Computer Notes MFS Booklet Class 9th.compressed

IX-Computer Chapter # 1 Page # 1

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

CLASS-IX

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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
CONTENTS

1.1 Introduction of A azi gl fast speed Ma hi e Co pute
1.2 Characteristics / Capabilities/ Advantages / Importance of
Computers.
1.3 Disadvantages/ Limitations of Computers.
1.4 Main Elements of an E.D.P (Hardware and Software)
1.5 History and Development of Computers.
1.5.1 Ages of Computers
1.5.2 Generations of Computer
1.5.2.1 Advantages and Limitations of Generations of Computer.
1.6 Classifications of Computers
1.7 The Internet
1.8 Computer Programming Languages
1.9 Language Translators
2.0 Exercises
2.1 Questions From Past Papers
2.2 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

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UNIT-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF AMAZINGLY FAST SPEED MACHINE
COMPUTE‘

Q. No.1 What is computer?
The o d o pute is de i ed f o a Lati o d COMPUTE‘ hi h

ea s to o pute o e ko a d the efo e, a lite all , e applied to a
calculating device. However the term computer has come to mean as electronic
computing device with certain characteristics e.g. high speed, memory, stored
program etc.

In simple terms, the computer can be defined as It is a ele t o i
data processing machine. It receives data from input device as input, processes
the data; (performs arithmetic and logical operations on the same), stores in its
memory and producer information as output in the desired term on output
de i es as pe the i st u tio s oded i the p og a .

1.1 CHARACTERISTICS/CAPABILITIES/ADVATAGES/IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER

1. SPEED:

The speed of electronic computer is very fast. Millions of calculations
can be done in a second. Such speeds are beyond the comprehension of
the human brain.

2. STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION:

Computer can store a large amount of data, instructions and
information on its internal memory or secondary storage device and the
same can be easily accessed and retrieved.

3. CONSISTENCY:

Computers do not become bored or tried or lose concentration when
performing highly repetitive jobs unlike human beings. Every time same
work is done with equal diligence by co0mputer.

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4. ACCURACY:

Computer works very accurately and results are always same as per
design.

5. FLEXIBILITY:

General purpose computers may be used for a variety of purposes
depending upon the programs fed into the computer.

6. TIME SAVING:

Computer is a time saving devices as compared any other type of
device.

1.2 DISADVANTAGES/LIMITATION OF COMPUTERS:

1. DEPENDENCY:

What happens if the system fails? There is need of adequate back-up of
facilities (stand by equipment, etc).

2. SECURITY AND CONTROL:

Another problem is that ensuring proper control ever the use of the
computer
Computer is an intelligent as is the program that runs it without a
program computer useless.
An organization must protect itself against:
 The malicious abuse of equipment
 Fraud:
 Errors and accidental mistakes.

3. FEAR AND RESENTMENT:

People, rightly or wrongly are worried about computers and their
impact on jobs and work practices.

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4. REPLACES OF DESKILL WORKERS:

Automation replaces or deskills workers.

5. CAN NOT GENERATE INFORMATION:

A computer cannot generate information its own.

6. CANNOT CORRECT INTRUCTIONS:

(Inflexible) The computer is not flexible. A computer cannot correct
wrong instructions.

7. LOSS OF DATA:

In particular circumstances, stored data may be completely lost.

8. MORE STAFF:

It is required to appoint computer personal to operate computers. It
increases the expenses of organization.

DEFFERENCE BETWEEN HUMAN BRAIN AND COMPUTER BRAIN

HUMAN MIND / BRAIN COMPUTER BRAIN

1. Human being can think 1. Computer cannot think.

2. Human being can feel emotions 2. Computer can not feel emotions.

3. Human being can change the 3. Computers just follow the

decision as the environment instructions, they cannot change

change decision

4. Human being can work slower. 4. Computers can work much
faster than humans.

5. The result of less accurate. 5. The result of computer are much
accurate than human brain.

1.3 MAIN ELEMENT OF AN E.D.P:

HARDWARE:

Computer hardware is the physical components of computer system.
There are system unit inputs (such as keyboard) and output. The term
hardware is applied to physical equipment (mechanical, magnetic, electrical or
electronic devices/circuits) that can be seen touched and have colour, size and
shape. It also can be from one place to another physically.

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SOFTWARE:

The term software is used to describe computer programs, procedures
and possible associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data
processing system e.g. compliers, manual, circuit diagrams etc. The software
cannot be touched or moved physically. It is a non physical part / element
component of a computer.

DEFFERENCE BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

1. All physical components of a 1. Set of programs is called Software.
computer is called Hardware. 2. We cannot touch it.

2. We can t ouch it.

3. All input, storage and output devices 3. All applications like languages,

are hardware. packages, operating system are
soft a e s.

4. Hardware can be moved physically. 4. Software can be moved logically.

5. Keyboard, mouse, hard-disk, monitor 5. Windows VISTA Ms-Office, MSN,

etc. are al the examples of Hardware. Corel Draw etc. are all the example

of software.

1.5 HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER:
1.5.1 AGES OF COMPUTERS:

DARK AGE (3000 B.C. TO 1890. A.D):
5000 BC the Early Development (ABACUS):

It was Chinese who developed the ABACUS, the first calculator. The
name ABACUS came from the fact that in Semitic language which means
sand. The Greek word ABAX means a slab. In the olden days the Hindus
used to write on sand whereas the Greek and Egyptians used stone
slabs for the engraving signs.

1612 Napie s Bo es:

By John Napier Scottish Mathematician. A set of 11 (eleven) rods further
divided into 9 (nine) diagonal numbers.

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1622 AD Slide Rule:

Developed by William ought red an analog device. Al though the slide
rule appeared in various forms in Europe during the seventeenth
century, the invention is attributed to the English mathematician in

. “lide ‘uled ased o Napie s loga ith s that as to e the
primary calculator used by engineers.

 AD Pas al s Cal ulati g Machine:

Developed by Blasé Pascal, a Frenchman, the mechanical calculating
a hi e as alled PA“CALINE. Pas al s al ulato a pe fo Additio

and subtraction operation.

 1694 AD Improved Pascal Machine By Gottfried:

A German mathematician Gottfried William Von Leibnitz improved
Passerine. It could now perform addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division as well as find square roots.

 1801 AD Punched Cards (Joseph Marie Jacquard):

A French Weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard developed punch cards with
his textile looms to produce patterns and designs on cloth.

 1815-1864 George Boole:

George Boole clarified the binary system of algebra, which stated that
any mathematical equations could be stated simply as either true or
false by extending this concept to electronic circuits in the form of on or
off. Astana scoff and Berry had developed the first all electronic
computer by 1940.

 1820 Arithmetic (Thomas De Colmar A Frenchman):

Invented a machine in 1820 that could perform the four basic arithmetic
operations the Arithmetic was widely used until the First World War.

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 1822 Difference Engine and 1832 Analytical Engine, By
Charles Babbage:

English professor of mathematics developed the Difference Engine. The

father of computers, Babbage developed the concept to design a

calculating machine and called it Analytical Engine. A friend of Charles
Ba age Lad Ada August Ada ela e E glish poet s daughte assisted
Charles Babbage and introduced for the first time the concept of

programming. She is called the first computer programmer.

 MIDDLE AGE (1890 TO 1944):

 1890 Punch Card Reading Machine:

Harman Hollerith an American statistician developed his card reading

machine and used punch card for tabulating and calculating data for

1890 US census. It just took 3 years to compile population for 1890

against almost 10 years it took for 1880.

