Puntland Drought Recovery Plan

DROUGHT INTERVENTION RECOVERY PLAN,
PUNTLAND STATE OF SOMALIA

Reported by: Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC) of
Puntland in Partnership with

Somalia Resilience Program (SomReP)

November, 2017

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 0

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report is a joint effort by the Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC) of
Puntland and SomReP Consortium with the technical backstopping of Humanitarian Disaster
Management Authority of Puntland(HADMA). A joint assessment by 12 ministries and SomReP
partners was conducted into different phases which ended in July, 2017. The process started with
Livelihoods Recovery Needs Assessment (LRA) followed by validation and consultative workshop
held in Garowe 13th and 14th August, 2017. Special thanks goes to the Ministry of Planning
Director General, Mr. Hussein Abdi for his leadership in overseeing the whole process and offering
leadership towards finalization of the report. The M & E and statistics department of MoPIC and
HADMA’s technical support was very helpful in framing the ideas and reporting evidences.

We also acknowledge the support of Minister of MoPIC Honorable Shire Haji Farah, and General
Manager of HADMA, Mr. Abdullahi Ahmed. Similarly, we are grateful to Deputy Minister
Honorable Saiid Farah Mohamud, for his dedication and leadership support for the consultative
and validation process of the findings of the assessment and linking this work with higher
delegates and the UN team in Puntland.

Similarly, we are grateful for the key informants and the community of Puntland, particularly
districts and villages where this study sample was done including Galkayo, Badhan, Iskushuban,
Burtinle, Jariban, Eyl and Dangarayo communities. We’re thankful for the participation of staff of
Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Planning, Ministry of Interior, Women, HADMA, PASEWN,
Environment, Livestock, Education and Health.

Special thanks goes to donors and partners of Puntland government. Particularly, SomReP donors
of European Union, SIDA, SDC, SWSISS, DFAT-Australia, Danida and other alliances that
support recovery and resilience programing..

Thanks must go to NGOs participated as SomReP partners of CARE International, World Vision,
ACF, ADRA, Oxfam and DRC.

Lastly, we are grateful for the invaluable support by the SomReP Chief of Party, Mr. Andrew
Lanyon, and the technical design and data analysis on SPSS of the LRA research by Katherine
Downie, Sandara Endung’u, and Victor Onama.

Team Reported:

1. Mohamed Ali – MoPIC Consultant

2. Osman Adar – Technical Advisor, CARE/Somalia Resilience Program

3. Ronny Kajaga – M & E Manager, World Vision/Somalia Resilience Program

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................. 1
ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 6
FORWARD........................................................................................................................................................... 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 9

1.1 Background of Puntland State ............................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Demographic Data ................................................................................................................................ 10
1.3 Map of Puntland .................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Rationale & Scope of the Recovery Plan........................................................................................... 11

1.4.1 Rationale of the Recovery Plan................................................................................................... 11
1.4.2 Scope of the Drought and Recovery Plan.................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH ................................................................................... 12
2.1 Methodological Framework................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 Research Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.3 Map of Districts Surveyed ................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.1 Districts Surveyed ......................................................................................................................... 14
2.4 Research Methods for LRA.................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.1 Sampling and Data Collection .................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2 Quantitative Survey...................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Qualitative Survey ........................................................................................................................ 15
2.4.4 Desk Review.................................................................................................................................... 16
2.4.5 Analysis Plan.................................................................................................................................. 16
2.5 Limitations ............................................................................................................................................. 17
CHAPTER 3. DROUGHT CONTEXT.......................................................................................................... 17
3. 1. Drought and Humanitarian Situation Highlights....................................................................... 17
3. 2.Drought Displacements ...................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Reasons for Displacement ................................................................................................................... 18
3.4 Assistance ............................................................................................................................................... 22
CHAPTER 4. NEEDS ASSESSMENT HIGHLIGHTS ............................................................................ 26
4.1 Food Security and Livelihoods ........................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Health and Nutrition............................................................................................................................ 29
4.3 Access to Water...................................................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Agriculture.............................................................................................................................................. 32
4.4.1 Land Access and Crop Production.................................................................................................. 34

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4.4.2 Prevailing land governance system ............................................................................................... 34
4.5 Livestock ................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.7 Markets and Supply chain .................................................................................................................. 37
CHAPTER 5. IMPACTS OF DROUGHT ON PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES ..................................... 38
CHAPTER 6. EXISTING COPING AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS ......................................... 40
CHAPTER 7: PRIORITY SECTOR NEEDS............................................................................................... 41
7.1 Productive sector priority needs......................................................................................................... 41

7.1.1 Agriculture ...................................................................................................................................... 41
7.1.2 Livestock.......................................................................................................................................... 43
7.1.3 Water................................................................................................................................................ 45
7.1.4 Fisheries .......................................................................................................................................... 46
7.1.5 Education......................................................................................................................................... 47
7.1.6 Health and Nutrition .................................................................................................................... 47
7.2. Additional Social Services and IDPs................................................................................................ 49
CHAPTER 8. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO ALLEVIATE DROUGHT IMPACT ............................ 49
8.1 Proposed solutions for Agro-pastoral based livelihoods................................................................ 50
8.2 Proposed solutions for Livestock-based livelihoods ....................................................................... 50
8.3 Proposed priorities & response plans in all districts..................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 9. DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN GOVERNANCE ........................................................... 52
9.1 Existing Institutions and Capacities ................................................................................................ 52
9.2 Governance and monitoring structure.............................................................................................. 52
9.3 Multi-stakeholder Coordination Framework .................................................................................. 53
9.4 Recovery and Resilience Working Group (RRWG)......................................................................... 54
9.5 HADMA’s role in Drought Response and Contingency Planning ............................................... 55
CHAPTER 10. CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................... 56
10.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................. 56
10.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 56
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................. 59
ANNEXES.......................................................................................................................................................... 60

Annex 1. Drought response and recovery action plan ..................................................................................... 60

Annex 2. List of Ministries Attended and Contributed Recovery Plan Development ...................................... 70

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TABLE OF TABLES

Table 3: Districts sampled..................................................................................................................................... 14
Table 4: Quantitative sample size information..................................................................................................... 15
Table 5: Qualitative sample size information ....................................................................................................... 16
Table 16: Mai sources of livelihoods by districts (FGD) ........................................................................................ 28
Table 17: Problems preventing year round water provision ................................................................................ 30
Table 18: Distribution of water points in Puntland .............................................................................................. 31
Table 19 Percentage of households owning land and agricultural inputs required liv zone................................ 33
Table 20: Average size of landholding per district in hectares ............................................................................. 33
Table 22: Average owned landholding (ha) .......................................................................................................... 34
Table 23: Indigenous land classification system in Puntland................................................................................ 35
Table 24: Most prevalent land degradation forms in Puntland............................................................................ 37
Table 25: Drought Impacts on Productive Sectors ............................................................................................... 38
Table 26: Coping and Adaptation Strategies ........................................................................................................ 40
Table 27: Major Crops in Puntland ....................................................................................................................... 42
Table 28: Agriculture sector recovery priority needs ........................................................................................... 42
Table 29: Livestock sector recovery needs ........................................................................................................... 44
Table 30: Water sector priority for recovery needs ............................................................................................. 45
Table 31: Fishery sector priorities ........................................................................................................................ 46
Table 32: Education sector needs......................................................................................................................... 47
Table 33: Health and nutrition priority needs ...................................................................................................... 48
Table 34: Priority needs for IDPs and returnees................................................................................................... 49
Table 35: Agriculture-based solutions .................................................................................................................. 50
Table 36: Livestock-based livelihood solutions..................................................................................................... 50
Table 37: Key interventions at different stages of DCM....................................................................................... 51
Table 38: Eyl District Action Plan .......................................................................................................................... 60
Table 39: Galkayo District Action Plan.................................................................................................................. 62
Table 40: Iskushuban/Bari region Action Plan...................................................................................................... 64
Table 41: Lasanod District Action Plan ................................................................................................................. 66
Table 42: Badhan District Action Plan .................................................................................................................. 68

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TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Map of Puntland................................................................................................................................ 10
Figure 6: Percentage of households displaced by district .................................................................................... 18
Figure 7: Reason of displacement (% of hhs)........................................................................................................ 19
Figure 8: Origins of displacement in Galkayo ....................................................................................................... 19
Figure 9: Galkayo reason for displacement.......................................................................................................... 19
Figure 11: Eyl district reasons for displacement................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12: Eyl Food Consumption Score of households Aug, 2017........................................................ 21
Figure 13: Iskushuban reason for displacement................................................................................................... 22
Figure 14 Lasanod district reason for displacements ........................................................................................... 22
Figure 15: Percentage of households receiving assistance in all assessed districts ............................................. 23
Figure 17: Problems preventing year round water provision............................................................................... 30
Figure 18: Distribution of water points in Puntland ............................................................................................. 31
Figure 19 Percentage of households owning land and agricultural inputs required liv zone .............................. 33
Figure 20: Average size of landholding per district in hectares............................................................................ 33
Figure 21: Pictures of land topography of Eyl....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 22: Average owned landholding (ha)......................................................................................................... 34
Figure 24: Most prevalent land degradation forms in Puntland .......................................................................... 37
Figure 27: Major Crops in Puntland...................................................................................................................... 42

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ABBREVIATIONS

AWD Acute Watery Diarrhoea
CDR Crude Death Rates
CFR Case Fatality Rates
DTM Displacement Tracking Matrix
DCM Drought Cycle Management
DDC District Disaster Committee
DRM Disaster Risk Management
ETT Emergency Tracking Tool
FCS Food Consumption Score
FGD Focus Group Discussion
FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network
FSNAU Foo Security Nutrition Analysis Unit
GAM Global Acute Malnutrition
HADMA Humanitarian and Disaster Management Authority
IDPs Internal Displaced Persons
IPC Integrated Phase Classification
LRA Livelihoods Resilience Assessment
MoPIC Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
OKD Open Data Kit
RRWG Resilience and Recovery Working Group
SAM Sever Acute Malnutrition
SomReP Somalia Resilience Program -Consortium
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management
TOT Terms of Trade

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 6

FORWARD

For the past few years, Puntland Government and its international partners were involved in
addressing the drought and the need of its citizens. The humanitarian response is a life-saving and
critical for immediate action to cushion from loss. This is to also suggest that a similar and parallel
action that extricates people into a graduating model has to be in place and in simultaneous
manner where actors share information, coordination and create for a room for the pastoralist and
most vulnerable communities’ recovery and move the ladder up and gradually into resilience. This
is however not easy and takes time with right policies, right resources and calibre. This is an initial
start-up by Ministry of Planning and its partners, primarily SomReP Consortium and the UN
among other international and humanitarian partners and donors to offer the opportunity to a
recovery plan that supplements and compatible with Puntland development and Federal
Governments National Developmental Plans.

On behalf of Puntland Government of Somalia, we’re grateful for the donors who funded this
recovery plan initiative and partners –primarily SomReP consortium who responded to advance
not only saving-lives but also offering the opportunity for rehabilitation and recovery. Pastoralists
require to access essential service and productive capacities. On top a recovery plan, will also look
further forward into resilience where families and households are enabled to acquire assets, access
to resources, finance and form an acceptable level of livelihoods above the minimum threshold of
the poverty line.

We urge actors of Puntland government and its international partners to continue and double their
efforts towards building sustainable, longer-lasting interventions and policies that create and link
Disaster Relief, Recovery and Resilience. We shall also advance in our information sharing
platforms for better coordination and cooperation to have harmonized policies and practices that
address risks such ash drought and other natural hazards threatening the very basic survival of
our citizens.

I and the team of MoPIC are looking forward towards a vision self-reliant and resilient
communities of Puntland that can adapt and transform in a more sustainable manner of living
standards.

Shire Haji Farah

Minister of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC),

Puntland Government, Somalia

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This drought intervention recovery plan articulates strategies that require collective action of the
Puntland government and its international partners of UN, NGOs and the donor community.
Particularly, this report explores ways of strengthening drought recovery process by drawing the
links that such strategy with national and reginal development plans and existing policies on
disaster management, contingency planning and poverty reduction policies. The Plan was
developed through a participatory and inclusive multi-stakeholder process and it aims to promote
a coordinated approach to drought intervention recovery and resilience building. A joint
Livelihoods Recovery Assessment was carried to outline current situation of the region and how
its citizens are affected by the recent 2017 drought, their coping and adaptation strategies.
Further, the program conducted advanced consultation and validation workshops with key
productive ministries in Puntland to ascertain and cross-check the findings of the assessment and
give a way forward in terms of addressing the needs identified. The program also condensed sector
priorities receiving various inputs on the sectors from ministries and this is now presented and
aligned with district action plans. At the end of the report, annexes present –key intervention
action plans from sampled villages.

