations of ergine (a representative of ergot alkaloids) were detected in mature leaves followed by young leaves. Furthermore, dmaW gene expression and ergine concentrations were also detected in other plant parts, such as stems, roots, and flowers, indicating that ergot alkaloids are produced and accumulated in all studied parts of I. asarifolia, not solely confined to leaves and seeds as previously reported. KEYWORDS: Ergoline alkaloids; morning glory; plant–fungal symbiosis; secondary metabolites; vertically transmitted fungi.

89 MOSS Assemblages Along Riverine Ecosystem in Suluan, Zamboanga Sibugay Province, Philippines Leovelyn C. Dumaog1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo2 , Melanie P. Suldano3 , Gio Vincent A. Balansag4 , Alvin A.Manual2 , Jan Vivienel I. Beleno5 , and Hermie M. Abaquita 6 1 Teacher III, Pangantucan National High School, Pangantucan, Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Faculty of College of Education, Central Mindanao University (CMU), Philippines 3Master Teacher I, Valencia National High School, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines 4Graduate Student, Central Mindanao University, Philippines 5 Teacher III, Kitaotao National High School, Kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines 6 Teacher I, Halapitan National High School, San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The moss assemblages on different substrates across the riverine ecosystem along Suluan, Zamboanga Sibugay Province, Philippines was investigated. Transect line method along a 100 meter distance lower and upper region of the stream banks was employed. Moss inventory was done by collecting small samples and their associated substrates was recorded. Analysis of the moss species occurring on two or more different substrates was ecologically examined. Research results yielded 16 species, 10 genera and 7 families. The most numbered moss families in their order are: Hypnaceae, Calymperaceae, Leocobryaceae, Thuidiaceae, Fissidentaceae, Pottiaceae, and Sematophyllaceae. Analysis on the moss assemblages along stream banks and the types of substrates identified were on litters, moist soils, decayed logs, and rocky outcrops, Ecological moss assessment and taxonomic diversity studies along streams and other riparian ecosystems is potentially important for conservation and biodiversity interactions. KEYWORDS: Assemblages; conservation; moss; riverine ecosystem; and streams.

90 MOSS Flora and their Associated Habitats on a Cloud Secondary Forest of Mt.Malambo, Davao City, Philippines Melanie P. Suldano1,* , Andrea G. Azuelo2 , Mariza M. Baiño3 , Maricel M. Gonzales4 , Lalaine G. Sariana5 , Mc. Arthur L. Cababan6 ,and Nelmar T. Bacol7 1Master Teacher I, Valencia National High School, Division of Valencia City, Region 10, Department of Education, Philippines 2Professor Emeritus, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines 3Master Teacher I, Bukidnon National School of Home Industries, Division of Bukidnon, Region 10, Department of Education, Philippines 4Master Teacher I, San Miguel National High School, Maramag, Division of Bukidnon, Region 10, Department of Education, Philippines 5 Faculty, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines 6Secondary School Teacher III, Lourdes Integrated School, Division of Valencia City, Region 10, Department of Education, Philippines 7Secondary School Teacher I, Kuya National High School, Maramag, Division of Bukidnon, Region 10, Department of Education, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The epiphytic mosses thriving the tropical montane cloud forest in the Philippines exhibited diversification on its habitat distribution and population. The main objectives of the research centers on the diversity status as to species richness of the epiphytic moss, and to document the species on its habitat preferences thriving the cloud secondary forest. The mountain peak’s elevation is 1,379 masl. and the predominant vegetation is a secondary forest with its humid and cloudy atmospheric conditions. Transect method was established, and floristic composition of mosses were noted with its microhabitats. Taxonomic morphological treatments were investigated through microscopy examinations. The scientific research findings revealed a total of 89 moss species belonging to 41 genera and 20 families. Further data showed high index diversity (1.21). The species dominance in relation to families in their order is represented by Calymperaceae, Meteoriaceae, Dicranaceae, Pterobryaceae, Rhizogoniaceae, Sematophyllaceae, Hypnaceae, Leucobryaceae, Hypnodendraceae, Fissidentaceae, Bryaceae, Hookeriaceae, Neckeraceae, Orthotrichaceae, Thuidiaceae, Racophilaceae, Garovagliaceae, Hypopterygiaceae, Mniaceae and Spiridentaceae. As noted, the group of moss species is associated with its habitat’s preferences such as soil, forestfloors, host trees and exposed roots. The secondary forest therefore, have a different structure and microclimate. Bryophytes species of secondary forest should be further explored on a broader ecological scale and consider the geographical ranges and the changing conditions affecting the bryofloral species. KEYWORDS: Bryoflora; diversity; dominance; epiphytic; microclimate; montane forest.

