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PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions
Chapter wise ..

Chapter 1: Review of C++ Programming

1.Which among the following is an insertion operator ?
 (a) <<
 (b) >>
 (c) <
 (d) >

Ans. a
2. …………… is an exit control loop.

 a)for loop
 b)while loop
 c)do …while loop
 d)break
Ans. C.
3. ………………. Statement in a loop forces the termination of that loop
Ans. Continue
4. ….. …… … operator is the arithmetic assignment operator ?
 (a) >>
 (b) ++

 (c) +=
 (d) = 14

Ans. C

5. Which one of the following is equivalent to the statement series b=a,a=a+1

 a). b + = a
 b) b= a ++
 c). b = ++ a
 d) b + = a + b;

Ans. b

6. Identity the following C++ tokens

 (a) "welcome"
 (b) int
 (c) >=
 (d) ++

Ans : “Welcome” is a string literal
Int is a keyword
>= is a relational operator
++ is a increment operator

7. What are the main components of a looping statement ?

Ans : Loop statements usually have four components: initialization (usually of a loopcontrol
variable), continuation test on whether to do another iteration, an update step, and a loop body.

8. .Explain switch statement with an example?
Ans : The Switch enables to select one among several alternatives. It is a multipath statement.

Syntax:

Switch (expression)
{ case value1 :Statement 1;

break;

case value2 :Statement 2;
break;

case value3 :Statement 3;
break;

default : Statement n;

}

The expression is evaluated and statements are executed according to the value . If no match is
found, then default statement is executed.

Eg.

switch(day_no)
{
case 1 : cout<<”Sunday”;
break;
case 2 : cout<<”Monday”;

break;
case 3 : cout<<”Tuesday”;
break;
……………………..
……………………..
default : cout<<”Invalid entry”;
}

9. How does a ‘goto’ statement work ?

Ans : goto statement is used for unconditional jump. It transfers the control from one part of the
program to another.

Syntax:
goto label; (A label is an identifier
followed by a colon)

Eg:

int i=1;
start: cout<<i;
++i;

if (i<=50)
goto start;

10. How do continue and break statement differ in a loop ?Explain with an example.

Ans : Continue statement is used to continue to the beginning of a loop. When a continue
statement is executed in a loop it skips the remaining statements in the loop and proceeds with
the next iteration of the loop.

Break statement is used to terminate a loop or switch statement.

Example: continue statement inside for loop

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

for (int j=0; j<=8; j++)
{

if (j==4)
{

/* The continue statement is encountered when
* the value of j is equal to 4.
*/
continue;
}

/* This print statement would not execute for the
* loop iteration where j ==4 because in that case
* this statement would be skipped.
*/
printf("%d ", j);
}
return 0;
}

Output

01235678

Value 4 is missing in the output, why? When the value of variable j is 4, the program
encountered a continue statement, which makes the control to jump at the beginning of the for
loop for next iteration, skipping the statements for current iteration.

Example – Use of break in a while loop

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

int num =0;
while(num<=100)
{

printf("value of variable num is: %d\n", num);
if (num==2)
{

break;
}
num++;
}
printf("Out of while-loop");

return 0;
}

Output:

value of variable num is: 0
value of variable num is: 1
value of variable num is: 2
Out of while-loop

11. Write a C++ program to accept a string and count the number of words And Vowels in that
string.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3.
4. int main()
5. {
6. char line[150];
7. int vowels, consonants, digits, spaces;
8.
9. vowels = consonants = digits = spaces = 0;
10.
11. cout << "Enter a line of string: ";
12. cin.getline(line, 150);
13. for(int i = 0; line[i]!='\0'; ++i)
14. {
15. if(line[i]=='a' || line[i]=='e' || line[i]=='i' ||
16. line[i]=='o' || line[i]=='u' || line[i]=='A' ||
17. line[i]=='E' || line[i]=='I' || line[i]=='O' ||
18. line[i]=='U')
19. {
20. ++vowels;
21. }
22. else if((line[i]>='a'&& line[i]<='z') || (line[i]>='A'&& line[i]<='Z'))
23. {
24. ++consonants;
25. }
26. else if(line[i]>='0' && line[i]<='9')
27. {
28. ++digits;
29. }
30. else if (line[i]==' ')
31. {
32. ++spaces;
33. }
34. }
35.
36. cout << "Vowels: " << vowels << endl;

37. cout << "Consonants: " << consonants << endl;
38. cout << "Digits: " << digits << endl;
39. cout << "White spaces: " << spaces << endl;
40.
41. return 0;
42.}

Output

Enter a line of string: This is 1 hell of a book.
Vowels: 7
Consonants: 10
Digits: 1
White spaces: 6
12. define the term keyword in C++, also give an example?

Keywords are tokens that carry a specific meaning to the language compiler.
Eg. int, switch etc..

13. Define jump statement?

Jump statements are used to jump unconditionally to a different statement. It is used to alter the
flow of control unconditionally. There are four types
of jump statements in C++ : break, continue, and go to.

14. Write the output for the code given below

for(n=1;n<10;++n)
{

cout<<"HAI";
if(n==4)
break;
cout<<n;
}

output

15. Explain about nested loops

Placing a loop inside the body of another loop is called nesting of a loop. In a nested loop, the
inner loop statement will be executed repeatedly as long as the condition of the outer loop is true.
Here the loop control variables for the two loops should be different.

16. Define jump statement.explain give any two.

Anwsers are QS in 13 and 10.

17. Re- write the following C++ code using “ switch ‘’ statement.

cin >> pcode;
if(pcode == ‘C’ )
cout<< “Computer”;
else if(pcode == ‘M’ )
cout<< “Mobile Phone”;
else if(pcode == ‘L’ )
cout<< “Laptop”;
else
cout<< “ Invalid Code”;

correct code

switch(pcode)
{
case C:

cout<<"Computer";
break;
case M:

cout<<"Mobilephone";
break;
case L:

cout<<"Laptop";
break;
default: cout<<"Invalid Code";

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter wise ..

Chapter 2: Arrays

1. char s1[10] =”hello”, s2[];
strcpy(s1,s2);
cout<<s2;

What will be the output?
 a) hello
 b) hel
 c)hell
 d) no output

Ans. d.
2. How memory is allocated for a float array?
If it is a float array then its elements will occupy 8 bytes of memory each. But this is not the total
size or memory allocated for the array. They are the sizes of individual elements in the array.
3. How we can initialize an integer array ?Give an example?

