Biologi

FORMAT INSTRUMEN PEPERIKSAAN SPM
MULAI TAHUN 2021 MATA PELAJARAN
BIOLOGI (4551)

Bil. Perkara Kertas 1 (4551/1) Kertas 2 (4551/2) Kertas 3 (4551/3)

1 Jenis instrumen Ujian Bertulis Ujian Amali

• Subjektif Berstruktur
• Subjektif Respons Terhad
• Subjektif Respons

Terbuka
CONTOH2Jenis item Item Objektif Item Subjektif
• Aneka pilihan • Item berstruktur
• Aneka gabungan

Bahagian A: (60 markah)
• 8 item
(Jawab semua soalan)

3 Bilangan soalan 40 soalan (40 markah) Bahagian B: (20 markah) • 1 soalan
(Jawab semua soalan) • 2 item
(Jawab satu soalan)

Bahagian C: (20 markah)
• 1 item

4 Jumlah markah 40 markah 100 markah 15 markah

• Mengingat • Mengingat • Kemahiran Proses
• Memahami • Memahami Sains
5 Konstruk • Mengaplikasi • Mengaplikasi
• Menganalisis
• Menganalisis • Menilai
• Mencipta

6 Tempoh ujian 1 jam 15 minit 2 jam 30 minit • Sesi merancang:
5 minit setiap item

• Masa menjawab:
40 minit setiap item

7 Cakupan Standard kandungan dan standard pembelajaran dalam
konstruk Dokumen Standard Kurikulum dan Pentaksiran (DSKP) KSSM

(Tingkatan 4 dan Tingkatan 5)

8 Aras kesukaran Rendah : Sederhana : Tinggi
5:3:2

9 Kaedah Dikotomus Analitik
penskoran

10 Alatan tambahan Kalkulator saintifik

SULIT SET 1
NO. KAD PENGENALAN :

ANGKA GILIRAN :

SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 4551/1
Satu jam lima belas minit
Biologi
Kertas 1
1 1/4 jam
CONTOH
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 40 soalan. Jawab semua soalan.
This question paper consists of 40 questions. Answer all questions.

1 Bidang kajian biologi yang manakah adalah kajian 4 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan resapan melalui membran
separa telap. Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan keputusan
tentang tumbuhan? resapan tersebut selepas satu jam.

Which of the biological research field is to study Diagram 1.1 shows diffusion through a semi-
permeable membrane. Diagram 1.2 shows the
about plant? result of diffusion after one hour.

A Genetik C Botani

Genetic Botany

B Mikrobiologi D Ekologi

Microbiology Ecology Corong tisel
X Thistle funnel
2 Maklumat berikut merujuk kepada organel M. Y
The following information refers to organelle M.
Membran separa telap
● Mengandungi enzim hidrolisis. Semi permeable membrane

Contains hydrolytic enzyme. Rajah 1.1/ Diagram 1.1

● Mencernakan molekul organel kompleks dan

menyingkirkan organel yang telah rosak.

Digests complex organic molecule and

eliminates worn out organelle. Selepas satu jam
After one hour

Apakah organel M?

What is organelle M?

A Lisosom C Nukleus

Lysosome Nucleus

B Ribosom D Sentriol

Ribosome Centriole Rajah 1.2/ Diagram 1.2

3 Paramecium sp. boleh membiak melalui pembiakan Antara berikut, yang manakah mewakili X dan Y?
seks. Apakah kaedah pembiakan seks tersebut?
Which of the following represent X and Y?
Paramecium sp. can reproduce by sexual
reproduction. What is the method of sexual XY
reproduction?
A Air suling 20% larutan sukrosa
A Pertunasan Distilled water 20% sucrose solution
Budding
B Konjugasi B 20% larutan sukrosa 20% larutan sukrosa
Conjugation 20% sucrose solution 20% sucrose solution
C Belahan dedua
Binary fission C 20% larutan sukrosa Air suling
D Pembentukan spora 20% sucrose solution Distilled water
Spore formation
D Air suling Air suling
Distilled water Distilled water

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1 – 1 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

5 Antara proses berikut, yang manakah melibatkan 8 Antara berikut, yang manakah perbezaan yang
pengangkutan aktif? betul antara mitosis dengan meiosis?

Which of the following processes involves active Which of the following is the correct difference
transport? between mitosis and meiosis?

A Penyerapan air oleh rerambut akar tumbuhan Mitosis Meiosis
Absorption of water by the root hair of plant Mitosis Meiosis
B Penyerapan fruktosa melalui vilus di dalam usus
Dua sel anak terhasil Empat sel anak
kecil terhasil
Absorption of fructose through the villi in the A Two daughter cells Four daughter cells
are produced are produced
small intestine
C Pertukaran gas di antara alveoli dan kapilari Penting untuk Penting untuk
persenyawaan aseks
darah semasa respirasi B persenyawaan seks Important for
Gaseous exchange between the alveoli and Important for sexual asexual reproduction

blood capillaries during respiration
D Pergerakan ion natrium merentasi dinding tubul

ginjal
Movement of sodium ions across lining of kidney

tubules
CONTOH reproduction

Genetik sel anak Genetik sel anak
adalah seiras
C adalah berbeza Daughter cells are
Daughter cells are genetically identical

6 Antara lipid berikut, yang manakah berfungsi genetically different

sebagai komponen utama bagi membran plasma? Berlaku pindah Tidak berlaku pindah

Which of the following lipids functioning as the D silang silang
Crossing over occurs No crossing over
main component of plasma membrane?

A Lilin C Fosfolipid occurs

Wax Phospholipid

B Lemak D Steroid 9 Maklumat berikut menerangkan sejenis respirasi
sel.
Fats Steroids
The following information describes a type of
7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan hipotesis ‘mangga dan kunci’ cellular respiration.
bagi tindakan enzim.
Pengoksidaan glukosa lengkap dan
Diagram 2 shows the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis of menghasilkan 2 898 kJ tenaga.
enzyme action. Complete oxidation of glucose and produce
2 898 kJ of energy.
QR Apakah jenis respirasi sel berdasarkan maklumat di
atas?
P What is the type of cellular respiration based on the
above information?
A Respirasi aerob
Aerobic respiration
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2 B Penapaian alkohol
Alcohol fermentation
Apakah P, Q dan R? C Respirasi anaerob
Anaerobic respiration
What are P, Q and R? D Penapaian asid laktik
Lactic acid fermentation
P Q R
10 Rajah 3 menunjukkan struktur permukaan respirasi
A Enzim Hasil Substrat bagi suatu organisma.
Enzyme Products Substrate
Diagram 3 shows the structure of respiratory
B Enzim Substrat Hasil surface of an organism.
Enzyme Substrate Products

C Substrat Enzim Hasil
Substrate Enzyme Products

D Hasil Substrat Enzim
Products Substrate Enzyme

Rajah 3/ Diagram 3

SULIT
1–2

Biologi Set 1

Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan ciri- 13 Rajah 5 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia.
ciri penyesuaian yang betul bagi meningkatkan Diagram 5 shows the human digestive system.
pertukaran gas?
A
Which of the following are the correct adaptation
features to increase the gaseous exchange? B
C
I Mempunyai permukaan yang kering
Has dry surface D
II Mempunyai jumlah luas permukaan yang kecil
Has small total surface area
III Mempunyai dinding yang nipis
Has thin wall
IV Dikelilingi oleh jaringan kapilari darah
Surrounded by network of blood capillaries
A I dan II
I and II
B II dan III
II and III
C III dan IV
III and IV
D I dan IV
I and IV
CONTOH Rajah 5/ Diagram 5

Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang

manakah hanya mencernakan protein?

Which of the following parts labelled A, B, C and

D, only digests protein?

1 1 Rajah 4 menunjukkan sistem trakea bagi serangga. 14 Apabila 0.4 g kacang tanah dibakar dengan lengkap,
Diagram 4 shows tracheal system of an insect. suhu bagi 20 ml air meningkat dari 30°C kepada
70°C. Muatan haba tentu bagi air ialah 4.2 Jg–1°C.
AB C Hitung nilai tenaga bagi kacang tanah.

D When 0.4 g of groundnut is completely burnt, the
temperature of 20 ml of water increases from 30°C
to 70°C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2
Jg–1°C. Calculate the energy value of groundnut.

A 8 400 Jg–1
B 6 400 Jg–1
C 1 344 Jg–1
D 3 360 Jg–1

Rajah 4/ Diagram 4 15 Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu keratan membujur bagi
jantung manusia.
Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang
Diagram 6 shows a longitudinal section of the
manakah berfungsi untuk membenarkan kemasukan human heart.

udara?

Which of the following parts labelled A, B, C and D

functions to allow the entry of air?

12 Dalam salah satu penyakit ‘Chronic Obstructive AB
Pulmonary Disease’ (COPD), alveolus seorang
individu hilang kekenyalan, saiz bertambah dan CD
dinding alveolus rosak. Apakah penyakit yang
dialami oleh individu tersebut?

In one of the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
Diseases (COPD), an individual experiences lost
elasticity of alveolus, an increase in size of alveolus Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang
and damaged wall of alveolus. What is the disease
suffered by that individual? manakah mengepam darah ke seluruh badan?

A Asma Which of the following parts labelled A, B, C and D
Asthma
B Emfisema pumps blood to all parts of the body?
Emphysema
C Bronkitis kronik
Chronic bronchitis

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1 – 3 SULIT

Biologi Set 1 1 9 HIV melemahkan sistem keimunan manusia dengan
menyerang sel X. Apakah sel X?
1 6 Seorang pesakit yang mengalami lumpuh seluruh
badan mempunyai lebihan bendalir tisu di dalam HIV weakens the human immune system by attacking
badannya. Akibatnya, tisu badan menjadi bengkak. cell X. What is cell X?
Keadaan ini dikenali sebagai edema. Apakah yang
menyebabkan keadaan ini berlaku? A Monosit
Monocyte
A patient who has paralysis of his entire body has B Limfosit
excess fluid in his body. As a result, the body’s Lymphocyte
tissue becomes swollen. This condition is known as C Neutrofil
oedema. What causes this situation? Neutrophil
D Basofil
A Jantung tidak berfungsi Basophil
The heart is not working
B Nodus limfa tidak berfungsi 2 0 Antara berikut, yang manakah perbezaan yang betul
The lymph nodes do not work antara sistem saraf dengan sistem endokrin?
C Injap limfa tidak tertutup
The lymphatic valve is not closed Which of the following is the correct difference
D Pengecutan otot rangka tidak berlaku between the nervous system and the endocrine
Musculoskeletal contraction does not occur system?

17 Rajah 7 menunjukkan keratan menegak otak
manusia.

Diagram 7 shows the vertical section of the human
brain.

A
CONTOH Sistem saraf Sistem endokrin
Nervous system Endocrine system

Gerak balas adalah Gerak balas adalah

A lambat cepat

The response is slow The response is fast

Kesan gerak balas Kesan gerak balas

B adalah berpanjangan adalah sementara
The effect of response The effect of response

is long is temporary

B Sasaran gerak balas Sasaran gerak balas

D C adalah luas adalah terhad
C The target of response The target of response

is wide is limited

Isyarat gerak balas Isyarat gerak balas

Rajah 7/ Diagram 7 adalah dalam bentuk adalah dalam bentuk

Antara struktur A, B, C dan D, yang manakah isyarat elektrik isyarat kimia

mengawal ingatan, pertuturan dan emosi? D The signal of The signal of

Which of the structure A, B, C or D, coordinates the response is in the response is in the

memories, speech and emotions? form of electrical form of chemical

signal signal

1 8 Pembentukan batu karang pada ginjal adalah salah 21 Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan rangka
satu isu kesihatan berkaitan dengan sistem urinari. apendaj?
Bagaimanakah pembentukan batu karang dapat
dielakkan? Which of the following is an appendicular skeleton?
A Tengkorak
The formation of kidney stones in the kidney is one Skull
of the health issues related to the urinary system. B Tulang rusuk
How can the formation of kidney stones be avoided? Ribs
C Turus vertebra
A Bersenam dengan kerap Vertebral column
Exercise regularly D Lengkungan pektoral
B Minum air dengan banyak Pectoral girdle
Drink plenty of water
C Meningkatkan pengambilan garam mineral
Increases the consumption of mineral salts
D Mengurangkan pengambilan makanan berlemak
Reduces the intake of fatty foods

1 – 4 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

2 2 Rajah 8 menunjukkan sistem pembiakan perempuan. 25 Antara berikut, yang manakah akan menyebabkan
Diagram 8 shows the female reproductive system. liang stoma terbuka?

A Which of the following will cause the opening of
B stomata?

C A Sel pengawal hilang kesegahan
Guard cells lose their turgidity
D B Sel pengawal kehilangan air secara osmosis
Guard cells lose water by osmosis
C Kepekatan sukrosa yang rendah dalam sel

Rajah 8/ Diagram 8 pengawal
Low concentration of sucrose in the guard cells
Antara bahagian yang berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang D Ion kalium diangkut masuk ke dalam sel

manakah menghasilkan ovum dan merembeskan pengawal
The potassium ions are transported into the
hormon estrogen dan progesteron?
guard cells

2 6 Rajah 10 menunjukkan sebuah potometer digunakan
untuk mengkaji kadar transpirasi tumbuhan. Masa
yang diambil untuk gelembung udara bergerak dari
P ke Q adalah 2 minit.

Diagram 10 shows a potometer used to study the
rate of transpiration of plant. The time taken for the
air bubble to move from P to Q is 2 minutes.

Ranting berdaun
Leafy twig
CONTOH Which of the part labelled A, B, C or D produces

an ovum and secretes oestrogen and progesterone

hormones?

2 3 Rajah 9 menunjukkan lengkung sigmoid bagi
pertumbuhan manusia.

Diagram 9 shows the sigmoid curve of human
growth.

Pertumbuhan B CD
Growth

A PQ

(24 cm) (18 cm)

Masa
Time

Rajah 9/ Diagram 9 Air
Water
Antara A, B, C dan D, lengkung yang manakah Gelembung udara
menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang pesat? Air bubble

Among A, B, C and D, which curve shows rapid
growth?
Rajah 10/ Diagram 10

2 4 Maklumat berikut menerangkan sejenis tisu asas. Hitung kadar transpirasi bagi ranting berdaun itu.
The following information describes a type of Calculate the rate of transpiration of the leafy twig.
A 3 cm min–1
ground tissue. B 6 cm min–1

● Mempunyai dinding sel yang paling nipis. C 9 cm min–1
Have the thinnest cell walls. D 12 cm min–1

● Mempunyai vakuol yang besar. 2 7 Puan Salamiah mendapati daun pada tumbuhannya
Have large vacuole.
berubah menjadi kuning. Klorosis daun telah
Antara tisu asas berikut, yang manakah mempunyai
ciri-ciri di atas? berlaku. Apakah nutrien yang perlu diberikan untuk
Which of the following ground tissues has the above
characteristics? mengatasi masalah tersebut?
A Tisu parenkima
Parenchyma tissues Puan Salamiah discovered that the leaves of
B Tisu kolenkima
Collenchyma tissues her plants changed into yellow. The leaves had
C Tisu sklerenkima
Sclerenchyma tissues undergone chlorosis. What is the nutrient that needs

to be given to overcome the problem?

