SomReP Livelihood Recovery Assessment Report 2018

November 2017

Livelihood Recovery
Assessment

for targeted districts in Somalia



Contents |i

Map of Districts Surveyed v

Introduction 1
Background to Livelihood Recovery Assessment 1
Research Objectives 1
Districts surveyed 1

Sampling Methodology 2
Quantitative Sampling 2
Qualitative Sampling 2
Selection of households 4
Selection of respondents 4
Analysis Plan 4
Data Management 4
Validity of Survey Methodology 4
Limitations 5

Summary Results 6
General Respondent Information 6
• Quantitative Survey 6
• Qualitative Survey 6

Displacement and Assistance 7
Displacement 7
Reasons for Displacement 8
Assistance 12

Agriculture and Water 21
Agriculture 21
• Landholdings and cultivation patterns 22
• Types of Crops Grown 22
• Agriculture Focus Group Data 28
Water 32
• Water Focus Group Data 32

Resilience and Coping Strategies 35
Household Defined Priority Needs 35
• Priority Needs Focus Group Data 42

Conclusions 44

ii | 46
46
Annex 1: Qualitative Survey Instruments 46
FGD Guidance Note 46
Focus Group Discussion Instructions 46
• Materials 46
• Instructions 46
• Products from Focus Group Discussions 50
Focus Group Discussion Questionnaire 50
Livelihood Mapping Guidance Note 50
• Objective 50
• How to facilitate a mapping exercise 50
• Instructions for facilitators 50
• Starting the mapping exercise 50
• Adding detail and information to the map 51
• Final tips 51
Problem Prioritisation and Analysis 51
• Problem Tree Analysis 53
• Instructions for facilitators 53
• Purpose of Problem Prioritisation 53
• Instructions for facilitators 53
• Solution Matrix Guidance Note
• Instructions for facilitators 54
54
Annex 2: Quantitative Survey Instruments 59
Questionnaire 69
Survey choices
Location choices

| iii

List of tables

Table 1: Districts surveyed per Region and Livelihood Zone in Somalia 1
3
Table 2: Quantitative Sample Size Determination 2
6
Table 3: Qualitative Sampling Framework 7
8
Table 4: General Respondent Household Profiles and Survey Information per District and Region 8
8
Table 5: Percentage of households displaced per district 8
8
Table 6: Afgoye - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 8
percentage of households displaced 9
9
Table 7: Awdhegle - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 9
percentage of households displaced 9
9
Table 8: Badhan - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 9
percentage of households displaced 9
9
Table 9: Baidoa - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 10
percentage of households displaced 10
10
Table 10: Baki - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 10
percentage of households displaced

Table 11: Burco - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 12: Burtinle - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 13: Buur Hakaba - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to
least percentage of households displaced

Table 14: Dangorayo - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 15: Dinsor - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 16: El Barde- Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 17: Eyl- Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 18: Galkacyo- Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 19: Iskushuban - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 20: Jariiban - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 21: Laas Caanood - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to
least percentage of households displaced

Table 22: Luuq - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

Table 23: Odweyne - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least
percentage of households displaced

iv | 10
10
Table 24: Qansadhere - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to 10
least percentage of households displaced 10
11
Table 25: Qoryoley - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 11
percentage of households displaced 11
11
Table 26: Rab Dhuure – Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to 12
least percentage of households displaced 13
13
Table 27: Tayeeglow – Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 13
percentage of households displaced 14
14
Table 28: Waajid - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 14
percentage of households displaced 15
15
Table 29: Wanla Weyn - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to 15
least percentage of households displaced 15
16
Table 30: Xudur - Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least 16
percentage of households displaced 16
17
Table 31: Number of potential IDP returns to South West State by district 17
17
Table 32: Percentage households reporting received assistance per District and Livelihood Zone

Table 33: Afgoye - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 34: Awdhegle - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least

Table 35: Badhan - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least
prevalent

Table 36: Baidoa - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 37: Baki - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 38: Burco - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 39: Burtinle - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least
prevalent

Table 40: Buur Hakaba - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked
most to least prevalent

Table 41: Dangorayo - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 42: Dinsor - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 43: El Barde - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most
to least prevalent

Table 44: Eyl- Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least
prevalent

Table 45: Gaalkacyo - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 46: Iskushuban - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 47: Jariiban - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least
prevalent

Table 48: Iskushuban - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent

Table 49: Luuq - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to |v
least prevalent
18
Table 50: Odweyne - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most
to least prevalent 18

Table 51: Qansadheere - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked 18
most to least prevalent
19
Table 52: Qoryoley - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least 19
Table 53: Rab Dhuure - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent 19

Table 54: Tayeeglow - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to 19
least prevalent
20
Table 55: Waajid - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to
least prevalent 20

Table 56: Wanla Weyn - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to 21
least prevalent
22
Table 57: Xudur - Type of assistance reported by those households receiving assistance ranked most to 23
least prevalent 24
24
Table 58: Percentage of households owning land and agricultural inputs required per district and 24
livelihood zone 24
25
Table 59: Average size of landholding per district in hectares 25
Table 60: Number of hectares cultivated per season per district 25
Table 61: Afgoye - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 25
Table 62: Awdhegle- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 26
Table 63: Baidoa - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 26
Table 64: Baki- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 26
Table 65: Burco- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 26
Table 66: Buur Hakaba - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 27
Table 67: El Barde - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 27
Table 68: Eyl - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 27
Table 69: Iskushuban - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 27
Table 70: Las Canood - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 27
Table 71: Luuq - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 28
Table 72: Odweyne- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 28
Table 73: Qansadhere - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 28
Table 74: Qoryoley - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season 30
Table 75: Rab Dhuure- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season
Table 76: Tayeeglow- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season
Table 77: Waajid - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season
Table 78: Wanla Weyn- Crops grown ranked by preference, per season
Table 79: Xudur - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season
Table 80: Respondents' perceptions of agricultural and livestock economic growth impediments
Table 81: FGD Data - Main sources of livelihoods by district

vi | 31
32
Table 82: Respondents' perception of % losses in crop production, livestock and fodder stock 33
Table 83: Priority water source availability during Jilal 34
Table 84: Respondents' perceptions of problems preventing sustainable water source 35
Table 85: Respondents' perceptions of water sustainability solutions 35
Table 86: Afgoye - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 36
Table 87: Awdhegle - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 36
Table 88: Badhan - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 36
Table 89: Baidoa - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 36
Table 90: Baki- Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 37
Table 91: Burco- Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 37
Table 92: Burtinle - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 37
Table 93: Buur Hakaba - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 37
Table 94: Dangorayo - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 38
Table 95: Dinsor - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 38
Table 96: El Barde - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 38
Table 97: Eyl - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 38
Table 98: Gaalkacyo - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 39
Table 99: Iskushuban - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 39
Table 100: Jariiban - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 39
Table 101: Las Canood - Iskushuban - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 39
Table 102: Luuq - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 40
Table 103: Odweyne- Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 40
Table 104: Qansadhere - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 40
Table 105: Qoryoley - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 40
Table 106: Rab Dhuure - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 41
Table 107: Tayeeglow - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 41
Table 108: Waajid - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period 41
Table 109: Wanla Weyne - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 42
Table 110: Xudur - Priority needs, type of assistance and time period 43
Table 111: Respondents' perceptions of agricultural solutions over different time periods 53
Table 112: Respondents’ perceptions of livestock husbandry solutions over different time periods 53
Table 113: Problem Scoring Matrix
Table 114: Solution Tree Table

| vii

Map of districts surveyed

viii |

Summary of Results

from Livelihood Recovery Assessment

The highest percentage of households displaced were of drought-tolerant nutrient dense seeds such as
seen in Dinsor and Wanla Weyn Districts at 94.6% and millets, green grams and other pulses and legumes.
87.24% respectively. The assessment findings indicate In addition, soil-fertility enhancing techniques need to
that the most prevalent reason cited for displacement be examined as well as the provision of a sustainable
by the households was ‘loss of livelihood or income’. water source through the Jilal. This will potentially
This was reported in Afgoye, Baidoa, Burtinle, Dinsor, have an effect on the types of crops farmers choose
El Barde, Gaalkacyo, Jariiban, Rab Dhuure and to grow as many stick to less water-dependent crops
Qansadhere. traditionally in order to mitigate the risk of drought.

