MODUL EKONOMI KERTAS 2 JPNPP

Modul Ekonomi 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

MODUL EKONOMI KERTAS 2 TAHUN 2021

KOMPILASI BERSAMA GC, JU EKONOMI DAN UNIT TVET
JPN PULAU PINANG

Usahasama,

Raja Shamsuddin Bin Raja Salleh, KPPK TVET, SBP JPNPP
Azlina Binti Pawanteh, PP TVET, SBP JPNPP
Effendy Abdullah, SISC+ TVET PPD SPU

Abu Seman Bin Mat karim, SISC+ TVET PPD SPT
Haji Bohari Bin Samsudin, SISC+ TVET PPD SPS

Tan Phaik Leng, SISC+ TVET PPD Timur Laut
Norshipa Ismail, SISC+ TVET PPD Barat Daya

Disusun semula oleh JU Ekonomi,
HJ Rozaini Bin Kasssim
Tan Swee Chin

Nor Suhaila Binti Khairudin

Madihah Binti Bidin

Katijah Binti Mohammed Ibrahim
Helidzia Binti Ramli

HJ Khairul Anuar Bin Abdul Salam
Lee Wee Chuan

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)
BAHAGIAN A
BAB 1 : PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI

Soalan 1
Rajah 1 menunjukkan keluk kemungkinan pengeluaran sebuah ekonomi. [OP2]

Jelaskan keadaan kombinasi pengeluaran di titik X. [3 markah]

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Soalan 2

Bagaimanakah Ekonomi Islam mencapai keseimbangan antara kepentingaan individu dan masyarakat? [OP2]
[5 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 3

Jelaskan usahawan sebagai sumber ekonomi dalam proses pengeluaran. [OP1] [4 markah]

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Soalan 4

Persaingan yang adil dan saksama antara individu wujud dalam Ekonomi Islam. Jelaskan.[OP1]

[5 markah]

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Soalan 5

Mengapakah kerajaan campur tangan dalam ekonomi negara Malaysia? [OP2] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 6
Gambar di bawah menunjukkan proses pengeluaran kereta. [OP2]

Terangkan ciri-ciri faktor pengeluaran tersebut. [5 markah]

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Soalan 7

Jelaskan konsep masalah asas ekonomi iaitu “apa yang hendak dikeluarkan”. [OP1] [3 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 8
Gambar berikut menunjukkan dua faktor pengeluaran yang digunakan dalam pengeluaran.

Terangkan tiga perbezaan yang terdapat dalam faktor pengeluaran tersebut. [OP3] [6 markah]

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Soalan 9

Terangkan kelebihan sistem ekonomi yang diamalkan di Amerika Syarikat. [OP2] [5 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 10
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan Encik Zainal.

Encik Zainal menceburi diri dalam bidang perusahaan kecil dan sederhana. Beliau mengusahakan perusahaan
membuat cendawan goreng dengan mengupah lima orang pekerja.

(a) Pada pendapat anda, adakah Encik Zainal dianggap sebagai usahawan? Berikan alasan anda. [OP4]
[4 markah]

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(b) Terangkan masalah asas ekonomi yang masih belum diselesaikan dalam situasi di atas. [OP2]
[4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 11
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan modal dan kos bagi firma ABC untuk mengeluarkan dua jenis produk.

Produk

Modal Novel Majalah
RM 700 000 RM 500 000 RM 600 000

Bagaimanakah Firma ABC menyelesaikan masalah ekonomi tersebut. [OP3] [5 markah]

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Soalan 12
Maklumat yang berikut berkaitan dengan ciri sistem ekonomi bagi dua buah negara.

Negara P Negara Q

Individu dan firma tidak bebas membuat Individu dan firma bebas membuat pilihan

pilihan. tetapi dikawal oleh kerajaan.

(a) Apakah sistem ekonomi yang diamalkan oleh negara P dan negara Q? [OP2] [2 markah]

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(b) Bezakan cara kedua-dua negara menyelesaikan masalah “apa yang hendak dikeluarkan” dan “untuk siapa

dikeluarkan”.[OP3] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 2 : PASARAN

Soalan 13
Jadual menunjukkan permintaan terhadap roti.

