New Gateway to Computer Science 7

Types of Computer Hardware

Input Hardware
Keyboard

A keyboard is one of the most common and very
popular input devices which helps to input data to
the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that
of traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional
functions. Different Keyboards have different keys. Some keyboard have
84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now most of the keyboards are available with
104 keys or 108 keys.

Mouse

A mouse is the most popular input handheld pointing
device. Generally, it has three buttons called the left
and the right button and a scroll button. The mouse
can be used to control the position of the cursor on
the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the
computer.

Joystick

A joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to
move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is
a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and
upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket.
The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The
function of the joystick is similar to the mouse. It is
mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer
games.

50 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Light pen

A light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen.
It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a
photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved over
the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed,
its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the
corresponding signal to the CPU.

Track Ball

A track ball is an input device that is mostly
used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of
a mouse. This is a ball which is half inserted and
by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be
moved. Since the whole device is not moved, a
track ball requires less space than a mouse. A
track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a
button, or a square.

Scanner

A scanner is an input device, which works
like a photocopy machine. It is used when
some information is available on paper and
it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the
computer for further manipulation. The
scanner captures images from the source then
converted into a digital form that can be stored
on the disk. These images can be edited before
they are printed.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 51

Bar Code Readers

A Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar
coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines).
A bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods,
numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld
scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner.
Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric
value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is
connected to.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ A computer hardware represents the physical components of a
computer that can be seen and touched.

¬¬ A keyboard is one of the most common and very popular input
devices which helps to input data to the computer.

¬¬ A mouse is the most popular input handheld pointing device.
¬¬ A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the

screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
¬¬ A joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor

position on a monitor screen.
¬¬ The function of the joystick is similar to the mouse. It is mainly used

in Computer Aided Designing (CAD).
¬¬ A track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or

laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
¬¬ A scanner is an input device, which works like a photocopy machine.
¬¬ The scanner captures images from the source which are then

converted into a digital form.
¬¬ A bar code reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data

in the form of light and dark lines).
¬¬ A bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering

the books, etc.

52 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Output Hardware

Monitor

Monitors are also called Visual Display Unit (VDU)
which are the main softcopy output devices of a
computer system. It forms images from tiny dots,
called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular
form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the
number of pixels. There are two types of viewing
screen used for monitors they are Cathode-Ray
Tube (CRT) and Flat-Panel Display.

The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The
smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. The flat-panel
display refers to a class of video devices that reduces volume, weight and
power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls
or wear them on your wrists.

Printer

It is a popular hardcopy output device used to display the results on paper.
There are various types of printers that differ in terms of the way the image
is created and the type of paper and ink used by it. The quality of printer is
measured in DPI (Dots Per Inch). The more dots per inch, the better will
be the printing quality. However, the printing speed is measured in CPS
(Characters Per Second) or in PPM (Printed per Minute).

Types of Printers

There are two types of printers which we are going to discuss below.

Impact printer 53

Impact printer prints the characters by striking
inked ribbon against the paper or sheet with
hammer like mechanism. The ink ribbon is
pressed against the paper, marking the page with
the appropriate character, dot, line, or symbol.
Common examples of impact printers are dot
matrix, daisy-wheel printers, and ball printers.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software

Non- Impact printer

Non-impact printer does not strike the characters
against ribbon or paper to print. These printers
are much quieter than impact printers since they
do not physically strike the page. For example,
inkjet printers spray tiny drops of ink onto the
page, while laser printers use a cylindrical drum
that rolls electrically charged ink onto the paper.
Laser printers, inkjet printers, thermal printers
etc. are the examples of Non-Impact printer.

Speaker

Speakers are the most common audio output
devices used with computer systems. The purpose
of speakers is to produce audio output that
can be listened to by the listener. The speakers
receive audio input from a device such as a
computer or an audio receiver. This input may be
either in analog or digital form. Analog speakers
amplify the analog electromagnetic waves into
sound waves.

Plotter

A plotter is a printer designed for printing 
graphics and large scale images. Plotters are used
for printing architectural blueprints, engineering
designs, and other CAD (Computer Aided
Design) drawings. There are two main types
of plotters they are drum and flatbed plotters.
Drum plotters are also called roller plotters.
This plotter spin the paper back and forth on
a cylindrical drum while the ink pens move left and right. By combining
these two directions, lines can be drawn in any direction. Flatbed plotters

have a large horizontal surface on which the paper is placed.

54 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Quick Learn!

¬¬ Monitors are also called Visual Display Unit (VDU) which are the
main softcopy output device of a computer system

¬¬ There are two types of viewing screen used for monitors. They are
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) and Flat-Panel Display.

¬¬ The CRT display is made up of small picture elements which are
called pixels.

¬¬ A printer is a popular hardcopy output device used to display the
results on paper.

¬¬ The quality of the printer is measured in DPI (Dots Per Inch).
¬¬ An impact printer prints the characters by striking inked ribbon

against the paper or sheet with hammer like mechanism.
¬¬ A Non-Impact printer does not strike the characters against ribbon

or paper to print.
¬¬ Speakers are the most common audio output devices used with

computer systems.
¬¬ A plotter is a printer designed for printing graphics and large scale

images.
¬¬ There are two main types of plotters they are drum and flatbed

plotters.
¬¬ Drum plotters are also called roller plotters.

Processing Hardware

The CPU (Central Processing
Unit) is the processing hardware
which does all type of processing
activities in the computer system.
It is mainly responsible for data
processing. The CPU has three
main sections which we are going
to discuss below.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 55

Memory Unit

A memory unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results. This
unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed. It
is also known as internal storage unit or the main memory or the primary
storage. The RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only
Memory) are the two types of memory units.