Displacement remains an enormous grave situation where people forced to leave their homes,
assets and livelihoods for search of better options and survival. The 2017 drought locally named
by the pastoralists ‘Sima’ which means ‘equalizer’ have affected both the upper and lower economic
groups hitting hard most vulnerable and marginalized households including IDPs. Still the
humanitarian case-load remains high and some areas received below normal rains rendering
further abnormal migration towards urban areas and where essential services are accessible.
Henceforth, recovery from current drought and re-establishment existing livelihoods will require
several season if not years of good rain fall for restoration of productive assets and livelihoods. For
successful recovery, it will require multi-stakeholder, multi-cluster, multi-sector and multi-years
approaches where collective outcomes defined and coordinated.

This plan will add-value to the Puntland government and its partners in designing programmes
and formulating policies driven by evidence and learning. The vulnerabilities of the displaced
people will remain grave concern as their voices need to be heard and inclusively benefit from
interventions that enabled them resettle and recover from the negative effects of the drought. This
requires a collective thinking, planning and collective action among all actors.

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF PUNTLAND STATE

The Puntland state was formed in 1998 a after historical decision made by political leaders and
council of elders through locally sponsored grand conference, representing north eastern regions
(Bari, Nugal and North Mudug) together with Sool and Eastern Sanag regions. Puntland is
situated in the north east (horn) of Somalia with land area of 212,500 km2 (more than one third
of the size of Somalia) and approximately 1600 km of coastline. The administrative structure of
Puntland State consists of the Legislative (House of Representatives), the Judiciary, and the
Executive (the President and Vice-President and his nominated Council of Ministers.

Puntland has adopted clan based elections, in which traditional elders select 66 MPs who vote for
contesting presidential candidates. Since its inception Puntland has managed three successive
presidential elections with peaceful power transfer.

The political stability has enabled the administration to maintain relative peace and security in
recent years, leading to functioning political and administrative institutions, basic social services,
an active civil society and a growing private enterprise community.

The main sources of livelihoods and income are livestock, agriculture, fishing and remittances.
Livestock exports contribute approximately 80% of foreign exchange earnings, 40% of the GDP and
60% of employment opportunities. Despite the economic importance of the sector, pastoralists
survive in very difficult and fragile conditions characterised by the prevailing arid and semi-arid
environment ( Puntland facts and figures2003)

According human Development Index, an estimated 82% of Somalis are considered poor across
multiple dimensions. The divide between urban and rural populations is significant—61% and
94%, respectively. In Puntland, 75% of people are poor across several dimensions (UNDP 2012).

Drought is one of the most inhibiting factors in pastoral and agro-pastoral production systems in
Puntland. Past Experience proved that reactive crisis management was ineffective for drought
management. It has had important implications on the predicaments on the productive capacities
of the most vulnerable households and communities given the increased frequency of recurrent
droughts that have persisted for several consecutive years in succession with short intervals for
recovery between events. The country is striving to obtain a higher level of preparedness through
international partners for drought risk mitigation, contingency planning recovery interventions
and resilience building. The available literature is particularly limited on the transition from
drought, to post-drought period as well as on the prevailing situation in the post drought recovery
phase. There is little information on the post-drought period in general and on the recovery
strategies in particular. In this regard, there is growing interest in recent years in the adoption
of a more proactive risk-based management approach.

Puntland experiences poorly managed recurrent droughts which occurs approximately in every 3-
5 years. The impact of the recurrent droughts continues to damages rain dependent productive
sector, particularly the livestock sector which is the main source of livelihood for the pastoralist.
Strengthening and rebuilding of appropriate post-drought recovery strategies, therefore, need an
in depth analysis. Drought recovery and resilience planning process requires a multispectral
cooperation and coordination among government institutions and development partners. , the
Ministry of planning and international Cooperation is well positioned to lead drought recovery
and resilience planning process due to working relationship with both government institutions and
development partners as well as it’s well respected leadership role in multi-sectoral coordination.

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1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Population data in Somalia is very challenging in the absence of official census which has
not been conducted over the last four decades, the last census was in 1973 which was
conducted by then the Government of Somalia. However, efforts were made by UN
agencies and development partners in regard to population estimates, according to
population survey conducted in 2014 by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) the
population in Somalia is around 12.3 million, the 42 percent of whom live in urban area,
23 percent in rural area, 9 percent in internally displaced camps and 26 percent nomadic
population. Nevertheless, Puntland rejected the findings of this report and questioned its
accuracy, stressing that the report under estimate population distribution in Puntland
regions. According to UNDP report (2005) Puntland population iis estimated at 3.9*
millions, out of which 70% is below the age of 33 years6 and nearly 52% of the population
are nomads. According to MoPIC of Puntland, the population density in Puntland is
estimated at 11 persons per km2. Puntland government own records estimates that

current population is around 4,334,633ii, however, government is yet to provide
methodological explanations to support this conclusion. In contrast to this recent
estimates, Puntland fact and figures statistical book estimates Puntland population

around 2.3 million (MOPIC statistic department 2003). iiiAmid the absence of commonly
accepted consistent population data, government institutions refer to different figures in
relation to population estimates. In this regard, this recovery plan uses the official
Population estimate in Puntland development Plan as 4million residents.

1.3 MAP OF PUNTLAND

Map of Puntland

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1.4 RATIONALE & SCOPE OF THE RECOVERY PLAN

1.4.1 RATIONALE OF THE RECOVERY PLAN

Most of Puntland regions remain stressed in IPC 3 and 4 food security outlook following the severe
drought that resulted in displacement and heightened vulnerability for IDPs. The projected rains
still remain below normal in which the recovery of the pastoralist household will even worsen. Post
drought conditions for the displaced remains worrying considering the growing number of leave
dropping from their pastoralist livelihoods joining urban areas for pursuit of better and alternate
opportunities. Still worrying for them to access essential services, access to income generating and
even re-integration back to their original livestock-based livelihoods given the degraded eco-system
that can’t support further grazing and livestock production.

Drought recovery interventions and planning is a critical at policy level where the government of
Puntland and its partners explore status of the displaced and their level of vulnerabilities so that
consciously programs are targeted and efforts coordinated better for better yield of results. There
is urgency in supportive productive capacities of the most vulnerable households and communities
including pastoralists, agro-pastoralists, IDPs, returnees and host communities. This requires a
resilience lens for risk diversification and pursuit of diversified livelihoods from not only livestock
but also income generating, agriculture production, fishing, and new business and, above all,
collective action by the private sector, government and international humanitarian/development
partners.

1.4.2 SCOPE OF THE DROUGHT AND RECOVERY PLAN

The scope of the drought recovery plan is limited to Puntland regions, particularly where drought
has stricken most. The recovery plan has piloted a study on the current situation of the drought,
its impact on people, coping and adaptation strategies. This is intended to outline and galvanize a
common platform where the government of Puntland and its partners –UN and NGOs could forge
a join programing for recovery and resilience. However, the scope of this plan is limited to
maximum of two years and that has to be re-examined given the dynamic nature of natural disaster
and the complex humanitarian context of the country. Further, the scope of the program is not to
suggest pure resilience and developmental programmes, rather create a bridge that links relief,
recovery and resilience in parallel and simultaneous manner. In practical sense, as we respond to
emergency there shall also be a room for building adaptation capacities and the capacity to absorb
shocks so that gains made in the saving-lives cautioned against drop-backs. This requires a
creative thinking and joint planning. The current approach is aligned with the Drought Cycle
Management (DCM) which is has become dominant practice in drought management model in East
Africa. More importantly an evidence led design of programs are critical that targets the needs of
the most vulnerable community groups. In all, this is to suggest that the recovery plan has piloted
in certain regions and districts for sampling reason and limited resources to present a recovery
action plan for all the regions and districts. However, MoPIC will be positioned to support the rest
ministries of the government to pursue further exercises where all districts of Puntland have
intermediate drought interventions and recovery. All to be aligned with the Puntland
Developmental Priorities and National Development Plan.

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CHAPTER 2. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH

2.1 METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK

The LRA assessment adopted a mixed assessment design given the needs for qualitative and
quantitative data for management decision-making. The mix assessment design comprise of a
quantitative cross-section design and a qualitative phenomenal design. A cross-sectional design
was employed since different assessment variables required gathering information from a cross-
section of (many) respondents. Quantitative interviews were be conducted for households while
qualitative design generated information on specific qualitative aspects or events at the time of the
assessment.

With the leadership of Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MoPIC) of Puntland
and partnership with other ministries and stakeholders, the LRA assessment ensured inclusive
participation of all the stakeholders during the process including both federal and states
governments, the implementing partners and all the beneficiaries in the target locations.
Furthermore, the assessment process comprised of a combination of desk work, field work and
integration of strategic plans of Puntland policies. To mention government partners, ministry of
Interior, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of
Livestock, HADMA, Ministry of Planning (MoPIC) and HADMA. Further, district administrations
of Eyl and Badhan were among the partners of the LRA study.

2.2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

Recurrent shocks and stresses are increasing vulnerability of IDPs, pastoralist and agro-
pastoralist communities in Puntland through deterioration of livelihoods and depletion of
resilience capacities at household and community levels. Hence, the present study will give an
understanding the impacts and recovery needs of the recent 2017 drought on IDPs, pastoralist
community of Puntland and how Puntland government and its partners could contribute in the
regeneration of livelihoods for the most vulnerable and in beleaguered households in Puntland.

The Livelihoods Recovery Assessment (LRA) objective was:
 To examine progress towards livelihood recovery during crisis
 To provide insight into the coverage and effectiveness of food security and livelihood
interventions

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 12

 Evidence of LRA findings feed into a multi-sectoral and multi-year strategic drought
response and recovery

 Revive and harmonize government priorities in key productive ministries to produce 18
months to 2 years strategic drought interventions and recovery for Puntland

 To map out priority recovery needs for target districts and provide action plan for recovery

2.3 MAP OF DISTRICTS SURVEYED

The LRA assessment covered eight districts namely: Badhan, Eyl, Lasanod, Burtinle, Iskushuban,
Burtinle, Jariban and Dangarayo. However, in its first phase, partners have agreed to kick start
where SomReP had an existing operation and access which is 5 districts presented here below. The
remaining districts’ data will also be included in the report as the consultations continue.

Table 1: Map of Study Districts

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2.3.1 DISTRICTS SURVEYED

Table 2: Districts sampled

Region District Livelihood zone

Sool Las Canood Pastoral
Nugaal Eyl
Sanaag Badhan Pastoral
Bari Iskushuban Pastoral
Mudug Gaalkacyo Pastoral

2.4 RESEARCH METHODS FOR LRA

2.4.1 SAMPLING AND DATA COLLECTION

This study reported conducted between months of July to September 2017. The Livelihoods
Recovery Assessment (LRA) is the primary phase of the plan which was facilitated by SomReP
Consortium under the leadership of Puntland Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation
(MoPIC) of Puntland. A local consultant of MoPIC and SomReP M & E team have cooperated on
the design of the questionnaire and sampling. The sites for the research are selected based on the
accessibility of the regions, existing operations and logistical ease where the Consortium has an
operation. Further, MoPIC has ensured the participation of the major and key productive sector
ministries in Puntaland (Annex 1), listed key ministries participated in the LRA and the
subsequent development of the recovery plan.

2.4.2 QUANTITATIVE SURVEY

A sample size of 736 respondents were targeted during the field study. The study used research
aid (2012)iv to arrive sample size of the different categories of respondents from the accessible
population. Quantitative sample size was obtained using two important statistical factors: the
survey’s margin of error and confidence level. An 80% confidence interval and 95% confidence
levels are proposed to determine the representative number of respondents. The study survey
sample calculator was used to achieve at a scientific sample size for each population to ensure the
study is representative.

Sample Size(ss)=

Where: PAGE 14
Z = Z value
p = percentage picking a choice, expressed as decimal

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019

c =confidence interval, expressed as decimal (±8)

This is similar to the formula used by Krejcie and Morgan (1970) in their ‘Table of Sample Size
determination’. The sample is proportional to the total number of beneficiary households.

The target communities in the study including pastoralists, agro-pastoralists and internally
displaced people (IDPs) primarily affected by the droughts of the last two to three years in
Puntland. The regions of sampling are eight districts and their regions of Puntland namely
Badhan, Eyl, Lasanod, Iskushuban, Galkayo, Jariiban, Burtinle and Dangarayo. However,
majority of this phase report covers 5 districts due to the time constraint for the analysis. Further,
it is to be noted that for sampling reason, the stakeholders understand that rest districts and
regions to be covered by other international humanitarian partners and government of Puntland.
The selection of these districts and regions is based on number of factors including: i) the
demographics of the region that has groups of interests pastoralist, agro-pastorlist and internal
displaced people (IDPs), ii) the representation of the data, iii) accessibility of the region due to
security and finally, iv) field presence and existing operation by the which will provide the logistics
and mechanisms of the materials and methodological aspects of field work facilitation. A random
selection of villages of 736 pastoralist, IDPs and agro-pastoralists were carried out to give
representative of total villages for the analysis.