The greatest number of households reporting having For the majority of households in the majority of
received assistance during the last 8 months was districts, the water source that was cited most available
recorded in Eyl and the fewest in Qansadhere. More during the Jilal was unprotected well. Respondent
than 90% of households in Eyl were recorded as having households in Afgoye, Baidoa, Burtinle, Qansadhere,
received ‘cash’ as the most prevalent type of assistance Qoryoley and Wanla Weyn cited the source most
received. Respondent households in the other districts available as borehole.
surveyed cited ‘food aid’ and ‘food through general
distribution’ in addition to ‘cash’. For all districts surveyed, in the immediate term (0-3
months), respondents cited emergency food aid as
The greatest number of households requiring being the priority need. Cash grants (unconditional or
agricultural inputs was found in Gaalkacyo, with 59,038 conditional) emerged as the second most recognized
households in a pastoral livelihood area, followed by need during this same time period. While cash grants
Qoryoley with 37,190 households. In total, the number were cited as a priority still during the medium term,
of households requiring agricultural inputs across all respondents began looking at interventions that would
the districts surveyed was found to be 225,353. Across take them beyond satisfying their immediate recovery
all districts, the most favoured crops grown in all and focused on those that would improve their ability
seasons were maize, sorghum, pigeon peas and melon. to engage in productive agriculture. These included
During different seasons, districts favoured different livestock feed and fodder, agricultural inputs such as
crops as their lead crop, but for the most part, maize seeds and equipment and provision of water (focus
and sorghum were the most favoured or second most was on water for livestock and agriculture, but also
favoured crops to grow. The reliance on two types human domestic consumption). For all districts, the
of crops needs to be further explored, particularly priority need cited most frequently during the longer
with respect to the potential for more Climate-smart term was cash grants (unconditional or conditional),
Agriculture techniques such as the introduction followed by emergency food aid.

|1

Introduction

Background to Livelihood Recovery Assessment

In preparation for the recovery period, the Somalia A mixed assessment design was adopted given the need
Resilience Program (SomReP) conducted an early for qualitative and quantitative data for management
recovery assessment survey in 25 districts to follow the decision-making. The mixed research design comprised
drought response awaiting Gu and Hagaa rains. Each a quantitative cross-section design and a qualitative
district assessment took approximately nine days and phenomenological design. A cross-sectional design
the assessments were carried out between May and was used since different assessment variables required
August of this year. The results of the assessment will gathering information from a cross-section of (many)
be used for planning recovery inputs (agriculture and respondents. Quantitative interviews were conducted
livestock), water access and Cash for Work (CfW) for for households while Focus Group Discussions (FGD)
drought-affected households in districts in Somalia. were held to validate the findings of the household
interviews and capture the inputs of groups who may
not have been represented in the quantitative tool.

Research objectives • To understand remaining issues for livelihood
recovery and rehabilitation; and
• To examine progress towards livelihood recovery
during crisis • To prioritize subsequent interventions.

• To provide insight into the coverage and
effectiveness of food security and livelihood
interventions

Districts surveyed

Region District Livelihood Zone
Awdal Baki Rain-fed agro-pastoral

Bakool El Barde Pastoral
Rab Dhuure
Bari Tayeeglow Pastoral

Bay Waajid Rain-fed agro-pastoral
Iskushuban
Gedo Rain-fed agro-pastoral
Baidoa
Lower Shabelle Bur Hakaba Riverine

Mudug Dinsor Pastoral
Qansadere
Nugaal Pastoral
Sanaag Luuq Pastoral
Afgoye Pastoral
Sool Awdhegle Rain-fed agro-pastoral
Togdheer Qoryoley
Wanla Weyn
Gaalkacyo
Jariiban
Burtinle
Dangorayo

Eyl
Badhan
Las Canood
Odweyne
Burco

Table 1: Districts surveyed per Region and Livelihood Zone in Somalia

2|

Sampling Methodology

Quantitative sampling Where:

A sample size of 3,737 respondents was targeted Z = Z value
during the livelihood recovery assessment. The
assessment was undertaken in 25 districts covering p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal c
Somaliland, Puntland and South West state. The = confidence interval, expressed as decimal (±8)
quantitative sample size was obtained using two
important statistical factors: the survey’s margin This is similar to the formula used by Krejcie and Smith1
of error and confidence level. An 8% confidence (1970) in their ‘Table of Sample Size determination’.
interval and 95% confidence levels were proposed to The total sample size after the calculation for all the
determine the representative number of respondents. 25 targets districts were 3737 households for the
The survey system sample calculator was used to arrive quantitative surveys. The sample is proportional to
at a scientific sample size for each population to ensure the total number of beneficiary households. This is
the result of the study is representative: summarized in Table 2.

1Z2 * (p) * (1-p)
__________________________________

C2

Qualitative sampling • women from a minority clan or community,
• men from a minority clan or community
In determining the qualitative sample, key factors • female youth,
considered were the sample size, the time period for • male youth.
data collection, availability of resources and the study
objectives. Overall, a total of 88 FGD conducted in all
the districts with each group targeting between eight
(8) to fifteen (15) members. The compositions of the
FGD groups were distributed as follows:

Category of the Number of the FGD Number of the Sampling Method
FGD members District
Purposive
Women from the minority clan/ 24 21 sampling
community
24
Men from the minority clan/ 20
community 20

Youth Female

Youth Male

Table 3: Qualitative Sampling Framework

1 Krejcie, R. V. and D. W. Smith. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities.
Educational and Psychological Measurement. Vol 30, Issue 3. Pp. 607-610. Sage Publications Inc.

|3

Region District Livelihood Zone Total Population Total Households Sample Size/
Households
Bakool Xudur Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 12,500 2,083
Waajid Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 6,666 1,111 140
Bay Rab Dhuure Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 37,652 6,275 238
Tayeeglow Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 73,675 12,279 135
Lower Shabelle El Barde 29,179 4,863 82
Nugaal Pastoral 42,936 7,156 147
Sanaag Baidoa Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 189,630 31,605
4,416 736 284
Per-urban 39,497
IDP 27,792 4,632 144
75,769 12,626 112
Buurhakaba Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 98,714 16,452 151
Dinsor Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 46,710 7,785
Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 37,146 6,191 150
Qansadhere 13,976
Riverine 87,717 14,620 152
Afgoye Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 292,392 48,732 152
113,035 18,839 149
Awdhegle Riverine 81,032 3,151 143
Qoryoley Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 108,922 18,154 152
Wanla Weyn 20,331 3,389 93
Riverine 33,374 5,562
Eyl Pastoral 47,678 2,383 147
Burtinle Pastoral 7,945
Dangorayo Pastoral 10,017 148
Agro-pastoral 32,005 151
Laasqoray/Badhan Pastoral 16,545 148
10,451 152
Sool Laas Caanood Pastoral 60,100 13,399 113
Togdheer Odweyne Pastoral 192,031 59,876 147
Burco Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 99,270 9,422 150
Gedo Luuq Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 62,703 6,611 157
Jariiban Pastoral 80,392 3,737
Mudug Gaalkacyo Pastoral 389,194
Iskushuban Pastoral 58,415
Awdal Baki Rain-fed Agro- Pastoral 39,665.00
TOTAL

Table 2: Quantitative Sample Size Determination

4| household interview. This approach provided the
opportunity for each unit in the population to have an
Selection of households equal change of selection and as these communities
are deemed to be similar, the selected units are
A household/respondent is considered eligible for the considered representative. The FGD members were
interview if he/she falls within the selected districts, selected using purposive sampling in order to provide
villages and the category stipulated in the sampling a view representative of the community.
framework. Overall it was at the discretion of the team
leaders and enumerators to determine the appropriate social capital, household hunger, shocks/stress and
respondents using a simple random sampling method resilience. In particular, questions related to household
to get the required households for the quantitative dietary diversity were asked of the person who usually
cooks food at the household.
Selection of respondents
collected from this process was triangulated with
A household head or primary male/female decision- information from the qualitative process as a means
maker was selected as the respondent for the of ensuring validity and credibility and to enhance
collection of information at the household level. This understanding.
type of information includes access to services, assets,
provision of adequate support supervision at every
Analysis plan stage of the assessment was emphasized for quality
data collection; regular and prompt feedback and
Analysis of the data involved a mixture of techniques. reporting by the enumerators. Furthermore, the team
The quantitative data was analyzed using appropriate leaders reviewed the data collected by enumerators
statistical data analysis software, generating statistics. prior to submission to the server and reported to the
Trend analysis was also used to inform the final picture technical unit DM&E manager on a daily basis.
of the situation in the areas of focus. Information
During the survey, key steps were undertaken before,
Data management during and after field work to generate high quality
data. Before sending teams to the field, the supervisors
Given the fact that both qualitative and quantitative prepared the team for proper data collection
data were collected using Open Data Kit (ODK), quality including; pre-field briefing on sampling procedures,
assurance was an integral component of the entire underscoring the importance of collecting reliable data,
assessment process and included; data management, dividing the group into small teams, setting the targets
cleaning, and appropriate preparation and orientation in terms of interviews to be completed per team and
of enumerators that ensured that they were sufficiently allocating supervisors to teams. While in the field at
trained and were familiar with the assessment household level, the partners’ Design, Monitoring &
processes, and the different data collection tools; Evaluation (DM&E) officers moved together with the
enumerators to undertake sampling in the community.
Validity of survey methodology During fieldwork, completed questionnaires were
provided to the DM&E officers for review, correction of
A team of 126 (quantitative 84 and FGD 42) research errors and feedback before proceeding to the next set
assistants comprising of males and females were of interviews or village. Any observed mistakes were
engaged and trained in data collection, data quality noted and instructions/guidance issued to concerned
compliance and interview approaches. During the interviewers to avoid the same mistakes from being
training, data collection instruments were reviewed, repeated.
pre-tested and modified to fit the context. Equally, a
common interpretation of key phrases/statements or
issues in the questionnaire to be translated into local
languages was agreed upon. In addition, the research
assistants were also trained on conducting successful
interviews using a one on one approach and experience
sharing in conducting both FGD and structured
interviews. To enhance enumerators’ understanding,
different methods were used during the training
including; group discussions, mock interviews, group
study of the questionnaires, and presentations from
the survey team and field practice visit.