Control Unit

A control unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer but does
not carry out any actual data processing operations. The main function
of these units is to control the act of transferring of data and instructions
among other units of a computer and communicates with input/output
devices for transferring data or results from storage.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two sections. They are arithmetic section and logic
section. The arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division and the logic section is
to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting and merging the
data.

Storage Hardware

The storage hardware is used to store the data and programs permanently
for further use. A computer storage hardware is any type of hardware that
stores data. The most common type of storage device, which all computers
have, is a hard disk. The computer's hard disk stores the operating system,
applications, files and folders for the computer users. Some of the storage
hardware are explained below.

Hard disk

Hard disk is one of the largest data storage devices
in a computer. The operating system, software
programs, and most other files can be stored in the
hard disk drive. When you save data or install any
programs on your computer, the information is
directly written to the hard disk. The hard disk is a
combination of metallic disk and drive that is fixed

56 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

in the system box. Nowadays, the external hard disks are also available to
store the large volume of data in the term of terabyte.

Memory card

Memory card is a small sized but large storage
capacity device basically used to store photos,
videos, or other data in electronic devices. The
devices that commonly use a memory card
are digital cameras, digital camcorders, handheld
computers, MP3players, PDAs, cell phones, game
consoles, and printers.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ The CPU is the processing hardware which does all type of processing
activities in the computer system.

¬¬ CPU is mainly responsible for data processing.
¬¬ A memory unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate

results.
¬¬ RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM (Read Only Memory)

are the two types of primary memory.
¬¬ The main function of the control unit is to control the transferring

data and instructions among other units of the computer and
communicates with input/output devices
¬¬ The arithmetic section is used to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
¬¬ The logic section is used to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting and merging the data.
¬¬ The storage hardware is used to store the data and programs
permanently for further use.
¬¬ The most common type of storage device, which all computers have,
is a hard disk.
¬¬ The hard disk is a combination of metallic disk and drive that is
fixed in the system box.
¬¬ A memory card is a small size but large storage capacity device
basically used to store photos, videos, or other data in electronic
devices.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 57

Computer Software

A computer needs instruction to accomplish a task. Computer software
instructs the computer hardware and enables it to perform a task. The set
of the instruction is called computer programme. A software is a collection
of program that enable the user to interact with computer hardware or
perform some specific tasks. Without software, the computers are useless.
There are different types of the computer software which are explained
below:

System Software

System software helps to activate the computer system and provides
the operating environment for other application software. The primary
work of system software is to control, integrate and manage the hardware
components of the computer system. It provides an operating environment
where user can work with various computer programs.

Types of system software
Operating System

Without a computer operating system, a computer and other
software programs will be useless. An operating system enables the
computer hardware to interact, communicate and operate with the
computer software. An operating system software helps to activate the
computer system and provides them common platform to work. Windows
98, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10, Linux, UNIX, etc.
are popular names of operating system.

Language Translator / processor

A language translator is a program that translates a set of codes written
in one programming language into a functional equivalent to the code in
another programming language. The instructions given by the users are
the high level language which cannot be understood by the machine so that
it must be translated into commands to understand by the machine.

58 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

There are three types of language translators:

Compiler

A compiler is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-level
language to low-level language. It translates the entire program and also
reports the errors in source program encountered during the translation.

Interpreter

An interpreter is a translator which is used to convert programs in high-
level language to low-level language. It translates line by line and reports
the error once it encountered during the translation process. It directly
executes the operations specified in the source program when the input is
given by the user.

Assembler

An assembler is a translator which is used to translate the assembly language
code into machine language code.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ A software is a collection of instructions that enables the user to
interact with the computer hardware or perform some specific
tasks.

¬¬ A system software helps to activate the computer system and provide
the operating environment for other application softwares.

¬¬ The primary work of the system software is to control, integrate
and manage the hardware components of the computer system.

¬¬ An operating system software helps to activate the computer system
and provides them with common platform to work.

¬¬ The instructions given by the users are the high level language which
cannot be understood by the machine.

¬¬ There are three types of language translators they are compiler,
interpreter and assembler.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 59

Device Driver

A device driver is a piece of software that tells the operating system and
other software about how to communicate with hardware. The device
driver controls a particular type of device that is attached to the computer,
such as a keyboard, mouse, pen drive, etc. The driver program converts
the more general input/output instructions of the operating system to
messages that the device can understand.

Utility Software:

Utility software is a  system
software designed to help
analyse, configure, optimize or
maintain a computer. Utility
software is special type of system
software used to maximize the
utility of the hardware devices
and computer system. We can use
utility software for scanning the
hard disk, repair and maintenance
of computer system and remove
the viruses from the computer system. Antivirus, Backup software,
Clipboard, Compression utility, Debugger; Scan disk, and other toolkits are
the examples of utility software.

Application Software

An application software is developed for the specific use. This software is
developed using High level Language. It is a set of one or more programs
designed to solve a specific problem of a specific task. This program directs
a computer to solve a user-oriented problem, such as preparing bills,
preparing marks ledger etc.

60 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Types of application software
Packaged Software

A packaged software is ready made software developed for the general
users to perform a particular task. It is the software that is used together
to perform similar functions, or includes similar features, and is bundled
together as a set of software programs. Word Processing, Database
Management, Graphics software package like adobe, multimedia software
etc. are the examples of packaged software.

Customize Software

A customize software is also known as tailored software. This type
of  software  is specially  developed  for specific organization or other
user. The software of hospitals, department stores, bill processing, school
management software, banking software, air ticket reservations, etc. are
some customized software. Customized software are designed according to

the needs of the user or an organization.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ A device driver controls a particular type of device that is attached to
the computer system.