A total of 736 households responded to the quantitative survey in Puntland. Respondent
households by district are found in the table below:

Table 3: Quantitative sample size information

Region District Livelihood Total Total Sample % %
households size/ Female Male
zone population households
7,945 68.2 31.8
Sanaag Badhan Pastoral 238,855 3,151 148 46.2 53.8
Nugaal Eyl Pastoral 81,032 59,876 65.3 34.7
Mudug Gaalkacyo Pastoral 389,194 9,422 143 37.3 62.7
Iskhushuban Pastoral 58,415 10,017 66.9 33.1
Bari Las Canood Pastoral 156,438 90,411 147
923,934
Total 150

148

736

2.4.3 QUALITATIVE SURVEY

The qualitative tool employed for community-level focus group discussion (FGD) approach
comprised of 6 to 15 people per group. This methodology helped respondents/participants with
opportunity to discuss the issues related to vulnerability to drought, coping and adaptation
mechanisms and as well the impact of drought on their livelihoods. Each group was given the space
to recommend recovery options and allow the author to understand their views of resilience
building. The target population selected for the qualitative survey and Focus Group Discussions
was chosen to ensure greater inclusivity. FGD members were purposively selected since these
categories of respondents are unique and the program would want to understand their views
related to the droughts and livelihood recovery. Specifically, the classification of the groups
interviewed was as follows:-

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 15

 Women from minority clan or community
 Men from minority clan or community
 Female youth
 Male youth

Table 4: Qualitative sample size information

DISTRICTS Category of FGD # of FGD TOTAL # of SAMPLING
members Members FGD per METHOD
Districts
All Women from the 8 to 10 Purposive sampling
Districts minority clan/community 32 FGDs(8
10 to 15 districts, 4 Purposive sampling
Youth Female 10 to 15 FGDs each) Purposive sampling
8 to 10 Purposive sampling
Youth Male

Male from the Minority
clan/Community

2.4.4 DESK REVIEW

The study and the subsequent development of the recovery plan involved wider stakeholders
through consultative workshops and joint review process. The process started with LRA followed
by validation and consultative workshop held in Garowe 13th and 14th August, 2017. A desk review
was followed where stakeholders were consulted further on their existing assessments, secondary
data and existing policies. The analysis also involved secondary literature review, finalizing data
collection tools, review context reports and cross-check with ready available sources particularly
work done by government of Puntland State, UN, NGOs and other relevant government ministries
to strengthen further any gaps on findings of data analysed through the ODK and quantitative
information collected in additional to the FGD interviews.

2.4.5 ANALYSIS PLAN

Analysis of the data involved a mix of techniques. The quantitative data was analyzed using
appropriate statistical data analysis software (SPSS), generating statistics. Information collected
from this process was triangulated with information from the qualitative process as a means of
ensuring validity and credibility to enhance understanding. ODK tools were used to analyse the
quantitative data where quantitative structured questionnaire was conducted at household level
with key sections of to look into include: household demographics, well-being characteristics,
household asset ownership and diversification, food security and livelihoods information, drought
coping mechanism, and adaptation mechanisms among others. A number of well-being indicator
parameters of international humanitarian practices will also be employed including: Food security
and coping strategies using structured Food Consumption Score (FCS) and HHS. As such, collected
on household and base on socio-economic characteristics including: access to land, social capital,
main sources of household income, sources of water, as well as sources of energy, land tenure
security, environmental degradation, and change in socioeconomic impacts.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 16

2.5 LIMITATIONS

The following are the limitations of the study:

a). The Livelihoods Recovery Assessment started start has been delayed couple times to ensure
more partners to join and harmonize the assessment questionnaires and data collection tools. b).
Lack of historical and current fishery data collection for the whole coastline which made it very
difficult to get precise information on many aspects of the fisheries’. c) Nature of the plan has
covered wide scope and this resulted in longevity on who to consult and the right methods and
tools for doing so. D) Refusal by some actors to be interviewed for the study. e) Logistical and
time constraints

f) Joint data collection by all ministries was not possible logistically. Rather team finally decided
to focus on productive sectors including –women and youth.

CHAPTER 3. DROUGHT CONTEXT

3. 1. DROUGHT AND HUMANITARIAN SITUATION HIGHLIGHTS

Humanitarian situation continues to deteriorate in Somalia due to drought crises. In total, an
estimate of 6.2 million people across Somalia face acute food insecurity.v The food security and
nutrition situation is not expected to improve in some parts of Somalia through the end of 2017,
according to FAO-FSNAU Due to all of the preceding factors, over 2.3 million people are in Crisis
(IPC Phase 3) and 802,000 are in Emergency (IPC Phase4) through December 2017, totalling over
3.1 million people who need urgent humanitarian assistance. Additionally, approximately 3.1
million people are Stressed (IPC Phase 2), bringing the total number of people in need of emergency
food or livelihood support (IPC Phases 2, 3 and 4 combined) through the end of 2017 to 6.2 million.
vi.vii Sustained humanitarian assistance during the first half of 2017 was a key factor in preventing
further deterioration in food security and nutrition conditions in Somalia. According to the Somalia
Food Security Cluster, emergency food and cash assistance reached roughly 2.5 million people a
month since April. Scaled-up humanitarian assistance is needed through the end of the year,
targeted at populations in Crisis (IPC Phase 3) or worse, in order to prevent further deterioration
of the food security and nutrition condition of the affected population. Populations in Stressed
(IPC 2), Crisis (IPC 3) and Emergency (IPC 4) also need livelihood support to prevent livelihood
asset erosion and depletion which could further exacerbate the humanitarian situation.

Extreme weather exacerbated by the El Nino phenomena has significant decreased the rainfall
across Somalia since 2011 where nearly 260,000 people died during the famine that hit Somalia
from 2010 to 2012. viiiDrought has displaced more than 135,000 people in Somalia since November
2017. ix In Puntland, more than 20,000 families have moved to Bari region. And 1,638 are in need
of emergency assistance in the northern town of Galkayo. People are leaving their homes because
of the drought, rising food prices, dry weather forecasts, and ongoing insecurity and are heading
for urban areas. Rural pastoralists have suffered significant livestock losses as a result of
consecutive failed agricultural seasons. According to Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
(FSNAU) estimates in July 2017, indicated that livestock holdings and herd sizes among poor
households had continued to decrease, with some areas experiencing between 20 to 50 per cent
livestock losses. Pastoralists in Mudug region have reportedly lost nearly 65 per cent of their
livestock due to the severe drought conditions since November 2016. Loss of livestock assets has
depleted per-capita livestock holdings and led to the impoverishment of pastoral and agro-pastoral
populations in Somalia. This has affected an already fragile agricultural assets and natural

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 17

resources base with some communities labelling the current drought “Sima” which means the
“equalizer”. Drought has equally affected both upper and lower economic groups, according to the
Ministry of Livestock. Recovery from the current drought and re-establishment of productive assets
will require several seasons of good rainfall. The drought has also resulted in abnormal migration
and concentration of livestock in coastal areas of Bari regions. According to FSNAU, under normal
circumstances, pastoralists in the Northeast regions obtain 60-80 percent of their food from market
purchases, while the remaining 20-40 percent obtain their food from own production (milk, ghee
and meat). The main sources of income include livestock sales (50-60 %) and livestock product sales
(15-25 %). Supplementary income for the poor is derived through employment, which accounts for
20-30 percent of their total income4.According to FAO, pastoral households from several regions
in Somalia have migrated with their livestock to the coastal area in search of pasture and water
for their livestock. About 25,000 households1 and huge livestock population (mainly sheep and
goats) are believed to be concentrated in the coastal area.

3. 2.DROUGHT DISPLACEMENTS

Respondents were asked if they had been displaced and if so, the reasons for displacement.
Households reporting displacement in the districts were asked to report the reasons for
displacement. Percent of household displaced among a sample size of 736 households in Puntland,
64.9% of Sanaag, 45.3% Bari, 44.6% of Sool, 21.1% of Mudug and 13.3% of Nugaal regions
experienced drought induced displacement in 2016 and 2017. Households reporting displacement
in the districts were asked to report the reasons for displacement.

Table 5: Percentage of households displaced by district

District Livelihood Total Sample size/ Total number of % of HH
displaced
zone households households HH displaced 64.9
45.3
Badhan Pastoral 7,945 148 96 44.6

Iskhushuban Pastoral 9,422 150 68 21.1
13.3
Las Canood Pastoral 10,017 148 66

Gaalkacyo Pastoral 59,876 147 31

Eyl Pastoral 3,151 143 19

Total 90,411 736 280

Source: SomReP Livelihoods recovery needs assessment, July 2017

3.3 REASONS FOR DISPLACEMENT

Main reasons for displacement remain drought and conflict-driven. x In Galkayo, Mudug region,
severe drought conditions have become the primary reason for migration into urban and peri-urban
areas. Localised clan-related insecurity continues in Galkayo, however, FSNAU reports indicate
that alongside severe drought conditions, there has been a decrease in major inter-clan incidents
(FSNAU, 29 May 2017). While IDP communities considered drought, insecurity, and evictions as
contributing factors to displacement, 70% of the IDP communities assessed considered drought as
the primary factor leading to their displacement. Over half of all IDP sites are under six months
old, and 95% of sites are planned IDP sites. The Emergency Tracking Tool (ETT) recorded 204,000
IDPs (rounded estimates) 115 IDP sites between 3 and 10 June 2017.xi

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 18

Reason of displacement (% of hhs)

The chart of percent of household

displaced indicate the most to least Reason for HH displaced in all districts
prevalent reasons that households

cited for displacement in each 18% 1% To rescue livestock
district. The most cited reason for
displacement was ‘take livestock to 45% Loss of income or
other grazing grounds’ as reported livelihood
in Eyl, Iskushuban and Las Canood 36% Take livestock to other
while in Badhan household grazing grounds
interviewed cited ‘to rescue Seek employment

livestock’. This was however

different in Gaalakacyo where the

primary reason for displacement

was ‘loss of livelihood or income’. Pastoralists who have lost all of their livestock settle in cities in

hopes of finding other means of income. They frequently struggle to find work with little training

or expertise in other professions. Meanwhile, the small businesses that served pastoralists in the

past find themselves going out of business as well. Livestock has long been the backbone of many

towns and, not yet finding an alternative, the struggles of pastoralists has meant their decline as

well.

Origins of displacement in Galkayo

An estimate of 204,000 IDPs settle in Origions of Displacement in
Galkayo where 44 %( 18-59 years), Galkacyo IDPs
24%(0-5 years), 18%(6-18 years) and
6%(above 60 y). According to IOM, the 3%11%%
origins of displacement for Galkayo
Bay reigon

IDPs were tracked using DTM xii . Galgadud region
Migration for search of water and

pastures has been the norm in the Other
past. However, displacements for

survival as a result of droughts, Mudug region
climate-induced shocks and complex
95%

humanitarianism leading large-scale

loss of assets and livelihoods. The majority of respondents of Galkayo have responded main

reasons for displacement as loss of income or livelihood(16%, n=147), take livestock to other grazing

grounds(14.9%, n=147), fled flooding(1.1%, n=147) and to rescue livestock(1.1, n=147) as indicated

table 6. Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households displaced to least

percentage of households displaced.

Table 6: Galkayo reason for displacement

Reason for displacement % HH displaced

Loss of income or livelihood 16.0

Take livestock to other grazing grounds 14.9

Fled flooding 1.1

To rescue livestock 1.1

Source: SomReP Livelihoods recovery needs assessment, July 2017

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 19

Responendents of five districts were interviewed from their perspective on key reasons
where households reporting displacement in the assessment districts indicated the most
to least prevalent reasons that households cited for displacement in each district. The
most cited reason for displacement was ‘take livestock to other grazing grounds’ as
reported in Eyl, Iskushuban and Las Canood while in Badhan household interviewed cited
‘to rescue livestock’. This was however different in Gaalakacyo where the primary reason
for displacement was ‘loss of livelihood or income’.

The food seucrity and livelihoods of drought displaced persons remain precarious.
Overwhelming majoirty of these vulnerabble communities(88.5%, n=148) said that they
do not earn sufficient income to support their households. It is worth noting that there
were virtually no differences between men and women who responded to this question.
These findings were further validated in FGDs and KIIs in all locations, where
respondents indicated that IDPs were typically in worse situations, as they arrive in the
towns with virtually nothing and are dependent of food aid and clan-support.

Table 7: Badhan district reason for displacement

Badhan District located in Saang Reason for % HH displaced
predominantly pastoralist and agro- 39.6
pastoralists househols. Responendts in displacement 32.3
Badhan District have indicated main 15.6
reasons for displacement: i)to rescue 1 To rescue livestock
livetock(39.6%, n=148), loss income or 2 1.0
livelihood(32.3%, n=148), take livestock to 3 Loss of income or
grazing grounds(15.6%, n=148), and seek
employement( 1.0%, n=148) as indicated 4 livelihood

Take livestock to

other grazing

grounds

Seek employment

in Table 7. Respondents agree for reason of worseing the livelihoods is drought. Further,

due to lack of effective safety nets ensure the most vulnerable households and

communities are meeting their basic requirements, during ‘normal’ times as well as

during crisis. The lack of well-organized government support and the small impact of

humanitarian efforts have left a support gap which is filled by clan and community based

structures.