Dengan menggunakan kertas graf, lukiskan keluk permintaan pasaran dan jelaskan pembentukannya. [OP2]
[6 markah]

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Soalan 14

Terangkan tiga faktor yang mempengaruhi keanjalan harga penawaran suatu barang. [OP1] [6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 15

Dengan bantuan jadual yang sesuai, jelaskan hukum permintaan bagi suatu barang. [OP2] [5 markah]

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Soalan 16

Terangkan penentu keanjalan harga penawaran yang menyebabkan penawaran barang pertanian menjadi

tidak anjal. [OP1] [6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 17
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan dua situasi yang berkaitan dengan permintaan. [OP3]

Situasi A Situasi B
Berlaku penguncupan dan Berlaku pengurangan dan
pengembangan permintaan pertambahan permintaan

Bezakan situasi A dengan situasi B. [6 markah]

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Soalan 18

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan hubungan antara harga Barang X dengan kuantiti permintaan Barang Y.

Harga Barang X Kuantiti Diminta Barang Y
(RM) (unit)
2 15

6 12

Dengan memberikan contoh, jelaskan hubungan antara Barang X dan Barang Y. [OP3] [5 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 19
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kuantiti permintaan dan kuantiti penawaran suatu barang di pasaran.

Harga Permintaan pasaran Penawaran pasaran
(RM) (unit) (unit)

5 55 10
10 50 20
15 40 25
20 30 30
25 20 40
30 10 45

Dengan menggunakan kertas graf yang disediakan di bawah, lukiskan keluk keseimbangan pasaran

bagi barang tersebut. [OP2] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 20
Maklumat berikut berkaitan satu situasi yang berlaku di dalam negara.

KUALA LUMPUR: Mulai 1 Ogos ini, pelitup muka wajib dipakai dalam pengangkutan awam dan di kawasan
sesak atau tumpuan umum.

Sumber : Petikan BH Online 23 Julai 2020

Jelaskan kesan situasi tersebut ke atas pasaran pelitup muka tempatan. [OP3] [3 markah]

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Soalan 21

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keluk permintaan pasaran (DpDp) dan keluk penawaran pasaran (SpSp) bagi basikal
jenama Cergas.

Harga (RM) Sp
Dp

350

280

Sp Dp

0 Kuantiti (unit)
30 50

Jelaskan keadaan pasaran apabila harga dicapai pada:

(a) RM280 [OP3] [3 markah]

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(b) RM350 [OP3] [3 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 22
Gambar di bawah berkaitan satu jenis barang dalam ekonomi.

(a) Permintaan barang tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh harganya. Jelaskan. [OP3] [4 markah]

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(b) Barang di atas lebih sesuai dimiliki dengan menggunakan kaedah pembayaran secara kredit. Jelaskan. [OP2]
[4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 23
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan peratus perubahan kuantiti diminta dan peratus perubahan harga bagi barang W.

Jenis barang Peratus perubahan kuantiti diminta Peratus perubahan harga
Barang W 9 30

(a) Hitungkan nilai keanjalan harga permintaan bagi barang tersebut. [OP2] [2 markah]

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(b) Tafsirkan hasil pengiraan keanjalan harga permintaan di atas. [OP3] [3 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 24
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan keluk penawaran suatu barang.

(a) Hitung nilai pekali keanjalan harga penawaran barang tersebut.[OP2] [2 markah]

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(b) Tafsirkan nilai pekali keanjalan harga penawaran di atas. [OP3] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)
BAB 3 : PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

Soalan 25

Terangkan fungsi bank pusat sebagai jurubank kepada bank perdagangan. [OP1] [4 markah]

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Soalan 26
Gambar menunjukkan kemudahan pembayaran yang disediakan oleh institusi kewangan kepada pelanggan.

Mengapakah kemudahan pembayaran tersebut menjadi pilihan pengguna pada masa sekarang? [OP2]

[6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 27 [4 markah]
Bagaimanakah bank pusat menstabilkan nilai mata wang negara? [OP1]

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Soalan 28 [6 markah]
Terangkan faktor yang boleh meningkatkan perbelanjaan pengguna. [OP1]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 29

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pendapatan, perbelanjaan dan potongan wajib Puan Zafirah bagi bulan Januari
tahun 2020.