¬¬ An utility software is special type of system software used to maximize
the utility of the hardware devices and computer system.

¬¬ Antivirus, Backup software, Scan disk, etc. are the examples of utility
software.

¬¬ An application software is a set of one or more programs designed to
solve a specific problem of a specific task.

¬¬ A packaged software is software that is used together to perform
similar functions, or includes similar features.

¬¬ A custom software is also known as tailored software.
¬¬ The software of hospitals, department stores, bill processing, school

management software, banking software, etc. are some customized
software.
¬¬ Customize software are designed according to the needs of the user
or an organization.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 61

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.

a. ……………….is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a
well-defined function.

i. Hardware ii. Software iii. Machine

b. Which of the following works like a traditional typewriter?

i. Mouse ii. Monitor iii. Keyboard

c. Which of the following is an input pointing device?

i. Monitor ii. Joystick iii. Mouse

d. Which of the following input devices looks like a general pen?

i. Mouse ii. Scanner iii. Light Pen

e. Which of the following devices is mostly used in notebook instead
of mouse?

i. Track Ball ii. Scanner iii. Keyboard

f. Which of the following devices is called the Visual Display Unit?

i. Printer ii. Monitor iii. CPU

g. Which of the followings is a hardcopy output unit?

i. Monitor ii. Printer iii. Scanner

h. Which of the followings is a type of impact printer?

i. Laser Printer ii. Inkjet printer iii. Dot Matrix Printer

i. Which of the following is an operating system?

i. Windows 10 ii. Office 2007 iii. Excel

j. Which of the followings is a language translator?

i. Compiler ii. Assembler iii. Both i and ii.

2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

a. A computer software represents the physical components of the
computer that can be seen and touched.

b. A mouse is the most popular input handheld pointing device.

62 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

c. A track ball is an output device that is mostly used in notebook or
laptop computer, instead of a mouse.

d. A scanner is an output device, which works like a photocopy
machine.

e. A printer is a popular softcopy output device used to display the
results on paper.

f. An impact printer is quieter than non-impact printer since it does
not physically strike the page.

g. A scanner is a printer designed for printing graphics and large
scale of images.

h. Drum plotters are also called roller plotters.

i. The hard disk is a combination of metallic disk and drive that is
fixed in the system box.

j. The memory cards are large in a size but has less storage capacity.

k. Antivirus, Backup software, Scandisk, etc. are the examples of
system software.

l. A custom software is also known as tailored software.

3. Write down the single technical terms for the following
information.

a. A software that helps to activate the computer system and provides
the operating environment for other application software.

b. A large storage device that is a combination of metallic disk and
a drive which is fixed in the system box.

c. A hard copy output that is designed for printing graphics and a
large scale images.

d. A printer does not strike the characters against ribbon or paper
to print.

e. It is a popular hardcopy output device used to display the results
on paper.

f. A device used for reading bar code data.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 63

g. An input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop
computer, instead of a mouse.

h. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper
ends.

4. Fill in the gaps with correct word(s).

a. ……………….. is one of the most common and very popular input
devices which helps to input data to the computer.

b. A …………… can be used to control the position of the cursor on the
screen, but it cannot be used to enter the text into the computer.

c. Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the
………………. on a monitor screen.

d. The quality of printer is measured in ………………..
e. …………….. are the most common audio output devices used with

computer systems.
f. There are two main types of plotters they are drum and ……………….

plotters.
g. ………………. is one of the main largest data storage device in a

computer.
h. …………….. is a collection of instructions that enables the user to

interact with computer hardware to perform some specific tasks.
i. System software helps to activate the computer system and

provides the ……….. environment for other application software.
j. ………………… software helps to activate the computer system and

provides them with common platform to work.
k. There are ............... types of language translators. They are

compiler, …………… and assembler.
l. ………………. controls a particular type of device that is attached to

your computer system.
m. ………………..software is designed according to the needs of the

user or an organization.

64 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

5. Answer the following questions.
a. Define the computer hardware and software.
b. Name any four input devices and explain them in short.
c. What is a computer hardware? Name any four computer hardware
that you know.
d. Define the term ‘Printer’.
e. What is impact and Non- Impact printers?
f. Name any two impact and non- impact printer.
g. What is the use of plotter?
h. What is a processing hardware?
i. Define memory unit, control unit and ALU.
j. Name any two storage hardware and explain them in short.
k. What is a system software? Name any two system software.
l. Define an operating system with examples.
m. What is a language translator? Name any three language
translator.

Project work and activity

a. Collect any six pictures of input and output hardware and prepare a chart
paper to decorate your class.

b. Visit your computer lab and make a list of hardware and software that you
can see there.

Introduction to Computer Hardware and software 65

Chapter

6 Operating System

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
define an operating system and tell its functions.
tell about the booting and its types.
identify the features of windows 7 operating system.

Let's Update

. The first hard drives available were even bigger than a commercial fridge –
another computer facts by which you will get amazed.

. Alan Turing is the father of theoretical computer science and artificial
intelligence.

. The first disk drive to use removable media was the IBM 1311.

Introduction

An Operating System is a collection of system program that controls the
operations of a computer system. It acts like the intermediary between the
user and the computer hardware. It has major two objectives, first is to
activate the hardware devices and other is to provide an interface to the
user and interpret commands. The Windows operating systems (Windows
OS) are also called Microsoft Windows. Windows provides a Graphical User
Interface (GUI) so it is very user friendly. It also provides virtual memory
management, multitasking, and support many peripheral devices.