Table 8: Eyl district reasons for displacement

Eyl District is located in the Nugal region Reason for displacement % HH displaced
of Puntland regional State of Somalia. The 63.2
district is typically characterized by flat Take livestock to other
plains, with the gentle slope stretching grazing grounds 26.3
towards the coastal areas. The district is Loss of income or
located in the crossroads of four livelihood 5.3
Seek employment

geographically identical areas, coastal line, Addun Pastoral Plain, Sool Pastoral Plateau,

and Nugal Valley, a long and broad valley with an extensive network of seasonal

watercourses.

The district lies in the arid zone, average rainfall varies between 100-250 mm annually. There are
no major farming activities in Eyl district and the community practice livestock keeping. The

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 20

district is bounded by Bander Beyla District on the north, Garowe and Bartinle districts on the
east, Jariban District on the south and the Indian Ocean on the east. The district headquarters
centre of the district is Eyl town also known as Daawad which is an old town settled during the
18th century. The needs assessment for Eyl indicated that over 71% of the respondents reported
to have lost livestock in the dry-season. Nugaal region has an estimated populations groups
classified as 73,000 in Crisis(IPC 3) and 34,000 in Emergency (IPC Phase 4) that require
interventions aimed at reducing food consumption gaps, reducing acute malnutrition, saving lives
and protecting and saving livelihoods. xiii

% HH displaced in Nugaal/Eyl Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage

of households displaced to least percentage of

5% Take livestock to households displaced. According to the multi-

other grazing cluster Joint-cluster assessment in Eyl reported,

28% grounds main livelihoods being 20% daily labour, 17%
Loss of income or subsistence fishing and 16% self-employed. While

livelihood main reasons for displacement reported: take

67% Seek employment livestock to grazing grounds (63.2%, N=143), loss

of income (25.3%, n=143) and seek employment

(5.3%, n=143). As indicated in figure 4, due to the

below average rainfall of the last Gu season,

drought has resulted in heightened vulnerability

among households where, Food Consumption

Score (FCS) reported 81 %(n=141) poor,

11%(n=141) borderline and 9%(n=141) acceptable.xiv

Eyl Food Consumption Score of households Eyl Vulnerability of households displaced by
Aug, 2017 droughts

Food Consumption Household members
9% Score(FCS) vulnerabilities

11% Poor 12% 2% Pregnant or
lactating woman

Borderline Sick child
80% 12%

Acceptable Disabled or
chronically ill
74%
Unaccopanied or
separated child

Iskushuban District is located in Bari region where interviewed and respondents highlighted main
reasons for displacement: 52.9%(n=150) take livestock other grazing grounds, 30.9%(n=150) loss
of income, 10.3(n=150) to rescue livestock, 2.9%(n=150) house destroyed, 1.5%(n=150) food prices
and 1.5%(n=150) seek employment. Reasons for displacement by greatest percentage of households
displaced to least percentage of households displaced.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 21

Table 9: Iskushuban reason for displacement % HH displaced
52.9
Reason for displacement 30.9
Take livestock to other grazing grounds 10.3
Loss of income or livelihood 2.9
To rescue livestock 1.5
House destroyed 1.5
Food prices
Seek employment

Sool region is situated between Nugal region (Puntland) to the East and Togdheer region
(Somaliland) to the West. The region also borders Sanaag, which lies to the North and Somali
Region of Ethiopia to the South. Along with Sanaag, the region is one of the two regions contested
by Somaliland and Puntland. The total population1 of Sool region is estimated at 150,277, with
approximately 26% living in urban areas and 74% in rural areas. xv Assessment respondents of
Lasanod District, 23.1%(n=148) take livestock to other grazing grounds, 7.5%(n=148)insecurity,
6.1%(n=148) loss of income, 5.4%(n=148) to rescue livestock, 1.4%(n=148) seek employment and
0.7%(n=148) food prices as indicated in table 10 below.

Table 10 Lasanod district reason for displacements % HH displaced
23.1
Reason for Displacement 7.5
Take livestock to other grazing grounds 6.1
Insecurity or fear from conflict 5.4
Loss of income or livelihood 1.4
To rescue livestock 0.7
Seek employment
Food prices

3.4 ASSISTANCE

The drought assessment looked into the key humanitarian assistance received over the past six to
twelve months as part of the drought responses by international and governmental programs.

In all districts, percent of households received assistance were found; 90.2%(n=143) Eyl,
82%(n=150) Iskushuban, 69.9%(n=148) Lasanod, 39.9%(n=148) Badhan and 34.7%(n=147) is
Galkayo as indicated in Table 11. It was understood that due to its close proximity and being
migratory route between Bari and Mudug, Nugaal region has received highest attention of
assistance from government and international humanitarian organization. It is also not surprise
that Iskushuban of Bari has fairly received higher assistance due to the fact that large
displacements and sporadic insecurity adding weight on displacement. Most of the migrations were
from Mudug to Nugaal and Bari, as such findings of the assessment indicate Sanaag has received
the least assistance on the past six to twelve months. Hence, the greatest number of households

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 22

reporting having received assistance during the last 8 months was recorded in Nugaal and the
fewest in Mudug. However, this raises a concern over the scale of IDPs in Galkayo that require
more attention and assistance.

Table 11: Percentage of households receiving assistance in all assessed districts

District Livelihood zone Sample size/ % HH who received assistance
households

Eyl Pastoral 143 90.2

Iskushuban Pastoral 150 82.0

Las Canood Pastoral 148 69.6

Badhan Pastoral 148 39.9

Gaalkacyo Pastoral 147 34.7

Source: Primary data of SomReP Puntland Livelihoods Drought Recovery Assessment July, 2017

When delved further on the type of assistance, the findings indicate the type of assistance received
reported by the greatest percentage of households and the type reported by the least percentage of
households per district along with the livelihood zone type per district. Badhan, Iskushuban and
Las Canood cited ‘food aid’ and ‘food through general distribution’ as the most prevalent type of
assistance received. Eyl and Gaalkacyo Districts reported the most prevalent type of assistance
received as ‘cash’ and this was for work activities done related to rehabilitation of productive
community assets such as water infrastructure (shallow wells and Berkads).

Badhan District received, 54.2 %(n=148)food aid, 52.5%(n=148) GFD, 45.8%(n=148) cash,
16.9%(n=148) remittances, 10.2%(n=148) livestock inputs direct distribution, 8.5%(n=148)
livestock inputs through voucher, 5.1%(n=148) agro-inputs direct distribution, 5.1%(n=148)
household goods, 3.4%(n=148) agro-inputs voucher, 3.4%(n=148) restocking and 1.7%9n=148)
training assistance as indicated in below Figure.

% of HH who received assistance

Training 1.7
Livestock through restocking 3.4
Agricultural inputs through voucher 3.4
5.1
Free household goods 5.1
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 8.5
10.2
Livestock inputs through voucher 16.9
Livestock inputs through direct distribution
Remittances from family, friends, neighbours 45.8
52.5
Cash 54.2
Food through general distribution
40 60
Food aid

0 20

Eyl District received, 90.6%(n=143) household cash assistance, 44.9%(n=143) food aid,
38.7%(n=143) GFD, 22.5%(n=143) training, 15.5%(n=143) livestock inputs direct distribution,
13.1%(n=143) agricultural inputs direct distribution, 12.4%(n=143) remittances, 10.1%(n=153)

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 23

livestock inputs voucher, 6.9%(n=143) household goods, 6.9%(n=143) agro-inputs voucher and
3.1%(n=143) restocking as shown in below figure.

Cash

% of HH who received assistance in Eyl
Food aid

6.9 6.93.1 Food through general distribution
10.1
12.4 Training
13.1
15.5 90.6 Livestock inputs through direct
distribution
22.5 Agricultural inputs through direct
distribution
Remittances from family, friends,
neighbours
Livestock inputs through voucher

Free household goods

38.7 44.9 Agricultural inputs through
voucher
Livestock through restocking

Galkayo District and IDPs on % of HH who received assistance in
the type of assistance reported Galkayo district and IDPs
by households receiving

assistance ranked most to least 50 39.2 33.3
prevalent as they received, 40

39.2% (n=147) cash assistance, 30 23.5

33.3%(n=147) food aid, 20 11.8

23.5%(n=147) GFD, 10 1.9
0 Free
11.8%(n=147) remittances and
Cash Food aid Food through Remittances
1.9%(n=147) household goods as
general from family, household

shown in below figure. This distribution friends, goods
raises concern over the past neighbours

eight months IDPs found that the visited IDPs locations were settled by the most vulnerable

drought affected victims and the people seen there were pastoralists who have lost their animals

as a result of the devastating drought situation. The places where the new IDPs have

established were privately owned lands by a Galkayo business men and they have given the

IDPs for temporary residence. Now local government is planning to relocate the IDPs and

to transfer to new locations far away from the city, but IDPs were not happy with move by

the local government citing concern over its distance from the town and access to basic services

such as water remains a concern.

Iskushuban District of Bari, received 72.4%(n=150) GFD, 69.9%(n=150) food aid, 49.6%(n=150)
cash, 16.2%(n=150) restocking, 12.2%(n=150) livestock inputs direct distribution, 9.6%(n=150)
training, 7.3%(n=150) household goods, 6.5%(n=150) remittances, 4.1%(n=150) agro-inputs direct
distribution, 0.8%(n=150) livestock inputs voucher and 0.8%(150) agro-inputs vouchers as shown
in below figure.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 24

% type of assistance received hhs in Iskushuban/
Bari region

Agricultural inputs through voucher 0.8
Agricultural inputs through direct distribution 0.8

Free household goods 4.1
Livestock inputs through direct distribution 6.5
7.3
Cash 9.6
Food through general distribution 12.2
16.2

49.6
69.9
72.4

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Sool region/Lasanod District, received assistance 63.1 %(n=148) food aid, 54.4%(n=148) food GFD,
54.4%(n=148) cash, 8.7%(n=148) agro-inputs, 7.8%(n=148) livestock inputs voucher, 6.8%(n=148)
livestock inputs direct distribution, 5.8%(n=148) training, 5.8%(n=148) remittances, 4.9%(n=148)
household goods, 2.9% (n=148) restocking and 1.9%(n=148) agro-inputs vouchers as shown in below
figure.

% type of assistance received hhs in Lasanod/
Sool region

Agricultural inputs through voucher 1.9
Livestock through restocking 2.9
Free household goods
4.9
Remittances from family, friends,… 5.8
Training 5.8
6.8
Livestock inputs through direct…
Livestock inputs through voucher 7.8
Agricultural inputs through direct… 8.7

Cash 54.4
Food through general distribution 54.4

Food aid 63.1

0 20 40 60 80

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 25

CHAPTER 4. NEEDS ASSESSMENT HIGHLIGHTS

4.1 FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS

According FSNAU Aug 2017xvi report, an estimated 3.1 million people, 25 percent of the population,
are expected to be in Crisis (IPC1 Phase 3) or Emergency (IPC Phase 4) through December. The
Gu (April-June) cereal harvest was far below average, prices of local cereal remain well above
average, and substantial livestock losses have occurred, all of which have lowered household access
to food and income. Persistent drought has led to large-scale population displacement. Deyr
(October-December) rains are expected to be average to below average, but levels of acute food
insecurity in Somalia will remain high through the end of the year. Acute and widespread food
insecurity and increased morbidity have contributed to further deterioration of the overall
nutrition situation in Somalia.

The 2017 Gu rains started late, ended early and were below average in most parts of Somalia. The
Gu season cereal harvest, which is estimated at 78 400 tonnes, is 37 percent lower than the long-
term (1995-2016) average. Findings from a seasonal assessment conducted across Somalia in June
and July 2017 indicate that in total, 6.2 million people across Somalia face acute food insecurity.

The overall nutrition situation Regions Total Number of Acutely Food Insecure
in Somalia has continued to Population People (August-December 2017)
deteriorate where the results
from 31 separate nutrition ( 2014 Stressed Crises Emergency
surveys conducted FSNAU and Estimates) IPC
(IPC 3) (IPC 4)

partners between June and July Bari 730,147 240,000 80,000 25,000
2017 indicate that an estimated Nugaal 392,698 71000 73000 34000
388 000 children under the age

of five are acutely Mudug 717,862 152,000 221,000 54,000
malnourished, including 87 000 Sool 327,427 82,000 98,000 45,000
who are severely

malnourished and face an AdSopatnedaafrgom FEW5S4N4,E1T2/3FSNAU S1o3m3,a0li0a02017 1P2o7st,0G0u0Technica8l8,000
increased risk of morbidity Release Final -31 Aug 2017
and death. In two-thirds of

the 31 nutrition surveys conducted, Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) Prevalence were considered

Critical (15-30%) or Very Critical (>30%). In one-thirds of the surveys, Severe Acute Malnutrition

(SAM) was also considered Critical (≥4.0-5.6%) or Very Critical (>5.6%). Morbidity rates are at

least 20 percent or higher in more than half of the surveyed populations, contributing to the

reported high levels of acute malnutrition in most of these populations. Mortality rates have also

increased. Crude Death Rates (CDR) and/or Under-Five Death Rate (U5DR) have surpassed

emergency thresholds in seven of the population groups surveyed (i.e. CDR > 1/10 000/day and

U5DR > 2/10 000/day, respectively).