 1896 AD Founding of Tabulating machine Company:

Harman Hollerith, to sell his invention, founded his company which later

merged with others to form the IBM (INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

MACHINE CORPORATION), the largest producer of computers.

 Vann ever Bush (1890-1974):

Developed a calculator for solving differential equations in 1931. The
machine could solve complex differential equations that had long left
scientists and mathematicians baffled.

 MODERN AGE (SINCE 944)

 1944 Mark-1 Digital Computer:

Harvard professor Howard Aiken, his students and IBM developed the
first Electro-mechanical computer. Mark-I was a huge machine housed
in several rooms consisting of a jumble of wires, Electro-mechanical
relays and mechanical counter. Mark-l was bulky-8 feet high and 55 feet
long. It took 3 to 5 seconds to perform a single multiplication operation.

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 ENIAC (1946): (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

The First Electronic General Purpose Computer:

It comprised of 18,000 vacuum tubes weighed 30 tones and occupied
over 5000 square feet of space. It was able to do 300 multiplications per
second. Instructions were given to the computer by external switches
used by the US Army until 1955.

 EDSAC (1947): (Electronic Delayed Storage And

Calculator)

Binary Numbering System And Von Neumann
Architecture:

It was the first one to implement the stored program concepts. It
proposed the use of binary numbering system and also the concept of
pre-stored instructions as program were introduced (in digital form).

1949 A.D. EDV AC- Muachly Eckert and Others of Moore School.
(Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)

 1951 A.D. UNIVAC:- (Universal Automatic Computer)

The First Commercial Computer:

Eckert and Mauchly developed it. It was the first commercially available
computer. General Electric Company Louisville Kentucky USA used it as
the first computer for business. The first machine UNIVAC-I, (Universal
Automatic Computer) was made operational in 1951. It was a self
checking computer and used magnetic tape as input media.

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TABLE OF HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER:

Invention Year Name of inventor Purpose / use

ABACUS 5000 BC Chinese First Manual Calculating Device
Napier's Bones OR Rods 1612
1622 John Napier Scottish The First Printed use of the
Slide Rule decimal point, and Invented
1642 William
Pascal's Calculator OR Ought red Logarithms
PASCALINE 1694
1801 Blaise Pascal Primary Calculator used by
Leibnitz Calculator engineers
Textile Machine Jacquard's Gottfried William
Leibnitz Mechanical Perform Addition
loom Subtraction Perform
Joseph Marie
Jacquard Multiplication, Division as well as
Addition and Subtraction and
find square roots

Perform Multiplication, Division
as well as Addition and

Subtraction and find square roots

Used Punch Card that controlled
the patterns to be woven

Arithometer 1820 Thomas de Colmar It perform four basic Arithmetic
operation

Difference Engine 1822 Charles Babbage (He It perform differential equation
1832 is called the father of General purpose computer
Analytical Engine 1889
Hollerith Tabulating 1931 modem digital
1944 computer
Machine 1946
Mechanical Computer 1947 Herman Hollerith Find a faster way to compute.
Vannevar Bush The U.S census punch card were
Mark-l Digital Computer
used in 1 890 census
ENIAC
It perform complex differential
EDSAC equation

Howard Aiken The first Electromechanical
Computer
J. Presper Eckert and
Mauchly Eniac was the all electronic
computer it could perform 5000
John Von Neumann
additions per second

The first computer that used
stored program concept

EDVAC 1949 Mauchly Eckert Same concept
UNIVAC-1 1951
Eckert and Mauchly The first commercially successful
machine general purpose
computer

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1.5.2 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER:

The term "generations" was initially introduced to distinguish between
different hardware technologies. A major technological development
that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting
increasingly smaller, cheaper, and more powerful and more efficient
and reliable devices categorize each generation of computer. Gradually
it shifted to both hardware and software as the total systems consists of
both of them. The computers can be divided in five generations,
depending upon the technologies used.

 THE FIRST GENERATION (VACUUM TUBES)1940-1956:

The use of vacuum tubes for the electronic components and by the use
of either electrostatic tubes (CRT) or mercury delay marked the first
generation of computer lines for storage. From ENIAC onwards were all
first generation machines and used Vacuum tubes. It uses machine codes
made up of a set of 0s and 1s. It is a difficult language, which requires a
lot of effort and time. This is also called a Low level language. These
occupied lot of space and generated a lot of heat, leading to frequent
breakdowns or faults. The popular brand of first generation computer
was IBM 650, which had a magnetic drum memory and utilized punched
cards for input and output.

Vacuum Tube

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 SECOND GENERATION (TRANSISTOR) 1956-1963:

Transistor replaced vacuum Tubes in this generation. Introduction of
transistors instead of vacuum tubes reduced the size of the computer,
speeded up operations, cheaper in cost, more energy efficient, more
reliable and there were less frequent breakdowns transistors still
generated a great deal of heat. It was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. Transistors were able to perform a
single operation in microseconds and were capable to store huge data.
They had lesser heat problems. Then vacuum tube. These machines
used English like language known as High level language (HLL) for the
ease of application in business and scientific analysis (Cobol, Pascal etc.)

TRANSISTOR

 THIRD GENERATION (INTEGRATED CIRCUITS)

1964-1971:

This new technology was called integrated circuits (ICs) and its real
impact was elimination of labour costs. It reduced size and heat
generation, resulted in lesser breakdowns and worked much faster. Key
board, monitor, different operating systems and mini computers were
introduced in this generation. 1cs (Integrated Circuits) were invented in
replace of transistor. This generation' of computer has smaller size and
consumed very little power, but their speed and storage
capacity had largely been increased using ICs.

IC CHIP

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 FOURTH GE.NERATIO.N (MICROPROCESSOR)

(1971-PRESENT):

The integrated circuits were more developed and called small-scale
integration (SSI), and further move as large-scale integration (LSI). It is
LSI technology, which led to the development of the microcomputer.
There was a Great versatility of input/output devices. In 1971 a
powerful microprocessor. chip' Intel 4004 was introduced. The first
microprocessor, which was used in personal'
computers (PC), was Intel 8080. The 8-inch floppy disk was also
introduced in 1971. Hard disk was introduced in 1973. The 5.25" floppy
disk was first time' used in this generation. In 1981 IBM introduced first
computer for home use and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuits). Were developed that contained
Central Processing Unit on a single Silicon chip. Later on many
companies started producing microprocessor chips,

 FIFTH GENERATION (VLSI) ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(PRESENT AND BEYOND):

The very large scale integration (VLSI) was developed so the computer
became much smaller than ever before. The first personal computer
(PC) was marketed in 1981. In the same year Microsoft Corporation
launched' their operating system' MS-DOS. The 3.5" floppy disk was
developed in 1984; compact disk (CD-ROM) was also invented in 1985.'
Using artificial intelligence "Expert System" was' developed. Voice
recognition system is also using in this generation.

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 FIRST PORTABLE COMPUTER (1981):

OSBORNE-1:

Released in 1981 by the Osborne computer corporation, the Osborne-I

is considered to be the first true portable computer. It closes up for

protection, and, has a carrying handle; It even has an optional battery
pa k, so It does t have to plugged into the 110 V AC out let for

power. Screen only 5" (diagonal) 13cm in size display more than 52

characters per live screen is so small.