Giving values to the array elements at the time of array declaration is known as array
initialization .
Example An array of 10 scores: 89, 75, 82, 93, 78, 95, 81, 88, 77,and 82

int score[10] = {89, 75, 82, 93, 78, 95, 81, 88, 77, 82};

4. Define an array.Give an example of an integer array declaration?

Arrays are used to store a set of values of the same type in contiguous memory locations
under a single variable name. Each element in an array can be accessed using its position in the
list, called index number or subscript.

Score of 100 marks : int score[100];

5. Write C++ initialization statement to initialize an integer array name ‘MARK’ with the

values 70, 80 , 85 , 90.

int MARK[4]={70,80,85,90};

6 . Explain how allocation of string takes place in memory?

A sting can be considered as an array of characters.Character array ,characters will
occupy 1 byte of memory each.Null character('/0') is stored in the end of the string.

example: "computer" is a string.It can be stored in memory by 1byte of each character.

7. Explain gets( ) and puts( ) functions?

gets() function is used to accept a string of characters including whitespace from
standard input device(eg. Keyboard) and store it in a character array.

Syntax: gets(String_data)
Eg. gets(str);

puts() function is used to display a string data on a standard output device(eg. Monitor)
Syntax: puts(String_data)

Eg. puts(“ Hello “);

8 . Consider the following C++ code

char text[20];
cin≫text; cout≪text;

If the input string is “Computer Programming”; what will be the output ?justify your answer.

Ans. output- Computer Programming

Character array name text is the size 20.That is 20 characters can allocate to the
memory.If the input string is "computer programming"total characters are 20 including one white

space between computer and programming.so the output will print computer programming.Null
character is stored at the end of the string.

9. Write the output of the C++ code segment

char s1[10] = “Computer”;
char s2[10] = “Application”;
strcpy(s1,s2);
cout<< s2;

Output : -Applicatio

10. Write a C++ program to accept a string and find its length without using built in function.
Use a character array to store the string .

/* C Program to find the length of a String without using built in function
* using any standard library function
*/
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{

/* Here we are taking a char array of size
* 100 which means this array can hold a string
* of 100 chars. You can change this as per requirement
*/

char str[100],i;
printf("Enter a string: \n");
scanf("%s",str);

// '\0' represents end of String
for(i=0; str[i]!='\0'; ++i);

printf("\nLength of input string: %d",i);

return 0;
}

output

11. Write a program to input ‘N’ numbers into an integer array and find the largest number in
the array.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. int main()
4. {
5. int i, n;
6. float arr[100];
7. cout << "Enter total number of elements(1 to 100): ";
8. cin >> n;
9. cout << endl;
10. // Store number entered by the user
11. for(i = 0; i < n; ++i)
12. {
13. cout << "Enter Number " << i + 1 << " : ";
14. cin >> arr[i];
15. }
16. // Loop to store largest number to arr[0]

17. for(i = 1;i < n; ++i)
18. {
19. // Change < to > if you want to find the smallest element
20. if(arr[0] < arr[i])
21. arr[0] = arr[i];
22. }
23. cout << "Largest element = " << arr[0];
24. return 0;
25. }

output

Enter total number of elements: 8

Enter Number 1: 23.4
Enter Number 2: -34.5
Enter Number 3: 50
Enter Number 4: 33.5
Enter Number 5: 55.5
Enter Number 6: 43.7
Enter Number 7: 5.7
Enter Number 8: -66.5

Largest element = 55.5

12. Write C++ program to input 10 numbers in an integer array and find the sum of numbers

which are exact multiples of 5.

13. Write C++ program to input 10 numbers in an integer array and find the second largest
element.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){

int n, num[50], largest, second;
cout<<"Enter number of elements: ";
cin>>n;
for(int i=0; i<n; i++){

cout<<"Enter Array Element"<<(i+1)<<": ";
cin>>num[i];
}
/* Here we are comparing first two elements of the
* array, and storing the largest one in the variable
* "largest" and the other one to "second" variable.
*/
if(num[0]<num[1]){
largest = num[1];
second = num[0];
}
else{
largest = num[0];
second = num[1];
}

for (int i = 2; i< n ; i ++) {
/* If the current array element is greater than largest
* then the largest is copied to "second" and the element
* is copied to the "largest" variable.
*/
if (num[i] > largest) {
second = largest;
largest = num[i];
}
/* If current array element is less than largest but greater
* then second largest ("second" variable) then copy the
* element to "second"
*/
else if (num[i] > second && num[i] != largest) {
second = num[i];
}

}
cout<<"Second Largest Element in array is: "<<second;
return 0;
}

Output:

Enter number of elements: 5
Enter Array Element1: 12
Enter Array Element2: 31
Enter Array Element3: 9
Enter Array Element4: 21
Enter Array Element5: 3
Second Largest Element in array is: 21

Explanation:
User enters 5 as the value of n, which means the first for loop ran times to store the each element
entered by user to the array, first element in num[0], second in num[1] and so on.

14. Consider the following C++ code

int main()
{
char str[20];
cout<<"Enter the string";
cin>>str;
puts(str);
return 0;
}

a) Write the value of str if the string "HELLO WORLD" is input to the code.Justify?

Ans. HELLO
The letters of the word HELLO is stores in the array str as first 6 char elements The

input is completed due to the blank space and the word "WORLD" is skipped

b) Write the amount of memory allocated for storing the arr str.Give reason?
The amount of memory allocated for storing the arr str is 20.
Note that a null character '\0' is stored at the end of the string. This character is used as the

string terminator and added at the end automatically. Thus we can say that memory required to

store a string will be equal to the number of characters in the string plus one byte for null
character.
c) Write an alternative we can use to input the string in place of cout?
Ans. gets(str );
15. Write a C++ statement to declare with an array size 25 to accept the name of a student
Ans. char name[25];
16. -------------- is a collection of elements of same type place in a contigious memory locations
Ans. Array
17. Write C++ statement for the following

a) Declare an integers array "MARK" to store marks of five pupils
b) Initialize the array "MARK" with values 30,50,65,25,70
Ans.a) int MARK[5];
b) int MARK[5]={30,50,65,25,70};

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter
wise ..