Limitations Sampling Methodology | 5

The field work was conducted during Ramadan, Another challenge when undertaking this assessment
a period in which households and communities was caused by the lack of reliable population data.
generally receive gifts of money, food and other items Population data estimates are used as part of the
as either remittances from abroad or in kind from sampling design and determine the probability of a
relatives and friends. The receipt of these remittances community either being included or not in the study.
could potentially affect the interpretation of results as The estimates used for this study are taken from
households will not always distinguish between what available population data from 2014/2015.
is a normal situation and what is an extraordinary
situation, attributable to Ramadan. In particular, Although the FCS methodology was used in this study,
Food Consumption Scores and the quantity and there are some limitations, which include the following:
amount of remittances may not be accurate for the
time of year in the absence of Ramadan. Care was • The assumption of the applicability of the analysis
taken to try to distinguish between those remitances across time, context, location, population, etc.,
that are attributabel to Ramadan and those that are
not, however, this distinction cannot be guaranteed • The food group weights and food consumption
to be accurate throughout the study. It is therefore group thresholds, although standardized, are
advisable to interpret the results with a certain degree based on certain inherently subjective choices, and
of uncertainty and classify them as “indicative” rather
than “definitive”. • The analysis can mask important differing dietary
patterns (for example, manioc consumers vs. maize
The study considered 25 districts in South West State, consumers) that have an equal FCS.
Puntland and Somaliland, and as such, results are
limited to the surveyed districts. As such, 7-day food diversity and frequency data was
also collected to enable a more comprehensive picture
of food security.

6|

Summary Results

General respondent information

Quantitative survey Specifically, the classification of the groups interviewed
A total of 3,737 households responded to the was as follows:
quantitative survey. Respondent households by district
are found in Table 4 below. • Women from minority clan or community
• Men from minority clan or community
Qualitative Survey • Female youth
The target population selected for the qualitative • Male youth
survey and Focus Group Discussions was chosen to
ensure greater inclusivity.

Region District Livelihood Total Total Sample Size/ % Female % Male
Awdal Zone Population Households Households
Baki 21.0 78.9
Bakool Rain-fed 39,665 6,611 157
El Barde Agro-Pastoral 71.4 28.6
Bari Rab Dhuure 29,179 4,863 147 51.6 48.4
Bay Tayeeglow Pastoral 37,652 6,275 135 51.2 48.8
73,675 12,279 82 71.8 28.2
Gedo Waajid Rain-fed 6,666 1,111 238 70.0 30.0
Lower Xudur Agro-Pastoral 12,500 2,083 140 37.3 62.7
Shabelle Iskushuban 58,415 9,422 150 62.1 35.8
Mudug Baidoa Pastoral 236,982 39,497 284 43.1 56.3
Nugaal Bur Hakaba 27,792 4,632 144 83.0 17.0
Dinsor Rain-fed 75,769 12,626 112 68.2 31.8
Sanaag Qansadere Agro-Pastoral 98,714 16,452 151
Sool 57.8 42.1
Luuq Rain-fed 62,703 10,451 152
Togdheer Agro-Pastoral 66.7 33.3
Total Afgoye 83,856 13,976 150 90.8 9.2
Awdhegle Riverine 87,717 14,620 152 71.1 28.9
Qoryoley 292,392 48,732 152 83.9 16.1
Wanla Weyn Pastoral 113,035 18,839 149 65.3 34.7
Gaalkacyo 389,194 59,876 147 42.0 58.0
Jariiban Pastoral 80,392 13,399 113 74.0 26.0
Burtinle 108,922 18,154 152 51.0 49.0
Dangorayo Rain-fed 20,331 3,389 93 46.2 53.8
Agro-Pastoral 81,032 3,151 143
Eyl 68.2 31.8
Pastoral 33,374 5,562 147
Badhan Pastoral 66.9 33.1
Pastoral 47,678 2,383 148 73.5 26.5
Las Canood Rain-fed 156,438 10,017 151
Odweyne Agro-Pastoral 192,031 32,005 60.1 39.9

Burco 99,270 16,545 148
386,950 3,737
2,545,374

Table 4: General Respondent Household Profiles and Survey Information per District and Region

|7

Displacement and Assistance

Displacement and 87.24% respectively. The table below indicates the
percentage of displaced households per district and
Respondents were asked if they had been displaced livelihood zone.
and if so, the reasons for displacement. Highest
household displacement was seen in Dinsor and
Wanla Weyn Districts which was recorded as 94.6%

District Livelihood Zone Total Sample Size/ Total Number of % of HH
Afgoye Riverine Households Households HH Displaced Displaced
16
13,976 150 107 10.7
152 96 70.4
Awdhegle Riverine 14,620 147 64.9

Badhan Agro-Pastoral 5,562

Pastoral 2,383

Baidoa Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 39,497 284 66 23.2
157 6 3.8
Baki Agro-Pastoral 6,611 148 54 36.5
152 77 50.0
Burco Agro-Pastoral 16,545 144 25 17.4
93 10 10.0
Burtinle Pastoral 18,154 112 106 94.6
147 17 11.6
Buur Hakaba Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 4,632 143 19 13.3
147 31 21.1
Dangorayo Pastoral 3,389 150 96 64.9
113 55 48.0
Dinsor Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 12,626 148 66 44.6
152 38 25.0
El Barde Pastoral 4,863 151 69 45.7
151 15 9.9
Eyl Pastoral 3,151 152 116 76.3
135 90 66.7
Gaalkacyo Pastoral 59,876 82 31 37.8
238 27 11.3
Iskushuban Pastoral 9,422 149 130 87.2
140 42 30.0
Jariiban Pastoral 13,399 3,737 1,405

Laas Caanood Pastoral 10,017

Luuq Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 10,451

Odweyne Pastoral 32,005

Qansadhere Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 16,452

Qoryoley Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 292,392

Rab Dhuure Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 6,275

Tayeeglow Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 12,279

Waajid Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 1,111

Wanla Weyn Riverine 113,035

Xudur Rainfed Agro-Pastoral 2,083

Total 724,806

Table 5: Percentage of households displaced per district

8|

Reasons for displacement reason for displacement in most of the districts. These
included; Afgoye, Baidoa, Burtinle. Dinsor, El Barde
Those households reporting displacement in Gaalkacyo, Jariiban, Rab Dhuure and Qansadhere. This
each district were asked to report the reasons for was followed by ‘Insecurity, fear or conflict’ as reported
displacement. The district tables that follow indicate in Awdhegle, Buur Hakaba, Qooryley, Tayeeglow,
the most to least prevalent reasons that households Waajid and Wanla Weyn.
cited for displacement in each district. ‘Loss of
livelihood income’ was reported as the primary

District: Afgoye District: Awdhegle

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 Loss of income livelihood 1 Insecurity or fear from conflict
2 High food prices 37.5 2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 49.5
3 Fled Flooding 18.8 3 Loss of income or livelihood 20.6
4 Insecurity fear conflict 12.5 4 To rescue livestock 15.9
5 Seek employment 12.5 5 House destroyed 5.6
6 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 12.5 6 Fled flooding 4.7
6.3 7 Food prices 1.9
8 Seek employment 0.9
Table 6: Afgoye - Reasons for displacement by greatest 0.9
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced Table 7: Awdhegle - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Badhan District: Baidoa

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 Rescue livestock 1 Loss of income livelihood
2 Loss of income livelihood 39.6 2 Insecurity, fear, conflict 43.9
3 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 32.3 3 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 18.2
4 Other 15.6 4 High food prices 16.7
5 Seek employment 11.5 5 Rescue livestock 7.6
1.0 6 Death of household head 7.6
7 House destroyed 3.0
Table 8: Badhan - Reasons for displacement by greatest 8 Seek employment 1.5
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of 1.5
households displaced

Table 9: Baidoa - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Baki District: Burco

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds
1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 50.0 2 Loss of income livelihood 66.7
3 Rescue livestock 22.2
2 Rescue livestock 16.7 4 Seek employment 5.6
5 House destroyed 1.9
3 Loss of income livelihood 16.7 6 Other 1.9
1.9
4 Other 16.7

Table 10: Baki - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

Table 11: Burco - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

Displacement and Assistance | 9

District: Burtinle District: Buur Hakaba

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Loss of income or livelihood 77.9 1 Insecurity fear conflict 28.0
2 To rescue livestock 7.8 2 Loss of livelihood income 28.0
3 Other 5.2 3 High food prices 16.0
4 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 3.9 4 Seek employment 16.0
5 Insecurity or fear from conflict 2.6 5 Death of household head 4.0
6 Head of household died 1.3 6 House destroyed 4.0
7 House destroyed 1.3 7 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 4.0

Table 12: Burtinle - Reasons for displacement by greatest Table 13: Buur Hakaba - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced households displaced

District: Dangorayo District: Dinsoor

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 To rescue livestock
2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 70.0 1 Loss of livelihood income 62.3
3 Head of household died 20.0 2 Insecurity fear conflict 35.8
10.0 3 Death of household head 0.9
4 House destroyed 0.9
Table 14: Dangorayo - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of Table 15: Dinsor - Reasons for displacement by greatest
households displaced percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: El Barde District: Eyl