91 Distribution and conservation status of ferns in MT. Bagalbal, Valencia, Bukidnon, Philippines Minnehaha P.Yder1,* , Cristila Marie Ibonia2 , and Iris T.Ramirez3 1San Andres National High School, Kadingilan, 8713, Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Loyola High School, Don Carlos, 8712, Bukidnon, Philippines 3Bukidnon State University, Malaybalay City, 8700, Bukidnon, Philippines *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Ecological assessment, distribution and conservation status of fern species in Mt. Bagalbal, Lourdes, Valencia, Bukidnon, Philippines was investigated. The mountain is described as a buffer zone of Mt. Kalatungan range. Transect method through alpha taxonomy was employed. Research results indicate 42 species belonging to 18 genera and 16 families. Further data include Polypodiaceae, Aspleniaceae, Athyriaceae, Davalliaceae, Pteridaceae, Hymenophyllaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Cyatheaceae, Dryopteridaceae, Gleicheniacea, Marattiaceae, Nephrolepidaceae, Plagiogyriaceae, Psilotaceae, and Thelypteridaceae. The recorded species were confined at terrestrial environment, and are epiphytic thriving with an elevation ranging from 866 to 1550 masl. One remarkable result is the presence of Tmesipteris zamorarum Gruezo & Amoroso, a primitive fern species found in the study site. As to its conservation status, two (2) fern species namely: Phlegmariurus squarrosus (G.Forst.) Á.Löve & D.Löve and Tmesipteris zamorarum Gruezo & Amoroso were found endangered; three (3) species were vulnerable namely: Alsophila fuliginosa Christ, Asplenium vittiforme Cav., and Drynaria heraclea (Kunze) T.Moore; and two (2) were listed as other threatened species (OTS) namely: Angiopteris evecta (G.Forst.) Hoffm and Davallia denticulate (Burm.f.) Mett. ex Kuhn. Four (4) species that are found endemic to the Philippines specifically distributed in Bukidnon to Mindanao are Asplenium apoense Copel., Alsophila fuliginosaChrist, Asplenium vittiforme Cav., and Tmesipteris zamorarum Gruezo & Amoroso. Moreover, floristic survey shall be conducted in some natural parks and other adjacent mountains to determine the richness, diversity, ecology and conservation strategy of fern flora. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; conservation; endemicity; species richness

92 Pollinator and visitor observation in a rare endemic morning glory species of Thailand, Remirema bracteata Kerr. Matchapon Anchaleepornsan1 , Alyssa B. Stewart 1 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Remirema bracteata Kerr is a rare endemic species of Thailand, which was found in a small area of Sai-Yok district, Kanchanaburi province. Due to its small population size and threats to their habitats, i.e., urbanization and wildfires, this species is at risk of population decline and habitat loss from human invasion and natural disturbance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to observe floral visitors and identify potential pollinators using action cameras. Each flower was monitored for 24 hours, and 3-4 flowers were recorded per day. The overall survey time was approximately 204 hours, with 25 flowers observed over 8 days. The results revealed that carpenter bees (Xylocopa latipes) had the highest visitation rate and appears to be an effective pollinator, given the precise morphological fit between insect and flower. In conclusion, this investigation reveals the effective pollinator of R. bracteata, and this information is useful to better facilitate the study and conservation of this species in the future. KEYWORDS: Biodiversity; carpenter bee; plant conservation; pollination ecology