66 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Functions of operating system

It manages the computer's resources, such as the processing unit,
memory unit, input unit and other peripheral devices.

It helps to send data to output unit as a result.
It helps to store and receive the information from the disk drive.
It helps to run the other application programs.

Types of operating system

Single user operating system

A single-user operating system is a type of operating system in which only
one user can access the computer at a time. Single user operating system is
developed to fulfil the requirement of a single user. A single user operating
system provides the facilities to be used on one computer by only one user.
MS-DOS, mobile operating system, windows 95, windows 98, etc. are the
examples of single user operating system.

Multi User operating system

A multi-user operating system allows more than one user to access a
computer system at one time. A multi-user operating system is designed
for more than one user to access the computer at one time. Mainframes and
minicomputers work on multi-user operating systems. These operating
systems are complex in comparison to single user operating systems.

Booting

A booting is the process of starting or restarting the computer system.
In the booting, computer system will check all the hardware and software

Operating System 67

those are installed or attached and also load all the files which are needed
for running a system. During the booting process, the system will read all
the information from the files that are stored into the ROM Chip and the
ROM chip will read all the instructions stored into these Files.

Types of Booting

Warm Booting: It is the process of starting or restarting the computer
by pressing the restart button of the system unit or by pressing the CTRL +
ALT + DEL key at the same time through the keyboard.
Cold Booting: The normal stage of starting the computer is called cold
booting. When the system starts from the starting or the initial stage that is
a cold booting. Cold booting is a start-up process that begins with turning
on the computer’s power button. A cold boot is typically performed by
pressing the power button on the computer.

Introduction to Window 7

Window 7 was released by Microsoft on October 22, 2009. It is a personal
computer operating system. Windows 7 was upgraded with the windows
Vista operating system. Windows 7 is a faster and much better operating
system than the previous OS. There are some popular features of windows
7 which are listed below.

It has a new task bar with attractive start button.
It has a systematic desktop organization.
It has well file organization mechanism.
It is easy for networking communication.
It has more speed to operate.
It is more compatible.
It is easy for installation process.

68 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Windows Desktop

The windows desktop is the first screen that appears when you operate a
computer with a windows OS. You can see some pictures on your desktop,
these are called icons. To access the program, you can use the icons. To
open an icon, you can double-click on it by using the left mouse button. The
below is the desktop screen that we see at first after opening a computer.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ An Operating System is a collection of system program that controls
the operations of computer system.

¬¬ Windows provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) so it is very
user friendly.

¬¬ A single user operating system is developed to fulfil the requirement
of a single user.

¬¬ A multi-user operating system allows more than one user to access
a computer system at one time.

¬¬ The mainframes and mini computers work on multi-user operating
systems.

¬¬ A booting is the process of starting or restarting the computer
system.

¬¬ There are two types of booting they are warm booting and cold
booting.

¬¬ A warm booting is the process of starting or restarting the computer
by pressing the restart button of the system unit.

¬¬ A cold booting is the normal stage of starting the computer.
¬¬ When the system starts from the starting or the initial stage that is

a cold booting.

Operating System 69

Explanation of some desktop icons

Users

A user is the default storage location (folder) for your files
that you create. When you save or open a file, Microsoft
Windows initially opens the user dialog box. You can also
manually select the desire location and store the
documents. Here, in this picture Shubharambha is the
user folder.

Computer

It displays the information about your computer, such as
the contents of your computer drives and other peripheral
devices like pen drive, camera, mobile or other storage.
It also allows you to find, view and organize files in a
systematic way.

70 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Recycle Bin

This is a place where the deleted items from windows get
stored. Your computers data and files should be tidied
up regularly. You can delete any unwanted files from the
system. Any files that you delete from your computer system
will be placed first in the Recycle Bin.

Internet Explorer

With the help of the Internet Explorer you can search
and view information on the web site. You can search the
information about various topics, download music, copy
graphics, etc. with the help of this icon.

Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spread sheet application program
which allows you to enter the text and numbers into rows
and columns. It is also used for data processing. The data
can be manipulated and analysed by using Excel formulas
and functions. We can also prepare reports and charts with
the help of excel.

Microsoft PowerPoint

Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program. It displays
the text, numbers and graphics into a presentation which
can be shown to an audience in a slideshow, or printed as
hand-outs.

Microsoft Word

Microsoft Word is a word processing application
program that is used for creating documents such as
reports, letters, business plans, and many more.

Operating System 71

The Taskbar

The taskbar is the long horizontal bar located at the bottom of the screen.
The taskbar is always visible. It has three main sections.

The Start button: It helps to open the Start menu.
The middle section : It shows you which programs and files you have

opened. It helps to switch between the programs quickly.
The notification area : It includes a clock and icons that communicate

the status of certain programs and computer settings.

Minimize and restore windows

When a window is active, the taskbar button
is highlighted. Minimizing a window does not
close it or delete its contents. It just temporarily
removes it from the desktop.
You can minimize a window by clicking the minimize button in the

upper-right corner of the window.

The notification area

The notification area is located at the
far right side of the taskbar, includes a
clock and a group of icons.

These icons communicate the status of something on your computer or
provide access to certain settings. The various icons of notification area are
listed below.

Volume icon : It shows the current volume level of your computer. You
can also change the volume label with the help of this icon.

Network icon : It displays information about whether you are connected
to a network or not and also the connection speed, and the signal strength.
You can double click on this icon in the notification area to open the program
or setting that is related with it.

USB input icon : It displays information when you attach storage device
to your system. You can click the close button in the upper-right corner of

72 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

the notification to dismiss it. If you do not do anything, the notification will
fade away on its own after a few seconds.