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 Loss of livelihood income
2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 47.1 1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 63.2
3 Other 17.7 2 Loss of livelihood income 26.3
4 Insecurity fear conflict 17.7 3 Seek employment 5.3
5 Rescue livestock 11.8 4 Other 5.3
6 Other 5.8
1.9 Table 17: Eyl - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

Table 16: El Barde- Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Galkacyo District: Iskushuban

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced
1 Loss of livelihood income
2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 48.4 1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 57.9
3 Rescue livestock 45.2
4 Fled Flooding 3.2 2 Loss of income or livelihood 29.8
3.2
3 Rescue livestock 7.0

4 House destroyed 3.5

Table 18: Galkacyo - Reasons for displacement by greatest 5 Seek employment 1.8
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced Table 19: Iskushuban - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

10 |

District: Jariiban District: Laas Caanood

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Loss of income or livelihood 54.6 1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 51.5

2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 29.0 2 Insecurity or fear from conflict 16.7

3 Food prices 7.3 3 Loss of income or livelihood 13.6

4 House destroyed 5.5 4 To rescue livestock 12.1

5 Seek employment 3.6 5 Seek employment 3.0

Table 20: Jariiban - Reasons for displacement by greatest 6 Food prices 1.5
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced 7 Other 1.5

Table 21: Laas Caanood - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Luuq District: Odweyne

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 55.3 1 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 62.3

2 Rescue livestock 31.6 2 To rescue livestock 18.8

3 Loss of livelihood income 5.3 3 Loss of income or livelihood 11.6

4 Other 5.3 4 Other 2.9

5 High food prices 2.6 Table 23: Odweyne - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
Table 22: Luuq - Reasons for displacement by greatest households displaced
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Qansadhere District: Qoryoley

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Loss of livelihood income 46.7 1 Insecurity or fear from conflict 42.7

2 High food prices 20.0 2 Loss of income or livelihood 18.8

3 Rescue livestock 20.0 3 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 17.1

4 Insecurity fear conflict 13.3 4 Food prices 5.1

Table 24: Qansadhere - Reasons for displacement by greatest 5 House destroyed 4.3
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced 6 To rescue livestock 4.3

7 Fled flooding 3.4

8 Head of household died 3.4

9 Seek employment 0.9

Table 25: Qoryoley - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Rab Dhuure District: Tayeeglow

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Loss of income or livelihood 85.6 1 Insecurity or fear from conflict 100.0

2 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 5.6 Table 27: Tayeeglow - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
3 Other 4.4 households displaced

4 Seek employment 3.3

5 To rescue livestock 1.1

Table 26: Rab Dhuure - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

| 11

District: Waajid District: Wanla Weyn

Reason for displacement % HH Reason for displacement % HH
Displaced Displaced

1 Insecurity fear conflict 37.0 1 Insecurity or fear from conflict 40.3

2 Loss of livelihood income 37.0 2 Loss of income or livelihood 23.3

3 High food prices 14.8 3 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 16.3

4 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 7.4 4 House destroyed 6.2

5 Death of household head 3.7 5 Food prices 4.7

Table 28: Waajid - Reasons for displacement by greatest 6 To rescue livestock 4.7
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced 7 Fled flooding 2.3

8 Seek employment 2.3

Table 29: Wanla Weyn - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

District: Xudur Displacement – Focus Group Data

Reason for displacement % HH Analysis done on the focus group interviews further
Displaced acknowledged “loss of income or livelihood” as
the leading cause for many households migrating
1 Insecurity fear conflict 86.1 in majority of the districts. This was cited in Afgoye,
Baidoa, Buur Hakaba, El Barde, Gaalkacyo, Luuq,
2 Loss of livelihood income 6.2 Qansadhere, Qoryoley, Rab Dhuure, Wanla Weyn
and Xudur while in Awdhegle , Las Canood, Waajid,
3 Take livestock to other grazing grounds 5.4 participants reported lack of enough food for
households as the major reason. These findings are in
4 Seek employment 0.8 keeping with the quantitative data.

5 Rescue livestock 0.8

Table 30: Xudur - Reasons for displacement by greatest
percentage of households displaced to fewest percentage of
households displaced

Internally displaced persons movements

Potential IDP Returns Extra Intra Grand Total
Caseload (SWS)
Afgoye 924 986 1,910
Baidoa 5,920 94,350 100,270
Buur Hakaba 13,211 13,242
El Barde 1,228 31
Qansadhere 25,747 17 1,245
Waajid 11,756 55 25,802
Xudur 8,846 2,787 14,543
SWS IDP Returnees 2,717 11,563
168,575

Table 31: Number of potential IDP returns to South West State by district

12 | Displacement and Assistance

Assistance zone type per district. The greatest percentage of
households receiving assistance was recorded in Eyl
The greatest number of households reporting having at 90.2% with ‘cash’ being the most prevalent type of
received assistance during the last 8 months was assistance received. The respondent households in the
recorded in Eyl and the fewest in Qansadhere. Tables rest of the districts surveyed also reported the most
33 through 57 indicate the type of assistance received prevalent type of assistance being received as ‘cash’
reported by the greatest percentage of households ‘food aid’ and ‘food through general distribution’.
and the type reported by the lowest percentage of
households per district, along with the livelihood

District Livelihood Zone Sample Size/ Households % HH who received
assistance
Afgoye Riverine 150 78.0
Awdhegle Riverine 152 15.1
Badhan Pastoral 148 39.9
Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 284 80.3
Baidoa Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 157 12.7
Baki Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 148 89.2
Burco Pastoral 152 29.0
Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 144 5.6
Burtinle Pastoral 93 6.5
Buur Hakaba Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 112 50.8
Dangorayo Pastoral 147 86.4
Pastoral 143 90.2
Dinsor Pastoral 147 34.7
El Barde Pastoral 150 82.0
Pastoral 113 77.0
Eyl Pastoral 148 69.6
Gaalkacyo Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 152 67.1
Iskushuban Pastoral 151 75.5
Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 151 2.6
Jariiban Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 152 38.8
Las Canood Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 135 28.8
Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 82 48.8
Luuq Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 238 79.0
Odweyne Riverine 149 18.1
Qansadhere Rainfed Agro- Pastoral 140 43.6
Qoryoley
Rab Dhuure
Tayeeglow

Waajid
Wanla Weyn

Xudur

Table 32: Percentage households reporting received assistance per District and Livelihood Zone

Displacement and Assistance | 13

District: Afgoye

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Riverine Cash 81.1
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 78.6
Training 67.5
Food Aid 66.6
Food through general distribution 60.6
Agricultural inputs through voucher 52.9
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 17.9
Free household goods 17.9
Livestock inputs through voucher 12.8
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 5.9
Livestock through restocking 5.9

Table 33: Afgoye - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Awdhegle

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 73.9

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 27.7

Riverine Food Aid 26.1

Agricultural inputs through voucher 4.4

Free household goods 4.4

Table 34: Awdhegle - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Badhan

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Pastoral Food Aid 54.2
Food through general distribution 52.5
Cash 45.8
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 16.9
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 10.2
Livestock inputs through voucher 8.5
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 5.1
Free household goods 5.1
Agricultural inputs through voucher 3.4
Livestock through restocking 3.4
Training 1.7

Table 35: Badhan - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

14 | Displacement and Assistance

District: Baidoa

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Cash 68.9
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 67.5
Food through general distribution 62.7
Agricultural inputs through voucher 56.6
Food Aid 56.6
Free household goods 34.2
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 32.4
Livestock inputs through voucher 27.6
Training 21.4
Livestock through restocking 14.0
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 11.4

Table 36: Baidoa - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Baki

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food Aid 70.0
Food through general distribution 35.0
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 30.0
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 25.0
Livestock inputs through voucher 20.0
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 15.0
Free household goods 15.0
Agricultural inputs through voucher 10.0
Cash 10.0
Restocking 10.0
Training 10.0

Table 37: Baki - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Burco

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food through general distribution 65.2
Food Aid 61.4
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 34.9
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 31.8
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 19.7
Cash 18.9
Free household goods 18.9
Agricultural inputs through voucher 15.9
Training 6.8
Restocking 5.3
Livestock inputs through voucher 3.0

Table 38: Burco - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

Displacement and Assistance | 15

District: Burtinle

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 22.2

Pastoral Food Aid 95.6

Livestock inputs through voucher 2.2

Table 39: Burtinle - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Buur Hakaba

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food through general distribution 75.0
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 62.5
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 62.5
Livestock inputs through voucher 37.5
Cash 25.0
Free household goods 12.5
Training 12.5
Food Aid 12.5

Table 40: Buur Hakaba - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Dangorayo

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 66.7

Pastoral Food Aid 66.7

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 16.7

Table 41: Dangorayo - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Dinsor

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food through general distribution 89.5
Food Aid 17.5
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 14.0
Cash 10.5
Agricultural inputs through voucher 7.0
Free household goods 3.5
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 3.5
Livestock through restocking 3.5
Training 1.7
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 1.7
Livestock inputs through voucher 1.7