A Kalium C Kalsium

Potassium Calcium

B Nitrogen D Fosforus

Nitrogen Phosphorus

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1 – 5 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

28 Rajah 11 menunjukkan tisu vaskular dalam Jadual 1 menerangkan eksperimen tersebut.
tumbuhan. Table 1 explains about the experiment.

Diagram 11 shows vascular tissues in plants. Pucuk P Koleoptil dibiarkan terdedah kepada
Shoot P cahaya matahari
PQ The coleoptile is exposed to the
Pucuk Q sunlight
Shoot Q
Hujung koleoptil dibuang
The coleoptile tip is cut

Pucuk R Hujung koleoptil ditutup dengan
Shoot R penutup legap
Rajah 11/ Diagram 11
The coleoptile tip is covered with an
Apakah komponen yang berlabel P dan Q? opaque cover

What are the components labelled P and Q?
CONTOH Jadual 1/ Table 1
P Q
Antara pucuk berikut, yang manakah akan
Salur xilem
A Tiub tapis Xylem vessel membengkok ke arah cahaya?
Sieve tube
Salur xilem Which of the following shoots will bend towards
Xylem vessel
Sel rakan light?
Companion cell
B A Pucuk P sahaja C Pucuk P dan R

Shoot P only Shoots P and R

C Salur xilem Tiub tapis B Pucuk P dan Q D Semua pucuk P, Q dan R
Xylem vessel Sieve tube
Shoots P and Q All shoots P, Q and R

D Salur xilem Sel rakan 3 1 Antara berikut, yang manakah perbandingan yang
Xylem vessel Companion cell betul antara bahagian jantan bunga dengan bahagian
betina bunga?
2 9 Antara faktor berikut, yang manakah menyebabkan
air boleh diangkut ke atas melawan tarikan graviti Which of the following is the correct comparison
di sepanjang batang tumbuhan? between the male part of a flower and the female
part of a flower?
Which of the following factors enables water to
be transported upwards against gravitational pull Bahagian jantan Bahagian betina
along the stem of plants? bunga bunga

A Tekanan akar Male flower part Female flower part
Root pressure
B Tindakan kapilari Terdiri daripada Terdiri daripada
Capillary action I karpel stamen
C Tarikan transpirasi
Transpirational pull Consists of carpel Consists of stamen

30 Rajah 12 menunjukkan satu eksperimen yang Menghasilkan Menghasilkan pundi
dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan auksin ke atas
gerak balas pertumbuhan tiga pucuk terhadap II debunga embrio
cahaya. Produces pollen Produces embryo

Diagram 12 shows an experiment carried out to grains sac
study the effects of auxin on the growth response of
the three shoots to light. Mempunyai filamen Mempunyai stigma,

III dan anter stil dan ovari
Has filament and Has stigma, style

anther and ovary

IV Terletak di bahagian Mengunjur keluar
tengah bunga dari dasar ovari
Located in the Projecting out from
the base of the ovary
middle part of the
flower

A I dan II C III dan IV

I and II III and IV

Pucuk P Pucuk Q Pucuk R B II dan III D I dan IV
Shoot P Shoot Q Shoot R II and III I and IV

Rajah 12/ Diagram 12

1 – 6 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

3 2 Rajah 13 menunjukkan dua jenis tumbuhan dengan 3 5 Antara berikut, yang manakah contoh pemuliharaan
penyesuaian habitat yang berbeza. ex-situ?

Diagram 13 shows two types of plant with different Which of the following is an example of ex-situ
adaptations of habitat. conservation?

Tumbuhan P Tumbuhan Q A Taman laut
Plant P Plant Q Marine parks
B Taman botani
Botanical parks
C Taman negara
National parks
D Kawasan perlindungan hidupan liar
Wildlife sanctuary

Rajah 13/ Diagram 13

Kenal pasti jenis habitat bagi tumbuhan P dan Q. 3 6 Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk
membandingkan kualiti air dari dua kawasan, T dan
U.

Table 2 shows the result of an experiment to compare
the qualities of water from two areas, T and U.
CONTOH Identify the type of habitat for plants P and Q.

Tumbuhan P Tumbuhan Q
Plant P Plant Q

A Mesofit Halofit Sampel air Masa yang diambil untuk
Mesophyte Halophyte Water sample warna metilena biru luntur

B Hidrofit Xerofit (minit)
Hydrophyte Xerophyte Time taken for methylene

C Halofit Xerofit blue to be decolourised
Halophyte Xerophyte (minutes)

D Halofit Mesofit Kawasan T 50
Halophyte Mesophyte Area T

3 3 Antara berikut, yang manakah ialah cara terbaik Kawasan U 28
untuk memelihara dan memulihara biodiversiti? Area U

Which of the following is the best way to preserve Jadual 2/ Table 2
and conserve biodiversity?
Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah
A Menambah aktiviti penyahhutanan
Increases the activities of deforestation menerangkan keputusan eksperimen itu?
B Memperkenalkan spesies asing ke dalam
Which of the following statements explain the result
kawasan tempatan
Introducing foreign species into local region of the experiment?
C Penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang tegas
I Sampel air dari kawasan T lebih tercemar dari
untuk melindungi spesies terancam
Strict enforcement of law to protect endangered kawasan U

species Water sample from area T is more polluted than
D Menjalankan pembalakan di kawasan hutan
area U
hujan tropika tanpa perancangan yang baik
Carrying out logging in rainforests without II Sampel air dari kawasan T mempunyai nilai

proper planning BOD yang lebih rendah dari kawasan U

Water sample from area T has lower BOD value

than area U

III Sampel air dari kawasan T mempunyai bilangan

mikroorganisma yang kurang dari kawasan U

Water sample from area T has less

3 4 Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan microorganisms than area U

komponen biosis yang terdapat dalam suatu IV Sampel air yang mempunyai nilai BOD yang

ekosistem? lebih tinggi menyebabkan pelunturan warna

Which of the following is the biotic component metilena biru perlahan

found in an ecosystem? Water sample with higher BOD value causes

A Nilai pH C Pengurai slow decolourisation of methylene blue

pH value Decomposers A I dan II C III dan IV

B Keamatan cahaya D Topografi I and II III and IV

Light intensity Topography B II dan III D I dan IV

II and III I and IV

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1 – 7 SULIT

Biologi Set 1 39 Antara berikut, yang manakah contoh bagi variasi
selanjar?
37 Antara istilah berikut, yang manakah ditakrifkan
sebagai alel di lokus pasangan kromosom homolog Which of the following is an example of continuous
adalah berbeza? variation?

Which of the following terms is defined as alleles A Ketinggian
at loci of a pair of homologous chromosomes are Height
different? B Warna mata
Eye colour
A Heterozigot C Jenis kumpulan darah
Heterozygous Blood group type
B Homozigot resesif D Kebolehan menggulung lidah
Homozygous recessive Ability to roll the tongue
C Homozigot dominan
Homozygous dominant 40 Antara berikut, yang manakah adalah betul tentang
CONTOH D Berbilang alel
Multiple alleles tumbuhan transgenik?

3 8 Satu kacukan dilakukan antara seekor Drosophila Which of the following are correct about transgenic
melanogaster (lalat buah) bermata putih dengan
seekor Drosophila melanogaster (lalat buah) yang plants?
heterozigot. Warna mata merah adalah dominan
ke atas warna mata putih. Apakah nisbah fenotip I Mudah dijangkiti penyakit
bagi warna mata dalam kalangan anak-anak yang
terhasil? Easily infected to the diseases

A cross was carried out between a white eye II Lebih tahan kepada perosak
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and a
heterozygous Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). More resistant to pest
Red eye is dominant over white eye. What is the
phenotype ratio for eye colour among the offspring III Menghasilkan hasil tanaman yang tinggi
produced?
Produces high yields
A Semua bermata putih
All white eyes IV Tidak selamat bagi kegunaan manusia
B Semua bermata merah
All red eyes Not safe for human consumption
C 3 bermata putih : 1 bermata merah
3 white eyes : 1 red eye A I dan II C III dan IV
D 1 bermata putih : 1 bermata merah
1 white eye : 1 red eye I and II III and IV

B II dan III D I dan IV

II and III I and IV

1 – 8 SULIT

KERTAS 2 Biologi Set 1
2 1/2 jam
Dua jam tiga puluh minit
Bahagian A/ Section A
[60 markah/ marks] P
Q
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
Answer all questions in this section.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas lamina daun.
Diagram 1 shows a cross section of a leaf lamina.

Kutikel
Cuticle

CONTOH R
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1

(a) (i) Namakan sel Q dan R.
Name cells Q and R.

Q:

R:

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Nyatakan fungsi sel R.
State the function of cell R.



[1 markah/ mark]

(b) Sel P merupakan tapak untuk fotosintesis. Terangkan satu penyesuaian sel P bagi memaksimumkan
fotosintesis.

Cell P is the site for photosynthesis. Explain one adaptation of cell P to maximise photosynthesis.







[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Nyatakan satu kepentingan kutikel yang melapisi epidermis atas lamina.
State one importance of cuticle which covers the upper epidermis of lamina.



[1 markah/ mark]

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1 – 9 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur membran plasma.
Diagram 2 shows the structure of plasma membrane.

Vitamin A Na+ P
Vitamin A Na+ Na+

Na+

Q

ATP Na+ Ion natrium
Na+ Na+ Sodium ion
Na+

Na+ Na+
Na+

CONTOH Rajah 2/ Diagram 2

(a) Namakan P dan Q.
Name P and Q.

P:

Q:

[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Terangkan kesan terhadap sifat membran plasma jika membran plasma mempunyai kurang molekul Q.
Explain the effects on the characteristics of the plasma membrane if the plasma membrane has less

molecule Q.





[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara pengangkutan vitamin A dengan pengangkutan ion natrium berdasarkan
Rajah 2.

State two differences between transportation of vitamin A and transportation of sodium ion based on
Diagram 2.

1


2


[2 markah/ marks]

3 Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tiga peringkat mitosis, P, Q dan R, dalam sel haiwan.
Diagram 3.1 shows three stages of mitosis, P, Q and R, in an animal cell.

P Q R

Rajah 3.1/ Diagram 3.1 SULIT

1 – 10

Biologi Set 1

(a) Namakan peringkat P, Q dan R dalam ruang yang disediakan dalam Rajah 3.1.
Name the stages P, Q and R in the spaces provided in Diagram 3.1.

[3 markah/ marks]

(b) Terangkan perlakuan kromosom semasa peringkat P dan R.
Explain the chromosomal behaviour during stages P and R.

Peringkat P/ Stage P:





Peringkat R/ Stage R:


CONTOH


[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan sel-sel kulit. Sel X terbentuk setelah sel-sel kulit yang normal terdedah kepada
radiasi.

Diagram 3.2 shows the skin cells. Cell X is formed after the normal skin cells are exposed to the radiation.

Sel normal
Normal cell

Sel X
Cell X

Rajah 3.2/ Diagram 3.2


Terangkan pembentukan sel X.
Explain the formation of cell X.







[2 markah/ marks]

4 (a) Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan penguraian trigliserida.
Diagram 4.1 shows the decomposition of triglyceride.

Hidrolisis
3H2O Hydrolysis

Trigliserida Air Molekul X Molekul Y
Triglyceride Molecule Y
Water Molecule X
[2 markah/ marks]
Rajah 4.1/ Diagram 4.1 [Lihat halaman sebelah

(i) Namakan molekul X dan Y. SULIT
Name molecules X and Y.

X:

Y:

1 – 11

Biologi Set 1 [3 markah/ marks]

(ii) Terangkan penguraian trigliserida berdasarkan Rajah 4.1.
Explain the decomposition of triglyceride based on Diagram 4.1.





(b) Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan dua jenis makanan, mentega dan minyak masak.
Diagram 4.2 shows two types of food, butter and cooking oil.

CONTOH Rajah 4.2/ Diagram 4.2


Terangkan perbezaan antara mentega dengan minyak masak.
Explain the differences between butter and cooking oil.









5 Rajah 5.1 menunjukkan sistem pencernaan manusia. [2 markah/ marks]
Diagram 5.1 shows the human digestive system.
[2 markah/ marks]
Hati P [1 markah/ mark]
Liver
Usus kecil SULIT
Small intestine

Rajah 5.1/ Diagram 5.1


(a) Terangkan fungsi hati dalam sistem pencernaan manusia.
Explain the function of liver in the human digestive system.







(b) (i) Namakan P.
Name P.



1 – 12

Biologi Set 1

(ii) Terangkan mengapa proses pencernaan roti tidak berlaku di P.
Explain why the process of digestion of bread does not occur at P.







[3 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 5.2 menunjukkan vilus usus kecil yang berperanan dalam proses penyerapan nutrien.
Diagram 5.2 shows the villus of small intestine which functions in the process of nutrient absorption.

CONTOH Kapilari darah
Blood capillary

Lakteal
Lacteal

Rajah 5.2/ Diagram 5.2


Terangkan perbezaan antara penyerapan nutrien di dalam kapilari darah dan lakteal.
Explain the differences between nutrient absorption in blood capillary and lacteal.







[2 markah/ marks]

6 Rajah 6 menunjukkan pembekuan darah yang berlaku pada kulit yang terdedah akibat luka.
Diagram 6 shows blood clotting that occurs on the exposed skin due to wound.

Darah beku Jaringan fibrin
Blood clot Fibrin mesh

Rajah 6/ Diagram 6


(a) Namakan jenis sel darah yang berperanan dalam pembentukan darah beku.
Name the type of blood cell which functions in blood clotting.



(b) Nyatakan dua kepentingan pembentukan darah beku. [1 markah/ mark]
State two importance of blood clotting.
[2 markah/ marks]
1 [Lihat halaman sebelah
2
SULIT
1 – 13

Biologi Set 1

(c) Trombokinase merupakan faktor pembekuan yang terdapat dalam darah. Terangkan kesan terhadap
pembentukan jaringan fibrin sekiranya seorang individu mempunyai kurang trombokinase dalam darahnya.

Thrombokinase is a clotting factor present in blood. Explain the effects on the formation of fibrin mesh if an
individual has lack of thrombokinase in his blood.









[3 markah/ marks]

(d) Seorang mangsa kemalangan yang mempunyai darah jenis B memerlukan pemindahan darah semasa
kecemasan akibat kehilangan darah yang serius. Adakah dia selamat menerima darah jenis O? Terangkan
mengapa.

An accident victim with blood type B needs blood transfusion during emergency due to serious blood loss.
Is it safe for the victim to receive blood type O? Explain why.
CONTOH








[2 markah/ marks]

7 Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan gerak balas yang berlaku pada dua tumbuhan yang berbeza.
Diagram 7.1 shows responses that occur on two different plants.

Tumbuhan P Tumbuhan Q
Plant P Plant Q

Rajah 7.1/ Diagram 7.1

(a) (i) Namakan gerak balas yang ditunjukkan oleh tumbuhan P dan tumbuhan Q.
Name the responses shown by plants P and Q.