Chapter 3 Function

1. . ………. Function is used to check whether a character is alphanumeric.

 (a) isdigit( )
 (b) isalnum( )
 (c) isupper( )

 (d) islower( )

Ans. b

2. Consider the following code :

char s1[ ]=”program”
char s2[ ]=”PROGRAM”
int n;
n=strcmpi(S1,S2)
What is the value of n ?

 (a) n=0
 (b) n=1
 (c) n>1
 (d) n< 0

Ans. a

3. Explain any three string function with example

i. strlen() : This function is used to find the length of a string(Number of
characters ). Its return value is an integer.

n = strlen(str);

ii. strcpy() : This function is used to copy one string into another.

Syntax : strcpy(string1, string2);
Eg: strcpy(s1,s2);

iii. strcat() : This function is used to append one string to another string. The length of
the resultant string is the total length of the two strings.

Syntax: strcat(string1, string2);
Eg. strcat(s1,s2);

4. . Explain any three stream functions for I/O operation

Stream functions allow a stream of bytes (data) to flow between memory and
objects like Key Board or Monitor A.

Input functions

a). get() : It can accept a single character or multiple characters (string) through the
keyboard. To accept a string, an array name and size are to be given as arguments.

Eg cin.get(str,10)

b). getline() : It accepts a string through the keyboard. The delimiter will be Enter key,
the number of characters or a specified character.
Eg. cin.getline(str,len);
cin.getline(str,len,ch);

Output functions

a). put() : It is used to display a character constant or the content of a character
variable given as argument.
Eg. cout.put('B'); cout.put(65);

b). write() : This function displays the string contained in the argument.
Eg. cout.write(str,10); 8

5. . Write a code to do the following :
(a)A function named largest accept two integer numbers and return the Largest
number.
(b)Use this function to find the largest of two numbers

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int largest(int a, int b)
{
Int large;

if(a > b)
large = a;
else
large = b;
return large;
}
int main()
{
int n,m, p;

cout<<"Enter the Number for checking :";
cin>>n<<m;
p = largest(n,m);
cout<< “ The largest number is : “<<p<<endl;
return0;
}

6. Write a function that accept 3 numbers of type float as argument And return
the average of three numbers.
Write program which use this function to find the average of three numbers using
C++

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int average(float a, float b, float c)
{
float av;
av=(a + b + c) / 3;
return av;
}
int main()
{
float n, m, o, p;
cout<<"Enter 3 Number for finding Average :";
cin>>n<<m<<o;
p = largest(n,m,o);
cout<< “ The average is : “<<p<<endl;
return0;
}

7. ---------------- function used to append one string to another string in C++

Ans. strcat( )

8. Define the term function in C++

Function is a named unit of statements in a program to perform a specific task
as part of the solution. There are two types of functions in C++.

a). Predefined functions or Built in Functions : Functions that are already written ,
compiled and their definitions are grouped and stored in header files.

Eg. sqrt(), toupper()

b). User Defined Functions: Functions that are written by the user to carry on some
task'
eg. main( )

9. In C++ declare a function prototye "Display" with two arguments?

int add(int a, int b);

It is not necessary to define prototype if user-defined function exists before main()
function.

10. Define the function "calcsum( )" with return value as sum of three integer
variables?

11. What are the difference between Call by reference and Call by value of function

calling in C++?

Call by Value Method Call by Reference Method

Ordinary variables are used as formal Reference variables are used as

formal parameters.

parameters.

Actual parameters may be constants, Actual parameters will be variables
only.
variables or expressions.

The changes made in the formal The changes made in the formal
arguments do reflect in actual arguments.
arguments do not reflect in actual
arguments.

Exclusive memory allocation is required Memory of actual arguments is shared
by formal arguments.
for the formal arguments

12. Differentiate between global and local variables?

If a variable is declared before the main() function t is the function can be
used at any place in the program. This scope is known as global scope. Also
declaration of a variable outside all functions also have global scope.

A local variable is one that declared within a function or a block of
statements. It is available only within that function or block.

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter
wise ..

Chapter 4. Web Technology

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

1.The default port number of http is
(a) 20
(b) 80
(c) 110
(d) 53 .
Ans. b
2. Write HTML tag to set the colour of hyperlink to red .
(a) <A colour=”red” >

(b) <A colour=”FF0000” >

(c) <BODY LINK=”Red” >
(c)<BODY ALINK=”Red” >

Ans. b

3. A webpage is created to display the result of engineering entrance examination.
(a)What type of webpage it is ?

(b) Mention any two features of it.

Ans. a) Dynamic web page

b) The content and layout may change during run time.Database is used to

generate dynamic content through queries.

4. ……….. tag is used to make the size of the text smaller than current text in
HTML.

(a) <b>

(b) <small>

(c) <sub>

(d) <sup> .

Ans. b

5. Compare client side scripting and server side scripting.

Client side scripting Server side scripting

Script is copied to the client browser.

Script is executed in the web

server and the web page

produced is returned to the client Script is executed in the client browser.

browser

Server side scripts are

usually used to Client side scripts are mainly used for

databases and return data connect to

validation of data at the client. from the web server.

Users can block client side scripting.
Server side scripting cannot be blocked

by a user

The type and version of the web browser The features of the web

browser does not affects the working of a client side script. affect the

working of server side script

6. DNS stands for ……….
Domain name system.
9. … …. … is a server that act as a bridge between merchant server and bank server.

10. Compare client side scripting and server side scripting languages.

Client side scripting cannot be used to connect to the databases on the web server. ...
Response from a client-side script is faster as compared to a server-side script because
the scripts are processed on the local computer. Examples of Server side scripting
languages : PHP, JSP, ASP, ASP.Net, Ruby, Perl n many more.

11. What are the difference between static and dynamic web pages?

Static web page:

The content and layout of a web page is fixed. . Static web pages never use databases.
Static web pages directly run on the browser and do not require any server side
application program. Static web pages are easy to develop.

Dynamic web page:

The content and layout may change during run time.Database is used to generate
dynamic content through queries. Dynamic web page runs on the server side

application program and displays the results. Dynamic web page development
requires programming skills.

12. Name any two client side scripting languages.

Java script and VB script.