Developer : Adam Osborne

Type : Portable Computer

Released date : 1981

Introductory price : US s 1795

Discontinued : 1983

Operating system : CP/M

CPU : Zilog z80@ 4.0MHz

Memory : 64 kb-

Weighed : lO.7kg, 23.5 pounds

OSBORNE-1

1.5.2.1 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF GENERATION

 FIRST GENERATION:
 ADVANTAGES:

1. Vacuum tubes were used as electronic components.
2. Electronic digital computers were developed.
3. These computers were the fastest calculating devices of their time.
4. Computations were performed in milliseconds.

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 LIMITAIONS DISADVANTAGES:

1. Too large in size.
2. Unreliable .
3. Produce large amount of heat due to vacuum tubes.
4. Air conditioning required.
5. Frequent hardware failures.
6. Constant maintenance required.
7. Non-portable.
8. Commercial product was difficult and costly.
9. Limited commercial use.

 SECOND GENERATION:

ADVANTAGES:

1. Smaller in size as compared to first generation.
2. Much reliable.
3. Less heat generated.
4. Processor operated in the microseconds speed.
5. Less hardware failures.
6. Better portability.
7. Commercially used.

 LIMITATIONS OF DISADVANTAGES:

1. Air condition required.
2. Frequent maintenance required.
3. Commercial production was costly.

 THIRD GENERATION:

ADVANTAGES:

1. Heat generation was rare.
2. Processors, which operate in nanosecond speed range.
3. Hardware failures were very rare.
4. Low maintenance cost.
5. Smaller in size as compared to previous generations.
6. Reliability increased.
7. Very easily portable.
8. These computers were for very general purpose.
9. Less electricity consumption.
10. Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
11. Multiprogramming facilities.
12. Use of high level languages such as COBOL.

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 LIMITATIONS ADVANTAGES:

1. Air condition required in many cases.
2. Very advance technology to made l C.

 FOURTH GENERATION:

ADVANTAGES:

1. Very reliable.
2. Heat generated was negligible.
3. No air conditioning was required in many cases.
4. Much faster computations were possible.
5. Minimal maintenance was required.
6. Hardware failure was negligible.
7. Very easily movable.
8. Totally general purpose.
9. Very inexpensive.
10. Smallest in size.

 LIMITATION DISADVANTAGES:

1. Much sophisticated technology was required to fabricate Ie.

 FIFTH GENERATION:

ADVANTAGES:

1. Improved overall functions and performance aimed at making
computers smaller, Lighter, faster, of greater capacity, more flexible and
more reliable.

2. Very huge storage capacity available,
3. Long bit processors were built.
4. Laptop computers introduced.
5. Artificial intelligence language developed.

LIMITATION:-NOT REPORTED

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1.6 CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS:

 COMPUTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS:

1. According to function. OR Type of data handled.

2. According to purpose, whether the computer general purpose or special purpose.

3. According to size and capacity, whether the volume of work that the
computer can handle is large or small.

 ACCORDING TO FUNCTION:

Computers can be classified into three types. These classifications are
according to function and hardware structure.
(a) Digital computers.
(b) Ana log: computers.
(c) Hybrid computers.

(a) DIGITAL COMPUTERS:

A digital computer represents data in terms of discrete number or
digits. These numbers are used to perform arithmetic calculations and also
make logical decisions to reach a conclusion depending on the data, they
receive from the user. In general Digital computers are easy to program and are
used for general purpose. The IBM PC and all other personal computers belong
to this category.

(b) ANALOG COMPUTERS:

Analog computer is an actually a measuring device. Analog computer
measures continuous type of data and uses a physical quantity, such as electric
current, speed, weight etc. The computers are mainly made of electronic device
like resistors, amplifiers and transistors.

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(c) HYBRID COMPUTERS:

This computer combines the Analog and Digital Computers capabilities
in the same computers system. This capacity is most significant where the
digital processing of data, collected in analog form, is desirable. This is usually
found in science laboratories as the controlling device in an industrial process.

2. ACCORDIN-G TO PURPOSE:

Computer can be classified according to purpose in two ways .
(a) General purpose computers.
(b) Special purpose computers.

(a) GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER:

A general-purpose computer is the one that can store different
programs and has very wide area of application. The versatility of a general-
purpose computer is limited by human imagination. These computers are
used for different purposes like inventory control, record keeping,
accounting, etc.

(b) SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER:

A special purpose computer is designed to perform specific task.
Program's or instruction's set is permanently stored in such a machine.
Although it lacks versatility, it performs its single task quickly and efficiently.
The special purpose computers are used in the areas like large industries to
control processes, desktop publishing, air traffic control, ECG & CCG test, x-
ray, Artificial intelligence, Robots, etc.

ROBOT(AI)

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3. ACCORDING TO SIZE AND CAPACITY:

Criteria, used to sort computers into different categories, include
architecture, processing speed, amount of main memory, capacity of
external devices, speed of the output devices, the number of users, and
the cost. According to this criteria, computers are grouped into four
major classes:

(a) Super Computer
(b) Main-frame Computer or Macro Computer
(c) Mini Computer
(d) Micro Computer

(a) Super Computer:

Super computer is the most powerful and the most expensive
computer as well as the fastest one. Super computer has limited use
because of its high price or a limited market. Super computer is used
where primarily government agencies, scientific laboratories, and large
corporations manipulate a vast quantity of data Currents super
computer, ordered surpassingly in large numbers, can perform about 100
million instructions per second. Thus the technology and performance of
super computer continues to improve.

(b) Main-frame Computer (Large-Scale Computers):

Mainframe computers are less powerful, not so fast; and are less
expensive than super computers. Mainframe computers are generally
found in computer room, where environmental factors, such as
temperature, humidity, and dust are closely monitored. Mainframe may
have over 100 MB for main storage. Processing speed is measured in
nanosecond or Pico second. More then 1000 stations can be
accommodated by typical mainframe. Federal and local government
agencies, banks, hospital, commercial and industrial users need the
capabilities of mainframe computers.

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(c) Mini Computer:

Mini computers are smaller than the Mainframe computers: They
contain less memory and processing capability and are less expensive.
They are used in medium size business and can serve users simultaneously.
Scientific laboratories, research groups, colleges, engineering firms, and
even industrial and manufacturing plants also use Minicomputer. They are
also k o as "Mi is .

(d) Micro Computer:

A Microcomputer is the smallest and least expensive than any type

of computers. Sometimes it is known as Personal Computer (PC). It can be

arranged on a table. Microcomputers have rather small capabilities as

compared to those of the large mainframe computers, but at the moment

microcomputers are more powerful than the early mainframe. Today,

however, several users can use some Mini Computers, each with a

terminal connected to a central Microcomputer. Home Computer, Desktop

computer, Personal Computer, and laptop Computer are all examples of

Microcomputer.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMPUTERS:

ANALOG COMPUTE DIGITAL COMPUTER

R

1. Analog computers are measuring 1. Digital computers are counting devices.

devices

2. Analog computers are used to process 2. Digital computers are used to process

continuous or physical quantities. discrete (discontinuous) quantities.

3. Analog computers are special- purpose 3. Digital computers are general-purpose

devices. devices.

4. Analog computers do not have the 4. The great power of any digital computer

ability to store data in a large quantity. lies in the ability to store large volume of

data.

5. Analog computers are normally based 5. An electronic digital computer normally

on electronic components e.g. consists of input devices, control unit,

amplifiers, transistors. arithmetic logic unit, secondary storage

and output devices.

6. The output of Analog computers is 6. The output of digital computers is usually

usually in the form of digits or graphs. in the form of digits.