P:

Q:

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara gerak balas tumbuhan P dengan gerak balas tumbuhan Q.
State two differences between response of plant P and response of plant Q.

1



2



[2 markah/ marks]

1 – 14 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

(b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan graf kesan kepekatan auksin terhadap pemanjangan pucuk dan akar.
Diagram 7.2 shows the graph of effect of auxin concentration towards elongation of shoot and root.

Gerak balas pertumbuhan
Growth response

200

% rangsangan 150
% stimulation

100 Pucuk
Shoots
50
Kepekatan auksin
0 Akar (mg dm–3)
Roots Concentration of
% rencatan 50 auxin (mg dm–3)
% inhibition

100
CONTOH 10–6 10–4 10–2 1 102 104

Rajah 7.2/ Diagram 7.2

Terangkan kesan kepekatan auksin terhadap pemanjangan pucuk.
Explain the effect of auxin concentration towards elongation of shoot.







[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 7.3 menunjukkan satu teknik menghasilkan buah tanpa pendebungaan dan persenyawaan ganda dua.
Teknik ini memerlukan penggunaan fitohormon X.

Diagram 7.3 shows a technique to produce fruit without pollination and double fertilisation. This technique
requires the use of phytohormone X.

Fitohormon X
Phytohormone X

Bunga
Flower

Rajah 7.3/ Diagram 7.3

Terangkan kaedah seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 7.3.
Explain the technique as shown in Diagram 7.3.











[3 markah/ marks]

[Lihat halaman sebelah

1 – 15 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

8 Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan zon-zon pengkolonian dan sesaran bagi suatu ekosistem paya bakau.
Diagram 8.1 shows the zones of colonisation and succession of a mangrove ecosystem.

Aras air laut Zon A Zon B Zon C Komuniti
Sea water level Zone A Zone B Zone C klimaks
coCmlmimuanxity
Sungai dan
laut

River and sea
CONTOH
Rajah 8.1/ Diagram 8.1


(a) (i) Nyatakan satu contoh spesies perintis yang hidup di zon A.
State one example of pioneer species which lives in zone A.



[1 markah/ mark]

(ii) Terangkan satu ciri penyesuaian bagi spesies pokok bakau yang tumbuh di zon A.
Explain one adaptive feature of mangrove species which grows in zone A.







[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Terangkan perubahan yang berlaku di zon A yang membolehkan proses penyesaran oleh spesies penyesar
berlaku dan berubah menjadi zon B.

Explain the changes that occur in zone A which enable succession process by successor species to occur
and changed into zone B.









[3 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan ekosistem paya bakau.
Diagram 8.2 shows mangrove ecosystem.

Rajah 8.2/ Diagram 8.2

1 – 16
SULIT

Biologi Set 1

Wajarkan mengapa ekosistem dalam Rajah 8.2 perlu dipelihara dan dipulihara.
Justify why the ecosystem in Diagram 8.2 has to be preserved and conserved.






[3 markah/ marks]

Bahagian B/ Section B
[20 markah/ marks]

Jawab mana-mana satu soalan dalam bahagian ini.
Answer any one question in this section.

9 (a) (i) Substrat utama dalam penghasilan tenaga melalui respirasi sel ialah glukosa. Terangkan proses
pemecahan glukosa dalam respirasi aerob.

The main substrate in energy production by cellular respiration is glucose. Explain breakdown process
of glucose in aerobic respiration.
[3 markah/ marks]
CONTOH
(ii) Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan proses respirasi sel yang berlaku di dalam sel otot dan yis.
Diagram 9.1 shows the cellular respiration process that occurs in muscle cells and yeast.

Respirasi sel otot Respirasi yis
Muscle cells respiration Yeast respiration

Persamaan respirasi/ Respiration equation Persamaan respirasi/ Respiration equation

Glukosa + Oksigen Karbon dioksida + Air Glukosa Karbon dioksida + Etanol +
+ Tenaga (2 898 kJ) Tenaga (210 kJ)
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose Carbon dioxide + Ethanol +
+ Energy (2 898 kJ) Energy (210 kJ)

Rajah 9.1/ Diagram 9.1

Bandingkan dan bezakan antara respirasi sel otot dengan respirasi yis.
Compare and contrast between muscle cells respiration and yeast respiration.

[5 markah/ marks]

(b) Selepas menamatkan acara lumba lari, seorang atlet masih bernafas dengan cepat dan dalam selama
beberapa minit. Terangkan mengapa.

After an athlete finished running a race, his breathing is still fast and deep for several minutes. Explain why.
[4 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 9.2 menunjukkan keadaan toraks semasa menarik nafas dan menghembus nafas.
Diagram 9.2 shows the conditions of the thorax during inhalation and exhalation.

Rusuk Turus spina
Rib Spinal column

Sternum Pergerakan sangkar rusuk
Sternum Movement of rib cage

Pergerakan sangkar rusuk Otot interkosta
Movement of rib cage Intercostal muscle

Diafragma [Lihat halaman sebelah
Diaphragm SULIT
Rajah 9.2/ Diagram 9.2

1 – 17

Biologi Set 1 [8 markah/ marks]

Terangkan mekanisme menarik nafas dan menghembus nafas.
Explain the inhalation and exhalation breathing mechanisms.

10 (a) Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan dua jenis tisu vaskular dalam tumbuhan.
Diagram 10.1 shows two types of vascular tissues in plant.

Tisu X Tisu Y

Tissue X Tissue Y
(i) Namakan tisu X dan Y.
Name tissues X and Y.
CONTOH Rajah 10.1/ Diagram 10.1

(ii) Terangkan persamaan dan perbezaan antara tisu X dengan tisu Y. [2 markah/ marks]
Explain the similarities and differences between tissue X and tissue Y. [6 markah/ marks]

(b) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan satu fenomena yang berlaku pada suatu tumbuhan. [4 markah/ marks]
Diagram 10.2 shows a phenomenon that occurs in a plant.

Titisan air Daun
Water droplets Leaf

Rajah 10.2/ Diagram 10.2


Terangkan fenomena ini.
Explain the phenomenon.

(c) Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan sistem pengangkutan bagi tumbuhan.
Diagram 10.3 shows the transport system of plant.

Rajah 10.3/ Diagram 10.3


(i) Nyatakan proses-proses yang membolehkan molekul air diangkut dari tanah naik ke daun.
State the processes that enable water molecules to be transported from soil up to the leaf.

[3 markah/ marks]

(ii) Pilih satu proses dan terangkan.
Choose one process and explain.

[5 markah/ marks]

1 – 18 SULIT

Biologi Set 1

Bahagian C/ Section C
[20 markah/ marks]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini
Answer all questions in this section.

11 (a) Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan graf keimunan bagi suntikan vaksin.
Diagram 11.1 shows the graph of immunisation for vaccine injection.

Kepekatan antibodi
Concentration of antibody

Aras keimunan
Immunity level
CONTOH
Masa (minggu)
10 20 30 40 Time (weeks)

Suntikan pertama Suntikan kedua

First injection Second injection

Rajah 11.1/ Diagram 11.1

(i) Terangkan jenis keimunan yang diperoleh apabila mendapatkan suntikan vaksin.
Explain the type of immunity obtained when receiving vaccine injection.

[3 markah/ marks]

(ii) Terangkan bagaimana aras keimunan dapat dicapai setelah mengambil suntikan vaksin.
Explain how immunity level can be achieved when vaccine injection is taken.

[4 markah/ marks]

(b) Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan poster bagi kempen menggalakkan penyusuan susu ibu.
Diagram 11.2 shows a poster of breastfeeding campaign.

Rajah 11.2/ Diagram 11.2


Wajarkan kempen tersebut.
Justify the campaign.

[6 markah/ marks]

(c) Penyakit berjangkit adalah disebabkan oleh patogen yang berada di persekitaran kita. Terdapat patogen
yang menjangkiti melalui air, udara dan sentuhan. Cadangkan langkah-langkah yang boleh diambil untuk
mengawal penyebaran penyakit berjangkit.

Contagious diseases are caused by pathogens that are found in our environment. There are pathogens
that infect through water, air and also contact. Suggest the ways that can be taken to control the spread of
contagious diseases.
[7 markah/ marks]

KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN TAMAT [Lihat halaman sebelah
END OF QUESTION PAPER SULIT

1 – 19

CONTOH

SULIT SET 2
NO. KAD PENGENALAN :

ANGKA GILIRAN :

SIJIL PELAJARAN MALAYSIA 4551/1
Satu jam lima belas minit
Biologi
Kertas 1
1 1/4 jam
CONTOH
Kertas soalan ini mengandungi 40 soalan. Jawab semua soalan.
This question paper consists of 40 questions. Answer all questions.

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan struktur bagi satu sel. 3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sejenis pengangkutan bagi
Diagram 1 shows the structure of a cell. ion natrium merentasi membran plasma.

P Diagram 3 shows a type of transport of sodium ions
Q across plasma membrane.

Luar sel
Outside of cell

R

S Dalam sel
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1
Inside of cell

Apakah struktur sel yang mengandungi unit Rajah 3/ Diagram 3

pewarisan sel? Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah tidak

What is the structure of the cell that contains the benar?

inheritance unit of cell? Which of the following statements is not true?

A P C R A Ion natrium diangkut oleh protein pembawa

B Q D S Sodium ion is transported by the carrier protein

B Kepekatan ion natrium di luar sel lebih tinggi

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan Paramecium sp. daripada di dalam sel
Diagram 2 shows a Paramecium sp. The concentration of sodium ions outside the

Karbon dioksida cell is higher than inside of the cell
Carbon dioxide C Ion natrium disingkirkan bagi meningkatkan

tekanan osmosis di dalam sel

Oksigen Sodium ion is removed out to increase the
Oxygen osmotic pressure in the cell

D Tenaga daripada molekul ATP menyebabkan

rupa bentuk protein pembawa berubah
Energy from the ATP molecule causes the shape
Rajah 2/ Diagram 2
of the carrier protein to change
Apakah proses yang menyebabkan pergerakan

masuk dan keluar bahan daripada organisma di 4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan struktur polisakarida yang
atas? disintesis di dalam sel hati dan otot.
What is the process that causes the movement of
substances in and out of the organism above? Diagram 4 shows a polysaccharide structure which
A Osmosis is synthesised in the liver and muscle cells.

Osmosis

B Resapan ringkas

Simple diffusion

C Resapan berbantu Rajah 4/ Diagram 4
Facilitated diffusion
D Pengangkutan aktif

Active transport [Lihat halaman sebelah

2 – 1 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Apakah polisakarida tersebut? A I dan II C I dan IV

What is the polysaccharide? I and II I and IV

A Kanji C Glikogen B I dan III D II dan IV

Starch Glycogen I and III II and IV

B Selulosa D Glikoprotein

Cellulose Glycoprotein 7 Rajah 7 menunjukkan satu peringkat mitosis pada
tumbuhan.
5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur asas DNA.
Diagram 5 shows the basic DNA structure. Diagram 7 shows a stage of mitosis in the plant.

X
Z

Y

CONTOH Rajah 5/ Diagram 5 Rajah 7/ Diagram 7

Apakah X, Y dan Z? Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan peringkat

What are X, Y and Z? seterusnya?

Which of the following is the next stage?

X Y Z A C

A Nukleotida Fosfat Gula
Nucleotide Phosphate deoksiribosa
Deoxyribose

sugar

Gula Bes B D
deoksiribosa bernitrogen
B Fosfat Deoxyribose Nitrogenous
Phosphate
sugar base
C Fosfat 8 Rajah 8 menunjukkan satu tumbuhan berbunga.
Phosphate Nukleotida Bes Diagram 8 shows a flowering plant.
Nucleotide bernitrogen
Bes Nitrogenous A
Fosfat
D bernitrogen Phosphate base B
Nitrogenous
Nukleotida
Nucleotide

base

6 Rajah 6 menunjukkan satu contoh hipotesis C
‘mangga dan kunci’.
D
Diagram 6 shows an example of ‘lock and key’
hypothesis. Rajah 8/ Diagram 8

Antara bahagian berlabel A, B, C dan D, di manakah

berlakunya meiosis?

E enzim P hasil Which of the parts labelled A, B, C and D does
E enzyme P
E enzim S substrat ES kompleks meiosis occur?
E enzyme enzim-substrat products
S substrate ES enzyme-

substrate complex 9 Rajah 9 menunjukkan adunan tepung mengembang
semasa proses membuat pau.
Rajah 6/ Diagram 6
Diagram 9 shows the rising of a dough during the
Berdasarkan rajah di atas, apakah proses-proses process of making steam bun.

biokimia yang terlibat?

Based on the diagram above, what are the

biochemical processes involved?

I Katabolisme III Kondensasi

Catabolism Condensation

II Anabolisme IV Hidrolisis Rajah 9/ Diagram 9

Anabolism Hydrolysis

2 – 2 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Antara berikut, yang manakah merupakan bahan Apakah diagnosis bagi gejala tersebut?
What is the diagnosis of the symptom?
buangan yang menyebabkan saiz adunan pau A Distrofi otot
Muscular dystrophy
bertambah? B Dismorfia otot
Muscle dysmorphia
Which of the following is the waste product that C Kekejangan otot
Muscle cramps
causes the steam bun to increase in size? D Anoreksia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
A Air C Etanol
1 3 Rajah 13 menunjukkan struktur jantung manusia.
Water Ethanol Diagram 13 shows the structure of a human heart.

B Asid laktik D Karbon dioksida

Lactic acid Carbon dioxide

10 Rajah 10 menunjukkan organ respirasi bagi ikan.
Diagram 10 shows the respiratory organ in fish.

CONTOH B
C
Rajah 10/ Diagram 10 D
A
Antara struktur berikut, yang manakah

meningkatkan jumlah luas permukaan bagi proses

pertukaran gas?

Which of the following structures increases the total

surface area for the process of gaseous exchange? Rajah 13/ Diagram 13

A Filamen C Sisir insang Antara salur darah berlabel A, B, C dan D, yang

Filament Gill racker manakah mengangkut darah yang mengandungi

B Lamela D Lengkung insang kepekatan oksihemoglobin yang paling tinggi?

Lamellae Gill arch Which of the blood vessels labelled A, B, C and D

11 Rajah 11 menunjukkan sebahagian sistem transports blood with the highest concentration of
pencernaan manusia.
oxyhaemoglobin?
Diagram 11 shows a part of the human digestive
system. 1 4 Rajah 14 menunjukkan salah satu barisan pertahanan
badan manusia.
X
Diagram 14 shows one of the lines in the human
body defence.



Rajah 11/ Diagram 11

Apakah yang akan berlaku jika X dibuang?

What will happen if X is removed?
A Lipid tidak dapat dicernakan
Lipid is unable to be digested Rajah 14/ Diagram 14
B Lipase tidak dapat dirembeskan
Lipase is unable to be secreted Antara berikut, yang manakah berkaitan dengan
C Duodenum tidak menerima jus pankreas
Duodenum does not receive pancreatic juice barisan pertahanan tersebut?
D Garam hempedu tidak dapat disintesiskan
Bile is unable to be synthesised Which of the following are related to the defence

line?