Butiran RM

Pendapatan 2700
Elaun 450
Makanan 700
Ansuran kereta 500
Zakat 150
Bil air, api dan telefon 320
Sewa rumah 500
Hiburan 400
KWSP 350
Akhbar / majalah 200
Pemberian kepada ibu bapa 300

Anda dikehendaki membantu Puan Zafirah menyediakan penyata belanjawan peribadi yang sistematik bagi bulan

Januari 2020. [OP2] [6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 30

Jelaskan kelebihan pembayaran secara tunai. [OP1] [5 markah]

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Soalan 31
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan faktor pemilihan pekerjaan oleh Aminah

KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN DAN INDUSTRI ASAS MARINA PUTRA JAYA SDN. BHD
TANI (FAMA)

Aminah tinggal di Pasir Puteh, Kelantan dan mendapat kelulusan yang baik dalam Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia
(SPM). Beliau telah memohon jawatan kosong di atas dan telah diterima oleh kedua-dua syarikat di atas.

Pada pendapat anda, kerjaya manakah menjadi pilihan Aminah dan mengapa? [OP4] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 32
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan komponen dalam pendapatan individu.

Pendapatan boleh guna = Tabungan + Y

(a) Apakah Y? [OP1] [1 markah]

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(b) Bagaimanakah cara individu menggunakan Y untuk memenuhi keperluan dan kehendaknya? [OP3]
[5 markah]

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Soalan 33

Bezakan Perbankan Islam dengan Perbankan Konvensional. [OP3] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 34

Terangkan tiga jenis pinjaman yang ditawarkan oleh Bank Perdagangan. [OP1] [6 markah]

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Soalan 35
Maklumat di bawah berkenaan dengan kemudahan overdraf bank perdagangan.

Encik Sharif seorang pemilik pasaraya di bandar K bercadang membuat pinjaman
overdraf di Bank Sentosa bagi tujuan menambah stok modal pasarayanya. Namun
isteri beliau tidak berapa setuju dengan cadangan beliau.

Bincangkan jenis pinjaman yang dibuat oleh Encik Sharif. [OP4] [6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 36
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan fungsi wang.

TARIKH PROMOSI: 1 APRIL-31 OGOS 2020

Untuk Tempahan Awal : Deposit 10% daripada harga pakej dan baki boleh
dibayar seminggu sebelum tarikh melancong.

Terangkan fungsi wang yang terdapat pada iklan promosi tersebut. [OP2] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 37
Logo di bawah merujuk kepada sebuah institusi kewangan bank di Malaysia.

Terangkan dua perkhidmatan simpanan yang disediakan oleh bank tersebut. [OP2] [5 markah]

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Soalan 38

Jelaskan konsep Skim Perbankan Islam yang berikut:

(a) Mudharabah [OP1] [2 markah]

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(b) Takjiri [OP1] [2 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 4 : PENGELUARAN

Soalan 39
Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan aspek eksternaliti.

Mengapakah loji tersebut perlu dibina ? [OP2] [6 markah]

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Soalan 40 [4 markah]
Terangkan dua input dalam proses pengeluaran jangka pendek.[OP1]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 41
Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan kos pengeluaran sebuah firma.

( i) Jelaskan konsep kos pengeluaran bagi firma di atas. [OP2] [2 markah]

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( ii ) Hitung kos marginal firma bagi output unit ke-50. [OP2] [3 markah]

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Soalan 42 [5 markah]

Jelaskan konsep faedah sosial. [OP1]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 43
Jadual berkaitan dengan fungsi pengeluaran jangka pendek sebuah firma.

Mesin Buruh Jumlah Keluaran Keluaran Purata Keluaran Marginal

(Unit) (Orang) (TP)(Unit) (AP) (Unit) (MP) (Unit)

10 0 - -
11 10 10 10
12 22 11 X
13 33 11 11
14 42 10.5 9
15 47 9.4 5
16 49 8.17 2
17 49 7 0
18 46 5.75 -3

i) Berapakah nilai X? [OP2] [1 markah]

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ii) Mengapakah bilangan buruh 3 hingga 7 orang merupakah tahap pengeluaran paling cekap bagi

firma tersebut?[OP3] [4 markah]

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26

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 44

Berikut adalah kos pengeluaran bagi firma Asma Enterprise.