13. What do you mean by container tag in HTML?Give examples.
Tags that require opening tag as well as closing tag are known as container tags .

Eg. <HTML>
<HEAD>

14. a) Name the tag used to create HyperLink.

b) Write HTML code to show the page "Address.HTML" by clicking on the text
"Address".

Ans. a) <a> tag

b) To illustrate <ADDRESS> tag

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE> Address tag </TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY Bgcolor= "#DDA0DD">

The contact details of the "SCERT" is the following:
<ADDRESS> State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT),<BR>
Poojappura,<BR>
Thiruvananthapuram,<BR>
PIN: 695012, KERALA.<BR>
Tel : 0471 - 2341883
</ADDRESS>
</BODY>
</HTML>

15. Name the two attributes of the following tags.

a)< HTML>

b) <FONT>
c) <MARQUEE>
Ans. a) The main attributes of the tag are Dir and Lang.

b) 1. Color : This attribute sets the text colour
2. Face : This attribute specifies the font style.

c) 1.Behaviour : This specifies the type of scrolling of the marquee. Values:
scroll, slide, alternate.etc.

2. Scrolldelay : This specifies time delay between each jump.

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter
wise ..

Chapter 5. Web Designing Using HTML

1.Consider the following list created using HTML.
D.Laptop
E.Desktop
F.PRINTER

. What will be the value of START and TYPE attribute of <OL> tag ?
(a)START=”D” TYPE=”A”
(b)START=”4” TYPE=”A”
(c)START=”4” TYPE=”I”
(d)START=”D” TYPE=”I”

Ans. a

2.Explain the HTML tag <table> and its attributes.

<Table> tag is used to create a table in a web page. tag is used to create Table rows ,
tag is used to insert heading cells and is used to insert table data in a table.
The attributes of tag are:

a).BORDER - specifies the thickness of the table border. If there is no border or
border value =0 then the table has no border.

b). BORDERCOLOR -specifies the boarder color of the table.

c). ALIGN -To align the table in the browser window. Its values are left, right and
center.

d). BGCOLR - To give background colour to the table.

e). CELLSPACING - Specifies the space between table cells.

f). CELLPADDING - Specifies the space between cell border and the content.

g). COLS - Specifies the number of columns in the table.

h). WIDTH and HEIGHT- Specifies the table width and height in terms of pixel or %
value.

i). FRAME- Specifies the border line around the table.

3. Nila wanted to set the picture “sky.jpg” as the background of his web page. Choose
the tag for doing this.
(a) <IMG SRC=”Sky.jpg” >
(b) <BODY SRC=”sky.jpg” >
(c) <IMG BACKGROUND=”sky,jpg” >
(d) <BODY BACKGROUND =”sky.jpg” >

Ans d
4………… attribute of <frame > tag is used to prevent users from resizing the
border of a specific frame by dragging it .

(a) Scrolling
(b) No resize
(c) margin width
(d) margin height
Ans. b
5.Explain <OL> tag with suitable example.
1). Type: It indicate the numbering type for the list items.
Its values are,
I). Type=1 for default numbering scheme
II). Type =i for small Roman Numbers
III). Type= I for large Roman Numbers
IV). Type=a for lower case letters
V). Type=A for upper case letters

2). Start: It specifies the starting number for the list items

Example:

A. Input Devices

1. Key Board
2. Mouse
3.Scanner.

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<OL TYPE='A'>
<LI > Input Devices</LI>
OL TYPE=1>
<LI > KeyBoard </LI>
<LI > Mouse </LI>
<LI> Scanner </LI>
</OL>
</HEAD>
</HTML>

6. Write the complete HTML tag that links the text “PSC” to the website
www.keralapsc.org

Ans: < A HREF = www.keralapsc.org > PSC </A>

7. Explain nesting of frameset with an example.

Inserting a frameset within another frameset is called nesting of frameset.

Frame 1

Frame 2 Frame 3

Eg. <Frameset rows="40,*">
<Frame Src=Sample1.html>
<Frameset cols="60,*">

<Frameset Src=Sample2.html>

<Frameset Src=Sample3.html>

</Frameset>

</Frameset>
9. . ……………….. tag in HTML is used to create a drop down list.

a) Select

b). Option

c). Input

d). List

Ans: a

10. Write HTML code for the following Table

No of Students

Science 55

Commerce 60

Humanities 58

<html>

<head>

<H1> TABLE</H1>

</head>

<Body Bgcolor=Green>

<Table border =1 width=25>

<TR>

<TD Colspan=2 Align=Center>No.of Students</TD>

<TR>
<TD

11.Explain cellspacing and cellpadding.

Cellspacing - Specifies the space between table cells.

Cellpadding - Specifies the space between cell border and the content.

12.Name the following tags

a) To include a button in HTML----<INPUT>

b) To partition the browser window.......<FRAMESET>

13. Write the use of the following in HTML

a) <A Href="https:/www.DHSEKERALA.gov.in>DHSE</A>

b) <EMBED Src=song1.mp3> </EMBED>

Ans a) A Hyperlink is an element like text or image on a webpage which help us to
move to another document or section of the same web page by clicking on it. <A>tag
is used for it. HREF is its main attribute and its values is the URL of the document to
be linked.

b) EMBED tag is used to add music or video to a web page. This tag includes
multimedia controls in web page.

14. Name the tag and attributes needed to creating the following list in HTML
a)
1 RAM

2 ROM

3 HARDDISK

b)

 REGISTERS
 CACHE
 RAM

Ans. a) OL tag.Attributes are type and start

b) UL tag.Attribute is type.

15. Name the three essential tags for creating a table in HTML.Write the purpose of
each tag?

<TR> tag is used to define a row in the table.

Its attributes are
Align, valign (vertical align), BgColor etc.

<TD> or <TH> tags are used to define cells in a row.<TH> is used to define heading
cells. attributes of<TD> and <TH>tags are,

a). ALIGN- Specifies the horizontal alignment of the cell content. Values are Left,
Right, Center and Justify

b). VALIGN- Specifies the vertical alignment of the cell content of a row. Values are
Top, Middle, Baseline and Bottom

c). BGCOLOR- Specifies the background colour for a row.