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DEFFERENCE BETWEEN GENERAL PURPOSE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE:

General Purpose Computers Special Purpose Computers

1. These computer are designed to 1. These computers are designed to

handle a variety of different handle a specific problem.

problems

2. These computers are strong in 2. These computers are not strong in

versatility. versatility.

3. These computers are normally 3. These computers are high in

week in speed and efficiency. speed and efficiency.

4. These computer are used for 4. These computers are used in the

different purpose like inventory area like large industrial air traffic

Control, record keeping and control. ECG and CCG, X - ray

accounting etc. machine etc.

1.7 THE INTERNET:

Internet is the name for a vast, worldwide system consisting of people,
information and computers. It is so huge and complex that it is beyond the
comprehension of a single human being. The roots of the internet lie in a
project called the ARPANET, which was sponsored by the United State
department of defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA).

The project was started in 1968 and soon evolved into a more general
goal of developing techniques to build a large-scale network. The internet links
private PSc, public networks and business networks together using telephone
lines to form one vast world-wide network. It allows computer users to share
and exchange information with each other wherever they are in the world. The
information that is found on the internet comes in many different formats.
These range from simple email text files to music, video, clips, computer
software and even live television pictures.

 NETWORK:

The term network refers to two or more computers connected with
each other, there are a number of reasons to convert computers into
networks, but the two of them most important are;

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1. To allow human beings to communicate.
2. To share resources.

There are two basic types of network, depending on the distance over
which the terminals or workstations are spread. These are the Wide
Area Network (WAN) and the Local Area Network (LAN).

 TYPES OF NETWORK:
(1) WIDE AREA NETWORK:

A system of several hundred (or thousand) computers or terminals
connected to a central computer via the telecommunications network.
Information may be transmitted and received both nationally and globally (Via
satellite). .

(2) LOCAL AREA NETWORK:

A system of perhaps 10-250 computers or terminals linked together by
special cabling on the same site. Such a network would typically be spread
over a distance of up to half a mile around a college or school campus, or the
offices of a large organization (Local authority, hospital, bank, news paper,
etc.),

 THE USES OF THE INTERNET:

E-MAIL AND DISCUSSION GROUPS:

Stay in touch worldwide through electronic mail and online chat rooms.

ENTERTAINMENT:

Amuse yourself with internet games, music and videos.

FINANCIAL MATTERS:

Do inverting, banking and bill paying online.

CAREER ADVANCEMEN:

Search job listing, post resumes, interview online.

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RESEARCH AND INFORMATION:

Find information on any subject using browsers and search tools.

DOWNLOAD FILES:

Get software, music, and documents such as e-books.

AUCTIONS:

Sell old stuff, acquire more stuff, with online auctions.

DISTANCE LEARNING:

Attend online lectures, have discussions, research papers

NEWS:

Stay current on politics, weather, entertainment, sports and financial
news.

E-SHOPPING:

Price anything from plane tickets to cars, order anything from books to sofas.

TELEPHONY AND CONFERENCING:
Make inexpensive phone calls; have online meetings

E-BUSINESS:

Connect with coworkers, buy supplies, support customers.

 SOME ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

(1) Easy communication with other people all around the world.
(2) Valuable learning resource because internet skills will be needed for

jobs-in the future.
(3) Enables more people to work from home.
(4) A vast amount of information can be accessed.
(5) Up-to-date information can be accessed- on-line without the need .to

wait Publication.
(6) Publishing documents on the internet saves paper.
(7) The internet is-a valuable resource for companies to advertise and

conduct Business.

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 SOME DISADVANTAGES / DRAWBACKS OF INTERNET:

(1) Much of the information are not checked and maybe incorrect or
irrelevant.

(2) A large amount of undesirable material, Such as Pornography; is
readily available.

(3) Messages sent across the internet can be easily intercepted and are
open to abuse by others.

(4) The students waste their time in unless take in a with each other
(5) Too much time spent on the internet could result in a lack of face-to-

face Interaction with others and a loss of social skills.

(6) Going on-line runs the risk of hackers or viruses being able to damage
your computer.

 COMPUTERS AND SOCIETY:

Computer are more involved .in our lives and are affecting us-in·
many ways, in Banks, Factories, Stores, schools, offices entertainment; space,
health care education, art, music scientific researches and investigation of
crimes etc. or even in homes we find computers or computerized systems all-
'around us. We are tuned to use computerized microwave ovens, washing
machines, DVD player etc. We also used to do computerized Bank
transactions, .computerized shopping etc. Computers make us more
productive of our jobs in education they can help us for better understanding
faster learning, In-hospitals we have better diagnosis, proper treatment arid
better healthcare. We are also facing problems arising - from the use of
computers these are unemployment due to automation, wastage of time and
energy' in useless computer activities, data security personal privacy and
computer crimes.

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 INTERNET AND SOCIETY:

Internet is an important and fast tool of exchanging information-from
national level to international level. Today, internet is a global, web of nearly
million of computer networks, at least' 50 millions computers and more than
200 million people around the world. Internet provides many services to
millions of people. Through internet you can access thousands of database
and talk with experts worldwide on' any subject. You can find jobs, get
solution of your technical problems easy communication with other people
all around the world. West amount of information can be accessed.

 COMPUTER VIRUS:

A virus is a program that can make copies of it in order to "infect" other
computers. A computer program, designed as a Prank or as Sabotage that
replicates itself by attaching to other programs and carrying out unwanted and
sometimes damaging operations. When embedded in its host, the virus
replicates itself by attaching to other programs in the system, including system
software. Like a human virus, the effects of a computers virus may not be
detectable for a period of days or weeks during which time every disk inserted
into the system comes away with a hidden copy of the virus.

 TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUS:

There are two types of computer viruses.

(1) WORM (2) BACTERIA

(1) WORM:

A network virus is known as worm. It has the ability to shift itself from
system to system

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2) BACTERIA:

A bacteria is a destructive program which does not damage .any
program. It only tends to replicate itself to spoil memory capacity.

1.8 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Computer languages are the method to convey the human messages

or instruction to computer, a computer language consists of Symbols,

Characters, and usage rules that permit people to communicate with

computer. These rules are called syntax or format, there are two types of

computer programming languages, these might include:

(1) Low-level language. (2) High-level language.

1. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE:
Fundamental computer language structure is suitable for computer to

recognize and process. Assembly language and machine language are low
level language. Each machine language instruction totally consisted of a
series of s and S (binary digits).

2. TYPES OF LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES:.

(a) Machine Language. (b) Assembly Language.

(a) Machine Language:

The binary digits used in the machine's own language or instruction
set are normally called machine code. This is the lowest level of computer
language. To save writing and remembering long sets of bits, the machine
code programmer represents every four bits by a single hexadecimal
character.
(b) ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE (OR LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE):

In assembly language, a single instruction is represented by a
mnemonic. A mnemonic is an aid to the human memory, for example 'Load'
the Accumulator' is LDA in assembly language mnemonic form. A program
written in assembly language must be translated into true binary machine
code using an assembler and assembler is itself a program. Assembly
language is often referred to as low-level language.

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2. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

The high level languages use complete words taken from the English
language. They are therefore, relatively easy to learn than the low level
languages and machine code. The high level languages have names such as
COBOL, FORTRAN, PASCAL, BASIC, LOGO and C. Many of the languages share
common words such as PRINT, IF-THEN, READ, DO, LOOP, etc.