Jumlah output 100 unit
Jumlah kos RM1200
Kos berubah RM500

Hitungkan:

(a) Kos tetap [OP2] [2 markah]

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(b) Kos purata [OP2] [2 markah]

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Soalan 45
Jadual di bawah berkaitan dengan kos pengeluaran.

Output Jumlah Kos Kos Purata Kos Marginal
(unit) (RM) (RM) (RM)

0 100 - -
1 150 150 50
2 190 95 40
3 210 X 20
4 240 60 Y
5 310 62 70

(a) Berapakah nilai X dan nilai Y? [OP2] [2 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

(b) Jelaskan hubungan antara output dengan kos purata dan kos marginal pada tingkat output berikut:

(i) Output 0 hingga 3 unit [OP3] [2 markah]

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(ii) Output 4 hingga 5 unit [OP3] [2 markah]

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Soalan 46
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan sebuah firma.

Kilang Abu menghasilkan kasut sebanyak 80 pasang. Jumlah kos yang ditanggung ialah RM560. Apabila
firma menambah output menjadi 100 pasang, kos pengeluaran meningkat sebanyak 25%.

Hitungkan kos marginal bagi output ke 100. [OP2] [4 markah]

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Soalan 47
Gambar di bawah menunjukkan dua jenis input bagi pengeluaran kek berlapis Margarita.

Terangkan kos-kos yang terlibat akibat penggunaan input - input di atas. [OP3] [4 markah]

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28

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 48

Pernyataan di bawah adalah berkaitan dengan produktiviti.

“Di Malaysia, Kumpulan Pasaraya Suria menawarkan pelbagai barangan runcit, peralatan rumah, hadiah,
produk penjagaan diri dan peralatan pengguna melalui penghantaran ke rumah. Untuk meningkatkan
produktiviti, Kumpulan Pasaraya Suria telah menubuhkan organisasi dengan membahagikan kepada
beberapa bahagian supaya masing-masing mempunyai tanggungjawab”.

Jelaskan empat faktor lagi yang mempengaruhi produktiviti Kumpulan Pasaraya Suria. [OP2] [4 markah]

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Soalan 49

Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan projek pembangunan kerajaan.

Projek ECRL disambung dengan Kos RM44 Bilion

PUTRAJAYA - Projek Laluan Rel Pantai Timur (ECRL) sejauh 688 kilometer yang menghubungkan Pelabuhan
Klang di Selangor ke Kelantan akan disambung semula pada kos yang lebih rendah.

Kos pembinaan Fasa 1 dan 2 ECRL kini dikurangkan kepada RM44 bilion, pengurangan sebanyak RM21.5
bilion daripada kos asalnya RM65.5 bilion.

Projek ECRL ini ditangguhkan untuk semakan semula berikutan kosnya yang tinggi selain memberi impak
kepada hidupan liar.

Jelaskan kos sosial yang wujud akibat pelaksanaan aktiviti pembinaan ECRL ini. [OP3] [6 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 50
Maklumat di bawah adalah berkaitan dengan eksternaliti.

PASIR GUDANG: Kadar pencemaran Sungai Kim Kim di sini, yang pernah menjadi punca pencemaran toksik
akibat pembuangan sisa kimia pada Mac lalu, didakwa terlalu tinggi sehingga mencecah 153 kali ganda
daripada bacaan sepatutnya. Keputusan itu didakwa diperoleh hasil ujian makmal kimia swasta bagi sampel
air yang diambil di 10 lokasi berbeza yang terletak berhampiran perumahan penduduk di jajaran sungai
berkenaan, dua bulan lalu.

Jelaskan kos sosial yang timbul daripada situasi tersebut? [OP2] [6 markah]

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Soalan 51
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan isu eksploitasi pengguna.