<TD>or<TH> tags are used to define cells in a table row,<TH> tag is used to insert
heading cells and <TD>is used to insert cell data.
Some attributes of <TD>and<TH> are,

a). ALIGN- Specifies the horizontal alignment of the cell content. Values are Left,
Right, Center and Justify

b). VALIGN- Specifies the vertical alignment of the cell content. Values are Top,
Middle, Baseline and Bottom

c). BGCOLOR- Specifies the background colour for a cell.

d). COLSPAN- used to stretch a cell over a number of columns. Default value is 1

eg. (TD ColSpan=3)

e). ROWSPAN- used to stretch a cell over a number of Rows. Default value is 1

eg. (TD RowSpan=3)

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter wise ..

Chapter 6. Client Side Scripting Using JavaScript.

1. Explain three different ways to add javascripts in a webpage.

Inside <BODY>

the scripts will be executed while the contents of the web page is being loaded. The web page
starts displaying from the beginning of the document. When the browser sees a script code in
between, it renders the script and then the rest of the web page is displayed in the browser
window. A script can also be at the bottom of tag. If the scripts are loaded inside the tag or in the
tag, they will be loaded along with the HTML code.

Inside<HEAD>

It is a usual practice to include scripts in the head section of the web page. The main reason
for this is that the body section of most of the HTML pages contains a large volume of text that
specifies the contents to be displayed on the web page. Mixing a function definition also with
this will create a lot of confusion for the web designer for making any kind of modification in the
page.More over, the head section of a web page is loaded before the body section. Therefore, if
any function call is made in the body section, the function will be executed as the function
definition is already loaded in the memory.

External JavaScript file

We can place the scripts into an external file and then link to that file from within the HTML
document. This file is saved with the extension ‘.js’. Placing JavaScripts in external files has
some advantages. This is useful if the same script is used across multiple HTML pages or a

whole website. It separates HTML and code which makes HTML and JavaScript easier to read
and maintain. Storing JavaScript as separate files can speed up page loading.

2. Briefly explain three built in functions in javascript

a. alert() function

This function is used to display a message on the screen. For example, the statement
alert(“Welcome to JavaScript”); will display the following message window on the browser
window.

b. isNaN() function

This function is used to check whether a value is a number or not. In this function, NaN
stands for Not a Number. The function returns true if the given value is not a number.

For example.
isNaN(“welcome”); retun the value true.

isNaN(“13.5”); return the value false.

3. What is an external javascript file.Write the advantages of using these files.

We can place the scripts into an external file and then link to that file from within the HTML
document. This file is saved with the extension ‘.js’. Placing JavaScripts in external files has
some advantages. This is useful if the same script is used across multiple HTML pages or a
whole website. It separates HTML and code which makes HTML and JavaScript easier to read
and maintain. Storing JavaScript as separate files can speed up page loading. the JavaScript code
is stored as a separate file with the name “check.js”.

4. In javascript

a. Describe any 2 datatypes used?

b. Explain any three operators used?

Answers.

Number : All numbers fall into this category. All positive and negative numbers, all integer
and float values (fractional numbers) are treated as the data type number. Thus, 27, -300, 1.89
and -0.0082 are examples of number type data in JavaScript.
String: Any combination of characters, numbers or any other symbols, enclosed within double
quotes, are treated as a string in JavaScript. That is, “Kerala”, “Welcome”, “SCHOOL”, “1234”,
“Mark20”, “abc$” and “sanil@123” are examples of string type data.

b. Arithmetic operators, logical operators and assignment operators.

The standard arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), and
division (/),modulo division(%)

Logical operators are &&,|| and !
Assignment operators are

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter wise ..
Chapter 7. Web Hosting

1. Identify the odd one :
(a) Word Press
(b) File Zilla
(c) Joomla
(d) Drupal
Ans b
2. What type of hosting package is suitable for a multinational online shopping site? Mention
any two advantages of the package.
3. What is the need of registering a domain name for a website ?Explain the procedure of
domain name registration.
Domain names are used to identify a web site on the internet.Most web hosting companies offer
domain registeration facility.The domain name chosen must be unique.It can be done using the
website www.whois.net which checks domain name with ICANN( Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers ) database.When a user inputs the domain name the web page
will be displayed using DNS server.The domain name is connected with IP address of the web
server using Address record(‘A’ record).The ‘A record’ can be modified by logging into the
control panel of the domain.The A record is used to store IP address of web server connected to a
domain name. WHOIS is a public database which helps to find out information about a specific
domain name.WHOIS database contains name,addres,telephone number and e-mail address of
who owns the domain(Registrant).

4. What is SFTP ?

Now a days SSH FTP(SFTP) protocol is used to send user name and password in an encrypted
form.It uses SSH protocol.Once the client is authenticated the client canupload files.Some of the
popular FTP clients are File Zilla,Cute FTP,Smart FTP ..etc.

5. ……… provide an easy way to design and manage attractive websites.

a), Free Hosting

b). CMS

c). WHOIS

d). FTP

Ans CMS

6. Compare shared hosting and VPS

Shared hosting:-It is the common type of web hostingIt is called shared because many websites
reside on one web server connected to the Internet.They share resources(RAM,CPU etc).Shared
hosting is not suitable for wesites with high bandwidth,large storage space etc.It is not suitable
for small sites with less traffic.Shared servers are cheaper and easy to use.Updates and security
issues are handled by the hosting company.The main dis-advantage of shared hosting is that
other sites will slow down if any one of the site has heavy traffic as bandwidth is shared by many
sites.

Virtual Private Server:-A virtual Private Server(VPS) is a physical server that is virtually
partitioned into several servers.Each VPS works like a dedicated server and has its own
operating system,software etc.Each VPS works as an independent server.The user of VPS can
install and configure any type of softwares.VPS is also called virtual dedicated server
(VDS).This type of hosting is suitable for websites that requires more features at less
expense.Some popular virtualization softwares are Vmware,Free VPS,Virtualbox,Microsoft
Hyper-V etc.

7. What type of hosting will you use to support a government website ?Give its advantages .

Dedicated hosting use to support a goverment website.The advantage of dedicated web hosting
is that servers are hosted in data center which has internet connection,uninterrupted power supply
etc.