I Mekanisme fagositosis

Phagocytosis mechanism

II Melibatkan limfosit

12 Rajah 12 menunjukkan gejala berkaitan dengan Involves lymphocyte
diet. III Tidak spesifik
Non-specific
Diagram 12 shows the diet related symptom. IV Memerlukan antibodi

Needs antibody

A I dan II C I dan IV

I and II I and IV

B I dan III D II dan IV

Rajah 12/ Diagram 12 I and III II and IV

[Lihat halaman sebelah

2 – 3 SULIT

Biologi Set 2 Antara berikut, yang manakah boleh mengurangkan

15 Rajah 15 menunjukkan sejenis neuron. geseran antara tulang X dan Y semasa pergerakan?
Diagram 15 shows a type of neurone.
Which of the following can reduce friction between
X

bone X and bone Y during movement?

I Ligamen

Ligament

Rajah 15/ Diagram 15 II Rawan

Apakah peranan struktur X? Cartilage

What is the role of structure X? III Tendon

A Melindungi akson Tendon

Protects the axon IV Bendalir sinovia

B Menebat impuls elektrik Synovial fluid

Insulates the electrical impulse A I dan II C I dan IV

C Memastikan impuls saraf dipindahkan sehala I and II I and IV
ArasCONTglukosadalamOdarah H
(mg/ 100 cm3) Ensures the nerve impulse is transmitted in one B I dan III D II dan IV
Blood glucose level
(mg/ 100 cm3)way I and III II and IV

D Mempercepatkan pemindahan impuls saraf 1 8 Rajah 18 menunjukkan paras gula di dalam darah
manusia selepas mengambil makanan pada jam X.
Speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses
Diagram 18 shows the level of sugar in the human
16 Rajah 16 menunjukkan perbezaan saiz badan antara blood after consuming food at hour X.
individu yang normal dengan tidak normal.

Diagram 16 shows the difference in the body size
between normal and abnormal individuals.

Y

Aras normal
Normal level

X Masa (jam)

Time (hour)

Rajah 16/ Diagram 16 Rajah 18/ Diagram 18

Apakah punca yang menyebabkan individu Apakah punca yang menyebabkan Y berlaku?

mempunyai saiz badan yang tidak normal? What is the cause of Y?

What causes an individual having abnormal body A Mengambil terlalu banyak glukosa

size? Take a lot of glucose

A Masalah hipertiroidisme B Garam hempedu tidak dibebaskan

Hyperthyroidism problem Bile is not released out

B Menghidap diabetes insipidus C Kekurangan rembesan hormon insulin

Having a diabetes insipidus Deficiency in the secretion of insulin hormone

C Mengambil terlalu banyak protein D Individu melakukan senaman cergas selepas

Taking a lot of protein makan

D Mempunyai hormon pertumbuhan yang Individual does vigorous exercise after meals

berlebihan 1 9 Rajah 19 menunjukkan pembentukan kembar.
Diagram 19 shows the formation of twin.
Has excessive growth hormone

17 Rajah 17 menunjukkan sendi pada lutut.
Diagram 17 shows the knee joint.

X Rajah 19/ Diagram 19

Y
Rajah 17/ Diagram 17 2–4

SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Antara berikut, yang manakah tidak benar berkaitan 22 Rajah 22 menunjukkan tiga jenis tisu asas pada
kembar tersebut? tumbuhan.

Which of the following is not true about the twin? Diagram 22 shows three types of ground tissue in
A Kembar tidak seiras terhasil plants.
Non-identical twin is formed
B Mempunyai fenotip yang berbeza P QR
Have different phenotypes
C Boleh mempunyai jantina yang sama Rajah 22/ Diagram 22
Can have the same gender
D Kembar berkongsi plasenta yang sama Antara tisu P, Q dan R, yang manakah terlibat
The twin shares the same placenta
dalam memberikan sokongan mekanikal kepada
20 Rajah 20 menunjukkan peringkat selepas
persenyawaan. tumbuhan?

Diagram 20 shows the stages after fertilisation.

D

C

B
CONTOH Which of the following tissues P, Q and R are

involved in providing mechanical support to the

plant?

A Q sahaja C Q dan R

Q only Q and R

B P dan Q D P dan R

P and Q P and R

A 23 Rajah 23 menunjukkan keadaan stoma pada daun.
Diagram 23 shows the condition of stoma on a leaf.

Sel X
Rajah 20/ Diagram 20 Cell X

Antara sel A, B, C dan D, yang manakah adalah Kloroplas
Chloroplast
morula?

Which of the cells A, B, C or D is morula? Liang stoma
Stomatal pore

2 1 Rajah 21 menunjukkan mekanisme yang berlaku di
dalam sel tumbuhan.
Rajah 23/ Diagram 23
Diagram 21 shows the mechanism that occurs in a
plant cell. Antara berikut, yang manakah menyebabkan

keadaan tersebut berlaku?

Tenaga solar Which of the following causes the condition to
Solar energy
occur?

Fotosintesis A Vakuol sel X menjadi lebih kecil
Photosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O 66H12O6 6O2 The vacuole in cell X becomes smaller

Karbon + Air Glukosa + Oksigen B Fotosintesis tidak berlaku di dalam sel X
dioksida Water
Glucose Oxygen No photosynthesis occurs in cell X

Carbon C Lebih banyak ion kalium diserap ke dalam sel X

dioxide More potassium ion are absorbed into the cell X

Rajah 21/ Diagram 21 D Sel X mempunyai tekanan osmosis yang rendah

Antara sel berikut, yang manakah tidak terlibat? Cell X has a low osmotic pressure

Which of the following cells is not involved?

A Sel kolenkima 24 Rajah 24 menunjukkan sel tumbuhan.
Diagram 24 shows a plant cell.
Collenchyma cell

B Sel pengawal

Guard cell

C Sel mesofil palisad P

Palisade mesophyll cell

D Sel mesofil berspan

Spongy mesophyll cell

Rajah 24/ Diagram 24

[Lihat halaman sebelah
2–5 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Antara makronutrien berikut, yang manakah 2 7 Rajah 27 menunjukkan salah satu kaedah
fitoremediasi.
penting untuk menguatkan struktur P?
Diagram 27 shows one of the phytoremediation
Which of the following macronutrients is important methods.

to strengthen the structure of P?

A Kalium C Nitrogen

Potassium Nitrogen

B Fosforus D Kalsium

Phosphorus Calcium

25 Rajah 25 menunjukkan fenomena yang berlaku
pada tumbuhan pada waktu malam.
Rajah 27/ Diagram 27
Diagram 25 shows the phenomenon that occurs in
plants at night.

Titisan air
Water droplet
CONTOH Apakah peranan fitoremediasi berdasarkan rajah di

atas?

What is the role of the phytoremediation based on

the diagram above?

A Menyerap logam berat dari tanah

Absorbs heavy metal from the soil

B Mengekalkan kitaran air di Bumi

Rajah 25/ Diagram 25 Maintains water cycle on the earth

Antara berikut, yang manakah berkaitan dengan C Menyingkirkan bahan organik toksik dari udara

fenomena tersebut? Removes organic toxic waste from the air

Which of the following is related to the phenomenon? D Meningkatkan kandungan gas rumah hijau

A Titisan merupakan air tulen dalam udara

The droplets are pure water Increases the content of greenhouse gases in the

B Lebihan garam disingkirkan daripada tumbuhan air

Excess salt is removed from the plant 28 Rajah 28 menunjukkan kaedah penghasilan buah
pada tumbuhan berbunga dengan menggunakan
C Titisan air dipaksa keluar melalui liang hidatod hormon auksin.

Water droplets are forced out through the pores Diagram 28 shows the method of fruit production
from flowering plant using auxin hormone.
of hydathode

D Kelembapan yang rendah meningkatkan

pembentukan titisan air

Low humidity increases the formation of water

droplets

26 Rajah 26 menunjukkan gerak balas tumbuhan Hormon auksin
terhadap rangsangan. Auxin hormone

Diagram 26 shows the response of a plant towards
a stimulus.

8.00 pagi. 8.00 malam.
8.00 a.m. 8.00 p.m.



Rajah 28/ Diagram 28

Mengapakah buah yang dihasilkan tidak mempunyai

biji benih?

Rajah 26/ Diagram 26 Why is the fruit produced have no seeds?

Apakah jenis gerak balas yang ditunjukkan oleh A Ovul telah disingkirkan

tumbuhan tersebut? The ovule has been removed

What is the type of response shown by the plant? B Tiada persenyawaan ganda dua

A Fotonasti C Termonasti There is no double fertilisation

Photonasty Thermonasty C Melibatkan kejuruteraan genetik

B Niktinasti D Tigmonasti Involves genetic engineering

Nyctinasty Thigmonasty D Tiada pembentukan butir debunga

There is no formation of pollen grains

2 – 6 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

29 Rajah 29 menunjukkan struktur organ pembiakan A Filum C Order
betina bagi satu tumbuhan berbunga.
Phylum Order
Diagram 29 shows the structure of female
reproductive organ of a flowering plant. B Mamalia D Famili

Mammals Family

3 2 Rajah 31 menunjukkan interaksi antara kulat
dengan alga.

Diagram 31 shows the interaction between fungi
and algae.



Rajah 29/ Diagram 29 Sel alga Hifa kulat
Algal cells Fungal
Berapakah bilangan biji benih yang boleh hyphae
CONTOH
dihasilkan?

How many seeds can be produced?

A 1 C 8 Rajah 31/ Diagram 31

B 4 D 16 Apakah jenis interaksi di atas?

30 Maklumat berikut menerangkan tumbuhan X. What is the type of interaction above?
The following information describes plant X.
A Parasitisme C Saprofitisme

Parasitism Saprophytism

Tumbuhan X sesuai hidup di kawasan panas dan B Mutualisme D Komensalisme

kering dengan bekalan air yang terhad. Mutualism Commensalism

Plant X is suitable to live in hot and dry areas 33 Rajah 32 menunjukkan piramid biojisim bagi
ekosistem akuatik.
with limited water supply.
Diagram 32 shows a pyramid of biomass in an
aquatic ecosystem.
Apakah kelas tumbuhan X tersebut?

What is the class of plant X?

A Xerofit C Hidrofit

Xerophyte Hydrophyte Ikan
Fish
B Halofit D Mesofit

Halophyte Mesophyte Zooplankton
Zooplanktons
3 1 Rajah 30 menunjukkan hierarki taksonomi bagi
haiwan-haiwan tertentu. Fitoplankton
Phytoplanktons
Diagram 30 shows the taxonomy hierarchy for
certain animals.

Rajah 32/ Diagram 32

Berdasarkan rajah di atas, mengapakah fitoplankton

mempunyai jumlah biojisim yang kurang

berbanding dengan zooplankton?

Based on the diagram above, why do phytoplanktons

have a lower amount of biomass than zooplanktons?

I Fitoplankton membiak dan mati dengan cepat

Phytoplanktons reproduce and die rapidly

II Zooplankton mempunyai saiz yang lebih besar

Zooplanktons have a larger size

Rajah 30/ Diagram 30 III Fitoplankton mempunyai bilangan yang lebih

Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan banyak

kumpulan bagi semua haiwan yang mempunyai Phytoplanktons have a greater number

turus vertebra? IV Zooplankton tidak dimakan oleh ikan

Which of the following shows a group of all animals Zooplanktons are not eaten by fish

that have vertebral column? A I dan II C I dan IV

I and II I and IV

B I dan III D II dan IV

I and III II and IV

[Lihat halaman sebelah
2 – 7 SULIT

Biologi Set 2 Diagram 35 shows a monohybrid cross between
durian tree P and durian tree Q. 50% of the offspring
3 4 Rajah 33 menunjukkan salah satu kesan daripada are tall and 50% are dwarf.
aktiviti manusia.
Induk Pokok durian P Pokok durian Q
Diagram 33 shows one of the effects of human
activity.

Parents (Tinggi) × (Kerdil)
Durian tree P Durian tree Q

Tiupan angin (Tall) (Dwarf)
Wind blow

Hujan asid
Acid rain



Rajah 33/ Diagram 33 Anak Pokok durian R Pokok durian S
Offspring (Tinggi) (Kerdil)

Durian tree R Durian tree S
(Tall) (Dwarf)
CONTOH Antara berikut, yang manakah bukan kesan ke atas

faktor abiosis?

Which of the following is not the effect to abiotic Rajah 35/ Diagram 35

factor? Jika pokok durian P dikacukkan dengan pokok

A Pencemaran air durian R, berapakah peratusan pokok durian kerdil

Water pollution yang dihasilkan?

B Mengakis batu-batuan If durian tree P is crossed with durian tree R, what

Eroding rocks is the percentage of dwarf durian tree produced?

C Meningkatkan pH tanah A 0%

Increases the soil pH B 25%

D Meningkatkan keasidan sumber air C 50%

Increases the acidity of water source D 75%

3 5 Rajah 34 menunjukkan aktiviti selepas 37 Rajah 36 menunjukkan kariotip bagi seorang
penyahhutanan. individu.

Diagram 34 shows the post-deforestation activity. Diagram 36 shows the karyotype of an individual.



Rajah 34/ Diagram 34

Apakah langkah yang dilakukan bagi mengekalkan

kelestarian alam sekitar?

What is the step taken to maintain environmental Rajah 36/ Diagram 36

sustainability? Antara berikut, yang manakah menunjukkan

A Pemulihan ekosistem bilangan kromosom dalam gamet yang dihasilkan

Restoration of ecosystem oleh individu itu jika kromosom ke-21 mengalami

B Pemuliharaan ex situ tak disjungsi?

Ex situ conservation Which of the following shows the number of

C Pemeliharaan ekosistem chromosomes in a gamete produced by the individual

Preservation of ecosystem if chromosome 21 experienced non-disjunction?

D Pemuliharaan ekosistem A 24 + X

Conservation of ecosystem B 23 + XY

3 6 Rajah 35 menunjukkan kacukan monohibrid antara C 22 + X
pokok durian P dengan pokok durian Q. 50%
daripada anaknya adalah tinggi dan 50% lagi adalah D 21 + Y
kerdil.

2 – 8 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

38 Antara berikut, yang manakah dipengaruhi oleh Berdasarkan rajah tersebut, apakah aplikasi
faktor persekitaran? bioteknologi yang ditunjukkan?

Which of the following is affected by the Based on the diagram, what is the application of
environmental factor? biotechnology shown?

A A Terapi gen
Gene therapy
B B Bioinformatik
Bioinformatics
C C Pemprofilan DNA
DNA profiling
D Nanobioteknologi
Nanobiotechnology

4 0 Rajah 38 menunjukkan aplikasi kejuruteraan
genetik.

Diagram 38 shows an application of genetic
engineering.
CONTOH
Sel haiwan Langkah 1 Langkah 2 Langkah 4
Animal cell Step 1 Step 2 Langkah 3 Step 4
Step 3
Maklumat genetik
Genetic information

Sel bakteria Sel bakteria
Bacterial cell
Bacterial cell

Rajah 38/ Diagram 38

Apakah kebaikan menggunakan bakteria dalam

D penghasilan hormon insulin?

What is the benefit of using bacteria in the

production of insulin hormone?