Matlamat firma untuk memaksimumkan keuntungan melalui aktiviti pengeluaran barang dan perkhidmatan
mungkin menjejaskan kebajikan masyarakat dengan mengeksploitasi pengguna.

Terangkan peranan kerajaan dalam mengawal selia pengeluar dalam situasi di atas. [OP2] [4 markah]

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30

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 5 : EKONOMI DAN KERAJAAN [6 markah]

Soalan 52
Bandingkan antara dasar fiskal dengan dasar kewangan. [OP3]

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Soalan 53

Terangkan jenis - jenis hasil cukai kerajaan. [OP1] [4 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 54

Kerajaan sebagai majikan menyediakan pelbagai faedah sampingan kepada penjawat awam. Jelaskan. [OP1]
[4 markah]

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Soalan 55

Huraikan jenis-jenis perbelanjaan kerajaan. [OP1] [6 markah]

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32

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 56

Maklumat berikut berkaitan Keluaran Dalam Negara Kasar (KDNK) Malaysia mengikut aktiviti ekonomi bagi suku
tahun ketiga tahun 2018.

Aktiviti ekonomi Sumbangan Kadar pertumbuhan
(%)

Perkhidmatan 56 7.2

Pembuatan 23 5.0

Pembinaan 4.7 4.6

Pertanian 8.2 - 1.4

Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 7.3 - 4.6

Diubahsuai dari sumber Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia, 2018

Jelaskan keadaan KDNK negara. [OP5] [4 markah]

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Soalan 57

Bezakan antara dasar harga maksimum dengan dasar harga minimum. [OP3] [4 markah]

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33

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 58

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan kadar faedah semalaman (OPR) yang ditentukan oleh Bank Negara Malaysia
kepada bank-bank perdagangan.

Kadar faedah (%) Kadar faedah (%)
(22 Januari 2020) (7 Julai 2020)

2.75 1.75

Jelaskan kesan perubahan kadar faedah tersebut kepada pengguna. [OP3] [5 markah]

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Soalan 59

Bank pusat menggunakan alat dasar kewangan untuk mengawal keadaan ekonomi dengan mempengaruhi
bekalan wang dalam ekonomi.

Jelaskan tindakan Bank Pusat berikut:

(a) Menaikkan kadar faedah [OP2] [3 markah]

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(b) Melonggarkan syarat sewa beli [OP2] [3 markah]

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34

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 60

Belanjawan lebihan boleh digunakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah ketidakstabilan ekonomi. Huraikan.[OP1]
[6 markah]

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Soalan 61
Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan analisis unjuran ekonomi Malaysia.

COVID-19: Malaysia sukar elak kemelesetan ekonomi

Ahli Ekonomi OCBC Bank, Wellion Wiranto, berkata pihaknya melihat terdapat kemungkinan ekonomi
Malaysia berdepan pertumbuhan negatif meskipun dengan bantuan pakej rangsangan. Beliau berkata,
pihaknya membuat semakan semula unjuran kadar pertumbuhan bagi 2020 kepada sekitar antara -2.5%
sehingga 1.5% berikutan pengucupan ketara dalam permintaan domestik dan eksport yang lemah.

Jelaskan kesan pandemik covid-19 terhadap ekonomi negara.[OP3] [6 markah]

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35

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 62

Terangkan jenis-jenis pengangguran. [OP1] [6 markah]

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Soalan 63
Gambar di bawah berkaitan badan pemungut cukai di Malaysia.

(a) Jelaskan kepentingan pelaksanaan cukai terhadap ekonomi negara. [OP2] [4 markah]

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36

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

(b) Sekiranya kerajaan menaikkan pelepasan cukai, jelaskan kesannya terhadap isi rumah. [OP3] [6 markah]
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37

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 6 : MALAYSIA DAN EKONOMI GLOBAL

Soalan 64
Maklumat berikut menunjukkan perubahan kadar pertukaran asing antara Ringgit Malaysia (RM) berbanding
satu Dolar Amerika Syarikat (USD) bagi tempoh 6 Januari 2018 hingga 3 Februari 2018.

(i) Berapakah kadar pertukaran asing pada 8 Januari 2018? [OP2] [1 markah]

...........................................................................................................................................................................