The process of translation may be performed in one of two ways:

(a) By a compiler (b) By an interpreter

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTGES OF COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGE:

 ADVANTAGES OF MACHINE LANGUAGE:

(1) It is the machine's own language and doesn't need translating.
(2) It gives precise control over the various parts of the computer, e. g.

memory locations, interfacing to external devices (robots, etc.)
(3) Programs run very fast.

 DISADVANTAGES:

(1) Machine code is very difficult to learn/remember.
(2) Machine code programs are very hard to modify.

 ADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:

(1) It is easier for humans to understand than machine code.
(2) One assembly language instruction corresponds exactly to one machine code

instruction (binary)- it is therefore relatively easy to translate.
(3) Programs written in assembly language are fast in execution.
(4) The programmer has precise control over the parts of the computer.

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 DISADVANTAGES:

(1) Assembly Languages are not the same for Different Types of
Computer so programs may not easily be transferred between Makes-
Lack of Portability.

(2) Asse l La guages a e ot Ve use -f ie dl Although Easie Tha
Machine Code).

 ADVANTAGES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

As they are close to English, high-level language programs are:
(1) Relatively easy to understand.
(2) Easy to modify.
(3) Portable between different computers (if standard 'dialects' of the

language are used).

 DISADVANTAGES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

(1) Programs must be translated into machine code, which may be a slow

process.

(2) High-level programs do not give precise control over the components of
the Computer, Assembly language is more accurate.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE:

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE

1. Any programming language which is 1. Any programming language which is

near, to the human language is called near to the machine language is

High-level language. called Low-level language.

2. These languages are called compiler 2. These languages are called assembler

based Languages or interpreter based languages.

based language.

3. These Languages are also called 3. These languages are called first

second generation languages. generation languages.

4. They are translated to the machine 4. They are translated to the machine

language through compiler or language through assembler.

interpreter.

5. Easy to modify. 5. Low level languages are very hard to
modify

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1.9 LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:

(a) COMPILER:

The compiler takes the complete program In high-level language and
translates, this entirely into machine code. Any errors in compiling are
reported. The compiler is itself a complex program and may be too large for use
on the smaller micro computers (in this case an interpreter is used). One
disadvantage is that compiled programs are difficult to edit.

(b) ASSEMBLER:

Assembler is a program that converts an Assembly Language program
into machine language. Computer does understand only machine language,
assembly Language facilitate programmers to write programs easily bit still it
needs to convert the assembly language program into machine understandable
form.

(c) INTERPRETER:

The interpreter is a simpler program, than the compiler and is used on

microcomputers with smaller memories. The interpreter results in slower

program execution than the compiler. It differs from a compiler, which

translates the entire. Source program into object program without

undergoing its execution.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOURCE PROGRAM AND OBJECT PROGRAM:.

SOURCE PROGRAM OBJECT PROGRAM

1. A program which is written in 1. A source Program which is converted
any computer language is called into machine language is called an

a source program object Program.

2. Source program is always in high 2. Object program is always in machine

level language language

3. Computer cannot execute source 3. Computer can execute object program

program directly, it needs directly.
translators.

4. Source program cannot be read 4. Object program can be read directly.
directly

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 SOME EXAMPLES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:

BASIC: (BEGINNERS ALL PURPOSE SYMBOLIC INSTRUCTION CODE):
This was designed as an educational language and is standard on

many microcomputers. The main criticism is that there are many different
dialects, preventing portability between computers. BASIC programs are also
criticism for there lack of structure, i.e. the programs are not divided into a
series of meaningful blocks each with a clear purpose. Microcomputers usually
have a systems programs known as an editor to enable mistakes in programs
to be corrected on the screen. Languages such as BASIC and COBOL, residing in
small microcomputers are usually interpreted rather than compiled-so
execution is relatively slow.

PASCAL: Pascal is a general-purpose language, which encourages good

structure. As there are no line numbers, programs must be written in separate
modules or procedures. An international standard, ISO Pascal, ensures
portability between different machines. Pascal is a compiled language so
execution of programs is fast. Pascal is used in colleges and universities and by
professional programmers writing commercial software.

COBOL: (COMMON BUSINESS-ORIENTATED LANGUAGE):

This is one of the oldest languages and used statements very similar

to English sentences. It is intended primarily for handling very large files of

data and is used on 'mainframe computers, e.g. in banks, building societies'

and large commercial/industrial organizations.

FORTRAN: (FORMULA TRANSLATION):
Fortran stand for (Formula Translation) is a high level

language used for mathematical work in science and engineering, e.g.
aircraft design. FORTRAN was one of the first language used on mainframe
computers and as it is compiled, is' also used on powerful microcomputers.
Being biased towards mathematics, FORTRAN is weak in text files handling.

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 C - LANGUAGE:

This is one of the newer high-level languages and is increasingly
popular. Programmers in C are in demand, as the language is closely associated
with the network operating system UNIX, which was written in C. C, is also
used for writing systems software such as compilers.

 4GLs/PROGRAM GENERATORS:

Fourth Generation languages or software development tools simplify
the writing of programs. The programmer specifies requirements such as the
data files and the system generates the necessary programming code, taking
care of details such as the screen layout. Authoring systems enable software
for teaching/training purposes to be generated easily by people without
detailed programming skills.

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EXERCISE

 ANSWERS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

Q No. 1 Define the term Computer?

Ans. DEFINITION OF COMPUTER:

The term computer is derived from a Latin word "COMPUTRE"

which means to compute or reckon. The computer can be defined as: "It is an

electronic and calculating device that receives data from input devices as input,

processes it, stores the data in its memory and produces information as output

at an amazingly fast speed."

Q No.2 Write some advantages of computer other than those
mentioned in this chapter?

Ans. ADVANTAGES / CAPABILITIES I IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER:

1. SPEED:

The speed of electronic computers is very fast. Mi lions of calculations

can be done in a second. Such speeds are beyond the comprehension of

the human brain.

2. STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION:

Computer can store large amount of data, instructions and information

on its internal memory or secondary storage device and the same can be

easily accessed and retrieved.

3. CONSISTENCY:

Computers do not become bored or tired or lose concentration when
performing highly repetitive Jobs unlike human beings. Every time same
work is done with equal diligence by computer.

4. AUTOMATIC OPERATION:

Once data and program have been fed into the computer, operation of
the computer is automatic as per the sequence of steps defined by the
program as opposed to mechanical or electronic calculator in which
operator intervention is required at every step.

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5. ACCURACY:
Computer works very accurately and results are always same as per design.

6. FLEXIBILITY:
General purpose computers may be used for variety of purpose
depending upon the programs fed in to the computers.

7. TIME SAVING:
Computer is a time saving device as compared any other type of device.

Q No.3 Define the terms hardware and software?

Ans. HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE:

 HARDWARE:

Computer hardware is the physical components of computer

system. There are system unit inputs (such as keyboard) and output. The term

hardware is applied to physical equipment (mechanical, magnetic, electrical or

electronic devices/circuits) that can be seen and touched and have color, size

and shape. It also can be moved from one place to another physically.

 SOFTWARE:

The term software is used to describe computer programs,
procedures and possible associated documentation concerned with the
operation of a data processing system e.g. compilers, manual, circuit diagrams
etc. The software cannot be touched or moved physically. It is a non physical
part / element / component of a computer.

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Q No.4 Compare and contrast between analog and digital computer?

Ans. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A DIGITAL AND AN ANALOG COMPUTER:

ANALOG COMPUTERS ANALOG COMPUTERS

1. Analog computers are measuring 1. Digital computers are counting

devices. devices.