93 Influence of floral traits on visitor attractions in three rare sympatric Argyreia species Awapa Jirabanjongjit1,2, Alyssa B. Stewart1 , Chakkrapong Rattanamanee3 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 337/1 Moo4 Saocha-Ngok, Bangkhla, Chachoengsao 24110, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Three morning glory species in the genus Argyreia Lour., A. lycioides (Choisy) Traiperm & Rattanakrajang, A. mekongensis Gagnep & Courchet, and A. versicolor (Kerr) Staples & Traiperm, were found co-occurring and co-flowering. Two of these species (A. mekongensis and A. versicolor) are rare and endemic to Thailand, while the third (A. lycioides) has not yet been evaluated. In this study, key floral characters including floral morphology and phenology, micromorphology of floral nectary and staminal trichomes are investigated. Additionally, screening for important chemical compounds which hypothesized to contribute to pollinator attraction. The results found overlap of floral visitors among three study species. However, pollinator composition appears to be influenced by floral shape and size; morning glory species with wider corolla tubes were pollinated by larger bees. The morphology of floral nectary was similar in all species while variation in staminal trichomes was observed across species. Glandular trichomes were found in all three species, while non-glandular trichomes were found only in A. versicolor. Histochemical results revealed different compounds in the floral nectary and staminal trichomes of each species, which contribute to both floral attraction and defense. These findings illustrate some segregation of floral visitors among sympatric co-flowering morning glory species, which appears to be influenced by the macro- and micromorphology of flowers and their chemical compounds. KEYWOEDS: Biodiversity; Histochemistry; Pollinator; Trichome

94 Preliminary assessment of liverworts flora along the riverine ecosystem of Suluan, Zamboanga Sibugay Province, Philippines Jan Vivienel I. Beleno1,* , Edgar M. Anud2 , Hermie M. Abaquita3 , Maricel M. Gonzales4 , and Andrea G. Azuelo2 1 Teacher III, Department of Education-Bukidnon, Kitaotao National High School, Poblacion Kitaotao, Bukidnon, Philippines 2 Faculty, Science Education Department, Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Maramag Bukidnon 3 Teacher II, Department of Education-Bukidnon, Halapitan School National High, Halapitan, San Fernando, Bukidnon, Philippines 4Master Teacher I, Department of Education-Bukidnon, BNHSI – San Miguel Annex, San Miguel, Maramag, Bukidnon, Philippines * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: The liverworts (Marchantiophyta) are nonvascular groups belong to bryophytes with a dominant gametophyte generation. This includes the leafy and thallose which are characterized by the presence of oil bodies in which terpenoids and aromatic compounds are accumulated. More often inconspicuous with about 8,500 species and play significant role in the ecosystem. The current research was undertaken to assess their distribution inhabiting along river banks associated with various microhabitats. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the ecological patterns of liverworts species; collect, describe, and classify the liverworts flora. A literature search revealed no records on the locale, along the riverine ecosystem, hence the study was investigated in Suluan river situated in Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. Site validation through transect walk method was employed by recording all the liverworts species within the transect line along the edge of the riverbanks. Each species was classified and described according to its diagnostic characters using microscopy examinations. The study revealed a collection of 26 liverworts. Of these, a total of 14 species, 10 genera and 6 families. The riverine ecological system exhibited species richness on the families in their order namely, Plagiochilaceae (9), Lejeuneaceae (5), Marchantiaceae (4), Pallaviciniaceae (4), Lophocoleaceae (1), and Aneuraceae (1). These assessment and inventory of liverworts and their life-forms inhabiting at the vicinity of aquatic environments must be explored, monitored, and correlate with remarkable physical factors affecting their ecological niches and life strategies. KEYWORDS: Bryophytes; liverworts; marchantiophyta; microhabitat; Riverine ecosystem