( ii ) Syarikat Harmoni membuat pembelian sebuah mesin dari Amerika Syarikat yang bernilai USD60 000

pada 8 Januari 2018. Pembayaran hanya dibuat pada 1 Februari 2018, apakah situasi yang telah

dihadapi oleh syarikat tersebut? Jelaskan. [OP3] [4 markah]

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38

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 65

Jadual menjukkan kadar pertukaran asing Antara Ringgit Malaysia (RM) berbanding Dolar Amerika Syarikat

(USD).

Tahun Kadar Pertukaran Asing

Januari 2017 1 USD = RM 4.50
Januari 2018 1 USD = RM 4.12

Sumber : http://www.anm.gov.my,Selasa,10 April 2018

Encik Ramli mengimport mesin bernilai USD80 000 pada bulan Januari 2017.
Encik Ramli menjual semula mesin tersebut dan memperoleh jumlah hasil sebanyak RM400 000.

Pada tahun 2018, Encik Ramli mengimport barang yang sama dan memperoleh jumlah hasil yang sama seperti

tahun 2017.

(i) Hitungkan :

(1) nilai mesin dalam Ringgit Malaysia pada tahun 2017. [OP2] [2 markah]

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(2) perbezaan keuntungan Encik Ramli pada tahun 2018 berbanding 2017. [OP3] [3 markah]

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(ii) Berikan justifikasi berdasarkan jawapan anda di (i)(2). [OP3] [1 markah]

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39

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 66

Jadual menunjukkan perubahan kadar pertukaran asing Antara Dolar Singapura (SGD) berbanding Ringgit Malaysia
(RM) bagi tempoh tiga tahun.

Kadar Pertukaran 2 Jan.2014 2 Jan.2015 4 Jan.2016
RM bagi seunit SGD 2.5930 2.6463 3.0376

Sumber : www.bnm.gov.my

(i) Apakah arah aliran kadar pertukaran Ringgit Malaysia (RM) berbanding Dolar Singapura (SGD)? [OP2]
[1 markah]

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(ii) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di (i), jelaskan kesan perubahan tersebut terhadap harga eksport dan import

Malaysia. [OP3] [3 markah]

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Soalan 67

Terangkan ciri-ciri syarikat multinasional.[OP1] [5 markah]

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40

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 68
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan faktor penggalak globalisasi.

Dalam persekitaran globalisasi, pergerakan trafik maritim dalam kalangan negara-negara benua Asia telah
meningkat dengan mendadak sejak kebelakangan ini. Jumlah dagangan Intra-Asia sahaja telah mengatasi
dagangan di antara Asia dan negara-negara barat dalam dekad lalu. Pelabuhan-pelabuhan Asia memproses
hampir 50% dari jumlah pergerakan kontainer dunia di mana 25% dari jumlah ini membabitkan China 7%.

Jelaskan faktor-faktor selain yang terdapat dalam petikan di atas. [OP2] [5 markah]

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Soalan 69

Jelaskan tujuan kerajaan Malaysia melaksanakan sekatan perdagangan antarabangsa. [OP1] [4 markah]

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41

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 70
Rajah menunjukkan satu sekatan perdagangan antarabangsa.

(a) Kenalpasti bentuk sekatan yang digunakan.[OP2] [1 markah]

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(b) Jelaskan kesan tindakan kerajaan ini terhadap pasaran barang. [OP3] [6 markah]

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42

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 71
Maklumat di bawah berkaitan dengan akaun semasa imbangan pembayaran Malaysia pada tahun 2017.

Butiran (bersih) RM bilion
Barangan 118.1
Perkhidmatan -23.1
Pendapatan primer -36.1
Pendapatan sekunder -18.8

Hitung dan tafsirkan kedudukan akaun semasa imbangan pembayaran Malaysia pada tahun 2017. [OP3]
[4 markah]

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Soalan 72

Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kadar pertukaran antara Ringgit Malaysia (RM) berbanding dengan Dolar Amerika
Syarikat (USD).