2. Analog computers are used to 2. Digital computers are used to

process continuous or physical process discrete (discontinuous)

quantities. quantities.

3. Analog computers are special- 3. Digital computers are general-

purpose devices. purpose devices.

4. Analog computers do not have the 4. The great power of any digital

ability to store data in a large computer lies in the ability to store

quantity. large volume of data

5. Analog computers are normally 5. An electronic digital computer

based on electronic components normally consists of input devices,

e.g. amplifiers, transistors. control unit, arithmetic logic unit,

secondary storage and output

devices.

6. The output of Analog computers is 6. The output of digital computers is

usually in the form of reading on usually in the font of digits.

digits or graphs.

Q No.5 Write some draw backs/disadvantages of internet?
Ans. DRAWBACKS/DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET:
(1) Much of the information is not checked and may be incorrect or
irrelevant.
(2) A large amount of undesirable material, Such as Pornography, is
readily available.
(3) Messages sent across the internet can be easily intercepted and
are open to abuse by others.
(4) Large telephone bills can be easily run up.
(5) Too much time spent on the internet could result in a lack of
face-to- face Interaction with others and a loss of social skills.
(6) Going on-line runs the risk of hackers or viruses being able to
damage your computer.

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Q No.6 Why we need to translate a source code into machine code?
Ans. The only language that a computer understands is its machine
language. Commands written in any assembly or high level
Q No.7 language must be translated back into machine code before the
Ans. computer can execute the commands. A program written in any
1- language except the machine language is called source program.
Source program must be converted to machine language code
 called object program in order to execute.

 Write a story of the story of the history and development of
 computer?

 History And Development Of Computer.

AGES OF COMPUTERS

DARK AGE (3000 B.C TO 1890 A.D):

5000 BC THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT (ABACUS):
It was Chinese who developed the ABACUS, the first calculator.
The name ABACUS came from the fact that in Semitic language
ABACUS means sand. The Greek word ABAX means a slab.

1612 NAPIER'S BONES:
By John Napier Scottish Mathematician. A set of 11 (eleven) rods
further divided into 9 (nine) diagonal numbers.

1622 AD SLIDE RULE:
Developed by William ought red an analog device. Although the
slide rule appeared in various forms in Europe during the
seventeenth century, the invention is attributed to the English
mathematician in 1622.

AD PA“CAL “ CALCULATING MACHINE:

Developed by Blaise Pascal, a Frenchman, the first mechanical
calculating machine was called PASCALINE. It could be perform
only addition and subtraction operation.

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 1694 AD IMPROVED PASCAL MACHINE BY GOTTFRIED:

 A German mathematician Gottfried William Von Leibnitz
improved Pascaline. It could now perform addition, subtraction,
 multiplication and division as well as find square roots.

1801 AD PUNCHED CARDS (JOSEPH MARIE JACQUARD):
2- A French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard developed punch cards
with his textile looms to produce patterns and designs on cloth.
 1815-1864 GEORGE BOOLE:

George Boole clarified the binary system of algebra, which
stated that any mathematical equations could be stated simply
as either· true or false by extending this concept to electronic
circuits in the form of on or off.
1820 Arithometer (Thomas De Colmar A Frenchman):

Invented a machine in 1820 that could perform the four basic
arithmetic operations the Arithometer was widely used until
the first world war.

1822 Difference Engine 1832 Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage:

English Professor of Mathematics developed the Difference
Engine. The father of computers, Babbage developed the
concept to design a calculating machine and called it Analytical
Engine.

MIDDLE AGE (1890 TO 1944):
1890 PUNCH CARD READING MACHINE:
Harman Hollerith an American statistician developed his card
reading machine and used punch card for tabulating and
calculating data for 1890 US census.

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 VANNEVER BUSH (1890-1974):

Developed a calculator for solving differential equations in
1931. The machine could solve complex differential equations.
that had long left scientists and mathematicians baffled.

3- MODERN AGE (SINCE 1944 ):
1944 MARK-1 DIGITAL COMPUTER:


Harvard professor Howard Aiken, his students and IBM
developed the first Electro-mechanical computer. (Mark-l ).

 ENIAC (1946) (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator):

 The First Electronic General Purpose Computer:

It comprised of 18,000 vacuum tubes weighed 30 tones and
occupied over 5000 square feet of space. It was able to do 300 multiplications
per second. Instructions were given to the computer by external switches used
by the US Army until 1955.

 EDSAC (1947) (ELECTRONIC DELAYED STORAGEAND CALCULATOR)
BINARY NUMBERING SYSTEM AND VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE:

It was the first one to implement the stored program concepts. It
proposed the use of binary numbering system and also the concept of pre-
stored instructions as program were introduced (in digital form). 1949 A.D.
EDVAC- Muachly Eckert and Others of Moore School. (Electronic Discrete
Variable Automatic Computer)

 1951 A.D. UNIVAC:- (UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC, COMPUTER.

Eckert and Mauchly developed it. It was the first commercially
available computer the first machine UNIVAC-I, (Universal Automatic
Computer) was range: operational in 1951. It was a self checking computer and
used, magnetic tape as input media.

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 1955 A.D. IBM-650:

This computer made IBM the leader in computer manufacturing.

Q No.8 What do you mean by programming language?

Ans. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:

Computer languages are the method to convey the human

messages or instruction to computer. A computer language consist of

Symbols. Characters and usage rules that-permit people to communicate with

'computer. These rules are called syntax or format Calculations, Sorting,

Drawing, Picture Providing, sound, Controlling Machinery, There are two types

of. Computer programming languages these might include.

(1) Low Level Language. (2) High Level Language

Q No.9 What is the difference between high level and low level

languages

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE

ANALOG COMPUTERS ANALOG COMPUTERS

1. Any programming language 1. Any programming language which is

which is near to the human near to the machine language is

language is called High-level called near to the machine language

language. is called Low-level language.

2. These languages are called 2. These languages are called

compiler based language or assembler based languages

interpreter based languages

3. These languages are also called 3. These languages called first

second generation languages. generation languages.

4. They are translated to the 4. They are translated to the machine

machine language through language through assembler

compiler or interpreter.

5. Easy to modify 5. Low level languages are very hard to

modify.

Q No.10 Write short notes on the following?

(a) Super Computer (b) Main frame Computer
(c) Mini Computer (d) Micro Computer

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(a) SUPER COMPUTER:

Super computer is the most powerful and the most expensive computer
as well as the fastest one. Super computer has limited use and, because of its
high price, a limited market. Super computer is used where primarily
government agencies, scientific laboratories, and large corporations
manipulate a vast quantity of data. Current super computer, ordered
surpassingly in large numbers, can perform about 100 million instructions per
second. Thus the technology and performance of super computer continues to
improve.

(b) MAIN FRAME COMPUTER:

Mainframe computers are less powerful, not so fast, and are less
expensive than super computers. Mainframe computers are generally found in
computer room, where environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity,
and dust are closely monitored. Mainframe may have over 100 MB for main
storage. Processing speed is measured in nanosecond or Pico second.

More then 1000 stations can be accommodated by typical mainframe.
Federal and local government agencies, banks, hospital, commercial and
industrial users need the capabilities of mainframe computers.

(c) MINI COMPUTER:

Mini computers are smaller than the mainframe computers. They
contain less memory and processing capability and are less expensive. They are
used in medium size business and can serve users simultaneously, scientific
laboratories, research groups, colleges, engineering, firms, and even industrial
and manufacturing plants also use Mini Computer.

They are also known as "Minis".