Table 42: Dinsor - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

16 | Displacement and Assistance

District: El Barde

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Pastoral Cash 77.1
Food Aid 38.6
Training 28.3
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 23.6
Food through general distribution 14.2
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 10.2
Livestock inputs through voucher 8.7
Livestock through restocking 4.7
Agricultural inputs through voucher 3.1
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 3.1
Free household goods 0.7

Table 43: El Barde - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Eyl

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Pastoral Cash 90.6
Food Aid 44.9
Food through general distribution 38.7
Training 22.5
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 15.5
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 13.1
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 12.4
Livestock inputs through voucher 10.1
Free household goods 6.9
Agricultural inputs through voucher 6.9
Livestock through restocking 3.1

Table 44: Eyl - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Gaalkacyo

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 39.2

Food Aid 33.3

Pastoral Food through general distribution 23.5

Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 11.8

Free household goods 1.9

Table 45: Gaalkacyo - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

Displacement and Assistance | 17

District: Iskushuban

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Pastoral Food through general distribution 72.4
Food Aid 69.9
Cash 49.6
Livestock through restocking 16.2
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 12.2
Training 9.6
Free household goods 7.3
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 6.5
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 4.1
Livestock inputs through voucher 0.8
Agricultural inputs through voucher 0.8

Table 46: Iskushuban - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Jariiban

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 54.5

Food Aid 88.6

Food through general distribution 9.1

Pastoral Training 3.4
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 1.1

Free household goods 1.1

Livestock inputs through voucher 1.1

Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 1.1

Table 47: Jariiban - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Las Canood

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Food Aid 63.1

Pastoral Food through general distribution 54.4
Cash 54.4
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 8.7
Livestock inputs through voucher 7.8
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 6.8
Training 5.8
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 5.8
Free household goods 4.9
Livestock through restocking 2.9
Agricultural inputs through voucher 1.9

Table 48: Las Canood - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

18 | Displacement and Assistance

District: Luuq

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food Aid 55.9
Food through general distribution 33.3
Training 18.6
Cash 16.7
Free household goods 14.7
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 12.7
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 11.8
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 10.8
Livestock inputs through voucher 4.9
Agricultural inputs through voucher 2.9
Livestock through restocking 2.9

Table 49: Luuq - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Odweyne

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Food Aid 86.0

Food through general distribution 77.2

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 23.7

Agricultural inputs through voucher 21.1

Pastoral Training 21.1
Cash 14.0

Livestock inputs through direct distribution 10.5

Livestock inputs through voucher 7.0

Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 7.0

Free household goods 1.8

Table 50: Odweyne - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Qansadhere

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Food Aid 50.0

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Cash 25.0

Food through general distribution 25.0

Table 51: Qansadhere - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

Displacement and Assistance | 19

District: Qoryoley

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 50.8

Food Aid 37.3

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 22.0

Riverine Agricultural inputs through voucher 15.3

Food through general distribution 1.7

Free household goods 1.7

Livestock inputs through voucher 1.7

Table 52: Qoryoley - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Rab Dhuure

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
Food through general distribution assistance
2.6
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 2.6
Free household goods

Table 53: Rab Dhuure - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Tayeeglow

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 15.0
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 2.5
Food Aid 52.5
Cash 7.5
Food through general distribution 20.0
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 5.0

Table 54: Tayeeglow - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Waajid

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral Food through general distribution 52.1
Food Aid 47.9
Cash 45.7
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 42.0
Agricultural inputs through voucher 35.1
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 23.4
Livestock inputs through voucher 20.2
Free household goods 18.1
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 12.8
Livestock through restocking 7.4
Training 1.6

Table 55: Waajid - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

20 | Displacement and Assistance

District: Wanla Weyn

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 40.7

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 37.0

Riverine Food Aid 33.3

Livestock inputs through direct distribution 3.7

Food through general distribution 3.7

Table 56: Wanla Weyn - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

District: Xudur

Livelihood zone Type of assistance % of HH who received
assistance

Cash 88.5

Food Aid 21.3

Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 13.1

Food through general distribution 13.1

Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 11.8
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 3.3

Agricultural inputs through voucher

Livestock inputs through direct distribution 1.6

Livestock inputs through voucher 1.6

Free household goods 1.6

Livestock through restocking 1.6

Table 57: Xudur - Type of assistance reported by households receiving assistance ranked most to least prevalent

| 21

Agriculture and Water

Agriculture total number of households per district. The greatest
number of households requiring agricultural inputs
The greatest number of households owning land was was found in Gaalkacyo, with 59,038 households in
found in Awdhegle district while the highest average a pastoral livelihood area, followed by Qoryoley with
landholding in hectares was found in Tayeeglow 37,190 households. In total, the number of households
district. The number of households requiring requiring agricultural inputs across all districts
agricultural inputs was calculated by extrapolating the surveyed was found to be 225,353.
percentage of households owning land in the number
of households in the district sampling frame to the

District Livelihood Zone Cultivatable Total Sample Size/ % HH HH Requiring
Land (ha)2 Households Households owning land Agricultural Inputs

Afgoye Riverine 235,242.0 13,976 150 44.7 6,243
Awdhegle Riverine N/A 14,620 152 76.3 11,158
Badhan Pastoral 42.5 7,945 148 71.6 5,688
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 39,497 284 27.5 10,848
Baidoa Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 218,525.0 6,611 157 44.5 2,942
Baki Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral N/A 16,545 148 36.5 6,037
Burco Pastoral N/A 18,154 152 6.6 1,193
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral N/A 4,632 144 38.9 1,801
Burtinle Pastoral 3,389 93 100.0 3,389
Buurhakaba Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 123,534.0 12,626 112 99.0 12,499
Dangorayo Pastoral N/A 4,863 147 19.7
Pastoral 3,151 143 13.3 959
Dinsor1 Pastoral 99,894.0 59,876 147 98.6 419
El Barde Pastoral 0 9,422 150 67.3 59,038
Pastoral 13,399 113 32.0 6,341
Eyl Pastoral 29.3 10,017 148 50.5 4,288
Gaalkacyo Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral N/A 10,451 152 40.8 5,057
Iskhushuban Pastoral 1,000.5 32,005 151 67.6 4,263
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral N/A 16,452 151 35.8 21,619
Jariiban Agro Pastoral 196.4 48,732 152 76.3 5,883
Las Canood Agro Pastoral 16,150.0 6,275 135 37.8 37,190
Rain-fed Agro Pastoral N/A 12,279 82 12.2 2,371
Luuq Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 94,343.0 1,111 238 29.0 1,496
Odweyne Riverine 60,431.0 18,839 149 68.5 322
Qansadhere Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral N/A 2,083 140 67.9 12,896
Qoryoley 50,869.0 1,413
Rab Dhuure 2,599.0 225,353
Tayeeglow 179,613.0
59,589.0
Waajid
Wanla Weyn

Xudur
Total

Table 58: Percentage of households owning land and agricultural inputs required per district and livelihood zone

1 Source: Oduori, S. M., Oroda A. S., Gadain H., and F. Rembold, 2012: Estimating Cultivable Areas in Central and Southern Somalia using Remote Sensing by FAO-SWALIM. Project
Report No. RSM 02 Nairobi, Kenya.

Survey results indicated that none of the respondents in Dinsor District own land, majority of them 75.9% rented and 23.2% shared land. Households requiring agricultural inputs
were therefore computed on the basis of percentage households renting or sharing land in the district sampling frame to the total number of households in the district.

22 | Agriculture and Water Types of crops grown

Landholdings and cultivation patterns Across all districts, the most favoured crops grown in all
Tayeeglow District showed the greatest average seasons were maize, sorghum, pigeon peas and melon.
landholding in hectares (181.92 ha) compared to During different seasons, districts favoured different
Rab Dhuure, which showed the lowest (0.45 ha). crops as their lead crop, but for the most part, maize
Cultivation patterns varied across seasons with rain- and sorghum was the most favoured or second most
fed agro-pastoral zones showing greatest cultivation of favoured crops to grow. The reliance on two types
land during the Gu and the Deyr season. Baki district of crops needs to be further explored, particularly
recorded the greatest amount of land cultivated in with respect to the potential for more Climate-smart
Jilal season. The erratic and below average rains have Agriculture techniques such as the introduction
resulted in less land being cultivated in the districts. of drought-tolerant nutrient dense seeds such as
Were the reliability of water availability to improve, millets, green grams and other pulses and legumes.
we would expect to see more land being cultivated In addition, soil-fertility enhancing techniques need to
throughout the drier seasons. be examined as well as the provision of a sustainable
water source through the Jilal. This will potentially
have an effect on the types of crops farmers choose
to grow as many stick to less water-dependent crops
traditionally in order to mitigate the risk of drought.