8. Explain three types of web hosting

a)Shared hosting:-It is the common type of web hostingIt is called shared because many
websites reside on one web server connected to the Internet.They share resources(RAM,CPU
etc).Shared hosting is not suitable for wesites with high bandwidth,large storage space etc.It is
not suitable for small sites with less traffic.Shared servers are cheaper and easy to use.Updates
and security issues are handled by the hosting company.The main dis-advantage of shared
hosting is that other sites will slow down if any one of the site has heavy traffic as bandwidth is
shared by many sites.

b)Dedicated hosting:-In dedicated hosting a web site uses(lease) an entire server and its
resources.The web server is not shared with other servers.It is mostly used by websites that
receive a large volume of traffic.The web sites of large organizations,government departments
etc use dedicated web hosting.The advantage of dedicated web hosting is that servers are hosted
in data center which has internet connection,uninterrupted power supply etc.

c)Virtual Private Server:-A virtual Private Server(VPS) is a physical server that is virtually
partitioned into several servers.Each VPS works like a dedicated server and has its own
operating system,software etc.Each VPS works as an independent server.The user of VPS can
install and configure any type of softwares.VPS is also called virtual dedicated server
(VDS).This type of hosting is suitable for websites that requires more features at less
expense.Some popular virtualization softwares are Vmware,Free VPS,Virtualbox,Microsoft
Hyper-V etc.

9.Define web hosting

The process of storing web pages on a server is called web hosting.The companies that
provide web hosting services are called web hosts.Hosting allows individuals and organizations
to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web.They own and manage web
servers.Servers offer uninterrupted connectivity,software packages for databases etc..

10. Write a short note on free hosting

Free hosting provides web hosting free of charge.They often displays advertisements in
websites to meet the expenses.They often allows only limited support.

Disadvantages of free web hosting are

1) The free hosting plans do not provide the separate domain name. Instead, they only offer the
sub domain upon their own domain name.
2) There is no customer support.
3) Limited Bandwidth and Speed HSSLIVE

11. Write the type of web hosting that is most suitable

a) For hosting a school website with database

b) For hosting a website for a firm

c) For creating a blog to share pictures and posts
d) For creating a low cost personal websites with unique domain name
Ans c

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions
Chapter wise ..

Chapter 8. Database Management System

1...................... level describes only a part of a database
(a) View
(b) Physical
(c) Logical
(d) None of these
2. What is relational algebra ?Explain any three relational algebra operations
Once the database is designed and data is stored, the required information is to be
retrieved. A variety of operations are provided by RDBMS. The collection of
operations that is used to manipulate the entire relations of a database is known as
relational algebra.

1.Selection operation

SELECT operation is used to select rows from a relation that satisfies a given
predicate. The predicate is a user defined condition to select rows of user's choice.
This operation is denoted using lower case letter sigma (σ ). The general format of
select is as follows:

σ condition (Relation)
The result of SELECT operation is another relation containing all the rows satisfying
the given predicate (or conditions).

2.Project operation

The PROJECT operation selects certain attributes from the table and forms a new
relation. If the user is interested in selecting the values of a few attributes, rather than
all the attributes of the relation, then use PROJECT operation. It is denoted by lower
case letter π . The general format of project operation is as follows:

π A1, A2,…., An (Relation)
Here A1, A2, . . . ., An refer to the various attributes that would make up the relation
specified.

3.Union operation

UNION operation is a binary operation and it returns a relation containing all tuples
appearing in either or both of the two specified relations. It is denoted by ∪ . The two
relations must be union-compatible, and the schema of the result is defined to be
identical to the schema of the first relation. If two relations are union-compatible, then
they have the same number of attributes, and corresponding attributes, taken in order
from left to right, have the same domain. Note that attribute names are not used in
defining union-compatibility.

3. The number of attributes in a relation is called …………

(a) tuple

(b) degree

(c) cardinality

(d) domain

Ans. b

4. Explain the components of DBMS

DBMS have several components, each performing very significant tasks in its
environment. The components are
• Hardware • Software • Data • Users • Procedures

Hardware: The hardware is the actual computer system used for storage and retrieval
of the database. This includes computers (PCs, workstations, servers and
supercomputers), storage devices (hard disks, magnetic tapes), network devices (hubs,
switches, routers) and other supporting devices for keeping and retrieval of data.

Software: The software part consists of the actual DBMS, application programs and
utilities. DBMS acts as a bridge between the user and the database. In other words,
DBMS is the software that interacts with the users, application programs, and
databases. All requests from users for access to the database are handled by the
DBMS

Data: It is the most important component of DBMS environment from the end users
point of view. The database contains operational data and the meta-data (data about
data). The database should contain all the data needed by the organization. The major
feature of databases is that the actual data and the programs that uses the data are
separated from each other. For effective storage and retrieval of information, data is
organized as fields, records and files.

Fields: A field is the smallest unit of stored data. Each field consists of data of a
specific type

Record: A record is a collection of related fields.

File: A file is a collection of all occurrences of same type of records.

Users: There are a number of users who can access data on demand using application
programs. The users of a database system can be classified depending on the mode of
their interactions with DBMS. The different categories of users are Database
Administrator (DBA), Application Programmers, Sophisticated users and Naive
Users.

Procedures: Procedures refer to .the instructions and rules that govern the design and
use of the database. The users of the system and the person that manages the database
require documented procedures on how to use or run the system.

5. A candidate key that is not a primary key is called -----------------

Ans. Alternate key

6. Define the term

a. Degree

b. Cardinality

Ans. The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of a relation.

The number of rows or tuples in a relation is called cardinality of the relation.

6. Define data abstraction and explain any two levels of abstraction

For the system to be usable, it must retrieve data efficiently. The need for efficiency
has led designers to use complex data structures to represent data in the database.
Since many database system users are not computer trained, developers hide the
complexity from users through several levels of abstraction. The data in a DBMS is
described at three levels of abstraction.

a. Physical level

The lowest level of abstraction describes how data is actually stored on secondary
storage devices such as disks and tapes. The physical level describes complex
lowlevel data structures in detail. We must decide what file organisations are to be
used to store the relations and create auxiliary data structures, called indexes, to speed
up data retrieval operations.

b. Logical level

The next-higher level of abstraction describes what data is stored in the database, and
what relationships exist among those data. The logical level thus describes the entire
database in terms of a small number of relatively simple
structures.Although mplementation of the simple structures at the logical level may
involve complex physical-level structures, the user of the logical level does not need

to be aware of this complexity. Database administrators, who must decide what
information to keep in the database, use the logical level of abstraction. Logical level
is also referred as conceptual level.