1 The Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) is a set of tools and procedures to classify the severity
of food insecurity using a widely accepted five-phase scale. At the area level, it divides areas into the following
phases: IPC Phase 1=Minimal; Phase 2=Stressed; Phase 3=Crisis; Phase 4=Emergency; and Phase 5=Famine.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 26

In Puntland, the food Puntland Number of Acute Food Insecurity
security outlook for

August to December People(Aug-Dec 2017)

indicate that highest 450,000
projected number of 400,000
acute food insecure is 350,000

88,000 Sanaag, 54,000 300,000
Mudug, 45,000 Sool and 250,000
34,000 Nugaal as 200,000
indicated in the figure of 150,000
100,000

FSNAU/FEWSNET 50,000
Rainfall deficits have 0
also been recorded in
730,147 392,698 717,862 327,427 544,123

portions of Puntland Bari Nugaal Mudug Sool Sanaag

which experienced a Stressed IPC Crises(IPC 3) Emergency(IPC 4)
decrease of rainfall

amounts since the rains Adopted from FEWSNET/FSNAU Somalia 2017 Post Gu Technical
started in the second Release Final -31 Aug 2017
half of September.

SWALIM reports that the September rains were concentrated in Bari, Nugaal and west of Sool

and Sanaag regions and brought immediate relief to water stress in these areas but very little rain

has been received in October. In general, northern and central regions remain under serious water

stress conditions and given the rainfall forecast for the coming weeks, the situation may deteriorate

especially in Bari, Nugaal, Sool and Sanaag regions.

As drought conditions deepen, the agricultural
and livestock production in rain-fed, agro-pastoral
and pastoral areas in Somalia continue to be
severely affected. Given the extent of livelihood
losses, recovery from the current drought and re-
establishment of productive assets will require
several seasons of good rainfall.

Nutrition projection outlook of Puntland, where

the projected Aug-Oct 2017 highlight the

Nutrition Situation GAM (IPC-Acute

Malnutrition): >30 GAM and Serious(15-30%

GAM) in Bari and Iskushuban respectively.

Sanaag and Nugaal are predicted in >30 in

majority of August and October, 2017 as indicated

in figure X adopted from FSNAU. IDPs’

nutritional status is of great concern, with high

rates of chronic malnutrition reported – one in five

children is malnourished. Adopted from FEWSNET/FSNAU Somalia

FSNAU 2017 Market update indicates that 2017 Post Gu Technical Release Final -31
household income has declined due to livestock Aug 2017

terms of trade. The SISh depreciated mildly (3%) against the USD in September 2017 month-on-

month while year-on-year comparison indicates high depreciation (of 32%) due to increased supply

of newly printed local currency notes and a decline in the availability of USD due to reduced

livestock exports and export revenue.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 27

According to FSNAU-FEWSNET Oct 2017 Market Update, indicate that livestock Terms of
Trade(ToT), the local quality goat and local quality camel exhibited mild changes (+/-10) in most
of the regions of the country in the month of September. However, milk prices increased from
moderate to high levels when compared to last year in most regions of the country due to less milk
supply as a result of the current drought. Drought conditions deepen pastoral areas in Puntland
continue to be severely affected leaving behind loss of key productive assets.

The Livelihoods Recovery Assessment found that poor rainfall is mentioned by participants as the
main problem affecting livelihoods. In all districts assessed, focus group participants were asked
to specify the main sources of livelihoods in their community. Livestock rearing was mentioned as
the main source of livelihood in Badhan, Gaalkacyo and Las Canood while crops cultivation was
practised in Eyl. In Iskushuban, communities relied on more than one source of livelihood and
which was crops cultivation and livestock rearing as indicated in below Table 12.

District Livelihood Zone Main source of Livelihood
Eyl Pastoral Crops cultivation
Badhan Pastoral Livestock rearing
Gaalkacyo Pastoral Livestock rearing
Iskushuban Pastoral Crops cultivation, livestock rearing
Las Canood Pastoral Livestock rearing

Table 12: Mai sources of livelihoods by districts (FGD)

Due to consequences of the recent drought were seen in the amount of yields harvested and the
decrease in number of livestock and fodder in the districts. Findings from the analysis done

indicate that the loss of fodder stock was most severe, a factor which could be closely linked to a
subsequent decrease in the number of livestock. Gaalkacyo District recorded the highest
percentage of livestock and fodder stock lost followed by Eyl as indicated in below figure.

Impacts of drought on productive assets

100

90 80 80 80
80

70

60

50 40
40

30

20

10 Badhan Gaalkacyo Iskushuban 0
Las Canood
0
Eyl

% reduction in crop production % livestock lost % fodder stock lost

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 28

4.2 HEALTH AND NUTRITION

It is estimated that over 1.2 million children in Somalia are being acutely malnourished – 50%
increase since the beginning of the year. Because of drought, the prevalence of illness amongst
children has increased as the quality of water has diminished with no available alternative. The
rise in the number of cases of acute watery diarrhoea/cholera was significant – from 3113 cases
and 47 deaths in January 2017 to 4621 cases and 138 deaths in February 2017. xviiAcute watery
diarrhoea/cholera cases and deaths were reported from 38 districts in the south-central region and
4 districts of Basasso, Galgdogob, Galkayo and Jiriiban of Puntland. Since the start of the year,
some 77,783 cases and 1,159 deaths have been reported in 55 districts of 16 regions across Somalia,
with 58.8 per cent occurring in children below five years of age. Over the past three months, there
has been a significant reduction in new AWD/Cholera cases in all regions of Somalia. No cholera
related deaths have been reported during this period in any of the regions.xviii

4.3 ACCESS TO WATER

Puntland is to a large degree an arid or semi-arid country where rainfall is periodic and erratic.
Water scarcity has been one of the main traditional sources of social conflict in Puntland. Extensive
Season Rivers and few permanent rivers occur in the country. Cisterns (Berkeds) are another
source of surface water for at least a few months of the year. Underground aquifers are also widely
exploited, either through boreholes, shallow wells or at natural springs.

Access to water remains critical during Jilal2 season. For the majority of households in the districts
of Eyl and Iskushuban, the water source that was ranked the most available during jilal was an
unprotected well. The assessment survey also revealed that most households relied on more than
one source of water during the dry season.

Eyl percentage of hhs citing water source availability Jilal(long-dry spells)

% hhs per source in Jilal Eyl Percentage of households citing
water source availability during
0.9 0.9 5.3 Unprotected well Jilal by most to least available.
0.9 2.7 In Eyl, 5.3% of household
0.9 Public tap or standpipe interviewed access unprotected
0.9 wells, and only 0.9% of the
0.9 Unprotected surface water (river, pond) households harvest rain-water
for Jilal utilization as indicated
1.8 Harvest rainwater (berkad), Hand pump well, in Figure.
Piped household water in compound
Harvest rainwater (berkad), Unprotected
Spring
Piped household water in compound

Unprotected Spring, Public tap or standpipe

When interviewed, respondents from Focus Group Discussions cited inadequate rains as the major
problem preventing year round water provision in most of the districts. This was in addition to
very few number of water sources such as Berkads and shallow wells in the districts. As a result
of this, communities were forced to travel long distance in search of this commodity and pay highly
for the same. Other problems cited are as indicated in the table 13 below, ranked from the most to

2 Jilal: is a long dry season from Jan-March PAGE 29

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019

least as discussed by the participants per district. What is necessary in future survey rounds is to
work with the communities to go beyond lack of rainfall as a reason for lack of water provision
sustainability and look to solutions which will compensate for this.

Table 13: Problems preventing year round water provision

District Problems preventing year round water provision
Badhan Lack of rain
Lack of boreholes
Eyl Few number of water sources
Gaalkacyo Lack of rain
Iskushuban Poor rainfall
Lack of enough shallow wells
Las Canood Lack of rain
Lack of boreholes
Few number of berkads

Consistent with the concerns raised in most districts about the perennial water shortage especially
during the dry season and which negatively impacted on their livelihood, participants expressed
the need for more sustainable solutions to be undertaken. These they were able to categorize into
short, medium and long term solutions. Water trucking was cited to be the immediate solution to
water scarcity in most of the districts while drilling of more boreholes and shallow wells was seen
to be long term. The following table indicates the solutions given by the participants for each
district to help curb the water challenges.

Water points in Puntland can be classified as: (1) surface water; and (2) ground water. Traditional
communal warr or ballis, and berkeds are in the first category; while boreholes, shallow wells, and
springs are ground water harvesting sources. The distribution of different water points in six
regions of Puntland is based on the topography of different ecosystems e.g. Shallow wells are more
abundant in valleys like Nugaal, Bari, and Mudug.

Iskushuban - Percentage of households citing water source availability during Jilal by most to least
available

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 30

% hhs per source in Jilal Iskushuban In Iskushuban, available sources
ranked most to least during Jlala
1.13.13.13.030.70.70.7.7 10 Unprotected well, Water car or tanker season where it’s dry. 10% of the
2 8.7 Unprotected well households access unprotected
2.7 Water car or tanker wells or use water tuckering
8 Borehole during Jilal season. Only 4% of
2.7 Harvest rainwater (berkad) the hhs interviewd access
Unprotected Spring boreholes and 2.7% hand pump
2.7 Borehole, Water car or tanker wells.

4 4
4

The majority of households in the districts of Eyl and Iskushuban, the water source that was
ranked the most available during jilal was an unprotected well. The assessment survey also
revealed that most households relied on more than one source of water during the dry season.
There are several large water catchments draining the Nugal, Sanaag, Bari and Sool areas of
Puntland, but there are no perennial rivers. The main water courses are the Nugal and Danor
valleys, which transverse the central and southern parts of Puntland. Water along these valleys is
found immediately beneath the ground surface. Drought conditions continue in most areas and
more rains will be required to meet the water demands especially for human consumption, crop,
livestock and groundwater recharge.

Table 14: Distribution of water points in Puntland

Source Bari Nugal Mudug Sool Sanaag Total
1272
Shallow well 475 405 265 98 29 9180
62
Berkads 3000 1150 1300 2280 1450

Boreholes 13 18 16 8 7

Source: PASWEIN survey in socio-economic assessment of Puntland report, 2004

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) cluster partners have reported water shortages in eastern
parts of Gaalkacyo, Hobyo and Jariiban districts in Mudug region. Boreholes play an important
role in ensuring water security – particularly for people. In non-riverine regions, a lower number
of people per functional borehole would make them less vulnerable to drought. This is because
boreholes are less vulnerable than other sources to drought – especially as berkads and dams but
also dug-wells and springs. However, the composition of other sources also matters particularly for
economic productivity as humanitarian assistance will prioritize water for people over water for
other economic activities.

Las Canood - Percentage of households citing water source availability during Jilal by most to least
available

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 31

% hhs per source Jilal in Lasand district Access to water in Lasanod available
water sources in Jilal, only 6.76%
0.608.608.608.68 6.08 Borehole access Birkad harvested water,
0.68 Harvest rainwater (earth pan) 6.08% access boreholes and 4.05%
0.68 access to earth dams. Majority of the
1.4 concerns of interviewed households
were Birkads and Boreholes require
1.35 4.05 Water car or tanker rehabilitation which are expensive
1.4 and not easily affordable to the
2.03 Harvest rainwater (berkad), community.
Borehole
3.38

4.4 AGRICULTURE

Agricultural production is limited by erratic and low amounts of rainfall and by soils that are only
marginally suitable for crop production. Puntland has no perennial water courses with the
exception of some springs and most users rely on ground water. Mechanization is limited because
there is little extensive cultivation, except in some areas in Eastern Sanaag.

Analysis of the data collected revealed that majority of the interviewed households didn’t owned
land in the districts of Badhan and Galkayo. In Badhan 39.2% of the respondents rented land for
farming while 32.4% shared land. The situation was different in Galkayo where 60.5% of the
respondents shared land and 38.1% rented. Iskushuban District recorded the highest number of
participants who owned land while the least was found in Eyl. The highest average landholding in
hectares was found in Iskushuban District. The number of households requiring agricultural
inputs was calculated by extrapolating the percentage of households owning land in the number of
households in the district sampling frame to the total number of households in the district. The
greatest number of households requiring agricultural inputs was found in Galkayo, with 59,876
households, followed by Iskushuban with 9,422 households. In total, the number of households
requiring agricultural inputs was found to be 76,543. Despite the existence of untapped under-
ground water, the land is semi-arid with no perennial rivers. Most of the territory of Puntland is
best suited for pasture, and not for expansive crop production due to general scarcity of water,
formation of salt deposits on plots in the water spring areas, poor farming systems and poor seed
qualities etc. The existing small-scale farming systems prevail in oasis, dry river basins and places
with good soil quality and low water tables. With respect to size, they are generally small plots of
land utilised for vegetable and fruit cultivation.