All districts

District Livelihood Zone Sample Size/ Households Average Owned
Landholding (ha)
Afgoye Riverine 150
Awdhegle Riverine 152 0.7
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 284 1.0
Baidoa Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 157 152.7
Baki Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 148 59.0
Burco Pastoral 152 30.7
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 144 1.0
Burtinle Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 112 1.6
Buurhakaba Pastoral 147 N/A
Pastoral 143 31.7
Dinsor Pastoral 150 14.5
El Barde Pastoral 148 41.7
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 152 4.3
Eyl Pastoral 151 0.5
Iskhushuban Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 151 4.6
Las Canood Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 152 20.5
Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 152 1.02
Luuq Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 82 0.5
Odweyne Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 238 181.9
Qansadhere Riverine 149 34.9
Qoryoley Rain-fed Agro-Pastoral 140 0.6
Rab Dhuure 44.4
Tayeeglow

Waajid
Wanla Weyn

Xudur

Table 59: Average size of landholding per district in hectares

Agriculture and Water | 23

All districts Livelihood Zone Land cultivated Land cultivated Land cultivated Land cultivated
in Hagaa (ha) in Gu (ha) in Deyr (ha) in Jilal (ha)
District
Afgoye 185.9 288.3 136.1 650.3
29.5
Awdhegle Riverine
Badhan
46.4 35.2 0.5

Pastoral N/A N/A N/A N/A

Baidoa Rain-fed Agro- 1649.4 1477.1 101.1 505.1
Baki Pastoral 186.1 1637.7 640.9 1270.8
Burco 10.9 1127.3 35.1
16.4

Burtinle Pastoral N/A N/A N/A N/A
Buur Hakaba Rain-fed 0.0 39.3 38.5 0.0
Dangorayo Agro-Pastoral N/A N/A N/A N/A
Pastoral N/A N/A N/A N/A
Dinsor Rain-fed 192.8 506.4 503.4 130.8
El Barde Agro-Pastoral 30.9 98.2 136.3 23.4
N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eyl Pastoral 138.2 167.1 111.3 134.2
Gaalkacyo N/A N/A N/A N/A
Iskushuban

Jariiban

Las Canood Rain-fed 165.5 10.1 7.0 13.2
Luuq Agro-Pastoral 18.4 19.4 18.9 17.7
12.3 244.7 199.4 0.6
Odweyne Pastoral 210.4 892.8 919.5 0.0
Qansadhere

Qoryoley Rain-fed 33.9 60.0 43.8 0.4
Rab Dhuure Agro-Pastoral N/A 882.8 886.6 N/A
Tayeeglow N/A 1021.3 1017.5 N/A
1131.4 2075.4 2008.1 117.0
Waajid

Wanla Weyn Riverine 27.3 43.2 33.0 0.4
2476.3 2489.3 2.3
Xudur Rain-fed Agro- 1074.1
Pastoral

Table 60: Number of hectares cultivated per season per district

24 | Agriculture and Water

District: Afgoye (riverine)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
Afgoye grown grown grown grown
( ) during 13.3 ( ) during 18.8 ( ) during 13.3 ( ) during 8.6
Hagaa 5.5 8.6 Deyr 7.0 Jilal 5.5
Maize 2.3 Gu 3.1 Sorghum 3.9 Melon 4.7
Sorghum 0.8 Maize 0.8 Maize 3.1 Maize 3.1
Sesame 0.8 Sorghum 0.8 Sesame 0.8 Sorghum
Pigeon peas 0.8 Pigeon peas 0.8 Pigeon peas 0.8 Sesame
Melon Melon Onion
Onion Onion Melon
Sesame

Table 61: Afgoye - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Awdhegle

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 39.8 ( ) during 7.1
Hagaa Deyr 35.7 Jilal 7.1
Gu Maize 30.6 Maize 8.2
Sesame Sesame
Maize 50.0 Maize 75.5 Pigeon peas Pigeon peas

Awdhegle Sesame 32.7 Sesame 36.7

Pigeon peas 22.5 Pigeon peas 28.6

Table 62: Awdhegle - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Baidoa (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
Baidoa grown grown grown grown
( ) during 6.0 ( ) during 5.3 ( ) during 4.9 ( ) during 5.3
Hagaa 1.4 1.4 Deyr 2.5 Jilal 1.1
Maize 1.2 Gu 1.1 Maize 1.1 Maize 1.1
Onion 0.7 Maize 1.1 Sorghum 0.7 Melon 0.7
Pigeon peas 0.7 Sorghum 0.4 Sesame 0.7 Sorghum 0.4
Sesame 0.7 Onion 0.4 Melon 0.4 Pigeon peas 0.4
Melon Pigeon peas Pigeon peas Onion
Sorghum Melon Onion Sesame
Sesame

Table 63: Baidoa - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Baki

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 22.9 ( ) during 21.4
Hagaa Deyr 8.6 Jilal 14.3
Gu Onion Maize
Sorghum Onion
Maize 27.1 Maize 27.1
Baki Onion 28.6 Onion 20.0

Melon 1.4

Table 64: Baki - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

Agriculture and Water | 25

District: Burco

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 16.7 ( ) during 16.7
Hagaa Deyr 14.8 Jilal 14.8
Gu Maize Sorghum
Sorghum Melon
Maize 24.1 Maize 38.9

Burco Sorghum 14.8 Sorghum 20.4

Melon 1.9 Melon 3.7

Table 65: Burco - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Buur Hakaba (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 12.9 ( ) during 2.9
Hagaa Deyr 5.7 Jilal 0.4
Gu Sorghum Sorghum 0.4
Maize Maize
Buur Sorghum 3.9 Sorghum 10.7 Melon
Hakaba
Maize 0.7 Maize 5.7

Melon 0.4

Table 66: Buur Hakaba - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: El Barde (pastoral)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 6.2 ( ) during 1.1
Hagaa Deyr 1.8 Jilal 0.4
Gu Maize Maize
Sorghum Sorghum
Maize 2.5 Maize 5.4

El Barde Sorghum 1.1 Sorghum 1.4

Melon 0.4

Table 67: El Barde - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Eyl

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
Eyl grown grown grown grown
( ) during 25.0 ( ) during 18.8 ( ) during 40.0 ( ) during 23.1
Hagaa 18.8 12.5 Deyr 26.7 Jilal 23.1
maize 10.0 Gu 6.3 melon 26.7 maize 23.1
melon maize 6.3 onion melon
onion melon 6.3 maize onion
onion
rice paddy
sesame

Table 68: Eyl - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

26 | Agriculture and Water

District: Iskushuban

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
Iskushuban grown grown grown grown
( ) during 23.0 ( ) during 26.0 ( ) during 27.0 ( ) during 29.0
Hagaa 19.0 25.0 Deyr 26.0 Jilal 25.0
melon 12.0 Gu 13.0 onion 14.0 melon 14.0
onion 10.0 melon 6.0 melon 7.0 onion 8.0
maize 7.0 onion 6.0 maize 6.0 maize 4.0
sorghum 2.00 maize 1.0 sorghum sorghum 4.0
Pigeon peas sorghum Pigeon peas Pigeon peas
sesame Pigeon peas sesame
sesame

Table 69: Iskushuban - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Las Canood

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown 0.7 grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 0.7
Hagaa Deyr Jilal 0.7
Gu onion maize
onion
maize 1.4 maize 0.7

Las Canood onion 1.4 onion 0.7
sorghum 1.4

melon 0.7

Table 70: Las Canood - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Luuq (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 5.9 ( ) during 5.5
Hagaa Deyr 3.7 Jilal 4.1
Gu Maize 1.5 Maize 0.7
Sorghum 0.7 Sorghum 0.7
Maize 5.5 Maize 5.1 Onion 0.4 Melon 0.7
Pigeon peas 0.4 Onion
Sorghum 4.7 Onion 3.7 Melon Sorghum
Sesame onion
Luuq Onion 3.3 Sorghum 2.2

Pigeon peas 0.7 Pigeon peas 1.5

Melon 0.4 Melon 0.4

Sesame 0.4

Table 71: Luuq - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Odweyne

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 36.3 ( ) during 20.6
Hagaa Deyr 21.6 Jilal 16.7
Gu Maize 2.0 Maize 1.0
Sorghum Sorghum
Maize 37.3 Maize 48.0 Onion Melon

Odweyne Sorghum 27.5 Sorghum 31.4

Melon 2.9 Melon 5.9

Table 72: Odweyne - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

Agriculture and Water | 27

District: Qansadhere (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 11.2 ( ) during 1.9
Hagaa Deyr 1.1 Jilal 0.8
Gu Sorghum 0.4 Sorghum
Maize Maize
Sorghum 1.5 Sorghum 6.3 Sesame

Qansadhere Maize 0.4 Sesame 3.0

Sesame 0.4 Maize 1.9

Table 73: Qansadhere - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Qoryoley

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 29.6 ( ) during 43.9
Hagaa Deyr 27.6 Jilal 34.7
Gu Sorghum 25.5 Maize 37.7
Sesame Sesame
Maize 59.2 Maize 66.3 Pigeon peas Pigeon peas

Qorley Sesame 40.8 Sesame 43.9

Pigeon peas 38.8 Pigeon peas 39.8

Table 74: Qoryoley - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Rab Dhuure

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 100.0 ( ) during 2.1
Hagaa Deyr 100.0 Jilal 2.1
Gu Maize Maize
Sorghum Sorghum
Rab Maize 6.3 Maize 100.0

Dhuure Sorghum 6.3 Sorghum 100.0

Table 75: Rab Dhuure - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Tayeeglow