A Bakteria mudah membiak

Bacteria are easily reproduced

B Bakteria boleh berevolusi

Bacteria can evolve

C Bakteria mudah mendapat nutrien

39 Rajah 37 menunjukkan teknik pemindahan alel Bacteria get nutrients easily
normal oleh virus.
D Bakteria secara semula jadi mempunyai gen
Diagram 37 shows the technique of transferring
normal allele by a virus. insulin

Bacteria naturally have the insulin gene

Adenovirus Gen normal
Adenovektor Normal gene

Gen abnormal
Abnormal gene

Rajah 37/ Diagram 37

2–9 [Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT

Biologi Set 2 Dua jam tiga puluh minit

KERTAS 2
2 1/2 jam

Bahagian A/ Section A
[60 markah/ marks]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
Answer all questions in this section

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua struktur protein yang berlainan bagi sebatian X yang dirembeskan oleh perut manusia.
Diagram 1 shows two different protein structures of compound X that is secreted by the human stomach.

CONTOH S: T:
Rajah 1/ Diagram 1

(a) (i) Labelkan struktur protein S dan T.
Label the protein structures of S and T.

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Apakah sebatian X?
What is compound X?



[1 markah/ mark]

(iii) Nyatakan monomer bagi struktur yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 1.
State the monomer of the structures shown in Diagram 1.



[1 markah/ mark]

(b) Sel utama pada perut seorang pesakit gagal untuk menghasilkan sebatian X yang mempunyai struktur S.
Terangkan kesannya kepada sistem pencernaan pesakit ini.

A patient’s chief cells in the stomach are unable to produce compound X that has structure S. Explain the
effect to the digestive system of this patient.







[2 markah/ marks]

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan hipotesis ‘mangga dan kunci’ dalam mekanisme tindak balas enzim.
Diagram 2 shows the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis in the mechanism of enzyme reaction.

R: Fruktosa

Fructose

Sukrosa S:
Sucrose Rajah 2/ Diagram 2

2 – 10 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

(a) Namakan R dan S dalam Rajah 2.
Name R and S in Diagram 2.

[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 2, nyatakan dua ciri R.
Based on Diagram 2, state two characteristics of R.

1
2

[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Jika suhu medium ditingkatkan daripada 37°C kepada 60°C, terangkan kesannya ke atas tindak balas dalam
Rajah 2.

If the medium temperature is increased from 37°C to 60°C, explain the effects to the reaction in Diagram 2.

CONTOH





[2 markah/ marks]

3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan dua jenis tisu vaskular dalam tumbuhan.
Diagram 3 shows two types of vascular tissues in plant.

XY
Rajah 3/ Diagram 3

(a) (i) Berdasarkan Rajah 3, namakan tisu X dan Y.
Based on Diagram 3, name tissues X and Y.

X:

Y:

(ii) Nyatakan peranan tisu X dan Y. [2 markah/ marks]
State the role of tissues X and Y. [2 markah/ marks]

X:


Y:


(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 3, nyatakan satu perbezaan dari segi struktur tisu X dan Y.
Based on Diagram 3, state one structural difference between tissues X and Y.

XY



[1 markah/ mark]

[Lihat halaman sebelah

2 – 11 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

(c) Terangkan bagaimana tisu X membantu pergerakan bahan pada batang tumbuhan dikotiledon.
Explain how tissue X helps the movement of substances in the stem of dicotyledonous plant.







[2 markah/ marks]

4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan sendi pada siku dalam sistem rangka manusia.
Diagram 4 shows an elbow joint in the human skeletal system.

R

CONTOH Rajah 4/ Diagram 4


(a) (i) Berdasarkan Rajah 4, namakan jenis sendi tersebut.
Based on Diagram 4, name the type of the joint.



[1 markah/ mark]

(ii) Apakah perbezaan antara sendi pada Rajah 4 dengan sendi yang terdapat di bahu?
What is the difference between the joint in Diagram 4 and the joint on the shoulder?







[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 4, nama dan nyatakan fungsi bagi struktur R.
Based on Diagram 4, name and state the function of structure R.

Struktur R/ Structure R:

Fungsi/ Function:

[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Sendi dan pengecutan otot sangat penting bagi membolehkan pergerakan organisma berlaku.
Terangkan mengapa pengecutan otot memerlukan bekalan darah yang mencukupi.
Joints and the contraction of muscles are very important to allow the movement of organisms to occur.
Explain why the contraction of muscles need sufficient blood.







[2 markah/ marks]

2 – 12 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

5 Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur karpel pada bunga. Butir debunga
Diagram 5 shows the structure of carpel in a flower. Pollen grain

Stil X
Style

Pundi embrio
Embryo sac
Y

Rajah 5/ Diagram 5

(a) (i) Berdasarkan Rajah 5, namakan X dan Y.
Based on Diagram 5, name X and Y.
CONTOH
X:
Y:

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Terangkan peranan Y di dalam pundi embrio.
Explain the role of Y in the embryo sac.







[2 markah/ marks]

(b) (i) Pada Rajah 5, labelkan S bagi struktur yang mempunyai larutan sukrosa yang bertanggungjawab
mencambahkan butir debunga.

On Diagram 5, label S for the structure that contains sucrose solution which is responsible for
germinating the pollen grains.
[1 markah/ mark]

(ii) Jika struktur S dipotong sebelum pendebungaan, terangkan apa yang akan berlaku kepada proses
persenyawaan di dalam pundi embrio.

If the structure S is cut before the pollination, explain what will happen to the fertilisation process in
the embryo sac.







[3 markah/ marks]

6 Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan pembentukan gamet yang membawa faktor rhesus.
Diagram 6.1 shows the formation of gametes that carries rhesus factor.

Fenotip induk: Bapa rhesus positif × Ibu rhesus negatif
Parental phenotype: Rhesus positive father Rhesus negative mother

Genotip induk: RhRh × rhrh
Parental genotype: Meiosis

Gamet/ Gametes: Rajah 6/ Diagram 6

2 – 13
[Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT

Biologi Set 2

(a) (i) Lengkapkan rajah skema pewarisan dalam Rajah 6.1.
Complete the inheritance schematic diagram in Diagram 6.1.

[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 6.1, terangkan proses pembentukan gamet mengikut Hukum Mendel.
Based on Diagram 6.1, explain the formation of gamete according to the Mendel’s Law.









[2 markah/ marks]

CONTOH (b) Lengkapkan segi empat Punnet dalam Rajah 6.2 untuk menentukan generasi filial pertama.
Complete the Punnet square in Diagram 6.2 to show the first filial generation.

Persenyawaan rawak/ Random fertilisation:

Rh Rh

rh

rh

Rajah 6.2/ Diagram 6.2


[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Seorang ibu yang mempunyai darah rhesus negatif telah melahirkan bayi sulung yang rhesus positif.
Terangkan kesan ke atas ibu tersebut.

A mother which has negative rhesus blood gave birth the first child which is positive rhesus. Explain the
effect to the mother.









[2 markah/ marks]

7 Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan struktur alveolus dan kapilari darah dalam sistem respirasi manusia.
Diagram 7.1 shows the structure of alveolus and blood capillary in the human respiratory system.

X Alveolus
Y Alveolus

Kapilari darah
Blood capillary

Rajah 7.1/ Diagram 7.1

2 – 14 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

(a) (i) Berdasarkan Rajah 7.1, X merupakan gas yang mempunyai tekanan separa yang tinggi di dalam
alveolus semasa menarik nafas. Apakah gas X?

Based on Diagram 7.1, X is a gas which has high partial pressure in the alveolus during inhalation.
What is gas X?



[1 markah/ mark]

(ii) Pada Rajah 7.1, lukis anak panah bagi menunjukkan arah pergerakan gas X dan Y semasa proses
pertukaran gas.

On Diagram 7.1, draw the arrow to show the direction of gases X and Y during gaseous exchange.
[1 markah/ mark]

(b) Terangkan apa yang akan berlaku pada gas X selepas meresap ke dalam kapilari darah.
Explain what will happen to gas X after diffuses into the blood capillary.
CONTOH






[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan proses resapan gas X dan glukosa ke dalam sel badan.
Diagram 7.2 shows the process of diffusion of gas X and glucose into the body cell.

Kapilari darah Sel darah
Blood capillary Blood cells

Glukosa X Resapan Bendalir tisu
Glucose Y molekul Tissue fluid

Diffusion of

molecules

Sel badan
Body cells

Rajah 7.2/ Diagram 7.2

(i) Berdasarkan Rajah 7.2, terangkan bagaimana gas X dapat meresap ke dalam sel-sel badan.
Based on Diagram 7.2, explain how gas X can diffuse into the body cells.





[2 markah/ marks]

(ii) Terangkan proses kimia yang berlaku di dalam sel badan selepas menerima gas X dan glukosa daripada
kapilari darah.

Explain the chemical process that occurs in the body cells after receiving gas X and glucose from the
blood capillary.







[3 markah/ marks]

[Lihat halaman sebelah

2 – 15 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

8 Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan zon pertumbuhan pada hujung pucuk tumbuhan manakala Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan zon
pertumbuhan pada hujung akar tumbuhan.

Diagram 8.1 shows the growth zone at the shoot tip of plant while Diagram 8.2 shows the growth zone at the root
tip of plant.

Tisu X P
Tissue X

QR

R Q
Rajah 8.1/ Diagram 8.1
Tisu X

Tissue X P
Penutup akar
CONTOH
Root cap

Rajah 8.2/ Diagram 8.2

(a) (i) Berdasarkan Rajah 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2, namakan zon pertumbuhan pada P, Q dan R.
Based on Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2, name the zones of growth at P, Q and R.

P:

Q:
R:

[3 markah/ marks]

(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 8.1 dan Rajah 8.2, nyatakan jenis pertumbuhan yang terlibat.
Based on Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2, state the type of growth involved.



[1 markah/ mark]

(iii) Berdasarkan Rajah 8.2, terangkan satu kepentingan pertumbuhan yang dinyatakan di 8(a)(ii).
Based on Diagram 8.2, explain one importance of the growth mentioned in 8(a)(ii).





[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 8.2, terangkan kesan ke atas pertumbuhan hujung pucuk jika tisu X dibuang.
Based on Diagram 8.2, explain the effect on the growth of the shoot tip if tissue X is removed out.









[2 markah/ marks]

(c) Terangkan peranan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh tisu X.
Explain the role of hormone secreted by tissue X.







[2 markah/ marks]

2 – 16 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Bahagian B/ Section B
[20 markah/ marks]

Jawab mana-mana satu soalan dalam bahagian ini.
Answer any one question in this section.

9 (a) Rajah 9.1 menunjukkan sejenis protozoa yang hidup di habitat air tawar.
Diagram 9.1 shows a type of protozoa that lives in freshwater habitat.

Bintik mata Flagelum
Eyespot Flagellum

Nukleus Membran sel
Nucleus Cell membrane
Kloroplas
Chloroplasts
CONTOH
Rajah 9.1/ Diagram 9.1


Berdasarkan Rajah 9.1, terangkan gerak balas prozotoa tersebut terhadap cahaya.
Based on Diagram 9.1, explain the response of the protozoa towards light.

[2 markah/ marks]

(b) Rajah 9.2 dan Rajah 9.3 menunjukkan dua jenis gerak balas yang ditunjukkan oleh badan manusia terhadap
rangsangan.

Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3 show two types of response shown by the human body towards stimulus.

Input deria Integrasi Pituitari posterior ADH Kelenjar adrenal
Sensory input Integration Posterior pituitary Adrenal gland

Aldosteron
Aldosterone

Output motor Ginjal/Kidney
Motor output
Diuresis
Diuresis

Rajah 9.2/ Diagram 9.2 Rajah 9.3/ Diagram 9.3

Berdasarkan Rajah 9.2 dan Rajah 9.3, banding dan bezakan kedua-dua jenis gerak balas.
Based on Diagram 9.2 and Diagram 9.3, compare and contrast both types of response.

[8 markah/ marks]

(c) Rajah 9.4 menunjukkan seorang individu terdedah kepada cuaca yang terik.
Diagram 9.4 shows a person is exposed to a very hot weather.

Rajah 9.4/ Diagram 9.4


Huraikan proses pembentukan urin pada individu tersebut.
Describe the process of urine formation on that person.

2 – 17 [10 markah/ marks]

[Lihat halaman sebelah
SULIT

Biologi Set 2

1 0 (a) Rajah 10.1 dan Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan perubahan yang berlaku ke atas struktur kromosom yang
disebabkan oleh mutasi.

Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2 show the changes occur in the structure of chromosome which is caused
by mutation.

PP PP
QQ QQ
RS RS
ST SR
TU TT
U UU
Rajah 10.1/ Diagram 10.1 Rajah 10.2/ Diagram 10.2

BilanganmuridCONTOH (i) Nyatakan dua faktor yang menyebabkan mutasi berlaku.
State two factors that cause mutation.
Number of student
Bilangan murid[2 markah/ marks]

Number of student
(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 10.1 dan Rajah 10.2, banding dan bezakan perubahan struktur kromosom yang
menyebabkan mutasi.

Based on Diagram 10.1 and Diagram 10.2, compare and contrast the changes of chromosome
structure that cause mutation.
[4 markah/ marks]

(iii) Rajah 10.3 menunjukkan keadaan kariotip pada individu tertentu.
Diagram 10.3 shows the karyotype condition in a particular individual.

Rajah 10.3/ Diagram 10.3


Berdasarkan Rajah 10.3, tentukan jantina dan sindrom yang dialami oleh individu tersebut.
Terangkan bagaimana mutasi boleh menyebabkan perubahan pada kariotip manusia.
Based on Diagram 10.3, determine the gender and syndrome experienced by the individual.
Explain how mutations can cause changes in the human karyotype.

[6 markah/ marks]

(b) Rajah 10.4 dan Rajah 10.5 menunjukkan dua jenis variasi pada murid.
Diagram 10.4 and Diagram 10.5 show two types of variation in students.

50 10

40 8

30 6

20 4

10 A Kumpulan darah 2 50 – 52 Jisim (kg)
0O B AB Blood group 0 52 – 54 Mass (kg)
54 – 56
56 – 58
58 – 60

Rajah 10.4/ Diagram 10.4 Rajah 10.5/ Diagram 10.5

2 – 18 SULIT

Biologi Set 2

Berdasarkan Rajah 10.4 dan Rajah 10.5, terangkan perbezaan antara kedua-dua jenis variasi ini.
Based on Diagram 10.4 and Diagram 10.5, explain the differences between these two types of variation.

[8 markah/ marks]

Bahagian C/ Section C
[20 markah/ marks]

Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini
Answer all questions in this section.

11 (a) Semua organisma memerlukan nitrogen untuk hidup dan membesar. Nitrogen atmosfera tidak boleh diserap
secara terus oleh tumbuhan hijau. Rajah 11.1 menunjukkan satu kitaran nitrogen yang ringkas.

All organisms require nitrogen to live and grow. The atmospheric nitrogen cannot be absorbed directly by
plants. Diagram 11.1 shows a simple nitrogen cycle.