Kuantiti Dolar (USD) Juta

(a) Bagaimanakah penentuan kadar pertukaran asing Ringgit Malaysia dengan Dolar Amerika ditentukan.[OP2]
[2 markah]

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43

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

(b) Sekiranya kadar pertukaran Ringgit Malaysia ialah RM5.00 seunit USD, apakah yang akan berlaku dalam

pasaran pertukaran asing? [OP3] [2 markah]

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Soalan 73

Jadual di bawah menunjukkan kadar pertukaran antara Ringgit Malaysia (RM) berbanding Dolar Amerika Syarikat
(USD) bagi dua tempoh masa.

Bulan Amerika Syarikat (USD) Malaysia (RM)
Mei 2020 1 4.3965
Julai 2020 1 4.3187

Berikan kesan ke atas imbangan dagangan Malaysia akibat perubahan tersebut. [OP3] [5 markah]

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44

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAHAGIAN B
BAB 1 : PENGENALAN KEPADA EKONOMI

Soalan 1
1 Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan satu sistem ekonomi

Kerajaan melalui agensi-egensinya berhasrat melaksanakan projek berikut dengan peruntukan
sebanyak RM20 juta.
* Projek Jalan Desa di Kelantan - RM20 juta
* Projek Tebatan Banjir di Kedah - RM19.4 juta
* Klinik Kesihatan Daerah di Johor - RM22 juta

(a) Jelaskan ciri-ciri sistem ekonomi di atas. [OP2] [5 markah]

(b) Mengapakan kerajaan perlu melaksanakan projek-projek tersebut? [OP3] [6 markah]

(c) Projek yang manakah menjadi pilihan kerajan? [OP4] [9 markah]
Bincangkan kesan pilihan tersebut.

45

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 2 : PASARAN

Soalan 2

2 Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan tindakan kerajaan terhadap pasaran suatu produk

(a) Sebagai seorang pengguna yang bijak, apakah tindakan anda apabila berhadapan [4 markah]
dengan situasi di atas? Jelaskan. [OP2]

(b) Dengan bantuan rajah, jelaskan perubahan harga tersebut ke atas pasaran barang

pengganti. [OP3] [7 markah]

(c) Bagaimanakah tindakan kerajaan tersebut memberi kesan kepada firma dan [9 markah]
negara? [OP4]

46

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)
BAB 3 : PENDAPATAN INDIVIDU

Soalan 3
Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan pendapatan individu

(a) Jelaskan pendapatan tersebut. [OP2] [4 markah]
(b) Mengapakah berlakunya senario sedemikian? [OP3] [7 markah]
(c) Peningkatan upah mampu meningkatkan taraf hidup keluarga. Buktikan. [OP4] [9 markah]

Soalan 4

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan sejenis pendapatan individu

Bantuan Sara Hidup RM500 hingga RM1 000

KUALA LUMPUR: Kerajaan akan meneruskan dan menambah baik Bantuan Sara Hidup (BSH)
kepada golongan isi rumah berpendapatan 40 peratus terendah dengan menyalurkan
peruntukan lebih tersasar.

(a) Jelaskan jenis pendapatan yang diterima oleh penerima bantuan tersebut. [OP2] [4 markah]

(b) Bagaimanakah bantuan tersebut dapat meningkatkan taraf kehidupan mereka? [7 markah]
[OP3]

(c) Kerajaan berpendapat bantuan di atas perlu diteruskan. Kemukakan hujah anda? [9 markah]
[OP4]

47

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 5

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan cukai di sebuah negara

Kadar cukai makanan pada suatu tahun

Jumlah Jumlah Perbelanjan Kadar Cukai Cukai (RM) Peratus Beban
Pendapatan Makanan Sebulan (%) Cukai
(RM) 350
(RM) 6 360 Berbanding
6000 6 Pendapatan (%)
10 000 6000 Maklumat 1
100 000 3.6
0.36

Kadar cukai pendapatan individu

Jumlah Pendapatan (RM) Kadar Cukai (%) Cadangan Kadar Cukai
(%)
0 - 5 000 0 0
1
5 001 - 20 000 1 2
6
20 001 - 35 000 3 12
18
35 001 - 50 000 8
[2 markah]
50 001 - 70 000 14
[2 markah]
70 001 - 100 000 21

Maklumat 2

(a) Jelaskan jenis cukai yang berkaitan dengan [OP2]

(i) Maklumat 1

(ii) Maklumat 2

(b) Bincangkan kesan pelaksanaan cukai di Maklumat 1 ke atas agihan pendapatan [9 markah]
rakyat negara berkenaan. [OP4]

(c) Persatuan Pengguna negara berkenaan telah memberi cadangan kadar cukai yang

baharu seperti di Maklumat 2. Adakah anda bersetuju dengan cadangan berkenaan?