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 50.0 ( ) during
Hagaa Deyr 50.0 Jilal
Gu Sorghum
Maize
Tayeeglow Sorghum 90.0
Maize 10.0

Table 76: Tayeeglow - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Waajid (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 8.3 ( ) during 7.2
Hagaa Deyr 1.1 Jilal 3.4
Gu Sorghum Maize
Maize Sorghum
Sorghum 4.1 Sorghum 6.0

Waajid Maize 1.5 Maize 3.0

Sesame 0.4

Table 77: Waajid - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

28 | Agriculture and Water

District: Wanla Weyn

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 29.6 ( ) during 7.1
Hagaa Deyr 27.6 Jilal 4.1
Gu Sorghum 25.5 Maize 4.1
Sesame Sesame
Wanla Maize 48.0 Maize 57.1 Pigeon peas Pigeon peas
Weyn
Sesame 25.5 Sesame 42.9

Pigeon peas 18.4 Pigeon peas 34.7

Table 78: Wanla Weyn - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

District: Xudur (agro-pastoral, rain-fed)

District Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs Crops % HHs
grown grown grown grown
( ) during ( ) during ( ) during 24.1 ( ) during 11.2
Hagaa Deyr 2.3 Jilal 3.9
Gu Sorghum 0.4 Sorghum
Maize Maize
Sorghum 11.1 Sorghum 25.2 Onion

Xudur Maize 0.8 Maize 1.9

Pigeon peas 0.4 Onion 0.4

Table 79: Xudur - Crops grown ranked by preference, per season

Agriculture Focus Group Data the main sources of livelihoods in their community.
It was noted that the common consensus among the
Poor rainfall was mentioned by participants as the groups was that most of the communities relied on
main problem affecting pasture and grazing land in the more than one source but practiced crop cultivation
communities. Table 80 highlights problems that the and livestock rearing as the primary livelihood. This is
participants mentioned as affecting their pasture and indicated in Table 81.
grazing land and preventing them from growing more
crops. Focus group participants were asked to specify

District Problems affecting pasture Problems preventing growing
Afgoye and grazing land of more crops
Lack of rain
Awdhegle Lack of rain
Badhan Lack of grazing area Lack of income to purchase inputs
Baidoa Conflict between clans on grazing areas Poor agricultural inputs
Buur Hakaba Lack of rain
Dangorayo Lack of rain Lack of water sources
Conflict between clans on grazing areas Lack of rain

Lack of rain Lack of rain
Lack of pasture Lack of agricultural inputs
Lack of enough grazing land Lack of enough farming land
Lack of agricultural inputs (seeds)
Lack of rain
Lack of pasture Shortage of rain
Lack of enough grazing land
Shortage and lack of rain Lack of rain
Deforestation
Lack of enough grazing land Continued on the following page
Conflict between clans on grazing areas
Lack of enough grazing land

Agriculture and Water | 29

El Barde Lack of rain Lack of rain
Eyl Deforestation Lack of agricultural inputs (seeds and ploughing tools)
Lack of rain
Gaalkacyo Land degradation Poor agricultural practices
Iskushuban Lack of enough grazing land Lack of agricultural inputs
Shortage and lack of rain
Jariiban Conflict between clans on grazing areas Shortage of rain
Las Canood Lack of rain
Land degradation Lack of rain
Luuq Low farming skills
Qansadhere Lack of rain Lack of agricultural inputs (seeds and ploughing tools)

Qoryoley Shortage and lack of rain Lack of rain
Rab Dhuure Insufficient agricultural inputs
Lack of enough pasture
Waajid Growth of unwanted trees Low farming skills
Wanla Weyn Lack of enough grazing land Insufficient agricultural inputs

Xudur Lack of enough pasture Diseases and crop pests
Deforestation Insufficient agricultural inputs

Lack of grazing areas Low farming skills
Lack of rain Lack of agricultural inputs (ploughing tools, fertilisers)
Deforestation
Soil erosion
Conflict between clans on grazing areas
Lack of rain Lack of rain
Deforestation Lack of agricultural inputs (seeds)

Lack of rain Lack of rain
Lack of enough pasture Lack of agricultural inputs ( seeds and tools)
Conflict between clans on grazing areas Lack of good agricultural practice knowledge by farmers

Lack of rain Lack of rain
Conflict between clans on grazing areas Lack of agricultural inputs ( seeds, fertilisers)

Lack of rain Lack of irrigation mechanism put in place
Lack of enough pasture Lack of rain

Deforestation Lack of shallow wells
Crop diseases
Lack of rain

Lack of agricultural inputs
Poor crop rotation

Table 80: Respondents’ perceptions of agricultural and livestock economic growth impediments

30 | Agriculture and Water

District Livelihood Zone Main source of Livelihood
Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Afgoye Riverine
Crop cultivation
Awdhegle Riverine Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Badhan Pastoral
Livestock rearing
Baidoa Rainfed Agro- Pastoral Crop cultivation
Livestock rearing
Burtinle Pastoral Livestock rearing
Crop cultivation
Buur Hakaba Rainfed Agro- Pastoral Livestock rearing
Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Dangorayo Pastarol Livestock rearing
Livestock rearing
El Barde Pastoral Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Eyl Pastoral Crop cultivation
Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Galkacyo Pastoral Crop cultivation, livestock rearing
Crop cultivation
Iskushuban Pastoral Crop cultivation

Jariiban Pastoral

Las Canood Pastoral

Luuq Rainfed Agro- Pastoral

Qansadhere Rainfed Agro- Pastoral

Qoryoley Riverine

Rab Dhuure Rainfed Agro- Pastoral

Waajid Rainfed Agro- Pastoral

Wanla Weyn Riverine

Xudur Rainfed Agro- Pastoral

Table 81: FGD Data - Main sources of livelihoods by district

Agriculture and Water | 31

The effect of drought was also reflected in crop yields with Afgoye, Awdhegle, Gaalkacyo, Qansadhere,
and a marked decrease in livestock numbers and Qoryoley and Waajid reporting the highest loss at 90%.
fodder stock in the districts. Findings from the focus The decrease in crop production was highest in Wanla
groups indicate that most of the districts experienced Weyn with a 60% reduction cited.
a high percentage of loss of livestock and fodder stock

District % reduction in crop % livestock lost % fodder stock lost
Afgoye production 90.0 90.0
20.0 100.0
40.0
Awdhegle 30.0 90.0 80.0
70.0
Badhan 40.0 40.0 50.0
70.0
Baidoa 40.0 70.0 90.0
80.0
Burtinle 5.0 70.0 80.0
80.0
Buur Hakaba 40.0 30.0 50.0
0.0
Dangorayo 0.0 70.0 70.0
80.0
El Barde 20.0 70.0 100.0
90.0
Eyl 30.0 70.0 60.0
100.0
Gaalkacyo 0.0 90.0 70.0

Iskushuban 40.0 60.0

Jariiban 20.0 80.0

Las Canood 20.0 80.0

Luuq 30.0 70.0

Qansadhere 20.0 90.0

Qoryoley 40.0 90.0

Rab Dhuure 0.0 40.0

Waajid 20.0 90.0

Wanla Weyn 60.0 80.0

Xudur 10.0 70.0

Table 82: Respondents’ perception of % losses in crop production, livestock and fodder stock

32 | Agriculture and Water of the districts. This impacted on the rivers and shallow
wells which were now dry, forcing the community to
Water travel long distances in search of water and or to pay
for the same. Other problems cited were as indicated
For the majority of households in the majority of in the table below, ranked from the most to least as
districts, the water source that was ranked most discussed by the participants per district. What is
available during the Jilal was unprotected well. Table necessary in future survey rounds is to work with the
83 indicates the available water source in different communities to go beyond lack of rainfall as a reason
districts. for the lack of water provision sustainability and look
Water Focus Group Data to solutions which will compensate for this.
When interviewed, respondents from Focus Group
Discussions cited inadequate rains as the major Water source
problem preventing year round water provision in most
Borehole
District Hand pump well

Afgoye Borehole
Awdhegle Unprotected surface water (river, pond)
Unprotected surface water (river, pond)
Baidoa
Baki Borehole
Burco Unprotected well
Unprotected well
Burtinle Unprotected well
Buur Hakaba Unprotected well
Water car tanker
El Barde Harvest rainwater (berkad)
Eyl Unprotected surface water (river, pond)
Water car tanker
Iskushuban
Jariiban Borehole
Borehole
Las Canood Unprotected well
Luuq Unprotected well
Unprotected well
Odweyne Borehole
Qansadhere Unprotected well

Qoryoley
Rab Dhuure
Tayeeglow

Waajid
Wanla Weyn

Xudur
Table 83: Priority water source availability during Jilal

Agriculture and Water | 33

District Problems preventing year round water provision

Afgoye Dry river
Lack of shallow wells
Badhan Non-functional boreholes
Baidoa
Buur Hakaba Lack of rain
Dangorayo Lack of boreholes
El Barde
Lack of rain
Eyl Lack of boreholes
Gaalkacyo Lack of boreholes
Iskushuban Non-functional dams
Jariiban
Lack of rain
Las Canood Lack of boreholes

Luuq Lack of rain
Few number of water resources
Qansadhere Few number of water sources

Rab Dhuure Lack of rain
Poor rainfall
Waajid Lack of enough shallow wells
Lack of clean water
Lack of rain
Lack of rain
Lack of boreholes
Few number of berkads
Water points far from village
Lack of clean water
Lack of enough water points
Few boreholes in the district
Non-functional earth pan
Lack of skills for water conservation
Lack of rain
Less number of shallow wells
Lack of rain
Drying of shallow wells
Lack of clean water

Xudur Lack of enough water sources

Table 84: Respondents’ perceptions of problems preventing sustainable water source

34 | Agriculture and Water

Respondents in the focus groups were asked to discuss present but hardly maintained therefore making the
solutions to sustainable water provision over the short, water unsafe for consumption.. The need for educating
medium and long term. Water trucking was cited to the community members on better ways of water
be the immediate solution to water scarcity in most harvesting was also raised by the participants. The
of the districts while drilling of more boreholes and following table indicates the solutions given by the
shallow wells was seen to be long term. Participants participants for each district to help curb the water
also noted that in some districts the boreholes were challenge.