CONTOH Nitrit Nitrogen dalam udara
Nitrites Nitrogen in air

Sebatian ammonium Nitrat
Ammonium compounds Nitrates

Protein haiwan Protein tumbuhan
Animal protein Plant protein

Rajah 11.1/ Diagram 11.1

Berdasarkan Rajah 11.1, huraikan bagaimana sumber nitrogen dapat dikekalkan dalam alam.
Based on Diagram 11.1, describe how the source of nitrogen can be maintained in nature.

[10 markah/ marks]

(b) Paya bakau adalah suatu ekosistem yang kompleks dan dinamik. Ia bergantung kepada kedua-dua faktor
biotik dan abiotik. Rajah 11.2 menunjukkan peranan ekosistem paya bakau kepada alam sekitar.

Mangrove swamps are a complex and dynamic ecosystem. It depends on both biotic and abiotic factors.
Diagram 11.2 shows the role of mangrove swamp ecosystems to the environment.

Matahari
Sun

Penguraian
Decomposition

Rajah 11.2/ Diagram 11.2


Pada pendapat anda, wajarkan sama ada ekosistem paya bakau dapat memelihara kehidupan populasi
organisma dan alam sekitar.

In your opinion, justify whether mangrove swamp ecosystems can preserve the lives of organisms’population
and the environment.

KERTAS PEPERIKSAAN TAMAT [10 markah/ marks]
END OF QUESTION PAPER
[Lihat halaman sebelah
2 – 19 SULIT

CONTOH

JAWAPAN

SET 1 4 Vitamin A bergerak menuruni kecerunan kepekatan
manakala ion natrium bergerak melawan kecerunan
Kertas 1 kepekatan.

1 C 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D Vitamin A moves down the concentration gradient while
8 A 9 A 10 C sodium ions move against the concentration gradient.
6 C 7 B 13 B 14 A 15 D
18 B 19 B 20 D 5 Vitamin A bergerak melalui resapan ringkas manakala ion
11 A 12 B 23 A 24 A 25 D natrium bergerak melalui pengangkutan aktif.

1 6 D 17 A Vitamin A moves by simple diffusion while sodium ions
move by active transport.
21 D 22 B
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

CONTOH2 6 A 27 B 28 A 29 B 30 A 3 (a) P: Metafasa/ Metaphase

31 B 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 B Q: Profasa/ Prophase

3 6 B 37 A 38 D 39 A 40 B R: Anafasa/ Anaphase
(b) Peringkat P/ Stage P

Kertas 2 Kromosom tersusun sebaris pada satah khatulistiwa.
Chromosomes are aligned in a single row on the equatorial
Bahagian A/ Section A
1 (a) (i) Q: Sel mesofil berspan/ Spongy mesophyll cell plane.
R: Sel pengawal/ Guard cells Peringkat R/ Stage R
(ii) Mengawal pembukaan dan penutupan liang stoma. Kromatid kembar berpisah dan bergerak ke kutub sel yang
Control the opening and closing of stoma.
(b) – Sel P (sel mesofil palisad) mengandungi banyak kloroplas bertentangan.
Sister chromatids separate and move to the opposite pole of
untuk menyerap banyak cahaya matahari.
Cell P (palisade mesophyll cell) contains many cell.
(c) – Sel X ialah sel kanser.
chloroplasts to absorb more sunlight. Cell X is cancer cell.
– Sel P (sel mesofil palisad) tersusun menegak dan rapat – Radiasi menyebabkan sel normal membahagi secara

antara satu sama lain untuk menerima pendedahan cahaya berterusan.
matahari yang maksimum. Radiation causes the normal cell to divide continuously.
Cell P (palisade mesophyll cell) is arranged vertically and – Radiasi membentuk tumor atau tisu kanser.
closely packed to receive maximum sunlight exposure. Radiation forms tumor or cancer tissue.
(Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer) (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

(c) – Mengurangkan kehilangan air yang berlebihan melalui 4 (a) (i) X: Gliserol/ Glycerol
penyejatan (transpirasi). Y: Asid lemak/ Fatty acid
(ii) – Trigliserida diuraikan dengan bantuan air.
Reduces excessive water loss through evaporation Triglyceride is decomposed with the aid of water.
(transpiration).

2 (a) P: Protein pembawa/ Carrier protein – Trigliserida dihidrolisiskan oleh lipase.
Q: Kolesterol/ Cholesterol Triglyceride is hydrolysed by lipase.
(b) – Membran plasma menjadi tidak atau kurang kuat. – Trigliserida dihidrolisiskan kepada satu molekul
Plasma membrane is not strong or becomes less strong.
– Membran plasma menjadi tidak atau kurang fleksibel. gliserol (X) dan tiga molekul asid lemak (Y) melalui
Plasma membrane is not flexible or becomes less flexible. tindak balas hidrolisis.
– Membran plasma menjadi lebih telap kepada bahan larut Triglyceride is hydrolysed into one molecule of
glycerol (X) and three molecules of fatty acids (Y) by
air. hydrolysis.
Plasma membrane becomes more permeable to the water (b) – Mentega merupakan lemak tepu manakala minyak masak
merupakan lemak tak tepu.
soluble substance. Butter is saturated fat while cooking oil is unsaturated
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) fat.
(c) 1 Pengangkutan vitamin A tidak memerlukan tenaga – Mentega diperoleh daripada haiwan manakala minyak
masak diperoleh daripada tumbuhan.
manakala pengangkutan ion natrium memerlukan tenaga. Butter is derived from animal while cooking oil is derived
Transportation of vitamin A does not require energy while from plant.
– Mentega wujud sebagai pepejal pada suhu bilik manakala
transportation of sodium ion requires energy. minyak masak wujud sebagai cecair pada suhu bilik.
2 Vitamin A bergerak merentasi membran plasma menerusi Butter exists as solid at room temperature while cooking
oil exists as liquid at room temperature.
dwilapisan fosfolipid manakala ion natrium bergerak – Dalam mentega, asid lemak hanya mempunyai ikatan
merentasi membran plasma menerusi protein pembawa. tunggal antara atom karbon manakala dalam minyak
Vitamin A moves across the plasma membrane through masak, asid lemak mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu
phospholipid bilayer while sodium ions move across the ikatan ganda dua antara atom karbon.
plasma membrane through carrier protein. In butter, fatty acids have only single bond between
3 Vitamin A bergerak dari kawasan berkepekatan tinggi carbon atoms while in cooking oil, fatty acids have at
ke kawasan berkepekatan rendah manakala ion natrium least one double bond between carbon atoms.
bergerak dari kawasan berkepekatan rendah ke kawasan (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
berkepekatan tinggi.
Vitamin A moves from high concentration region to low
concentration region while sodium ions move from low
concentration region to high concentration region.

J1

CONTOH Biologi Jawapan – Kurang pembentukan jaringan fibrin.
Less formation of fibrin mesh.
5 (a) – Menghasilkan hempedu. – Darah beku sukar terbentuk.
Produces bile. Blood clotting is difficult to form.
– Meneutralkan kim berasid di dalam duodenum. – Pendarahan berlebihan berlaku.
Neutralises acidic chyme in the duodenum. Excessive bleeding occurs.
– Menyediakan keadaan beralkali untuk tindakan enzim di (Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers)
(d) – Ya, selamat kerana darah jenis O tiada sebarang antigen
dalam duodenum.
Provides alkaline medium for the enzyme action in the (pada sel darah merah).
Yes, it is safe because blood type O does not have any
duodenum.
– Mengemulsikan lipid kepada titisan lipid. antigen (on the red blood cell).
Emulsifies lipid into lipid droplets. – Ya, selamat kerana penggumpalan darah tidak berlaku.
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) Yes, it is safe because blood agglutination does not occur.
(b) (i) Perut/ Stomach (Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
(ii) – Roti mengandungi kanji/ tidak mengandungi protein.
Bread contains starch/ does not contain protein. 7 (a) (i) P: Seismonasti/ Seismonasty
– Tiada enzim amilase di dalam P (perut). Q: Tigmotropisme/ Thigmotropism
There is no amylase enzyme in P (stomach). (ii) 1 Gerak balas tumbuhan P adalah cepat manakala gerak
– P (perut) hanya mempunyai enzim pepsin.
P (stomach) only has pepsin enzyme. balas tumbuhan Q adalah perlahan.
– Enzim pepsin di dalam perut bertindak mencernakan/ The response of plant P is quick while the response of

menguraikan/ menghidrolisiskan protein. plant Q is slow.
Pepsin enzyme in the stomach acts to digest/ 2 Gerak balas tumbuhan P adalah sementara manakala

decompose/ hydrolyse protein. gerak balas tumbuhan Q adalah kekal.
– Kanji tidak dapat dicernakan atau diuraikan atau The response of plant P is temporary while the

dihidrolisiskan kepada maltosa di dalam P (perut). response of plant Q is permanent.
Starch cannot be digested or decomposed or 3 Gerak balas tumbuhan P jelas kelihatan manakala

hydrolysed into maltose in P (stomach). gerak balas tumbuhan Q tidak atau kurang kelihatan.
(Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers) The response of plant P is more apparent while the
(c) – Bahan larut air diserap ke dalam kapilari darah manakala
response of plant Q is not or less apparent.
bahan larut lemak diserap ke dalam lakteal. 4 Gerak balas tumbuhan P tidak dipengaruhi oleh
Water soluble substances are absorbed into blood
hormon manakala gerak balas tumbuhan Q
capillary while fat soluble substances are absorbed into dipengaruhi oleh hormon.
lacteal. The response of plant P is not influenced by hormone
– Nutrien yang diserap ke dalam kapilari darah terdiri while the response of plant Q is influenced by
daripada glukosa, fruktosa, galaktosa dan asid amino hormone.
manakala nutrien yang diserap ke dalam lakteal terdiri 5 Gerak balas tumbuhan P bertujuan mengekalkan
daripada gliserol dan asid lemak. kemandirian manakala gerak balas tumbuhan Q
The nutrients absorbed into blood capillary consist of bertujuan untuk pertumbuhan.
glucose, fructose, galactose and amino acid while the The response of plant P is meant to maintain survival
nutrients absorbed into lacteal consist of glycerol and while the response of plant Q is meant for growth.
fatty acids. (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
– Penyerapan di dalam kapilari darah melibatkan (b) – Kepekatan auksin yang rendah atau kurang daripada
pengangkutan aktif dan resapan berbantu manakala 10–3 mg dm–3 kurang merangsang pemanjangan pucuk.
penyerapan di dalam lakteal melibatkan resapan ringkas. The auxin concentration which is low or less than
Absorption in blood capillary involves active transport 10–3 mg dm–3 less stimulates the elongation of shoot.
and facilitated diffusion while absorption in lacteal – Kepekatan auksin yang tinggi, iaitu antara 10–3 mg dm–3
involves simple diffusion. hingga 102 mg dm–3 akan merangsang pemanjangan
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) pucuk.
The high concentration of auxin which is between
6 (a) Platlet/ Platelet 10–3 mg dm–3 and 102 mg dm–3 will stimulate the
(b) 1 Menghentikan atau meminimumkan atau mengelakkan elongation of shoot.
– Kepekatan auksin yang melebihi 102 mg dm–3 atau sangat
kehilangan darah yang banyak. tinggi akan merencatkan pemanjangan pucuk.
To stop or minimise or prevent excessive blood loss. The auxin concentration which is more than 102 mg dm–3
2 Mengekalkan isi padu darah normal. or very high will inhibit the elongation of shoot.
To maintain the normal blood volume. (Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
3 Mengekalkan tekanan darah normal. (c) – Kaedah partenokarpi digunakan.
To maintain the normal blood pressure. Parthenocarpy technique is used.
4 Memastikan darah sentiasa mengalir dalam sistem – Fitohormon X ialah auksin.
Phytohormone X is auxin.
peredaran tertutup. – Kepekatan auksin yang tinggi disemburkan pada bunga
To ensure blood circulate in the closed circulation system. untuk merangsang pembentukan buah tanpa biji.
5 Mengelakkan kemasukan patogen. High concentration of auxin is sprayed on the flower to
To prevent the entry of pathogens. stimulate the production of fruits without seeds.
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
(c) – Kekurangan trombokinase menyebabkan kekurangan 8 (a) (i) Avicennia sp./ Sonneratia sp.
(Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
protrombin yang ditukarkan kepada trombin.
Less thrombokinase causes less prothrombin to be

converted into thrombin.
– Kurang pertukaran fibrinogen kepada fibrin.
Less conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.

J2

Biologi Jawapan

(ii) – Mempunyai sistem akar bercabang luas yang – Kedua-dua jenis respirasi menggunakan glukosa

memberikan sokongan untuk hidup pada tanah sebagai substrat/ Penguraian glukosa.

lembut dan berlumpur. Both respirations use glucose as substrate/

Has wide branching root system that provides support Decompose of glucose. [1]

to live in soft and muddy soil. – Kedua-dua jenis respirasi menghasilkan tenaga

– Mempunyai akar pneumatofor atau akar pernafasan dalam bentuk ATP.

yang membantu pertukaran gas antara akar dengan Both respirations produce energy in the form of ATP.

atmosfera melalui lentisel. [1]

Has pneumatophore or breathing root that helps the (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

gaseous exchange between the root and atmosphere Perbezaan/ Differences: Respirasi yis
through lenticels. Yeast respiration
– Mempunyai daun berkutikel tebal yang dapat Respirasi sel otot
mengurangkan kehilangan air melalui penyejatan/ Muscle cell respiration

mengurangkan kadar transpirasi. 1 Berlaku dengan Berlaku tanpa kehadiran
Has leaves with thick cuticle that are able to reduce kehadiran oksigen oksigen
Occurs by the presence Occurs by the absence
the loss of water through evaporation/ to reduce the of oxygen of oxygen
rate of transpiration.
(Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
CONTOH
(b) – Air pasang atau ombak membawa bahan organik, 2 Menghasilkan air Tidak menghasilkan air
serpihan kayu dan lumpur. Produces water Does not produce water

High tide or waves brought organic substances, wood

debris and mud. 3 Tidak menghasilkan Menghasilkan etanol
etanol Produces ethanol
– Bahan-bahan ini akan diperangkap oleh akar Avicennia Does not produce
sp. atau Sonneratia sp. ethanol

These substances will be trapped by Avicennia sp. or
Sonneratia sp. roots.

– Pengumpulan lumpur berlaku secara perlahan-lahan. 4 Menghasilkan banyak Menghasilkan sedikit
Mud accumulation begins slowly. tenaga (2 898 kJ) tenaga (210 kJ)
Produces more energy Produce less energy
– Kesannya, tanah menjadi lebih tinggi dan lebih padat. (2 898 kJ) (210 kJ)

As a result, the soil becomes higher and denser.

– Keadaan ini menjadi tidak sesuai untuk spesies perintis

hidup. 5 Glukosa dioksidakan Glukosa tidak

This condition becomes unsuitable for the pioneer species secara lengkap dioksidakan secara

to live. Glucose is oxidised lengkap

– Rhizophora sp. tumbuh dan menyesarkan atau completely Glucose is oxidised

menggantikan spesies perintis. incompletely

Rhizophora sp. grows and succeeds or replaces the (Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers) [3]

pioneer species. (b) – Atlet menjalankan aktiviti cergas.

(Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers) The athlete carried out vigorous activity. [1]

(c) – Mengekalkan keseimbangan ekosistem paya bakau. – Semasa aktiviti cergas, kadar penggunaan oksigen
To maintain the balance of ecosystem of mangrove.
– Mengekalkan habitat organisma akuatik/ Mengekalkan melebihi kadar yang dibekalkan oleh sistem peredaran

rantai makanan/ Mengekalkan tempat pembiakan. darah.
To maintain the habitat of aquatic organisms/ To maintain
During vigorous activity, the rate of oxygen usage
food chain/ To maintain breeding site.
– Mengelakkan kepupusan organisma akuatik. exceeds the rate of oxygen supply by the blood circulatory
To avoid the extinction of the aquatic organisms.
– Mengekalkan kawasan perlindungan daripada ombak system. [1]

besar atau ribut taufan. – Sel otot berada dalam keadaan kekurangan oksigen.
To reserve the protection of big waves or hurricanes.
– Mengelakkan hakisan pantai. Muscle cells are in the condition of lack oxygen. [1]
To avoid coastal erosion.
– Mengekalkan sumber perikanan. – Sel otot mengalami hutang oksigen.
To maintain the fishery resources.
– Sebagai kawasan rekreasi atau eko-pelancongan atau Muscle cells are in oxygen debt. [1]

eko-pendidikan. – Sel otot menjalankan penapaian asid laktik/ Pengoksidaan
As recreation site or eco-tourism or eco-education.
(Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers) glukosa berlaku secara tidak lengkap menghasilkan asid

laktik.

Muscle cells will carry out lactic acid fermentation/

Oxidation of glucose is incomplete producing lactic

acids. [1]

– Pengumpulan asid laktik berlaku.

Lactic acids are accumulated. [1]

– Atlet bernafas dengan cepat dan dalam untuk

Bahagian B/ Section B meningkatkan pengambilan oksigen/ menyedut lebih

9 (a) (i) – Melalui proses glikolisis banyak oksigen.

By glycolysis process [1] The athlete breathes quickly and deep to increase the

– Glukosa dipecahkan oleh enzim intake of oxygen/ to inhale more oxygen. [1]

Glucose is breakdown by enzymes [1] – Oksigen berlebihan digunakan untuk mengoksidakan

– Satu molekul glukosa dipecahkan kepada dua asid laktik yang terkumpul kepada air, karbon dioksida

molekul piruvat dan tenaga/ untuk membayar hutang oksigen.

One glucose molecule is broken down into two Excess oxygen is used to oxidise lactic acids that have

pyruvate molecules [1] been accumulated into water, carbon dioxide and energy/

– Berlaku dalam sitoplasma to pay oxygen debt. [1]

Occurs in the cytoplasm [1] (Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers)

(Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers) (c) Tarikan nafas/ Inhalation:

(ii) – Kedua-dua jenis respirasi berlaku dalam atau – Otot interkosta luar mengecut dan otot interkosta dalam

dijalankan oleh sel organisma hidup. mengendur.

Both respirations occur in or are carried out by living External intercostal muscle contracts and internal

cellular organisms. [1] intercostal muscle relaxes. [1]

J3

Biologi Jawapan

– Sangkar rusuk bergerak ke atas dan ke luar. 2 Pengangkutan berlaku Pengangkutan berlaku

Rib cage moves upward and outward. [1] dalam satu arah/ dalam dua arah/

– Otot diafragma mengecut. Pengangkutan dari Pengangkutan dari

Diaphragm muscle contract. [1] akar ke pucuk. akar ke pucuk dan

– Diafragma bergerak ke bawah dan mendatar. Transportation occurs dari pucuk ke akar.

Diaphragm moves downward and flattened. [1] in one direction/ Transportation occurs

– Isi padu rongga toraks bertambah dan tekanan rongga Transportation from in two directions/

toraks berkurang. the root to the shoot. Transportation from

Volume of thoracic cavity increases and pressure of the root to the shoot

thoracic cavity decreases. [1] and from the shoot to

– Tekanan atmosfera yang lebih tinggi di luar mendesak the root.

udara masuk ke dalam peparu.

The higher atmospheric pressure pushed the air into the 3 Xilem terbina Floem terbina
daripada salur xilem daripada tiub tapis
lungs. [1] dan trakeid. dan sel rakan.
Xylem is made up Phloem is made up
(Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers) of xylem vessel and of sieve tube and
tracheids. companion cells.
Hembusan nafas/ Exhalation:

– Otot interkosta luar mengendur dan otot interkosta dalam
CONTOH
mengecut.

External intercostal muscle relaxes and internal 4 Salur xilem terbina Tiub tapis terbina
daripada sel yang daripada sel hidup.
intercostal muscle contracts. [1] telah mati. Sieve tube is made up
Xylem vessel is made of live cell.
– Sangkar rusuk bergerak ke bawah dan ke dalam. up of dead cell.

Rib cage moves downward and inward. [1]

– Otot diafragma mengendur.

Diaphragm muscle relaxes. [1]

– Diafragma melengkung ke atas dan berbentuk kubah. 5 Salur xilem Tiub tapis tidak

Diaphragm curves upward and dome shaped. [1] mempunyai dinding mempunyai dinding

– Isi padu rongga toraks berkurang dan tekanan rongga yang ditebalkan yang ditebalkan

toraks bertambah. oleh lignin/ dinding oleh lignin/ dinding

Volume of thoracic cavity decreases and pressure of berlignin. berlignin.

thoracic cavity increases. [1] Xylem vessel has wall Sieve tube has no

– Tekanan rongga toraks yang lebih tinggi mendesak udara that is thicken by wall that is thicken by

keluar daripada peparu ke persekitaran. lignin/ lignified wall. lignin/ lignified wall.

The higher thoracic cavity pressure pushed the air out of

the lungs to the surrounding. [1] 6 Xilem terlibat Floem tidak terlibat

(Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers) dalam memberikan dalam memberikan

sokongan mekanikal sokongan mekanikal

10 (a) (i) Tisu X: Xilem kepada tumbuhan. kepada tumbuhan.

Tissue X: Xylem [1] Xylem is involved in Phloem is not

Tisu Y: Floem providing mechanical involved in providing

Tissue Y: Phloem [1] support to the plant. mechanical support to

(ii) Persamaan/ Similarities: the plant.

– Kedua-dua tisu X dan Y ialah tisu vaskular/ Kedua- (Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers) [4]

dua tisu X dan Y terdapat pada berkas vaskular. (b) – Fenomena yang ditunjukkan ialah gutasi.

Both tissues X and Y are vascular tissues/ Both tissues The phenomenon shown is guttation. [1]

are found on the vascular bundle. [1] – Gutasi berlaku pada waktu malam dan awal pagi.

– Kedua-dua tisu X dan Y ialah tisu pengangkutan. Guttation occurs at night and early morning. [1]

Both tissues X and Y are the transport tissue. [1] – Gutasi berlaku pada persekitaran yang mempunyai suhu

– Kedua-dua tisu X dan Y terdiri daripada sel-sel yang rendah/ kelembapan udara yang tinggi.

parenkima. Guttation occurs on the surrounding with low temperature/

Both tissues X and Y consists of parenchyma cells. high relative air humidity. [1]

[1] – Gutasi menyebabkan stoma tertutup.

(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) Guttation causes stomata to be closed. [1]

Perbezaan/ Differences: – Tekanan akar menyebabkan air sentiasa diangkut ke

Tisu X Tisu Y bahagian daun dan pucuk tumbuhan.
Tissue X Tissue Y
Root pressure causes water to be transported to the leaves

1 Berfungsi Berfungsi and shoots of plants. [1]
mengangkut air dan mengangkut bahan
garam mineral. organik atau hasil – Hal ini menyebabkan air terkumpul atau menjadi tepu di
Functions to transport fotosintesis atau
water and mineral sukrosa. dalam ruang antara sel lamina daun.
salts. Functions to transport
organic substances This causes water to be accumulated or becomes
or photosynthesis
products or sucrose. saturated in the air spaces of the leaf lamina. [1]

– Air disingkirkan melalui hidatod dalam bentuk titisan air.

Water is then secreted through hydathodes in the form of

water droplets. [1]

(Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers)

(c) (i) – Tekanan akar/ Root pressure [1]

– Tindakan kapilari/ Capillary action [1]

– Tarikan transpirasi/ Transpirational pull [1]

J4

Biologi Jawapan

(ii) Tekanan akar/ Root pressure – Antigen ini merangsang penghasilan antibodi oleh

– Air tanah adalah hipotonik/ mempunyai keupayaan limfosit

air yang tinggi berbanding dengan sap sel-sel akar These antigens stimulate the production of antibody

rambut. by lymphocyte [1]

Soil water is hypotonic/ has high water potential – Keimunan ini tidak memberikan perlindungan serta-

compared to the cell sap of root hair cells. [1] merta

– Air dari tanah meresap masuk ke dalam sel akar This immunity does not give immediate protection[ 1]

rambut secara osmosis. – Keimunan ini kekal dalam tempoh masa yang lama

Water from soil diffuses into the root hair cells by This immunity lasts for a long period of time [1]

osmosis. [1] (Mana-mana tiga jawapan/ Any three answers)

– Sel akar rambut menjadi hipotonik/ mempunyai (ii) – Suntikan vaksin mengandungi patogen atau bakteria

keupayaan air yang tinggi berbanding dengan sel atau virus yang telah dilemahkan atau mati.

bersebelahan/ korteks. Vaccine injections contain pathogens or bacteria or

Root hair cells become hypotonic/ have high water viruses that are weakened or dead. [1]

potential compared to the adjacent cells/ cortex. [1] – Suntikan vaksin akan merangsang limfosit untuk

– Air meresap masuk ke dalam sel-sel bersebelahan/ menghasilkan antibodi.

korteks. Vaccine injections will stimulate lymphocytes to

Water diffuses into the adjacent cells/ cortex. [1] produce antibodies. [1]

CONTOH – Air meresap masuk ke dalam salur xilem secara – Suntikan atau dos pertama menghasilkan antibodi

berterusan. dengan aras atau kepekatan yang rendah.

Water diffuses (and draw) continuously into the First injection or dose results in low level or low

xylem vessel. [1] concentration of antibody production. [1]

– Tekanan akar membantu menolak air bergerak ke atas – Suntikan atau dos kedua adalah dos penggalak.

batang. Second injection or dose is a booster dose. [1]

Root pressure helps to force water to move upwards – Suntikan atau dos kedua diberikan untuk

to the stem. [1] meningkatkan lagi penghasilan antibodi sehingga

(Mana-mana lima jawapan/ Any five answers) melepasi aras keimunan.

Tindakan kapilari/ Capillary action Second injection or dose is given to increase the

– Tindakan kapilari berlaku pada batang. production of more antibodies until surpass the

Capillary action occurs in stem. [1] immunity level. [1]

– Daya lekatan dan daya lekitan membantu (Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers)

pengangkutan air di dalam batang. (b) – Ya/ wajar

Cohesive and adhesive forces help to transport water Yes/ relevant [1]

in stem. [1] – Susu ibu memberikan keimunan pasif semula jadi (kepada

– Daya lekitan wujud antara molekul-molekul air. bayi).

Cohesion force exists between water molecules. [1] Breast milk gives natural passive immunity (to baby). [1]

– Daya lekatan wujud antara molekul air dengan – Susu ibu mengandungi antibodi yang dapat melindungi

dinding xilem. bayi daripada penyakit.

Adhesion force exists between water molecules and Breast milk contains antibodies that can protect the baby

wall of xylem. [1] from diseases. [1]

– Membolehkan air diangkut ke atas daun melawan – Susu ibu membekalkan pelbagai nutrien atau enzim atau

tarikan graviti. antioksida yang dapat membantu bayi mendapatkan

Enables water to move up against the gravitational tenaga dan mengekalkan kesihatan serta membantu

force to the leaf. [1] pertumbuhan.

– Air diangkut ke atas secara berterusan. Breast milk provides abundant of nutrients or enzymes or

Water is transported upward continuously. [1] antioxidants that can help baby to get energy, maintain

(Mana-mana lima jawapan/ Any five answers) health and for growth. [1]

Tarikan transpirasi/ Transpirational pull – Susu ibu mengurangkan risiko ibu mendapat kanser atau

– Air tersejat keluar dari ruang antara sel ke atmosfera penyakit kardiovaskular.

melalui liang stoma. Breast milk reduces the risk for the mother to get cancer

Water evaporates from intercellular air spaces to the or cardiovascular diseases. [1]

atmosphere through stomata. [1] – Susu ibu menggalakkan ibu kehilangan berat badan

– Air dari sel-sel mesofil meresap keluar ke ruang dengan cepat selepas melahirkan anak.

antara sel secara osmosis. Breast milk promotes the mother to lose weight quickly

Water from mesophyll cells diffuses out into the after giving birth. [1]

intercellular air spaces by osmosis. [1] – Susu ibu merangsang uterus untuk mengecut dan kembali

– Sel-sel mesofil menjadi hipertonik/ mempunyai ke saiz normal selepas melahirkan anak.

keupayaan air yang rendah berbanding dengan salur Breast milk stimulates the uterus to contract and return to

xilem. the normal size after giving birth. [1]

Mesophyll cells become hypertonic/ have lower – Susu ibu dapat meningkatkan ikatan (emosi dan fizikal)

water potential compared to the xylem vessel. [1] antara ibu dengan anak melalui penyusuan susu ibu.

– Air dari salur xilem meresap ke dalam sel mesofil. Breast milk can increase the (emotional and physical)

Water from xylem vessel diffuses into the mesophyll bonding between the mother and baby through

cells. [1] breastfeeding. [1]

– Tindakan ini menyebabkan air dapat mengalir dari (Mana-mana enam jawapan/ Any six answers)

akar ke daun secara berterusan. (c) – Sentiasa menjaga kebersihan diri.

These actions allow water to flow continuously from Always care for the personal hygiene. [1]

the roots to the leaves. [1] – Kerap mencuci tangan dengan pembasmi kuman

atau sabun untuk menyingkirkan patogen yang boleh

Bahagian C/ Section C berjangkit melalui sentuhan.

11 (a) (i) – Suntikan vaksin memberikan keimunan aktif buatan Always wash hands with hand sanitizer or soap to remove

Vaccine injection gives artificial active immunity [1] pathogens that can be transmitted by touch. [1]

– Vaksin mengandungi patogen/ virus yang dilemahkan – Mandi atau membersihkan diri setelah berada di luar atau
Vaccine contains weakened pathogen/ virus [1] di kawasan yang berisiko.