To unlock the taskbar

Right-click an empty space on the taskbar. If
‘Lock the taskbar’ has a check mark next to
it, the taskbar is locked.

You can unlock it by clicking ‘Lock the
taskbar’, which removes the check mark.

To move the taskbar

Click an empty space on the taskbar, and then hold down the mouse
button as you drag the taskbar to one of the four edges of the desktop.

When the taskbar is unlock and you want it just release the mouse
button.

Note: To lock the taskbar, right-click an empty space on the taskbar, and
then click Lock the taskbar so that the check mark appears. Locking the
taskbar helps prevent it being moved or resized accidentally.

The Start Button

The start button is located at the bottom
of the screen on the left-hand side of the
taskbar and gives you access to most
of the things that are available on your
computer.
When you click on the start button,
you will see a menu at the right side.
By clicking on this item you can run
`various applications.

Operating System 73

Items of Start Menu:

Documents: The Document menu links you to your
documents.

Pictures: This will link you to your pictures folder.

Music: This links you to a folder for storing music.

Computer: This link will show you the drives that are
connected to this computer.

Control Panel: It allows you to make changes to the
current settings of the computer.

Help and Support: It gives you access to a help facility
where you can find out how to do certain things on your
computer.

Working with Help and Support

You can access the help and support
function by using the following steps.
Click on the start button and select

Help and Support.
The Windows Help and Support

dialog box will appear.
Find the Search help need by

either clicking on a topic under the
section called Not sure where to
start? or type what you are looking
for in the search field and press the
enter key.
A list of matching criteria will be
displayed.
Click on the underlined topic to display the full help text.

74 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

NOTE: You can also press F1 key from your keyboard at any time to
launch the HELP menu.

Opening an Application

There are many ways to open an application. The most common ways are:
 Click on the Start button.
 Click on the Programs menu and locate the application in the list that

appears.
 Click with the mouse on a shortcut icon of the desktop.
 The icons show the shortcut for the Microsoft Word application.
You can create your own shortcuts for applications that you use frequently
and you can open it from the shortcut.

What is a Window?

A window is a boxed area 1 2 34 5
in which you can view the 6
programs, files, folders,
drives, icons representing
programs, files or folders,
and other elements.

Title bar: It displays the 7

name of the document

and program (or the folder 1. Menu bar 4. Maximize button
name if you are working
on a folder). 2. Title bar 5. Close button

Minimize, Maximize, and 3. Minimize button 6. Scroll bar 7. Border

Close buttons: These buttons hide the window, enlarge it to fill the whole

screen, and close it, respectively.

Menu bar: It contains items that you can click to make choices in a program.

Operating System 75

Scroll bar: It helps to scroll the contents of the window to see information
that is currently out of view.

Borders and corners: You can drag these with the mouse pointer to change
the size of the window.

Moving a Window

To move a window, point to its title bar with the mouse pointer, then drag
the window to the location that you want. (Dragging means pointing to an
item, holding down the mouse button, moving the item with the pointer,
and then releasing the mouse button.)

Changing the size of a window

To make a window full screen, click its
Maximize button or double-click the title bar
of windows.

To return a maximized window to its former
size, click its Restore button (this appears in
place of the Maximize button). Or, double-
click the window's title bar.

To resize a window (make it smaller or bigger).

Point to any of the window's borders or corners. When the mouse
pointer changes to a two-headed arrow, drag the border or corner to
enlarge the window.

Hiding a window

Hiding a window is minimizing it. To minimize a window:
Click on Minimize button.
The window disappears from the desktop and is visible only as a button

on the taskbar.

To make a minimized window appear again on the desktop:

Click on taskbar button.
The window appears exa­c­ tly as it did before you minimized it.

76 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Closing a window

Closing a window removes it from the desktop and taskbar. You can simple
click on Close button .
Note: If you close a document without saving any changes you made, a
message appears that gives you the option to save your changes.

Explanation of Dialog Boxes

Dialog Boxes are special windows where you are asked to give details and
select options. The choices you make are then sent as commands to the
software you are using.

Check boxes : These are selected if there Help
is a tick in them. Clicking in the check
box will select it, clicking a second time Tab
will deselect. You can have as many
check boxes selected as you want or
need.

Tabs: It allow, several dialog boxes to Check box
be in the one area. To change dialog Drop down or Pull down arrow
boxes, click on a Tab with the mouse or
use CTRL + TAB on the keyboard.

Drop Down or Pull down Menu: It has
a downward pointing arrow next to it.
By clicking on this arrow, a list appears.
When the list appears, make your
selection by clicking on it, the drop
down menu will then close and your
choice will appear in the field.

Help Button: It is a handy help tool. It is located next to the close button on
the title bar. If you are not sure of what an option does, click on this icon
with the mouse then click on the item you need more information. The
keyboard shortcut is SHIFT + F1.

Operating System 77

Radio Buttons: It is a choice button and only one in the series can be selected.
When you select a different radio button, the original is deselected.

Field or Text Box: It is an area where
you have to type information. For
example, if you chose the radio
button next to PAGES, you could
type in the page numbers required in
the field provided for that purpose.

Slider: It is a button you click and
drag either to left or right to change
a setting. Dragging to left decreases
the value while dragging to the right
increases the value.

Spinner: It looks like a miniature scroll bar. Clicking on the up arrow
increases the value in the field, clicking on the down arrow decreases the
value. You can also type in the value rather than using the spinners.

List Boxes : These are lists of items in a box. If the list is too long to see,
scroll bars are provided to enable you to navigate the list. Clicking on an
item with the mouse selects that item.