7. Define the terms

1. Fields

2. Record.

Ans. Fields: A field is the smallest unit of stored data. Each field consists of data of a
specific type

Record: A record is a collection of related fields.

8. In RDBMS contain 10 rows and 5 columns.what is the degree of the relation ?

Ans. 5

9.Is it possible SELECT and PROJECT operations of relational algebra in single
statement?Explain with example?

Not possible SELECT and PROJECT operations of relational algebra in single
statement.

Select Operation : This operation is used to select rows from a table (relation) that
specifies a given logic, which is called as a predicate. The predicate is a user defined
condition to select rows of user's choice.

Project Operation : If the user is interested in selecting the values of a few attributes,
rather than selection all attributes of the Table (Relation), then one should go for
PROJECT Operation.

Example in SELECT operation

σ sales > 50000 (Customers)

Output - Selects tuples from Customers where sales is greater than 50000

Example in PROJECT operation

CustomerID CustomerName Status

1 Google Active

2 Amazon Active

3 Apple Inactive

4 Alibaba Active

Here, the projection of CustomerName and status will give

Π CustomerName, Status (Customers)

CustomerName Status

Google Active

Amazon Active

Apple Inactive

Alibaba Active

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions
Chapter wise ..

Chapter 9. Structured Query Language

1. ..…. keyword is used to in SELECT query to eliminate duplicate values in a
column.

(a) UNIQUE

(b) DISTNICT

(c) NOT NULL

(d) PRIMARY

Ans.b

2. How will you add a new column to an existing table using SQL Statement?

If we want to add a column at the first position, use the clause FIRST. If we want
to add a column at a specified position, use the clause ALTER <column _name> .
Note that if we do not specify the position of the new column, then by default, it will
be added as the last column of the table. Remember that the newly added column
contains only NULL values.

syntax: ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD <column name> <datatype >[<size>]
[<constraint>] [FIRST | AFTER <column name>];

3. .Explain the SQL statements used to insert and delete data from a table.

The DML command INSERT INTO is used to insert tuples into tables.

The syntax is:
INSERT INTO <TABLE_NAME> [<column1><column2>,,...<columnN>,]
VALUES(<value1><value2>,,..<valueN);
Here <table_name> is the name of the table into which the tuples are to be
inserted;<column1>,<column2> , , …<columnN> indicate the name of columns in the
table into which values are to be inserted;<value1>,<value2> , …<valueN> are the
values that are inserted into the columns specified in the <column list>.

Sometimes we need to remove one or more records from the table. The DML
command DELETE is used to remove individual or a set of rows from a table. The
rows which are to be deleted are selected by using the WHERE clause. If the WHERE
clause is not used, all the rows in the table will be deleted. The DELETE command
removes only records and not the individual field values.

The syntax of the DELETE command is:

DELETE FROM <TABLE_NAME> [WHERE<condition> ];

4. Explain any two DDL commands.

CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE

The DDL command CREATE TABLE is used to define a table by specifying the
name of the table and giving the column definitions consisting of name of the column,
data type and size, and constraints if any, etc. Remember that each table must have at
least one column.
The syntax of CREATE TABLE command is:

CREATE TABLE <table_ name> (<column_name> <data_type> [<constraint>]
[,<column_name><data_type>[<constraint>,] .............................. ..............................
);

If we want to add a column at the first position, use the clause FIRST. If we want to
add a column at a specified position, use the clause ALTER <column _name> . Note
that if we do not specify the position of the new column, then by default, it will be
added as the last column of the table. Remember that the newly added column
contains only NULL values.

syntax: ALTER TABLE <table name> ADD <column name> <datatype >[<size>]
[<constraint>] [FIRST | AFTER <column name>];

5. What is a view ?How can we create a view using SQL statement ?

MySQL supports the concept of views, which is a feature of RDBMS. A view is
a virtual table that does not really exist in the database, but is derived from one or
more tables. The table(s) from which the tuples are collected to constitute a view is
called base table(s). These tuples are not physically stored anywhere, rather the
definition of the view is stored in the database. Views are just like windows through
which we can view the desired information that is actually stored in a base table.

A view can be created with the DDL command CREATE VIEW.

The syntax is: CREATE VIEW <view name> AS SELECT <column name1>
[column name2]......FROM <table name> [WHERE <condition> ] ;

6……….. clause of SELECT query is used to apply condition to form

groups of records.

(a) Order by

(b) group by

(c) having

(d) where

Ans. c

7. a. Define constraints in SQL.

b. explain any 4 constraints

c. Compare column constraints and table constraints.

Constraints are the rules enforced on data that are entered into the column of a table.
When we create a table, we can apply constraints on the values that can be entered
into its fields. If this is specified in the column definition, SQL will not accept any
values that violate the criteria concerned. This ensures the accuracy and reliability of
the data in the database. The constraints ensure database integrity and hence they are
often called data base integrity constraints. Constraints could be column level or table
level.

b. Column constraints are applied only to individual columns. They are written
immediately after the data type of the column. The following are column constraints:

i. NOT NULL This constraint specifies that a column can never have NULL values.
NULL is a keyword in SQL that represents an empty value. It is important to
remember that NULL does not equate to a blank or a zero; it is something else
entirely. Though a blank is equal to another blank and a zero is equal to another zero,
a NULL is never equal to anything, not even another NULL. Two NULL values
cannot be added, subtracted or compared.

ii. AUTO_INCREMENT MySQL uses the AUTO_INCREMENT keyword to
perform an auto-increment feature. If no value is specified for the column with
AUTO_INCREMENT constraint, then MySQL will assign serial numbers
automatically and insert the newly assigned value in the corresponding column of the
new record. By default, the starting value for AUTO_INCREMENT is 1, and it will

be incremented by 1 for each new record. This special behavior also occurs if we
explicitly assign the value NULL to the column. The AUTO_INCREMENT feature
makes it easy to assign a unique ID to each new row, because MySQL generates the
values for us. The auto increment column must be defined as the primary key of the
table. Only one AUTO_INCREMENT column per table is allowed.

iii. UNIQUE It ensures that no two rows have the same value in the column specified
with this constraint.

iv. PRIMARY KEY This constraint declares a column as the primary key of the

table. This constraint is similar to UNIQUE constraint except that it can be applied

only to one column or a combination of columns. The primary keys cannot contain

NULL values. In other words, it can be considered as a combination of UNIQUE and

NOT NULL constraints. A PRIMARY KEY constraint is used to enforce a rule that a

column should contain only unique, non-NULL data.

c. Column constraints are applied only to individual columns. They are written

immediately after the data type of the column.