All Districts Livelihood Cultivatable Total Sample Size/ % HH HH
District zone land (ha)*xix households households owning requiring
land agricultural
Badhan Pastoral 42.51 7,945 148 inputs*
Eyl Pastoral 29.29 3,151 143 71.6
Gaalkacyo Pastoral N/A 59,876 147 13.3 5,688
Iskhushuban Pastoral 1,000.48 9,422 150 98.6
Las Canood Pastoral 196.37 10,017 148 67.3 419
50.5
59,038

6,341

5,057

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 32

Total 76,543

Table 15 Percentage of households owning land and agricultural inputs required liv zone

N/A: not available

*Households requiring agricultural input in Badhan and Gaalkacyo was computed on the basis of percentage households
renting or sharing land in the districts sampling frame to the total number of households in the districts.

When assessed average land-holdings in three districts, highest recorded is 41.7 ha(n=150)
Iskushuban of Bair, 14.5 ha(n=143) Eyl of Nugaal, 4.3 ha(n=148) Lasanod of Sool.

Agriculture in Nugaal, particularly in Eyl is mainly subsistence with very low number of people
involved in it. About less than 5-10% are actively involved in farming varying from one village to
another. Daawad village has the highest number of farmers mainly because of the two permanent
sources of water, namely Daawad Spring and Daawad Stream. Irrigation farming is also practiced
in Badey. However, respondents in all the 9 villages concur that there land has a huge potential
for agriculture if water is availed and irrigation systems set up. The district lies in the arid zone,
average rainfall varies between 100-250 mm annually. There are no major farming activities in
Eyl district and the community practice livestock keeping.

Table 16: Average size of landholding per district in hectares

District Livelihood zone Sample size/ Average owned landholding
households (ha)

Iskhushuban Pastoral 150 41.7

Eyl Pastoral 143 14.5

Las Canood Pastoral 148 4.3

Crops are grown under rained conditions or small scale irrigation in or near seasonal streams,

where shallow wells are dug, or near to springs (oasis agriculture). Historically date palms were

the main crop in Puntland oasis agriculture and they continue to be grown today, though to a lesser

extent. Diversification into vegetables and fruits to meet demand in urban areas started about two

decades ago and has resulted in an increase in total crop production and income and its

stabilization. Frankincense, myrrh and gum Arabic are traditional tree crop products that are still

collected and marketed. All three crops have a local market while frankincense is also considered

a very valuable export product. 3

Source: ACF@2014 PAGE 33
Pictures of land topography of Eyl

3 FAO Strategy Somalia Food and Agriculture.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019

4.4.1 LAND ACCESS AND CROP PRODUCTION

Land is communal owned by clans. It’s due to this that Majority of the households (90%) do not
own land. The households with land practice farming. Most part of the land is dry and there are
no irrigations or no access to pumped water from underground that could support farming. This
would require large capital that is beyond the households’ abilities. Community elders and clan
leaders have the authority to allocate plots of land to individual households and households enjoy
rights over land they have historically owned. Over 94% of the households do not have land
available for cultivation, indicating that 4% of the household who own land are unable to cultivate.
The average arable land holding for the agro-pastoral household is under one care, which explains
the low agricultural productivity in the region.

Table 17: Average owned landholding (ha)

District Livelihood zone Sample size/ Average owned landholding
households (ha)
Iskhushuban Pastoral
Eyl Pastoral 150 41.7
Las Canood Pastoral
143 14.5

148 4.3

4.4.2 PREVAILING LAND GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

In 2005, the Puntland government issued a land law, which covers different aspects of
land management, including the institutional framework, land allocation and building
authorisation. Land management falls within the authority of the Ministry of Local
Government and Rural Settlement.

Local district governments are responsible for the General Master Plan that must classify
land for residential, industrial, commercial and public utility. The pastoral rangeland
remains a commons area, where claims on water and grazing areas are seen as very
communal and are possessed by clans and not by individuals. However, in some pastoral
areas, private claims of land ownership are being made. This is getting common in
Puntland and other parts of the country where the wealthier and more powerful pastoral
households want to reserve good grazing areas for the dry season for their exported
livestock. In many areas, clan presence and territorial ownership do not exactly match.
In areas dominated by pastoralists, there is a general convergence between clan and
territory, though over time this ownership may change. Deegaan plays an important role
in the dynamics of communal clan tenure. Deegaan is the exclusive control by a group
sharing similar language, identity or clan affiliation over a land area and the natural
resources found there. The process of acquiring deegaan is complex and involves
continuous negotiation among sub-clans and groups. Such interaction sequences typically
include several factors such as transhumant grazing, trading activities between two sub-
clans and intermarriages that eventually blur group identities and claims to own
particular deegaan.

The Somali people, especially the nomads, who live in close contact with the environment,
have an extended knowledge of plant-animal-fundamentals. Most plants and animals
have a local name and their phenology, distribution and ecological zones are known: the
use of virtually every plant within the grazing zone – the deegaan, which might range
from 200 km2 to 2,000 km2 – is known. Under the traditional system of ecological

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 34

classification, 4 categories are recognized by the communities in Puntland, as follows in
table 18. Deegaan is acquired by various means ranging from peaceful bargaining to
actual military conquest, although it more often results in conflicts between different
claimants of the land. Occupancy and defence of uninhabited land was considered a
legitimate way to claim deegaan historically.

Table 18: Indigenous land classification system in Puntlandxx

Classification in Somali Description Remarks

Guban (“burnt area”) Describes land awash with Sanaag, Bari regions
basalt rocks from land
formation processes

Sool Mountainous ranges Karkaar, Sanaag

Hawd Bushy thickets characterized Sool
by Acacia proliferation

Dharoor Plain grazing lands Bari

Source: NRM Baseline Survey Report, Puntland Ministry of Environment, ADESO and CARE, 2013

4.5 LIVESTOCK

According to FAO, pastoral households from several regions in Somalia have migrated with their
livestock to the coastal area in search of pasture and water for their livestock. About 25,000
households and huge livestock population (mainly sheep and goats) are believed to be concentrated
in the coastal area. Rural pastoralists have suffered significant livestock losses as a result of
consecutive failed agricultural seasons. Camels, goats, sheep and cattle are the foundation of
household income, food security and resilience of the livelihood system. The FAO-managed Food
Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit (FSNAU) estimates in July 2017 indicated that livestock
holdings and herd sizes among poor households had continued to decrease, with some areas
experiencing between 20 to 50 per cent livestock losses. Pastoralists in Mudug region have
reportedly lost nearly 65 per cent of their livestock due to the severe drought conditions since
November 2016. The arid climate sustains a fragile ecosystem that has come under heavy pressure
from the absence of sustainable management and overuse, changing weather patterns and the
effects of a four-year long drought.

The region’s pastoralists obtain 60-80 percent of their food from market purchases, and the
remaining 20-40 percent from their own production (milk, ghee and meat). xxiThe food security
situation has generally improved for most pastoral livelihoods, with the exception of those along
the Sool Plateau or Coastal Deeh area of Nugal affected by the cyclone in 2013.Loss of livestock
assets has depleted per-capita livestock holdings and led to the impoverishment of pastoral and
agro-pastoral populations in Somalia. This has affected an already fragile agricultural assets and
natural resources base with some communities labelling the current drought “Sima” which means
the “equalizer”. Drought has equally affected both upper and lower economic groups, according to
the Ministry of Livestock. Recovery from the current drought and re-establishment of productive
assets will require several seasons of good rainfall.

Livestock grazing areas are overgrazed primarily because of the disruption of traditional
management systems and by loss of area due to construction of enclosures, land taken for
cultivation and deterioration of water supply points. The government has passed a livestock policy

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 35

and the Puntland Veterinary law code, but does not have enforcement capacity. Veterinary services
are weak as well as disease surveillance, epidemiological monitoring and control and meat and
milk quality and safety standards.

4.6 NATURAL RESOURCES

About 60% of Puntland is covered by sparse savannah woodlands, which are characterized by a
ground grasses cover during the wet and dry seasons, with some trees interspersed. The Puntland
savannas are open canopied habitats for the most part, forming an intermediate range between
grasslands in Nugaal and forests in Sanaag. In general, as available moisture increases in the
savannah system, so too does the density and complexity of the vegetation: the authors were able
to note highly complex savannah systems in eastern Sanaag and pockets of Nugaal.

Vegetation conditions, as indicated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), remain

below average that 2017 Somalia drought has significantly reduced annual and seasonal NDVI

(see figure ), with much more degradation

of vegetation occurring in the southern

regions of the country where it has seen

drastic reductions in aggregate natural

vegetation standing biomass in grazing

lands, with a national average loss of 68%

of natural standing vegetation in the

drought period (or 113,282 km2,

accounting for 18% of the total national

landmass). Somalia’s biodiversity

(including 5,000 plant species, with

remarkable plant endemism, and 1,332

animal species) is categorized into six eco-

regions: five terrestrial regions and one

aquatic coastal region. Forests and

woodlands are important resources on

account of the fact that wood is the main

source of household energy and

construction materials for the bulk of the

population, but charcoal – and certain

other wood products – are also important

for the revenue they provide. Important

indigenous forest exports include

frankincense from Boswellia species

growing in Sanaag (highly prized trees

with tree tenure systems given to individual persons, and controlled by the elders’ council),

Commiphora species and gum Arabic from Acacia senegalensis in Nugaal, Mudug and Sanaag, and

Cordeauxia edulis (which is deemed to be endangered) in Mudug. Although they are not cut for

charcoal or other uses, the natural regeneration of Boswellia is threatened by over-grazing.

The vegetation in Puntland is predominantly dry deciduous woodland and thicket dominated by
species of Acacia and Commiphora, with semi-desert grasslands and deciduous shrubland along
much of the coastal areas. Forest growth in general is limited due to poor soils and low rainfall and
the lucrative charcoal trade raises many concerns for the country’s remaining forests. Many species
are felled to produce charcoal but Acacia bussei, a slow-growing hardwood is the preferred species.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 36

Usually a scattered species, it was formerly found growing in high densities in the plateau areas
of Sanaag, Sool, and Bari, all regions where charcoal production is very high.

The production of frankincense is confined to a narrow mountainous strip over-looking the Red
Sea. The main collection centres are towns in and around the coast. Frankincense and Myrrh are
collected from natural Commiphora and Boswellia trees. Today the major markets are the Gulf
States and China. Puntland’s frankincense farms are individually owned, and most are rented out
to pastoralists. Another invasive species is Prosopis which is a threat in Nugaal, Mudug and
Karkaar regions of Puntland. Prosopis juliflora is a perennial deciduous thorny shrub or small tree
that can grow up to 10m tall, with a trunk up to 1.2 m in diameter. Trees (mainly acacia species)
on which camels and goats browse, have been destructed by the charcoal industry and farm land.
Remaining grasslands are overgrazed primarily because of the disruption of traditional
management systems and by loss of area due to construction of enclosures, land taken for
cultivation and deterioration of water supply points. Finally, more frequent and longer dry periods
have reduced the regeneration ability of grasses and other important species.

Puntland’s mineral sector has traditionally played only a small role in the country’s overall
economy however the local geology suggests the presence of valuable mineral deposits, particular
rocks and minerals are known to exist and available for exploitation include tin in the Majiyahan-
Dhalan area (south of Boosaaso coastal strip), sepiolites from Ceel Bur, and quartz, granite,
marble, limestone and gypsum in different parts of wider Somalia.

Table 19: Most prevalent land degradation forms in Puntland

Type of Proportion reporting land degradation

degradation Mudug Sanaag Nugaal Sool Bari Karkaar

Diminution of 60 16 46 18 34 23
pasture

Invasive 7 1 4 7 76

species

Deforestation 24 44 28 35 32 21

Soil erosion 9 41 22 41 37 50
and gullies

Source: NRM Baseline Survey Report, Puntland Ministry of Environment, ADESO and CARE,
2013

4.7 MARKETS AND SUPPLY CHAIN

Somalia’s livestock sector dominates the country’s economy, creating about 65% of Somali’s job
opportunities and generating about 40 percent of Somalia’s GDP and 80 per cent of foreign
currency earnings.xxiiDespite insecurity, political instability, disease and bans by some major
importing Gulf countries over the past two decades, the number of animals and meat exported
continues to grow. Livestock production is the most important source of food and income for the
predominantly rural population, as well as the country’s biggest export commodity. In 2014,
Somalia exported a record of 4.6 million goats and sheep, 340,000 cattle and 77,000 camels in 2014,
worth an estimated $360 million. The highest number of live animals exported from Somalia in
the last 20 years. Prior to the war, some 46% of the total population were engaged in nomadic
xxiiipastoralist and livestock accounted for $0% of the GDP and 80% of all export earnings.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 37

Terms of Trade(ToT) indicate livestock the local quality goat and local quality camel exhibited mild
changes (+/-10) in most of the regions of the country in the month of September. However, milk
prices increased from moderate to high levels when compared to last year in most regions of the
country due to less milk supply as a result of the current drought. Bossasso, a port town, is major
regional export hub for livestock from the Horn. In 2007, over 1.55 million sheep and goats and
approximately 100,000 head of cattle were exported through Bossasso. In 2006, approximately 60
percent of exports from Bossasso were directed towards Djibouti for re-export to the Gulf States.
Since then, however, the high costs of the Djibouti quarantine have led most exporters to send
livestock directly to Yemen: by 2008, approximately 60-70 percent of Bossasso’s exports went to
Yemen. In 2015, Bossaso port reported over 1.67 Million heads of shoats, over 134 thousand heads
of cattle and over 10,000 heads of camel were recorded.