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(d) MICRO COMPUTER:

A Microcomputer is the smallest and least expensive, sometimes it is
known as personal computer (PC). It can be arranged on a table.
Microcomputers have rather small capabilities as compared to those of the
large mainframe computers, but at the moment microcomputers are more
powerful than the early mainframe. Today, however, several users can use
some mini computers, each with a terminal connected to a central
Microcomputer. Home Computer, Desktop computer, Personal Computer, and
laptop Computer are all examples ·of Microcomputer.

Q No.11 Fill the blanks.

1. A program written in high-level language is called a source program.
2. Software is a set of electronic instructions used to instruct the computer
what to do.
3. Mark-l was the first computer that was the real beginning of computers as
we know them today.
4. Charles Babbage is known as the father of computing.
5. The major invention of first generation of computers was Vacuum Tube.
6. Transistor were the major technological development of Second generation
of computers.
7. Desktop, Laptop, and hand-held computers are examples of Micro
computers.
8. All the physical equipment of computer system are termed as
Hardware.
9. Slide Rules was invented by William Ought red.
10. Fifth generation is called the generation of Artificial Intelligence.

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QUESTIONS FROM PAST PAPERS:

YEAR 2013:

Section "A" (Multiple Choice Questions) - (MCQs)

(i) High-Level language is similar to:

* Machine Language * Assembly Language
* English Language * None of these

(ii) They physical components of a computer system are termed as:

* Hardware * Software * Live ware * Firm ware

(iii) The major invention of the 1st generation of computer was:

* Mark-1 * Osborn * UNIVAC * None of these

Section "B" (Short -Answer Questions)

Q No.1 Why the source code is needed to be translated into machine
code? What is the impact of computer on the society?
Q No.2

Section "C" (Detailed-Answer Questions)
Q No.3 Write down the classification of computer according to the Data
Handle.
Q No.4 What do you mean by programming language?
How many types of Languages are there?

YEAR 2012:

Section "A" (Multiple Choice Questions) - (MCQs)

(iii) The difference engine was designed by:

* Pascal * Dr. Harmon Hollerith
* Charles Babbage * John Napier

(x) High level languages are similar to:

* Machine language * Assembly language
* English language * None of these

(xi) Transistors were used in this generation of Computer:

* First * Second * Third * Fourth

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(xiii) A language translator which translates one instruction at a time is called:

* Compiler * Interpreter * Assembler * All of these

(xi) The first electro mechanical computer was:

* ENIAC * MARK-1 * UNIVAC

Section "B" (Short -Answer Questions)

Q No.9 What do you know about ABACUS and where is used nowadays,
Q No.10 What is Computer? Write down the capabilities of Computer.

Section "C" (Detailed-Answer Questions)
Q No.15(a) Define a Language Translator and write its types.

(b) Draw the generation table and give the details of the 2nd Generation of Computer.

YEAR 2011:

Section "A" (Multiple Choice Questions) - (MCQs)

(i) Title, the Father of Computer is given to:

* Charles Babbage * William Oughtred
* Hermain Holerith * Blaise Pascal

Section "B" (Short -Answer Questions)

Q No.2 Define Computer?
Q No.3 Differentiate between Analogue and Digital Computer?
Q No.7 Why do you need Language Translator?
Q No.12 What is the difference between Hardware and Software?

Section "c" (Detailed-Answer Questions)

Q No.15(a) Draw Generation Table of Computer.

YEAR 2010:
Section 'A" (Multiple Choice Questions) - (MCQs)

(i) The Physical components of a computer system are termed

as:

*Hardware * Software *Livewire * Firmware

(ii) Slide Rule was invested by:

* Blaise Pascal * William Ought red

* Leibniz * Charles Babbage

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Section-B (Short Answer Questions)

Q No.2 (i) What are the characteristics of the 4th generation of
computers?
(ii) What are the advantages of Internet?
(iii) Define Micro computer and Minicomputer.
(Vi) Why do we need to translate a source code into the machine
code?

YEAR 2009

Section-A Multiple Choi e Questio s MCQ s
(1) A program written in high level language is called _______

(ii) * Hard program * Source program
* Correct program * System program

________is a set of electronic instructions used to instruct the

computer to do what is required

* High level program * Programming
* Low level program * Program

(iii) The major 'Invention of the 1st generation of computer was
(iv)
(v) _______

* Mark-1 * Osborn-1 * UNIVAC * None of the above

Slide rule was invented by______________

* Charles Babbage * William Robinson

* William Oughtred * None of the above

________ generation is called generation of artificial

intelligence:

* Third * First * Second * Fifth

Section-B (Short Answer Questions)
Q No.2(i) Define the terms Hardware and Software.
Define a programming language and state its type.
(ii) State the types of computer according to data handing.
(iii) Describe the ages of computer.
(iv)

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Section-C (Detailed-Answer Questions)

Q No.3 (a) Draw the generation Table and describe the generations of

computer.

Q No.4 (b) Describe a minicomputer, a microcomputer and a mainframe

computer.

Year 2008

(i) _______ generation is called the generation of artificial

intelligence:

(ii) _____________Translate the whole program in a machine

language at a time and stores the translated program on disk.

Q No.2 (b) Differentiate between an Analog computer and a Digital computer.
Q No.8 (a) What are the language translators Explain each of them.
Q No.9 Write short notes on any one of the following:

(i) Mainframe computer (ii) Internet

MUL TIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

(1) The first electro mechanical computer was:

(a) ENIAC (b) MARK-1 (c) UNIVAC (d) EDVAC

(2) Vacuum tubes were used in the_________ generation of computer.

(a) 2nd (b) lst (c) 4th (d) 3rd

(3) ____________ Computer has both analog and digital functions to process data.

(a) Digital (b) Hybrid (c) Analog (d) Micro

(4) Integrated circuits were used in___________ generation of computer.

(a) 4th (b) 1st (c) 3rd (d) 5th

(5) Hybrid computer is a combination of________and_________computer.

(a) Digital and Analog (b) Mini and Micro

(c) Digital and Micro (d) None of them

(6) Transistors were used in the____ generation of computer.

(a) 1st (b) 3rd (c) 2nd (d) 4th

(7) Charles Babbage invented______________.

(a) Pascaline (b) ABACUS (c) Difference (d)None of them

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(8) ____________is known as the father of computer.

(a) Blaise Pascal Engine (b) Prof Haward Aiken

(c) Charles Babbage (d) None of them

(9) The first mechanical calculator constructed by___________.

(a) Charles Babbage (b) Vannever Bush

(c) Blaise Pascal (d) None of the above

(10) Stored program concept is given by____________.

(a) Lady Ada Augusta (b) Charles Babbage

(c) Blaise Pascal (d) None of them

(11) EDP stands for______________________________.

(a) Electro Data Processing (b) Electronic Data Processing

(c) Expended Data Processing (d) None of the above

(12) __________ is the physical parts of a computer used to process the data.

(a) Software (b) Hardcopy (c) Softcopy (d) Hardware

(13) The set of instructions under which the computer system works is

called_______.

(a) Software (b) Program (c) Firmware (d) None of them

(14) ________________ software is the set of instructions that are developed for

the computer user's activities.

(a) Application (b) System (c) Utility (d) None of the above

(15) A program written in a high level language is called a/an________ program.

(a) Object (b) Source (c) Machine (d) None of them

(16) A compiler converts a source program into an/a_______ program.

(a) Object (b) Source (c) Machine (d) None of them

(17) ________________ language can be directly understood by the computer.