Table constraints are similar to column constraints; the main difference is that

table constraints can be used not only on individual columns, but also on a group

of columns. When a constraint is to be applied on a group of columns of a table, it

is called table constraint. The table constraint appears at the end of the table

definition.

8.Define the following

DDL (Data definition language)

DML (Data manipulation language)

DCL (Data control language)

DDL is a component of SQL that provides commands to deal with the schema
(structure) definition of the RDBMS. The DDL commands are used to create, modify
and remove the database objects such as tables, views and keys. The common DDL
commands are CREATE, ALTER, and DROP.

DML is a component of SQL that enhances efficient user interaction with the database
system by providing a set of commands. DML permits users to insert data into tables,
retrieve existing data, delete data from tables and modify the stored data. The
common DML commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE.

Data Control Language (DCL) is used to control access to the database, which is very
essential to a database system with respect to security concerns. DCL includes
commands that control a database, including administering privileges and committing
data. The commands GRANT and REVOKE are used as a part of DCL.

GRANT : Allows access privileges to the users to the database.
REVOKE : Withdraws user's access privileges given by using GRANT command.

9. Write the result of the following

ALTER TABLE <table_name> DROP <column_name>

DELETE * from <table_name>

DROP TABLE <table_name>

Ans. Removing column from a table. If we want to remove an existing column from a

table, we can use DROP clause along with ALTER TABLE command.

Delete rows from a table.That is all the rows in the table will be deleted. The
DELETE command removes only records and not the individual field values.

Removing table from a database.If we do not need a table, it can be removed from
the database using DROP TABLE command.

PLUS TWO COMPUTER APPLICATION

Second Year Computer Application(Commerce) Previous Questions Chapter wise ..
Chapter 10. Enterprise Resource Planning

1. Briefly explain any two ERP related technology

Supply Chain Management (SCM)

The supply chain consists of all the activities associated with moving goods from the
supplier to the customer. It begins with collecting raw materials and ends with receiving the
goods by the consumer . It is very important for companies to move product to their customers
quickly. Faster product delivery or availability will increase the sale and satisfaction of
customers. So it is very important to manage the activities in supply chain. Software packages
are available in the market for managing the same.Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a
systematic approach for managing supply chain. SCM activities include inventory management,
transportation management, warehouse management, distribution strategy planning, customer
service performance monitoring, computer simulation etc.

Decision Support System (DSS)

Decision Support Systems are interactive, computer-based systems that aid users in
judgment and choice activities. It is a computer program application that analyses business data
and presents it so that users can make business decisions more easily. DSS focuses on providing
help in analysing situations rather than providing right information in the form of various types
of reports. DSS is only a support in nature, but human decision makers still retain their
supremacy.

2. 2.................... is an open source ERP software .

(a) SAP

(b) Tally ERP

(c) Oracle

(d) Odoo

Ans d

3. DSS stands for …………….

(a) Digital Signal System

(b) Design Support System

(c) Decision Support System

(d) Database Support System

Ans. c.

4. Explain the benefits of ERP system

1. Improved resource utilization

An enterprise can plan and manage its resources effectively by installing ERP software. So the
wastage or loss of all types of resources can be reduced, and improved resource utilization can be
ensured.

2. Better customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction means meeting maximum customers’ requirements for a product or
service. Using an ERP system, a customer will get more attention and service of an enterprise
without spending more money and time. With the introduction of web based ERP, a customer
can place the order, track the status of the order and make the payment from his/her home.

3. Provides accurate information

In today's competitive world, an enterprise has to plan and manage the future cleverly. So, an
enterprise needs high quality, relevant and accurate information. An ERP system will be able to
provide such information for the better future planning of the enterprise.

4. Decision making capability

Accurate and relevant information given to decision makers will help them to take better
decisions for running a system more smoothly. Better decision from an enterprise will help them
to go a step ahead of its competitors.

5. Increased flexibility

An ERP system improves the flexibility of manufacturing operations and the entire organization.
A flexible organization can adapt to the changes in the environment rapidly. ERP system helps

organizations to remain flexible by making enterprise information available without any
departmental barriers.

6. Information integrity

The most important advantage of ERP is in its promotion of integration of various departments
and hence we will get an integrated form of information about the enterprise. The entire
information about an enterprise is stored in a centralized data base, so that complete visibility
into all the important processes across various departments of an organisation can be achieved.

5. Write full form of BPR

Business process re-engineering

6. List four stages of product life cycle

Four stage product life cycle which consists of development and introduction of a new
product, then its growth in the market, its maturity and at last its decline if it cannot compete
with similar products of other companies.

7. Explain the importance of BPR in ERP implementation

Before implementing ERP in a business, the need of such a new system must be ensured.
Business process re-engineering will help an enterprise to determine the changes in the structure
or process of a business for better aspects. So ERP and BPR are related and they go hand in
hand, and in most of the cases business process re engineering is performed before enterprise
resource planning. Conducting business process re engineering before implementing enterprise
resource planning will help an enterprise to avoid unnecessary modules from the software. BPR
first ensures that business processes are optimized before software is configured and also ensures
that software functionality will closely match the actual process steps. All business process re-
engineering does not necessary lead to the implementation of a new ERP system. Some BPR
may find that there is no need of BPR in the enterprise because of cost, effectiveness and other
challenges. In some other cases BPR and ERP are used together to achieve better result for the
enterprise and to improve existing ERP.

8. Selection of ERP package is very crucial in the implementation of ERP system. Give a short
note on any four ERP packages

SAP

SAP stands for Systems, Applications and Products for data processing. It is a German
multinational software corporation headquartered in Walldorf and founded in 1972. The
company started by developing software for integrated business solutions. In the beginning, the
software was developed aiming at large multinational companies. After gaining good acceptance
from them, the company started developing packages for small scale enterprises also. SAP also