95 Diversity of Araceae in Tham Pla-Namtok Pha Suae and Namtok Mae Surin National Park, Mae Hong Son, Thailand. Oraphan Sungkajanttranon1,* , Yongyut Trisurat 2 , Dokrak Marod2 , Kridsada Kaewbut3 ,Kiatisak Wangwon3 , Nopparat Nualanong3 , Pairoj Intamart3 , and Nuttaphan Manochai3 1 Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, 73140, Thailand 2 Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand 3Protected Area Regional Office 16 (Mae Sariang), Mae Hong Son, 58110, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: Araceae diversity in protected areas of Mae Hong Son Province, Northern Thailand were recorded for documentation and managed to ensure conservation of threatened species from May 2020 to April 2021. Three transect lines width of 10 m along Thum Pla Nature Trail [269-340 metres above sea level (masl), distance 1,500 metres (m)], Namtok Pha Suea Nature Trail (419-428 masl, 1,000 m) in Thum Pla-Namtok Pha Suea National Park, and Mae Sakut Nature Trail (384-669 masl, 8,500 m) in Namtok Mae Surin National Park were surveyed and reported. In the rainy season (July 2020), Twenty-six species in 14 genera were recorded: six Amorphophallus species, four Colocasia species, two species each in Arisaema, Hapaline, Pothos and Steudnera, one species each in Aglaonema, Alocasia, Englerarum, Remusatia, Rhaphidophora, Schismatoglottis, Scindapsus and Typhonium. The highest importance value index (IVI) was belonged to Colocasia esculenta, Scindapsus officinalis and C. affinis, respectively by the three nature trials. In mixed deciduous forest, six species in four genera were found. In dry evergreen forest, found 12 species in eight genera. Eight species in four genera were found in the both forest types. In the winter (November, 2020) and summer (March 2021), Araceae diversity index were decreased by the seasonal change. Few species were lost by flash floods in August and September 2020. Many species went to the dormancy period in cold and dry weather and harmed by drought and forest fires in the summer. Twelve species in nine genera were reported in the winter. The dominant species were C. esculenta and Hapalinebenthamiana. In the summer, nine species in seven genera were found. The dominant species were C. esculenta grew along the stream in Thum Pla Nature trail, while no species found in Namtok Pha Suea Nature trail, and Steudnera discolor distributed around fresh water springs in Mae Sakut Nature Trail. From this study, nine species in seven genera were evergreen and 17 species in eight genera were deciduous. The rare species which found only few months in the rainy season were Hapaline brownii under trees shade and Remusatia pumila on the limestone rock along the streams. However, the IUCN Red List for threatened species (2023) still reports the status of Araceae in this study to be least concern (LC) and not evaluated (NE), because local people get the permission to use Araceae outside protected areas for food and feed in their daily life. KEYWORDS: Araceae; diversity index; dominant species; important value index; rare species; seasonal change.

96 Comparative Study of Some Cultivated and Wild Rice Phytoliths Thitipa Kuttawas1 , Paramita Punwong2 , Methee Phumthum3 , Wandee Inta1 , and Sasivimon Chomchalow Swangpol1,* 1Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand 2 Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University, Phutthamonthon, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand 3Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Phytoliths found in various shapes in plant tissues are microscopic silica bodies that are resistant to decomposition in soil. They can be used to identify plant remains in archaeological and paleo-ecological contexts. However, phytolith investigations in Thailand are still insufficient. Poaceae phytoliths including rice, a prominent crop that has been associated with human for a long time, are commonly found in sediments. This research aims to describe morphology, analyse and classify the phytoliths of cultivated and wild rice taxa in order to provide a reference sample collection. The phytoliths from a total of 24 accessions including five wild species of Oryza and two cultivated subspecies of O. sativa were extracted using wet oxidation method. Four species of grass, bamboos and Zizania which are from rice-related genera and can be found in rice fields were also chosen as outgroup. Twenty-four quantitative characteristics were measured by ImageJ Software and analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method. The results showed that size ofphytolith morphotypes namely bulliform flabellate, blocky and bilobate can be primarily used to distinguish wild rice from cultivated rice. Thus, the results will be further analysed to define characters used, aiding in the interpretation and understanding past environment, natural distribution of native plants, early human settlements as well as ancient agricultural societies. KEYWORDS: Archaeobotany; Oryza; paleoecology; Poaceae

97 Comparative pollen morphology and its systematic implications of the genus Erycibe roxb. (convolvulaceae) Phongsakorn Kochaiphat1 , Timothy M A Utteridge2 , Panida Kongsawadworakul1 , and Paweena Traiperm1,* 1Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2Asia Team Leader, Accelerated Taxonomy, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond TW9 3AE, UK *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Erycibe Roxb. belongs to the family Convolvulaceae, and is mainly distributed in primary rainforest in South-East Asia. Seventy-two species worldwide were formally report. In this study, the pollen grains of 26 species including eight species found in Thailand were prepared by acetolysis method, microphotographed and analysed under light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that pollen grains of Erycibe are monads, medium size with diameter range from 19–35 micrometer. Shape ranges are from oblate, oblate spheroidal, spheroidal to prolate spheroidal with an isopolar symmetry. An aperture is 3-colpate covered with spiny ubisch bodies, and sculpture elements can be both verrucae with nanospines and nanospines. From these variable characters of size, shape and sculpture elements are taxonomically indistinctive for classification within the genus. However, the result of this study will be the fundamental knowledge to understand pollen diversity in Convolvulaceae and can be used in paleoecology study especially in dynamic change of forest. KEYWORDS: Climbers; Erycibeae; Palynology.