Bosso Livestock Exports (Number of Heads), 2000-2017

Source: FSNAU Market update, Sep 2017

CHAPTER 5. IMPACTS OF DROUGHT ON PRODUCTIVE CAPACITIES

The overall impact of the drought in the region created setback in rural employment
opportunities, livestock deaths, rapidly diminishing food access among poor households
as staple food price continue to rise and livestock price drastically fallen below the
acceptable margin.

Table 20: Drought Impacts on Productive Sectors

SECTORS IMPACTS
LIVESTOCK
 Animal disease morbidity increases
 Livestock mortality rate increases
 Livestock feed shortage rendering weak body condition and disease

susceptibility
 Lack of pasture/fodder
 Lack of water for animals and humans
 Decline of income, poor economic performance and lower GDP growth
 Meat production decreases per herd and per head of animal
 Milk production decreases per head and per herd
 Hide and skin production decreases

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 38

AGRICULTURE  Butter production declines
 Migration for areas of better pastures and water availability
WATER  Violence and insecurity increases
 Loss/death of human beings
NATURAL  Tendency for suicidal as a result of depression
RESOURCES/  Rangeland degradation
Environment  Inflation of basic good and food commodities
 Prices fluctuations
FISHERIES
 Rain-fed agriculture failures and decline in production
 Irrigation agriculture partial failure
 Sorghum, maize, beans and fodder production declines
 Partial failure of vegetation agriculture
 Shallow wells dry up
 Orchards dry up –especially orange land
 Insects/pest affecting/concentrating in irrigation areas
 Vegetables such as onions and fodder production decline
 Agro-forestry especially frankincense production decreases
 Price increases in food such as sorghum, beans and fodder (100%)
 Income decrease for agro-pastoralists but did not displace as much as they

trade on sesame, labor in towns as they split family.

 Water shortages
 Decrease in water table

Lack of grazing production due to water scarcity
 Leakages of Berkads
 Hand pump wells fail to operate
 Increase in water prices
 Soil erosion and land degradation
 Water salinity increases
 Poor hygiene of the water
 Internal migration for search of water pockets during rainy season
 Disputes and conflicts as a result of the dry season reserve water points and

population pressures
 Loss of bio-diversity
 Deforestation

 Disputes and conflicts as a result of the dry season reserve water points and
population pressures

 Loss of bio-diversity
 Deforestation
 Charcoal burning and tree cutting
 Prosopis Juliflora over population and overtaking of grazing lands
 Soil quality loss due to wind-storms
 Air pollution due to dust storms
 Land degradation due to winds
 Increase in charcoal burning
 Soil degradation
 Water shortage
 Population increase in towns(IDPs) as a result of production loss and

droughts
 Increase in deforestation and informal roads degrading leading top soil loss
 Flooding frequency as a result of deforestation and water surface run-off
 Pasture conflict
 Extinction of wild animals
 Over grazing
 New village settlements in grazing lands
 Bio-diversity loss

 Feeds for fish reduces?
 Reproduction of fish lowers down
 Deep see fishing
 Decrease in fish species
 Increase in price prices of fish species

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 39

 Poverty and food insecurity to the community particularly in coastal areas
 Loss of labor, destitution and loss of employment
 Closure of businesses
 Exporting of fish declined
 Joblessness and idleness of youth
 Drug abuse of the youth as a result of loss of employment; leading more
vulnerability to HIV infection and STDs
 Using excessing fishing methods by foreign vessels diminishing production
capacity of the industry
HEALTH  Declines the tax generation potentiation and GDP contribution
NUTRITION
& Increased effects on children and child mal-nutrition cases
EDUCATION  Outbreak of new diseases and diarrhoea
 Increase vulnerability on pregnant women
 Poor hygiene and sanitation
 Six killer diseases’ rates of occurrences increase
 Increase level of hepatitis
 Limited health services due to population pressures
 Limited health centers that respond to droughts
 Poor mother and child care
 Mal-nutrition cases increase
 Rate of communicable disease increase

 Increased food insecurity and school drop-outs
 Schools close
 Parents not able to meet the cost of education during the lean season
 Mal-nutrition of children affects children performance
 School income decreases due to drop-outs
 Student drop-outs decreases
 Family may resort to send only boys to school while girls stayed at home
amid financial constraints
Vulnerable groups  Family separations as a result of drought effecting children’s health
 Youth migration to urban areas for casual labor

 Displacement of women, children and the less privileged increases
 Violence against women increases
 GBV cases rise
 Child labor increases
 Family separation rates increase
 Income loss
 Child trafficking and abuse increases

CHAPTER 6. EXISTING COPING AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS

Table 21: Coping and Adaptation Strategies

VULNERABLE EXISTING COPING AND ADAPTATION MECHANISMS
GROUPS

PASTORALIST  Reduced diet for one or two times a date for elders and children respectively

 Water storage
 Fodder storage(Bakaar)

 Livestock diversification
 Herding drought tolerant livestock species: goats and camel
 Water conservation for the lean seas use(dry period)

 Storage of fodder for livestock feed
 Milk re-distribution to less wealthy households
 Use of animal manure to reduce soil erosion

 Prayers

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 40

AGRO-  Zakaad system functional –religious social welfare
PASTORALIST  Diaspora remittances
 Hay making and fodder production
IDPS/RETURNS  Water purchasing for animal & human consumption
 Sharing of food and household commodities
 De-stocking –early livestock off-take
 Migration for better pastures and grazing
 Peace and conflict mitigation through the customary laws and traditional

informal institutions
 Increase of migration to urban towns
 Casual labor
 Purchase of water and food
 Government drought response
 International aid-humanitarian appeal for response and recovery

 Planting drought tolerant crops and fodder
 Farmer group organization for pricing and bulking of produce
 Producer cooperatives for farming and joint marketing/trading
 Digging wells and boreholes for watering farming
 Alternative migration to urban areas
 Use of drought tolerant techniques for farming
 Diversification of plants including cereals, vegetation and fruit trees
 Fodder production and horticultural trees for better market and income
 Diversification of livestock
 Diversification of farming and crops
 Use of water reserves

 Household child labor in urban towns
 House made for girls
 Receive water trucking and food aid
 Migration to urban and settling in peri-urban
 Youth illegal migration to Europe
 Casual labor in towns
 Zakaat system
 Charcoal burning
 Youth car wash and shoe cleaning
 Cash grants –conditional and un-conditional from NGOs
 Early marriage for girls
 Force marriage
 Clan support and social welfare
 Remittances through diaspora and relatives sponsor

CHAPTER 7: PRIORITY SECTOR NEEDS

7.1 PRODUCTIVE SECTOR PRIORITY NEEDS

7.1.1 AGRICULTURE
The importance of the agriculture sector to the Somali economy cannot be overstated. Crop
production is next in importance to livestock and its contribution to household economics is growing
in importance. The arid to semi-arid climate of Puntland have low agricultural production
constrained by scarcity of water and poor soil quality, limiting its rain fed crop production to its
western part where the highest amount of precipitation falls .The recent drought on the agriculture
included decline in crops, agricultural irrigation, and vegetation and fodder production amid
inadequate and poorly distributed rainfall.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 41

Table 22: Major Crops in Puntland Major Crops Minor Crops
Hot Pepper, sweet pepper and
N Crop Type Vegetables: Tomato, Onion and lettuce
1 Horticultural Crops carrot
Grape fruit, Mango, Apple and
2 Oil Crops Sesame(rare) Coffee(Sanaag)
3 Fruits
Date palm, lemon(sort lemon),
4 Cereal crops water melon, guava,
5 Legumes
Major cereal crops: Sorghum

Beans: cowpea(beans)

6 Frankincense Maxor, maydi..Bari and Sanaag

7 Fodder crops

Source: Ministry of Agriculture Federal Strategic Plan -2015-2018

The objective of this sector is to enhance agriculture production, increase agro-pastoralist farming
skills and diversify income

This objective will be achieved by addressing the following priority needs:

Table 23: Agriculture sector recovery priority needs

Immediate short term Medium term needs Long term needs
recovery needs

 Seasonal  Agricultural inputs  Establish solar-system for water
assessments and generation and irrigation
weather forecasts  Using CFW for land preparation,

information  Provision of inputs: seeds & inputs  Agricultural inputs

dissemination for  Extension support on plantation,  Strengthen drip irrigation
weeding, manure and pest disease
farmer decision control, dry-off, harvesting and  Create role model farmers

making  Training on Good Agricultural
Practices(GAP)
 Land preparation storage

and tractor  Rehabilitation of water tanks,  Mixed farming and fodder
ploughing shallow wells, Berkads & earth dams production scaling

 Plantation and crop for irrigation  Fodder plantation

farming  Rehabilitation of irrigation canals

 Rehabilitation of  Soil conservation measures  Farmer organizations: farmer

water tanks, groups, fodder producer

shallow wells,  Drilling boreholes cooperatives and traders

Berkads & earth  Installation of solar system for  Market systems analysis and
dams for irrigation irrigation business enabling

 Crop production  Support drip-irrigation system  Access to loans and credit to
farmers
 Seeds and agro-  Create role model farmers
inputs distribution
Fodder farming awareness creation  Construction & drilling of new
 Good Agricultural  and incentives boreholes
Practice(GAP)
extension trainings  Soil conservation measures: gully  Extension services improved

 Assessment of control & farm check-dams  Rehabilitation of markets, value
 Rehabilitation of market chain development
climate-smart
infrastructure  Rehabilitation of markets
technologies for

local adoption  Agro-inputs distribution  Construction of new market
infrastructure
 Training of farmers on climate-smart
agricultural techniques

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 42

 Assessment of  Awareness creation on disaster risk  Awareness creation on agro-

drought-resistant preparedness, mitigation and processing

crops for promotion adaptations.  Establishment of agro-industry

 Sensitization on  Diversification of food production farmers

 crop diversification  appropriate to the eco-system  Training of farmers on climate-
for rain-fed and   smart agricultural techniques
irrigation farmers Sensitization on crop diversification
for rain-fed and irrigation farmers Introduction of drought resistance
CFW for land crops and agro-forestry
preparation Agro-pastoral field schools

 Capacity building for ministries and
institutions involved in agriculture.

 Seed multiplication and bulking
(seed selection).

7.1.2 LIVESTOCK

The Livestock sector dominates the economy of the Puntland regions. The livestock products not
only contribute to the livelihood of the nomads but also are a substantial portion of the daily food
intake of the population living in rural and urban areas.
However, pasture and water are two existential factors for
pastoralist livelihood system in the sector. Due to
droughts, vegetation is in the decline. The Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for September 2017
suggests deterioration of vegetation conditions in large
areas of the country. The drought, which was the result of
three consecutive very poor rainy season (Gu 2016, Deyr
2016, and Gu 2017), resulted in substantial livestock losses
(decline in herd size), low conception, low births and low
milk production in most pastoral livelihood zones. The
NDVI profiles mostly show negative trends especially in
the month of September across the country. Areas with
large vegetation deficits include small pockets in pastoral
livelihood of Northwest and central (Sool, Sanaag and
Mudug).The economy of Puntland is largely dependent on
livestock exports, which contribute to approximately 80%
of foreign exchange earnings, 40% of the GDP and 60% of
employment opportunities. xxiv Despite the economic Adopted from FEWSNET/FSNAU
importance of the sector, pastoralists survive in very Somalia 2017 Seasonal and NDVI
difficult and fragile conditions characterised by the trends: Climate Update
prevailing arid and semi-arid environment. The usual seasonal migratory patterns of nomadic life
are often determined by prolonged dry seasons and recurrent droughts, which occur once every 5
years, causing wells and water points to dry up forcing nomads and their livestock to migrate
longer distances in life-threatening situations. Drought conditions led to increased food insecurity,
cash shortages and out-migration of livestock keepers.

The use of production based approach to estimate the contribution of livestock to economy of
Somalia yielded an estimate of 8.157 Billion USD in 2013. This estimate is above the IMF estimate
of Agriculture GDP of 5.7 Billion USD where livestock contributes 2.28 Billion USD, equivalent of
40% of Agriculture contribution to GDP. According IGAD-ICPALD 2015xxv, the total estimated
value of goods and services provided by livestock i.e. direct use value of livestock to economy was

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 43

8.157 Billion USDs, including 93.6% derived from conventional goods common in agricultural GDP
and 6.4% from financial services provided by livestock.