Command Buttons

When you click on or accept a command button, a command is passed on
to the software you are using.

Desktop contains many icons such as
the Recycle Bin and Computer. You
can double click on the icons to open
the programs, folders or files. You can
create your own icons on the desktop
to enable faster access of programs,
folders, documents and printers.

Creating shortcuts using start menu
Click on the start button.

78 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Move your mouse over either programs to create a shortcut to a
program, or Documents to create a shortcut to a document.

Right click on the file or program name and select the ‘Send to’ option.
Select Desktop (Create Shortcut).
The shortcut will be created on your desktop.
Creating a Shortcut from the Desktop
Click right mouse button on an empty

part of the desktop, click on the new.
Click on the shortcut.
In the dialog box that appears,

navigate to the file that you want by
clicking on the browse button.
When you locate the file you want
to create a shortcut to, select the file
and click on the ok.
Click on the next button.
Type the name of your shortcut and click on the ok.


Your shortcut will now appear on the desktop.

Operating System 79

Deleting a Shortcut

Deleting a shortcut from the desktop:
Click and drag the icon to the

Recycle Bin and release the
mouse.
Or
Click on the Shortcut icon once
with the mouse to select it.
Use the Delete key on the keyboard. Using this method you will be
asked to confirm the deletion.
Finally click on the Yes button to delete it.

Arranging Icons on the Desktop

Click right mouse button on a blank area of desktop.
Select Sort by options such as Name, Size, Item type or Date modified

and , select the required arrange option to apply.


80 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Changing the Icon

Click right mouse button on the desktop
blank area and click on Personalize.

Select the Change Desktop Icon button.
You will now be able to choose from a

selection of default icons. When you have
selected an icon, click on the OK.
Click on the OK again to close the
Properties dialog box.

Changing the size of the icons

Click and hold down the Ctrl key and then use scroll wheel on your
mouse to resize the icons.

Working with windows explorer

Click on the Start button, go to All Programs and choose Accessories.
Select Windows Explorer from the list of accessories.
W hen you see the Windows Explorer, dialog box as below.



Operating System 81

Inside Explore

This is known as a hard drive and it is inside your computer.
This drive is the area where all your program software is installed.

This is another hard drive on your computer into which you
can save data.

This is a CD drive where you are able to read CD data disks and
listen to audio disks. You cannot save data to this drive without a special
CD drive (CD burner).

If you plug in a USB drive Windows will recognize the
addition and automatically give the drive a letter of its own.

Browse the Computer folder to find files

You can browse through folders and drives; the classic way by expanding
Computer in the navigation pane.

Here are some of the things you can do while browsing for files:
To move or copy items from the file

list to the navigation pane, drag the
items to the folder that you want in the
navigation pane.
To view the different hard disks or
other storage devices connected to your
computer, you can click on Computer
icon.
To create a new folder, right-click the
folder that you want to put it in, point to
New, and then click the folder.
To see your saved searches, double-click
Computer, double-click your primary
hard disk, double-click Users, double-click your user name, and then
double-click Searches.

82 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Change thumbnail size and file details

You can change the size and appearance of
your files and folders by using the Views button
located on the toolbar of every open folder.

To change how items appear in a folder
Open the folder that you want to change.
Click the arrow next to the Views button on

the toolbar.
Click a view or move the slider to change

the appearance of your files and folders.

Quick Learn!

¬¬ Windows 7 was released on October 22 2009.
¬¬ Process Management is the function of Operating System.
¬¬ The windows desktop is the first screen of windows.
¬¬ Recycle Bin is the place where the deleted items from windows get

stored.
¬¬ Taskbar is a small blue bar you see at the button of your desktop.
¬¬ The taskbar is the long horizontal bar located at the bottom of the

desktop screen.
¬¬ The items stored on the recycle bin can be restored easily.
¬¬ Network Icon displays the information about whether you are

connected to a network or not.
¬¬ A USB input icon displays the information when you attach any

storage device to the USB port.
¬¬ A control panel allows you to make changes to the current setting of

the computer.
¬¬ A window is a boxed area in which you can view the programs, files,

folders, etc.
¬¬ Closing a window removes it from the desktop and taskbar.
¬¬ Dialog Box is special windows where you are asked to give details

and select options.
¬¬ Radio buttons are also called choice buttons.

Operating System 83

1. Choose the best answer from the given alternatives.

a. Which of the following is GUI based operating system?

i. DOS ii. Windows 8 iii. Office 10

b. Which of the following is a single user operating system?

i. MS-DOS ii. Windows 8 iii. Office 10

c. What is the term booting?

i. Starting or restarting process of computer.

ii. Closing the computer file.

iii. Copying and pasting the document.

d. When was windows 7 released?

i. October 22, 2009 ii. October 22, 2012 iii. October 22, 2004

e. Which of the following is the type of booting?

i. Warm booting ii. Cold Booting iii. Both of them

f. Which of the following is an element of desktop?

i. Recycle bin ii. My icon iii. My file

g. Which of the following icon can we see on the taskbar?

i. Start button ii. My network iii. Recycle Bin

2. State whether the given statements are true or false.

a. An Operating System is a collection of system program that
controls the operations of the computer system.

b. A multi user operating system provides facilities to be used on
one computer by only one user.

c. There are two types of booting. They are warm booting and cold
booting.

84 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

d. Task bar is found at the top of the windows desktop.
e. The radio buttons are choice button.
f. A file management is the process to create copy, rename and

delete the files.
g. A spinner looks like a miniature scroll bar.