(a) Machine (b) Low level (c) High level (d) None of the above

(18) _________converts the Source program into an object program.

(a) Translators (b) Firmware (c) None of them (d) Operating system

(19)___________ is a way of communicating with to be computer.

(a) Language (b) Command (c) Program (d) All of them

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(20) ABACUS was developed in___________________

(a) China (b) USA (c) England (d) None of them

(21) The major invention of first generation was__________________.

(a) Transistors (b) Vacuum Tubes (c) Microprocessor (d) IC's

(22) LSI means________________.

(a) Low Scale Integration (b) Large Scale Inter charge

(c), Large Scale Integration (d) None of the above

(23) Electronic Data Processing Cycle consists of ____ ,____and______ steps.

(a) Process, input, output (b) input, Process, Output

(c) Output, process, input (d) Process, Input, Output

(24) They have the accuracy of Digital computer and have the speed of analog

computer.

(a) Super computer (b) Hybrid computer

(c) Main frame computer (d) None of the above

(25) _______________ is a common example of Digital Computer.

(a) Micro computer (b) Main frame computer

(c) Minicomputer (d) All of the above

(26) __________Purpose Computers are designed to solve a specific problem.

(a) General (b) Special (c) Super (d) None of the above

(27) __________Computers are designed to process a wide variety of applications.

(a) Digital (b) Mainframe (c) Analog (d) None of the above

(28) ________ _ is an electronic device that can process data at a fast speed and

produce accurate result.

(a) Micro Computer (b) Calculator

(c) Pascaline (d) None of the above

(29) Earlier computer could only process__________ data.

(a) Alphabetic (b) Numeric (c) Alphanumeric (d) None of the above

(30) The term_______ refers to the non-physical elements of a computer system.

(a) Software (b) Hardware (c) Live ware (d) Firmware

(31) The________ was invented about 5000 years ago in Asia is considered first

computer.

(a) ABACUS (b) Pascaline

(c) Difference Engine (d) None of the above

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(32) In 1612,_____ _________ made the first printed use of the decimal

point and invent logarithms and several machines for multiplication.

(a), Pascaline (b) Arithometer

(c) Napier's Bone (d) None of the above

(33) ________________created the Slide rule based on Napier's logarithms.

(a) William Oughtred . (b) Blaise Pascal

(c) Charles Babbage . (d) John Napier

(34) The first operating model ofPascaline was introduced in__________________.

(a) 1642 (b) 1622 (c) 1612 (d) 1640

(35) In ________ a German Mathematician improved the Masculine called Leibn

calculator.

(a) 1612 (b) 1694 (c) 1820 (d) 1642

(36) Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar invented a machine___________________ in

1820 that coul perform the four basic arithmetic operations.

(a) Arithmetic (b) Mechanical calculator

(c) Analytical Engine (d) Difference Engine

(37) Slide rule was invented by______________.

(a) Blaise Pascal (b) William ought red

(c) Leibniz (d) Charles Babbage

(38) An English Mathematics professor,___________________ is known as the true

father computing.

(a) Charles Bahbage (b) Howard Aiken

(c) Blasise Pascal (d) None of the above

(39) In 1822, Babbage proposed a machine to perfann differential equations, called

a/an

(a) Analytical Engine (b) Different Engine

(c) Arithmetic (d) None of the above

(40) In 1832, Babbage proposed a more general purpose computer and called it

an/a_____________.

(a) Analytical Engine (b) Difference Engine

(c) Mark-I . (d) ENIAC

(41) In_________ Joseph Marie Jacquard used punched cards in looms that

controlled the pattern to be woven.

(a) 1900 (b) 1801 (c) 1890 (d) None of the above

(42) In 1889, an American inventor_______________________ also applied the

jacquard loom concept for computing.

(a) Hennen Hollerith (b) Joseph

(c) Blaise Pascal (d) None of the above

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(43) ____________machine sensed the holes in punched cards, triggering a wire to

pass through the holes closing an electrical circuit.

(a) Tabulating (b) Punching hole (c) Arithmetic (d) None of the above

(44) Vannevar Bush developed a calculator for solving differential equations

in_____________.

(a) 1937 (b) 1931 (c) 1947 (d) None of the above

(45) First generation computers relied on______________ language to perform

operations.

(a) Machine (b) Assembly (c) High level (d) None of the above

(46) The ___________ was the first commercial computer delivered to a business
client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

(a) UNIVAC (b) EDSAC (c) ENIAC (d) None of the above

(47) _____________ replaced vacuum tubes in the second geranial of computers.
(a) Transistors (b) IC's (c) Micro processor (d) None of the above

(48) The development of the Integrated Circuit (IC) was the Hallmark of the_____

generation of computers.

(a) 1st (b) 2nd (c) 3rd (d) 4th

(49) Users interacted with________________ generation computers through

keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system.

(a) 3rd (b) 2nd (c) 4th (d) 5th

(50) The___________ brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of

integrated circuit were built onto a single silicon chip.

(a) Microprocessor (b) Vacuum Tube

(c) Artificial intelligent (d) None of the above

(51) Fifth generation computing devices, based on____________ are still in

development.

(a) A.I (b) Vacuum Tubes (c) IC (d) Transistors

(52) __________ computers are commonly used for scientific and engineering

problems.

(a) Digital (b) Analog (c) Micro (d) None of the above

(53) ____________ computers are very sophisticated machines designed to

perform complex calculations at fastest speed.

(a) Digital (b) Analog (c) Hybrid (d) None of the above

(54) A___________ originally meant the cabinet containing the central processor

unit of a very large computer.

(a) Mini Computer (b) Micro Computer

(c) Mainframe Computer (d) None of the above

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(55) The___________ computers are made to model large dynamic computing

needs of a big organization that serves hundreds of terminals all at the same

time.

(a) Mainframe Computer (b) Micro

(c) Super (d) None of the above

(56) A___________ is a multiprocessing system having terminal attached to it and

IS capable of supporting 4 to 200 users simultaneously.

(a) Mainframe (b) Super Computer

(c) Mini Computer (d) None of the above

(57) Collection of various computers and other devices connected with each other

through satellite to share the resources is called_________________.

(a) Internet (b) Network

(c) Mainframe (d) None of the above

(58) A set of rules that provides a way of telling computer what operations to

perform is called a_________.

(a) Operating system (b) Program

(c) Software (d) All of the above

(59) Machine language is also called _______because it is the language of s and

1 s.

(a) Low level language (b) High level language

(e) Assembly language (d) None of the above

(60) The use of Transistor was a marked feature of the___________ generation of

Computer.

(a) 1st (b) 2nd (e) 3rd (d) 4th

(61) Hollerith's machine is used___________ to read data.

(a) Floppy Disk (b) Hard Disk (e) Magnetic Tape (d) Punch Card

(62) __________ processes data as continuous measurement of physical quantities

(a) Hybrid computer (b) Hybrid.

(c) Analog computer (d) None of the above

(63) A computer program is a___________.

(a) Set of instructions (b) Set of data

(e) Set of information (d) None of the above

(64) ___________ lets us conduct banking transactions from virtually anywhere in

the world.

(a) ATM (b) Punch card (e) Hard disk (d) None of them

(65) Ought red created the slide rule (originally_______________ in shape).
(66)
(67) (a) Rectangular (b) Circular (c) Square (d) None of them

There are__________ generations of computers.

(a) Two (b) Three (c) Four (d) Five

____________ computers are the largest and fastest machines.

(a) Super (b) Main-Frame (e) Mini (d) Micro

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