Take a shower or clean ourselves after being out or being

at the high-risk area. [1]

J5

Biologi Jawapan

– Memakai pelitup separuh muka untuk mengelakkan (c) – Ikatan kimia yang memegang molekul enzim bersama
mula terputus
jangkitan patogen yang berjangkit melalui udara.
The chemical bonds that hold enzyme molecules together
Wear facemask to avoid infection of pathogens that can begin to break

be transmitted by air. [1] – Bentuk tiga dimensi enzim berubah
The three dimensional shape of enzyme changes
– Menutup hidung atau mulut dengan kertas tisu atau sapu – Memusnahkan tapak aktif enzim/ Enzim ternyahasli
Destroying active site of enzyme/ Enzyme denatured
tangan semasa batuk atau bersin untuk mengelakkan – Tiada tindak balas berlaku
No reaction occurs
patogen terlepas ke udara dan menjangkiti orang lain. (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

Covering mouth or nose with tissue paper or handkerchief

when coughing or sneezing to avoid pathogens from

passing into the air and infecting others. [1]

– Memastikan air dimasak atau ditapis terlebih dahulu

sebelum diminum untuk membunuh patogen/ untuk

mengelakkan jangkitan patogen melalui air. 3 (a) (i) X: Xilem/ Xylem
Y: Floem/ Phloem
Make sure that water is boiled or filtered first before (ii) X: Mengangkut air dan mineral terlarut daripada akar

drinking to kill pathogens/ to avoid infection of pathogens ke daun.
Transports water and dissolved minerals from the
that can be transmitted by water. [1]
roots to the leaves.
– Sisa kumbahan perlu diuruskan dengan baik/ dialirkan ke Y: Mengangkut hasil fotosintesis daripada daun ke

seluruh bahagian tumbuhan.
Transports the product of photosynthesis from the

leaves to all parts of the plant.
CONTOH tangki rawatan kumbahan untuk memusnahkan patogen.

Sewage wastes need to be well managed/ drained to the

sewage treatment plants to destroy the pathogens. [1]

– Sisa kumbahan perlu diuruskan dengan baik/ dialirkan

ke tangki rawatan kumbahan untuk mengelakkan

pencemaran sumber air. (b) X Y

Sewage wastes need to be well managed/ drained to the

sewage treatment plants to prevent contamination of Dinding diselaputi oleh Dinding tidak diselaputi
lignin oleh lignin
water sources. [1] The wall is covered with The wall is not covered
lignin with lignin

SET 2 Terdiri daripada sel mati Terdiri daripada sel hidup
Consists of dead cells Consists of living cells

Kertas 1 Tiada sitoplasma Sitoplasma berbentuk
No cytoplasms bebenang
1 A 2 B 3 C 4 C 5 B Thread-like cytoplasm
8 A 9 D 10 B
6 C 7 B 13 D 14 B 15 D
18 C 19 D 20 C
11 A 12 B 23 C 24 D 25 C
28 B 29 B 30 A
16 D 17 D 33 A 34 C 35 A Tiada plat tapis Mempunyai plat tapis
38 C 39 A 40 A
2 1 A 22 C Does not have sieve plate Has sieve plate

2 6 B 27 A (Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
(c) – Melalui tindakan kapilari
3 1 A 32 B Through capillary action
– Melibatkan daya lekitan, iaitu tarikan di antara molekul
36 B 37 D
air
Kertas 2 Involved cohesive force which is the attraction between

Bahagian A/ Section A water molecules
1 (a) (i) S: Struktur primer/ Primary structure – Melibatkan daya lekatan, iaitu tarikan di antara molekul
T: Struktur tertier/ Tertiary structure
(ii) Pepsinogen/ Pepsinogen air dan dinding xilem
(iii) Asid amino/ Amino acid Involved adhesive force which is the attraction between
(b) – Sebatian X ialah pepsinogen
Compound X is pepsinogen water molecules and the wall of xylem
– Protein tidak dapat dicernakan kepada polipeptida. (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
Protein cannot be digested or hydrolysed
into 4 (a) (i) Sendi engsel/ Hinge joint
polypeptides. (ii) – Sendi dalam Rajah 4 membenarkan pergerakan

2 (a) R: Sukrase/ Sucrase tulang pada satu satah sahaja manakala sendi pada
S: Glukosa/ Glucose bahu membenarkan pergerakan putaran pada semua
(b) 1 Enzim adalah sangat spesifik/ Enzim mempunyai tapak arah.
Joint in Diagram 4 allows the movement of bones
aktif/ Enzim hanya boleh terikat dengan substrat yang in one plane while joint on the shoulder allows
spesifik sahaja rotational movement in all directions.
Enzyme is highly specific/ Enzyme has active site/ Enzyme – Sendi dalam Rajah 4 merupakan sendi engsel
can only bind with a specific substrate only manakala sendi di bahu merupakan sendi lesung.
2 Enzim tidak termusnah selepas akhir tindak balas/ Enzim The joint in Diagram 4 is hinge joint while the joint in
boleh digunakan semula selepas tindak balas shoulder is ball-and-socket joint.
Enzyme is not destroyed at the end of reaction/ Enzyme (Mana-mana satu jawapan/ Any one answer)
can be reused after reaction (b) R: Bendalir sinovial/ Synovial fluid
3 Tindak balas yang dimangkinkan oleh enzim adalah Fungsi: Bertindak sebagai pelincir/ Mengurangkan geseran
berbalik antara hujung tulang
The reactions catalysed by enzyme are reversible Function: Acts as a lubricant/ Reduces friction between the
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) ends of bones

J6

Biologi Jawapan

(c) – Pengecutan otot memerlukan lebih banyak tenaga melalui (b) – Oxygen/ gas X meresap ke dalam eritrosit.
respirasi sel. Oxygen/ gas X diffuses into the erythrocyte.
– Oksigen/ gas X akan bergabung dengan hemoglobin
Contraction of muscle needs more energy from cell
respiration. untuk membentuk oksihemoglobin.
Oksigen/ gas X will combine with the haemoglobin to
– Oleh itu, lebih banyak oksigen dan glukosa yang
diperlukan untuk diangkut melalui darah. form oxyhaemoglobin.
(c) (i) – Tekanan separa gas X/ oksigen lebih tinggi di dalam
Therefore, more oxygen and glucose are needed to be
transported through the blood. kapilari darah daripada di dalam sel badan.
Partial pressure of gas X/ oxygen is higher in the
5 (a) (i) X: Tiub debunga/ Pollen tube
Y: Gamet jantan/ Male gametes blood capillary than the body cell.
(ii) – Melakukan proses persenyawaan ganda dua – Gas X/ oksigen meresap ke dalam sel badan secara
Undergoes double fertilisation
– Satu gamet jantan akan mensenyawakan sel telur resapan ringkas.
Gas X/ oxygen difusses into the body cell by simple
untuk menghasilkan zigot diploid
diffusion.
One male gamete will fertilise with the egg cell to (ii) – Respirasi sel berlaku.
Cell respiration occurs.
produce diploid zygote – Glukosa diuraikan kepada piruvat oleh enzim di

dalam sitoplasma secara glikolisis.
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate by enzyme in

cytoplasm by glycolysis.
– Piruvat dioksidakan kepada tenaga, air dan karbon

dioksida di dalam mitokondria.
Pyruvate is oxidised into energy, water and carbon

dioxide in mitochondrion.
CONTOH – Satu lagi gamet jantan akan bercantum dengan

2 nukleus kutub untuk menghasilkan triploid

endosperma

Another male gamete will fuse with the 2 polar nuclei

to produce triploid endosperm
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

(b) (i) S

(ii) – Proses persenyawaan tidak boleh berlaku 8 (a) (i) P: Zon pembahagian sel/ Zone of cell division
Fertilisation process cannot occur Q: Zon pemanjangan sel/ Zone of cell elongation
– Butir debunga tidak boleh bercambah R: Zon pembezaan sel/ Zone of cell differentiation
Pollen grain cannot germinate (ii) Pertumbuhan primer/ Primary growth
– Tiada pembentukan tiub debunga/ X (iii) – Membolehkan pucuk tumbuh lebih tinggi.
No formation of pollen tube/ X Allows the shoots to grow higher.
– Mendapat lebih banyak cahaya matahari.
6 (a) (i) Rh, Rh, rh To get more sunlight.
(ii) – Hukum Mendel Pertama/ Hukum Pengasingan/ – Meningkatkan kadar fotosintesis.
Increases the rate of photosyntesis.
Segregasi (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
Mendel’s First Law/ Law of Segregation (b) – Pertumbuhan pucuk terencat.
– Ciri sesuatu organisma ditentukan oleh sepasang alel The growth of shoot is inhibited.
Character of an organism is determined by a pair of – Tiada pembentukan sel-sel baharu di pucuk.
No formation of new cells at the shoot.
allele (c) – Hormon auksin meresap ke zon Q (zon pemanjangan sel).
– Setiap gamet hanya menerima satu alel daripada Auxin hormone diffuses into zone Q (zone of cell

sepasang alel semasa proses meiosis elongation).
Each gamete receives only one allele from a pair of – Hormon auksin merangsang pemanjangan sel pada Q.
Auxin hormone stimulates the cell elongation at Q.
allele during meiosis process – Hormon auksin merangsang kedominan apeks pucuk dan
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)
akar.
(b) Rh Rh Auxin hormone stimulates the apical dominance of shoot

and root.
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

rh Rrhh Rrhh Bahagian B/ Section B

9 (a) – Protozoa tersebut bergerak menghampiri kawasan yang

rh Rrhh Rrhh bercahaya/ fototaksis.

(c) – Badan ibu mencetuskan gerak balas keimunan The protozoa moves closer to the luminous area/
Triggers the immune response in mother’s body
– Hal ini disebabkan oleh kehadiran antigen rhesus daripada phototaxis. [1]

bayi – Untuk menyerap tenaga cahaya.
It is due to the presence of rhesus antigen from the baby
– Limfosit ibu menghasilkan antibodi To absorb light energy. [1]
Mother’s lymphocyte produces antibody
(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) – Bagi melakukan fotosintesis

To undergo photosynthesis [1]

(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

(b) Persamaan/ Similarities:

– Kedua-dua sistem melibatkan koordinasi badan.

7 (a) (i) Oksigen/ Oxygen Both systems involve body coordination. [1]
(ii)
– Kedua-dua sistem melibatkan penerimaan rangsangan
X
dan mencetuskan gerak balas.

Alveolus Both systems involve receiving of stimulus and triggers a
Alveolus
response. [1]

Y Kapilari darah
Blood capillary

J7

Biologi Jawapan

– Kedua-dua sistem melibatkan penghantaran maklumat ke – Tekanan osmosis darah berkurang ke normal
Blood osmotic pressure decreases to normal
organ sasaran. – Urin yang sedikit/ pekat dihasilkan [1]
Less/ concentrated urine is produced [1]
Both systems involve transmission of information to the (Mana-mana sepuluh jawapan/ Any ten answers)

target organs. [1]

(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

Perbezaan/ Differences:

Rajah 9.2 Rajah 9.3 10 (a) (i) Bahan atau sinaran radioaktif/ Dadah/ Virus/ Toksin/
Diagram 9.2 Diagram 9.3
Benzena/ Asbestos/ Sinar ultraungu/ Sinar gama/

Sinar-X/ Suhu tinggi

1 Melibatkan sistem saraf Melibatkan sistem Radioactive substances or rays/ Drugs/ Viruses/ Toxins/

Involves nervous system endokrin Benzene/ Asbestos/ Ultraviolet rays/ Gamma rays/ X
Involves endocrine
rays/ High temperature [2]

system (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

2 Menghantar maklumat Menghantar maklumat (ii) Persamaan/ Similarities:

dalam bentuk impuls dalam bentuk hormon – Perubahan spontan pada struktur DNA dan kekal.

saraf Sends information in Spontaneous change on the structure of DNA and

permanent. [1]
CONTOH Sends information in the the form of hormone
– Berlaku secara rawak/semula jadi disebabkan oleh
form of nerve impulse
agen mutasi.

3 Impuls dipindahkan Hormon dipindahkan Occurs randomly/ naturally caused by the agent of
melalui neuron melalui peredaran darah
The impulses are The hormones are mutation. [1]
transmitted through delivered through the
neurones blood circulation – Kedua-duanya merupakan mutasi kromosom.

Both are chromosomal mutation. [1]

(Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers)

Perbezaan/ Differences:

4 Efektor menghasilkan Organ sasaran Rajah 10.1 Rajah 10.2
gerak balas menghasilkan gerak Diagram 10.1 Diagram 10.2
Effector produces balas
response Target organ produces 1 Segmen kromosom Segmen kromosom
response terputus dan hilang terputus dan disambung
Chromosomal semula secara terbalik
5 Gerak balas berlaku Gerak balas berlaku segment is cut off and Chromosomal segment
dengan cepat dengan perlahan disappeared is cut off and inversely
The response is quick The response is slow reconnected

6 Kesan adalah sementara Kesan lebih lama 2 Boleh menyebabkan Tiada kehilangan gen
kehilangan gen tetapi berubah struktur
The effect is short The effect is long Can cause the No dissapearance of
dissapearance of gene gene but changed in
[6] structure

(c) – Urin terbentuk di ginjal/ nefron

Urine is formed in the kidney/ nephrone [1]

– Bermula dengan proses ultraturasan di kapsul Bowman 3 Boleh menyebabkan Boleh menyebabkan
maut perubahan fenotip
Starts with the process of ultrafiltration in Bowman’s Can cause death Can cause the changes
of phenotype
capsule [1]

– Darah yang memasuki glomerulus mempunyai tekanan

hidrostatik yang tinggi

The blood entering the glomerulus has high hydrostatic 4 Dikenali sebagai Dikenali sebagai

pressure [1] pelenyapan penyongsangan

– Kandungan darah dituras ke dalam kapsul Bowman Known as deletion Known as inversion

The blood content is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule (Mana-mana dua jawapan/ Any two answers) [2]

[1] (iii) – Jantina/ Gender: Lelaki/ Male [1]

– Turasan glomerulus mengandungi air, garam mineral dan – Sindrom Klinefelter/ Klinefelter syndrome [1]

urea Penerangan/ Explanation:

The glomerular filtrate contains water, mineral salts and – Mutasi kromosom berlaku

urea [1] Chromosomal mutation occurs [1]

– Individu tersebut mempunyai tekanan osmosis yang – Mutagen menyebabkan kegagalan pembentukan

tinggi disebabkan oleh kehilangan air melalui perpeluhan gentian gelendong semasa meiosis

The individual has high osmotic pressure due to loss of Mutagent causes the failure of the formation of

water through perspiration/ sweating [1] spindle fibre during meiosis [1]

– Lebih banyak ADH dirembeskan oleh kelenjar pituitari – Berlakunya kromosom tak disjungsi

More ADH is secreted by pituitary gland [1] Non-disjunction of chromosome occurs [1]

– Meningkatkan ketelapan dinding tubul berlingkar distal/ – Menghasilkan gamet yang mempunyai lebihan satu

pengumpul terhadap air kromosom X

Increases the permeability of distal convoluted tubule/ Produces gamete which has more than one X

collecting duct towards water [1] chromosome [1]

– Lebih banyak air diserap semula pada tubul berlingkar – Membentuk zigot atau anak yang mempunyai lebihan

distal/ duktus pengumpul satu kromosom X (44 + XXY)

More water is reabsorbed from the distal convoluted Forms zygote or offspring which has more than one X

tubule/ collecting duct [1] chromosome (44 + XXY) [1]

(Mana-mana empat jawapan/ Any four answers)

J8