3. Fill in the gaps with correct word(s).

a. Windows provide …………………………………… so it is very user
friendly.

b. …………………….. operating system is developed to fulfil the
requirement of a single user.

c. …………………. operating system allows more than one user to
access a computer system at one time.

d. ………………… is the process of starting or restarting the computer
system.

e. ………………………… is the process of starting or restarting the
computer by pressing the restart button of the system unit.

f. When the system starts from the starting or the initial stage that
is a …………… booting.

g. ……………….will link you to your picture folder.
h. Windows 7 was released in …………………
i. The deleted items of windows move to the ………………
j. Computer icon is available in ……………..

4. Answer the following questions.

a. Define an operating system with some examples.
b. Write any four functions of an operating system.
c. What is single user operating system and multi user operating

system?
d. What do you mean by booting? What are the types of booting?

Operating System 85

e. Define warm and cold booting.
f. List out the special features of windows 7.
g. What is desktop? Mention the icons that we can see on the

desktop.
h. What is the use of the internet explorer and the recycle bin?
i. Write down the items available on the start menu.
j. What is the use of network icon located at notification area?
k. What is a window? Name any three elements of windows.
5. Write down the proper steps to perform the following tasks.
a. Create a shortcut word file on desktop.
b. To rename a file of desktop.
c. Arranging the icons of the desktop.
d. To delete a folder.
e. To restore the deleted items from the recycle bin.
f. Changing the size of the icon.

Project work and Activity

a. Start your computer and do the given activities.
(i) Create a shortcut file in windows desktop.
(ii) Rename your file.
(iii) Show and hide the icon 'Computer', Recycle bin' and 'Network'.
(iv) Explore drive C and note down its components.
(v) Change the thumbnail size of drive D.
(vi) Change the desktop properties as your wish.

86 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Chapter Word Processing Program

7 2010

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to:
define application program, word processing program and features of word

processing.
explain word processing package such as; starting, creating, saving,

opening file, etc.
work with graphics, columns, boarder and shading, printing the document,

etc.

Let's Update

. The first 1 GB hard drive was announced by IBM in 1980 AD.
. I LOVE YOU is considered to be the most dangerous virus ever created in

the form of a worm.
. MyDoom was the fastest-spreading virus ever created.

Introduction

Application programs are designed for each type of computer professionals.
Application software is a set of computer programs designed to permit the
user to perform a task, or an activity. Application software cannot run on
itself but is dependent on system software to execute. In this chapter we will
learn more about Microsoft office word 2010. We had already discussed the
basic information about this application in previous class.
Microsoft Word is a widely used commercial word processor designed

Word Processing Program 2010 87

by Microsoft. Microsoft Word is a component of the Microsoft Office. It
was launched in 1983AD. It is available on both Windows and Macintosh
operating systems.

Features of Microsoft Word

It is used to type the text, numbers and symbols.
We can insert picture, chart, and table as per the requirement.
It helps to manage the page set up and prints the documents.
It helps to check the spelling and grammar error in the document.
We can insert page number, header and footers.
Same document can be sent to various people at the same time.

Scan Here

Starting Microsoft Word 2010.

Click on the start button.

Click on all programs.

Choose Microsoft office folder. For video tutorials
Click on Microsoft Office Word 2010 from the list.

Now, you will enter the system of office word 2010 as below.

88 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Creating a new document

Click on the file tab.
Select the new from the list of option.
Choose the blank document as shown below.
Click on the Create button to start a new document.

Saving a document

Click on the file tab.
Select the save from the list

of options.
Select the desired location

to save the file.
Type the file name on file

name box to save it.
Click on save button to save

the document.

Word Processing Program 2010 89

Opening a document

Click on the file tab.
Select the open from the

list of option.
Select the desired location

where you have saved
your document.
Type the file name or
select the file name that
you want to open
Click on the open button
to open the document.

Text Selection

Text selection is the way of selecting the text for editing and modifying. In
word processing program most of the things can be done after the selection
only. Here we are going to learn various ways to select the text.

Selection Way Method

Word Selection Double click over the name of the word.

Single line selection Click once at the right margin of the line.

Sentence selection Press CTRL and click once over the sentence.

Single Paragraph selection Three times click quickly to select the paragraph.

Multiple Paragraph Click left mouse button and keep on drag in
the document

Selection of entire document Press CRTL + A at the same time to select the
whole document.

Picture Left click over the picture or image.

90 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Working with Graphics

Inserting Shapes

You can add various styles of shape to your file or documents. The various
shapes like lines, basic geometric shapes, arrows, equation shapes, flowchart
shapes, stars, banners, and callouts are available with word 2010.
To insert the shapes
Click on the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on the Shapes.
A drop down menu will appear, click on the shape that you want.
Click anywhere in the document, and then drag to place the shape.

To insert Text to the Shapes
Once you have added a shape, you may
want to add text inside the shape. To do
this you can use the following steps.
Create a shape that you want.
Right click over the shape.
Select the Add Text option.
Now, you can type the required

text.
The text that you add becomes a part of the shape.

Formatting the Shapes

After you insert a shape, a new tab Drawing Tools Format will appear
each time when you click on the shape.

Click on the shape that you want to apply a new style.
Go to the Drawing Tools Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click

the style that you want to apply.


To see more Quick Styles, click on the More button .

Word Processing Program 2010 91

Deleting the Shapes

If you want to remove the shape from your document you can delete it.

Click on the shape. Scan Here

Press the Delete key (Del)from keyboard .

Inserting Text Boxes For video tutorials

A text box is an object that helps to put and type
text anywhere in the document.

On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click
on the Text Box and a drop down menu will
appear.

Click on a text box template or click on Draw
Text Box at the bottom of the drop down
menu to draw your own text box.