Jelaskan. [OP4] [7 markah]

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Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

BAB 5 : EKONOMI DAN KERAJAAN

Soalan 6
Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan peranan kerajaan dalam pembagunan negara.

(a) Mengapakah kerajaan menetapkan sasaran sedemikian? [OP2] [4 markah]

(b) Dengan bantuan gambar rajah yang sesuai, jelaskan kesan sasaran kerajaan [7 markah]
tersebut ke atas pasaran rumah. [OP3] [9 markah]

(c) Bagaimanakah kerajaan dapat memastikan sasaran tersebut berjaya dicapai?
[OP4]

Soalan 7
Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan inflasi.

(a) Terangkan dua jenis inflasi dalam petikan di atas. [OP2] [4 markah]

(b) Perubahan kadar inflasi pada tahun 2017 memberi kesan terhadap ekonomi. [7 markah]
Bincangkan [OP4]

(c) Cadangkan tindakan yang perlu anda laksanakan untuk menangani kesan pada 7(a). [9 markah]
[OP3]

49

Modul Ekonomi Kertas 2 2021 (JPN Pulau Pinang)

Soalan 8

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan tindakan kerajaan dalam usaha pemulihan ekonomi akibat COVID-19

Kerajaan Umum Moratorium Lanjutan Untuk Rakyat Hilang Pekerjaan

Kerajaan bersetuju melaksanakan lanjutan moratorium dan bantuan bank bersasar khusus
kepada rakyat yang hilang pekerjaan dan masih belum mendapat pekerjaan baharu. Perdana
Menteri, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, berkata lanjutan moratorium akan diberikan untuk tempoh
tiga bulan.
"Selepas tiga bulan, tempoh moratorium boleh dilanjutkan oleh bank bergantung kepada
situasi masing-masing. Bagi individu yang masih bekerja tetapi gaji mereka terjejas dan
berkurangan akibat COVID-19, bayaran ansuran akan dikurangkan selaras dengan kadar
pengurangan gaji bergantung kepada jenis pinjaman," katanya.

Sumber: ubahsuai BH Online, 29-07-2020

(a) Jelaskan alat dasar kewangan yang digunakan untuk mengatasi keadaan ekonomi tersebut? [OP2]
[4 markah]

(b) Bersetujukah anda dengan pengumuman kerajaan di atas? [OP4] [7 markah]

(c) Cadangkan tindakan yang perlu diambil oleh isi rumah dan firma untuk mengatasi masalah

ketidakstabilan ekonomi di atas selepas tempoh lanjutan tersebut tamat. [OP4] [9 markah]

Soalan 9

Maklumat berikut berkaitan dengan dasar kerajaan melalui Pakej Rangsangan Ekonomi (PRIHATIN).

KUALA LUMPUR. Program Subsidi Upah (PSU) yang membantu majikan
meneruskan operasi dan mengekalkan pekerja mereka selepas terkesan akibat
penularan wabak COVID-19, pada masa yang sama bertujuan untuk membantu
pekerja dalam golongan B40 yang berpendapatan RM4 000 dan ke bawah.

Sumber: ubahsuai BH online, Selasa 9 Jun 2020

(a) Jelaskan jenis perbelanjaan kerajaan bagi program tersebut. [OP2] [3 markah]

(b) Mengapakah kerajaan melaksanakan program tersebut? [OP3] [8 markah]

(c) Ramalkan kesan ke atas ekonomi secara keseluruhan sekiranya program tersebut tidak dilaksanakan.

Perincikan hujah anda. [OP4] [9 markah]

50