District Immediate Term Medium Term Longer Term
(0-3 months) (4-6 months) (7-12 months)

Afgoye • Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Digging boreholes, dams
• Rehabilitation of wells • Digging berkads • Rehabilitation of water
Awdhegle
Badhan catchments
Baidoa
Buur Hakaba • Provision of water tanks • Rehabilitation and construction • Construction of shallow wells
Dangorayo of public wells
El Barde
Eyl • Provision of water pumps
Gaalkacyo
Iskushuban • Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Drilling boreholes, dams
Jariiban • Rehabilitation of dams
Las Canood
• Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Construction of water pans,
Luuq • Desilting of water pans • Construction of dams dams

Qansadhere • Rehabilitation of ponds, wells • Construction of dams • Construction of boreholes
Qoryley • Construction of boreholes • Construction of shallow wells
Rab Dhuure
Waajid • Provision of clean water • Water trucking • Drilling of boreholes and
Wanla Weyn berkads

Xudur • Water trucking • Rehabilitation of berkads • Construction of boreholes,
• Construction of shallow wells wells

• Water trucking • Rehabilitation of shallow wells • Drilling boreholes
• Purifying water • Construction of shallow wells
• Construction of berkads

• Water trucking • Drilling of boreholes • Construction of dams
• Construction of berkads

• Water trucking • Rehabilitation of berkads • Construction of dams
• Construction of shallow wells

• Rehabilitation of shallow wells • Construction of berkads • Construction of dams and
other water points

• Water trucking • Construction of berkads • Drilling boreholes

• Rehabilitation of shallow wells

• Provision of water storage tanks

• Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Construction of shallow wells
• Provision of water purifiers • Protection of water points • Construction of earth dams
• Rehabilitation of shallow wells

• Training on water resource • Maintenance of non-functional • Construction of boreholes
management boreholes • Construction of dams

• Digging old shallow wells

• Rehabilitation of water points • Construction of shallow wells • Drilling boreholes
• Provision of water storage tanks • Provision of water pumps • Construction of dams

• Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Drilling boreholes
• Rehabilitation of shallow wells
• Desalination of water

• Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Construction of boreholes
• Rehabilitation of water canals • Construction of dams

• Construction of water berkads • Construction of more water • Construction of shallow wells
• Provision of water tanks storage points
• Rehabilitation of old wells

• Water trucking • Construction of shallow wells • Construction of boreholes
• Rehabilitation of existing water

points

Table 85: Respondents’ perceptions of water sustainability solutions

| 35

Resilience and
Coping Strategies

Household defined priority needs to engage in productive agriculture. These included
livestock feed and fodder, agricultural inputs such as
For all districts surveyed, in the immediate term (0-3 seeds and equipment and provision of water (focus
months), respondents cited emergency food aid as was on water for livestock and agriculture, but also
being the priority need. Cash grants (unconditional or human domestic consumption). For all districts, the
conditional) emerged as the second most recognized priority need cited most frequently during the longer
need during this same time period. While cash grants term was cash grants (unconditional or conditional),
were cited as a priority still during the medium term, followed by emergency food aid.
respondents began looking at interventions that would
take them beyond satisfying their immediate recovery
and focused on those that would improve their ability

District: Afgoye

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
Afgoye • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Drinking water
Medium Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (4-6 months)
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water Longer term
(7-12 months)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid Time period
• Drinking water Immediate Term

Table 86: Afgoye - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (0-3 months)

District: Awdhegle Medium Term
(4-6 months)
District Type of Need
Longer term
• Emergency food aid (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
• Health services

Awdhegle • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)
• Water for livestock and agriculture

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Health services
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)

Table 87: Awdhegle - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

36 | Resilience and Coping Strategies

District: Badhan

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Drinking water
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (0-3 months)
• Emergency food aid Medium Term
(4-6 months)
Badhan • Drinking water Longer term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (7-12 months)
• Emergency food aid
Time period
• Drinking water Immediate Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Health services (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 88: Badhan - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Baidoa (7-12 months)

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
Baidoa • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Drinking water Medium Term
(4-6 months)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Longer term
• Emergency food aid (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
Time period
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 89: Baidoa - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Baki (7-12 months)

District Type of Need

• Emergency food aid
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Drinking water

• Emergency food aid
Baki • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)

• Drinking water

• Emergency food aid
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Drinking water

Table 90: Baki - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Burco

District Type of Need

Burco • Drinking water
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Drinking water
• Emergency food aid
• Water for livestock and agriculture

• Drinking water
• Health services
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)

Table 91: Burco - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Burtinle Resilience and Coping Strategies | 37

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Drinking water
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (0-3 months)
• Emergency food aid Medium Term
(4-6 months)
Burtinle • Drinking water Longer term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (7-12 months)
• Emergency food aid
Time period
• Drinking water Immediate Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Health services (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 92: Burtinle - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Buur Hakaba (7-12 months)

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
Buur Hakaba • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Drinking water Medium Term
(4-6 months)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Longer term
• Emergency food aid (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
Time period
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 93: Buur Hakaba - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Dangorayo (7-12 months)

District Type of Need

Dangorayo • Drinking water
• Health services
• A new source of income

• Drinking water
• Health services
• A new source of income

• Drinking water
• Health services
• Emergency food aid

Table 94: Dangorayo - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Dinsor

District Type of Need

Dinsor • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Human health services

• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water
• Water for livestock and agriculture

• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water
• Human health services

Table 95: Dinsor - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

38 | Resilience and Coping Strategies

District: El Barde

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Drinking water Medium Term
(4-6 months)
El Barde • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Longer term
• Emergency food aid (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
Time period
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 96: El Barde - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Eyl (7-12 months)

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Drinking water
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (0-3 months)
• Emergency food aid Medium Term
(4-6 months)
• Drinking water Longer term
Eyl • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (7-12 months)

• Emergency food aid Time period
Immediate Term
• Drinking water
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (0-3 months)
• Health services Medium Term
(4-6 months)
Table 97: Eyl - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period Longer term
(7-12 months)
District: Gaalkacyo

District Type of Need

Gaalkacyo • Drinking water
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid

• Drinking water
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Drinking water
• Emergency food aid
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)

Table 98: Gaalkacyo - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Iskushuban

District Type of Need

Iskushuban • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)

Table 99: Iskushuban - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Jariiban Resilience and Coping Strategies | 39

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Medium Term
(4-6 months)
Jariiban • Emergency food aid Longer term
• Health services (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
Time period
• Emergency food aid Immediate Term
• Drinking water
• Health services (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 100: Jariiban - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Las Canood (7-12 months)

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
Las Canood • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Health services Medium Term
(4-6 months)
• Health services Longer term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) (7-12 months)
• Drinking water
Time period
• Health services Immediate Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 101: Las Canood - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Luuq (7-12 months)

District Type of Need

Luuq • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Human health services

• Water for livestock and agriculture
• Human health services
• Livestock feed or fodder

• Human health services
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)

Table 102: Luuq - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Odweyne

District Type of Need

Odweyne • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Health services
• Emergency food aid

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Health services
• A new source of income

Table 103: Odweyne - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

40 | Resilience and Coping Strategies

District: Qansadhere

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid (0-3 months)
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment) Medium Term
(4-6 months)
Qansadhere • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Longer term
• Emergency food aid (7-12 months)
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)
Time period
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 104: Qansadhere - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Qoryoley (7-12 months)

District Type of Need Time period
Immediate Term
Qoryoley • Emergency food aid
• Drinking water (0-3 months)
• Health services Medium Term
(4-6 months)
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Longer term
• Health services (7-12 months)
• Agricultural inputs (seeds, equipment)
Time period
• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional) Immediate Term
• Emergency food aid
• Health services (0-3 months)
Medium Term
Table 105: Qoryoley - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period (4-6 months)
Longer term
District: Rab Dhuure (7-12 months)

District Type of Need

Rab Dhuure • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Drinking water

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Human health services
• A new source of income
• Access to credit or loans

Table 106: Rab Dhuure - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period

District: Tayeeglow

District Type of Need

Tayeeglow • Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Health services

• Cash grants (unconditional or conditional)
• Emergency food aid
• Human health services

Table 107: Tayeeglow - Priority needs by district, type of assistance and time period