If you select to draw your own text box you
need to click on the document, and then drag
to draw the text box the size that you want.

To add text to a text box, click inside the text
box, and type the required text.

To format text in the text box, select the text, and then use the formatting
options in the Font group on the Home tab.

To position the text box, click it, and then when the pointer becomes a ,
drag the text box to a new location.

92 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

WordArt

WordArt can be used to add special text effects to the
document. For example, you can stretch a title, skew
text, make text fit a preset shape, or apply a gradient
fill. You can modify or add to the text in an existing
WordArt object whenever you want.
On the Insert tab, in the Text group, click on

WordArt.
A Drop down menu will appear, click the

WordArt style that you want.
A Text Box will appear with the words Enter

your text here.
Type the required text to see the word art.

Insert Picture/Clip Art

Pictures and clip arts can be inserted or copied
into a document from many different sources,
including downloaded from a clip art, web site,
copied from a Web page, or inserted from a folder
where you have saved the pictures.

Insert Clip Art

On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group,
click on the Clip Art.

A Clip Art task pane will appear on the right of
your screen, in the Search box, type a word or
phrase that describes the clip art that you want.

Click on the Go.
In the list of results, double click on the clip art

to insert into your document.

Word Processing Program 2010 93

Insert Picture from File

To insert a picture that you have saved in your computer, you can use the
following steps.

Click, where you want to insert the picture on your document.
On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on the Picture.
Locate the picture that you want to insert.
Double-click or select the picture and click on insert button, the picture

that you want to insert will appear in your document.

Scan Here

Note: To resize a picture, select the picture you've
inserted in the document. To increase or decrease the
size in one or more directions, drag a sizing handle
away from or toward the center.

Cropping the Picture For video tutorials

Cropping means reduces the size of a picture by
removing vertical or horizontal edges. Cropping
is used to hide or trim a part of a picture.

94 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Click on the picture that you want to crop.
Go to Picture Tools, on the Format tab, in the Size group, then click on

the Crop tool.
Dotted lines will appear around your picture. Then drag the center

cropping handle on that side inward.

Uncrop the Picture

You can restore a resized
or a cropped picture to its
original appearance.
Click on the picture
Go to Picture Tools,

on the Format tab,
in the Size group,
click on Crop.
Black dotted lines
will appear around
your picture.
Drag the black lines away from the center of the picture and the original
picture will appear.

Creating columns

Columns can be used in documents such as brochures,
newsletters or to save space while creating lists.

Add columns before entering text:

Go to the Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group,
click on Columns.

Click the layout that you want. Your document will be
formatted in columns.

Word Processing Program 2010 95

Note :To add a vertical line between the columns, click Columns again,
click More Columns, and then select the Line between check box. You can
also adjust the column width and spacing.

Add columns to a part of a document

First highlight the text you want formatted in columns, or place your
cursor where you want to begin the
column.

On the Page Layout tab, in
the Page Setup group, click on
Columns.

Click on the more columns
option.

Click on the Number of
Columns that you want.

In the Apply to list, click Selected text or This point Scan Here
forward.

Finally, click on the Ok button to apply it.

SmartArt Graphic For video tutorials

A SmartArt graphic is a visual
representation of your information
that you can quickly and easily create.
When you create a SmartArt graphic,
you are prompted to choose a type of
SmartArt graphic, such as Process,
Hierarchy, Cycle, or Relationship. Each
type of SmartArt graphics contains several different layouts.

96 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

Create a SmartArt Graphic

On the Insert tab, in the Illustrations group, click on SmartArt.


In the Choose a SmartArt Graphic dialog box, click the type and layout

that you want.
Enter your text by doing one of the following:
Click on [Text] in the Text pane, and then type your text.
Copy the text from another location, click on [Text] in the Text pane,

and then paste your text.

Add or Delete Shapes in SmartArt Graphic

Add Shape
Click the SmartArt graphic that you want to add another shape to.
Click the existing

shape that is
located closest to
where you want to
add the new shape.
Under SmartArt
Tools, on the Design tab, in the Create Graphic group, click on the
arrow under Add Shape.

Word Processing Program 2010 97

Do one of the following:
¬¬ To insert a shape after the selected shape, click on Add Shape
After.
¬¬ To insert a shape before the selected shape, click on Add shape
before.

Delete Shape
To delete a shape from your Smart Art graphic, click on the shape you want
to delete, and then press DELETE. To delete your entire Smart Art graphic,
click on the border of your Smart Art graphic, and then press DELETE.

Format SmartArt Graphic

You can apply colour variations to the shapes on your SmartArt graphic.
Click on your SmartArt graphic.
Under SmartArt Tools, on the Design tab, in the Smart Art Styles

group.
Select the SmartArt Style you wish to apply to add line styles, levels or

3-D effects.
In the SmartArt Styles group you can also click on Change Colours to

further modify your SmartArt graphic.

Working with Tables

Using tables in Word can provide you with
additional elements to any document.
Tables can be used to create lists or format
text in an organized manner.

Inserting a Table

Click on the required place to insert
a table.

98 New Gateway to Computer Science Book- 7

On the Insert tab,
in the Tables group,
click on Table

A drop down box
will appear; click
and hold your mouse
then drag to select the number of rows and columns that you want to
insert into your document.

You will see your table appearing in your document as you drag on the
grid.

Add Row/Column to Table

Click on the table.
Under the Table Tools, go to the Layout tab.


Click on the Insert Above or Insert Below to add a row.
Click on Insert Left or Insert Right to insert a column.
Click on Delete to remove a column, row or cell.

Word Processing Program 2010 99