According to FSNAU, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for September 2017
suggests deterioration of vegetation conditions in large areas of the country. xxvi In pastoral areas
affected by protracted and persistent drought, livestock production and reproduction have declined
sharply. Depletion of livestock assets due to distress sales and mortality has contributed to
increased indebtedness and destitution among many pastoralists. As a result, most rural livelihood
zones of Somalia are classified as Crisis (IPC Phase 3) or Emergency (IPC Phase 4).

The objective of this sector is to achieve increased livestock productivity and production through
increased veterinary services, animal health, extension services, restocking and quality of herd
productivity.

This objective will be achieved by addressing the following priority needs:

Table 24: Livestock sector recovery needs

Immediate short term Medium term needs Long term needs
recovery needs
 CAHWs trainings
 Supplementary  Rehabilitation of Berkads  Veterinary services(laboratory)
 Re-stocking goats
livestock feeding  CFW for fodder plantation  Construction of boreholes for livestock

 Livestock disease  Livestock disease watering
surveillance surveillance  Value-addition for milk and meat
 Innovative pilot of dairy farming
 Provision of  Cash grants for asset  Innovative poultry farming
emergency water restoration  Herder beekeeping and production
 Construction of water catchments & earth-
for human &  Fodder production and
dams
livestock extension services  Rehabilitation of grazing lands CFW
 Establishment of water storage sites
consumption  Construction of livestock troughs
 Climate change and adaptation policies &
 Un-conditional  Grazing management
practices promoted
cash-transfer for  Commercial and slaughter  Staff capacity building on livestock
pastoralists de-stocking
management and husbandry
 Restocking of small  Rangeland management  Afforestation programs in grazing lands
ruminants  Links with export and livestock trade
Mobile veterinary
 Veterinary services  clinics/CAHWs diversifications
& animal health  Fodder production and farming
care  Supply of cost-recovery vet-  Communal grazing management
drugs  Construction of market hubs
 Mobile  Establishment of livestock  Capacity building for government staff and
education/CAHWs
market information systems institutions involved
services  Pastoralist saving group and SMEs for

 Assessment of  Changing traditional income diversification
 De-worming and vaccinations
CAHWs system systems of livestock for

 Provision of vet- production

drugs, disease  Re-stocking goats

surveillance and  conditions for potential re-
drug availability stocking where fodder and

 Re-stocking goats water is available

 Establishing &

strengthening of CAHWs

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 44

7.1.3 WATER

Due to below average rainfall of the last Gu 2016/2017, resulted in poor pasture and water
rendering pastoralists to migrate further distances for search of grazing and watering. Generally,
water shortages and low water quality have been constant problem in Puntland regions, affecting
livestock and human population by restricted water availability. Some existing sources or
promising areas are far away from the consumers, forcing people to transport water from long
distances or even to migrate close to the sources, triggering urgency to provide water to vulnerable
groups. Recent climate forecasts from IGAD’s Climate Prediction and Application Center (ICPAC)
indicate average to below average rainfall, with decline of rainfall during the peak rainfall month
of November, to prevail across most parts of Somalia during the forthcoming 2017 Deyr (October-
December) season.

The objective under this sector is to provide water for both human and livestock consumption in
the drought affected population.

Table 25: Water sector priority for recovery needs

Immediate short term recovery Medium term needs Long term needs
needs
 Construction of new boreholes
 Water trucking for  Rehabilitation of boreholes
 Construction of new earth dams
immediate water scarcity  Rehabilitation of earth
 Gully control, check-dams and soil
 Cash distribution (CFW) for dams and water conservations

rehabilitation  Provision of emergency  Fodder plantation

 Chlorination of drinking access to potable water  Re-grassing

water at household and at whole promoting  Construction of new Berkads

source level sustainable and  Construction of new shall wells

 Distribution of aqua tabs & community-based water  Staff capacity building and
water purification chemicals. system and maintenance training of technical staff on water
and natural resources
 Rehabilitation of existing  Chlorination of drinking
Berkads water at household and at  Capacity building for water
source level engineers and technicians
Provision of solar system for
 water points  Distribution of aqua tabs  Preparation of water law

 Rehabilitation of water  Sensitization and training  Provision of generators powered
springs and supply system in communities on public – equipment for geo-physical
coastal areas private-partnerships investigation

 Rehabilitation of existing  Review and updating  Equip and maintenance of
dams water existing policies PASEWN offices at field levels

 Assessment of water for  Staff capacity building and  Strengthen water management
committees
suitable areas for dams, mini training of technical staff
water supply system, water on water and natural  Latrine construction (household,
spring sources etc resources school, health institutions,
religious institutions).
 Construction of new water  Hygiene and sanitation of
supply system  Water storage containers at
water points and household and community levels.

Rehabilitation and community sensitizations

 construction of new water  Water supply using rental
water tanks.
supply schemes.

 Hygiene promotion.  Establish Water

management committees

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 45

7.1.4 FISHERIES

Puntland has the richest fisheries of Somalia, by quantity and diversity, due to its 1,300 kilometre
coast and part of the EEZ4 lying off its shores (almost half of the country’s total area). Information
on the condition of fish stocks is not available but FAO estimated in 1999 that an annual catch of
200,000 tonnes could be sustainable. Neither is it known how much fish is actually taken from
Puntland waters each year. However it can be assumed that fish resources are being heavily
exploited. Illegal, Unreported, Unregulated (IUU) large fishing boats and artisanal fishing “fleets”
have been operating freely in Somali waters driving the xxviidecline in fish stocks. Interestingly the
increase of piracy in Somali waters has reduced IUU fishing. The Puntland fisheries sector, like
rest of Somalia, has not yet developed the necessary technical and logistical capabilities that can
exploit a wide range of the abundant inshore and offshore resources. As a result, there are no
industrial or recreational fisheries and the sector is exclusively based on artisanal capture that
accounts for 100% of the total fish production. The main fishing season in the Puntland coastal
waters more or less coincides with the northeast monsoon period extending from October to May.
Despite the expansion of fisher in Puntland, the sector remains hindered by piracy, illegal fishing,
lack of skills for youth, lack of markets, limited investments in the industry, limited policies,
limited advocacy as a food security and livelihood strategy worsened by the drought and climate
change.

The objective of this fishing sector is to improve food security and resilience to shocks through
strengthened and sustainable livelihoods within the fisheries sector of Somali.

This objective will be achieved by addressing the following priority needs:

Table 26: Fishery sector priorities

Immediate short term recovery Medium term needs Long term needs
needs
 Revive policies and regulatory
 Provision of fishing  Value chain development for frameworks
fish markets
equipment  Government advocacy on fishery as
food security and livelihoods strategy
 Awareness campaigns on  Expansion of fisheries sector
fish consumption programs in coastal districts and  Establish fishery and marine schools
communities and institutions -.e.g Eyl TVET
 Cash grants for youth SMEs
and small scale business  Vocational skills and trainings  Construction of physical
infrastructure for harvest facilities,
 Fishery youth and women for youth and women to fish marketing and distribution
empowerment support to reduce post-harvest losses
promote increased
 Local value chain development
 Business development skills employment  Private sector investment incentives
and trainings for SMEs and
 Use of CFW activities, small
fish cooperatives. business grants to VSLA and
cooperative groups for income

generating and skills

4 EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone PAGE 46

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019

7.1.5 EDUCATION

Displacement and decreasing enrolment have closed a third of schools in drought-affected areas.
The impact has been particularly devastating for those who depend on livestock for their living.
They face severe water shortages and sky rocketing water prices, forcing many to move to find
water, grazing pasture, and food. For some families, this requires taking children out of schools
which leads to the closure of schools and alternative education centres.

The objective under this sector is to improve education service provision.

The objective will be achieved by addressing the following needs:

Table 27: Education sector needs

Immediate short term recovery needs Medium term needs Long term needs

 Provision of supplementary feeding  CECs training  Build and rehabilitation of schools
to schools  Rehabilitation of classes  Provision of water supplies to rural
 Support students with incentives 
Support teacher schools
 for school re-enrolments through  incentives in rural areas  Provision of learning and teaching
schemes Awareness creation on
 materials
 Mobile teachers and temporary  girl child education
 schools  Support school fees  Construction of extension classes
  Remedial classes  Construction of toilets for schools
Support school fees  Awareness creation on girl child
 Provide remedial classes Improvement on girl’s
 education education
Assess schools on water needs  Literacy and numeracy  WASH in schools, including dignity
Awareness raising on girl children for adult education
hygiene kits for girls
education  Strengthening  Child-friendly activities in schools
Dignity kits for adolescent girls governmental education  Standardized improvement of

Social mobilization on increased education curriculum and
examination.
school enrolment

7.1.6 HEALTH AND NUTRITION

The overall health & nutrition situation in Somalia has continued to deteriorate, especially in
northern and central parts of Somalia. Results from 31 separate nutrition surveys conducted
FSNAU and partners between June and July 2017 indicate that an estimated 388 000 children
under the age of five are acutely malnourished, including 87 000 who are severely malnourished
and face an increased risk of morbidity and death. In two-thirds of the 31 nutrition surveys
conducted, Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) prevalence were considered Critical (15-30%) or Very
Critical (>30%). In one-thirds of the surveys, Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) was also considered
Critical (≥4.0-5.6%) or Very Critical (>5.6%). Morbidity rates are at least 20 percent or higher in
more than half of the surveyed populations, contributing to the reported high levels of acute
malnutrition in most of these populations. Mortality rates have also increased. Crude Death Rates
(CDR) and/or Under-Five Death Rate (U5DR) have surpassed emergency thresholds in seven of
the population groups surveyed (i.e. CDR > 1/10 000/day and U5DR > 2/10 000/day, respectively).
The impact of drought on the health of displaced people remains very serious as evidenced by alerts
on AWD/cholera and outbreaks of measles and other communicable diseases, with possible
consequences such as acute malnutrition and mortality, especially among children.xxviii

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 47

As at 2 April 2017, Puntland had a cumulative reported case of AWD/cholera since the beginning
of the year at 1,674 and 57 deaths, indicating a case fatality rate (CFR) of 3.4 percent. 5Puntland
authorities subsequently issued separate alerts with Appeals to humanitarian agencies and donors
for support to the drought response. The drought conditions continued through 2016 and worsened
from November, affecting more that 50 percent of the population. Country-wide, the cumulative
total displacements, directly attributable or related to drought between 01 November 2016 and 31
March 2017, was 535,624 (UNHCR, April 2017). xxixLoss of livelihoods, mainly livestock, shortage
of water, pasture and food due to the drought have been responsible for these displacements. The
AWD outbreaks appeared not to be abating and hence the need to scale up the National Society’s
preparedness, response and social mobilization capacities. Priority areas of focus in this regard
were the provision of AWD/cholera supplies, training of staff and volunteers in case management,
active surveillance with tools to undertake that, provision of sanitation equipment to target
communities and enhanced community mobilization interventions.

The objective under this sector is to improve health and nutrition services.

The objective will be achieved by addressing the following needs:

Table 28: Health and nutrition priority needs Medium term needs Long term needs

Immediate short term recovery needs  Put in place supplemental  Support health system to
and/or therapeutic feeding respond to health needs of
 Provide targeted basic feeding centres specific population affected
rations/supplies by emergencies
 Procure and preposition medical
 Targeted supplementary feeding supplies  Procure and preposition
medical supplies
 Vitamin A supplementation and  Targeted supplementary
screening of malnutrition cases for feeding
referral to therapeutic feeding  Foster collaboration with
centres and supplementary feeding  Support health system to external institutions for
centres respond to health needs of investigation
specific population affected by
 Support health assessment  Ensure reporting and
emergencies sharing of information
 Disinfection of community water
supply.  Maintain and strengthen among stakeholders
disease surveillance system–
 Procure and preposition medical early warning  Capacity building and
supplies training of health staff

 Response to disease outbreaks  Support health assessment  Provide laboratory support
for health investigation
 Distribution of water purification  Mobilize emergency-type NGOs
chemicals.  Coordinate information flow
 Early diseases detection and on health
 Nutrition sensitization reporting

 School feeding  Skilled health workers at village  Coordination with MoH and
and district levels. WHO
 Rehabilitation and construction of
new water supply schemes.  Public health education.  Coordinate with UNICEF

 Latrine construction (household,  Immunization/vaccination  Health institution
school, health institutions, religious (routine and campaigns).
institutions). management including PPT.

 Hygiene promotion.  Water, sanitation and hygiene  Improving of referral
facilities in health centres and systems at all levels.

CTC/CTUs.

5 https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-acute-watery-diarrhoea-awd-outbreak-dref-mdrso006-
operation-final-report

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 48

7.2. ADDITIONAL SOCIAL SERVICES AND IDPS

Drought is increasingly pushing pastoralists leave their main-stay livelihoods and flee to better-
off areas mainly urban and alternate rural villages. However, as the intensity of its impact
increased, displacement has now become the new reality of climate-induced refugees or pastoralist
drop-outs kept in IDP camps. People are leaving their homes because of the drought, rising food
prices, dry weather forecasts, and ongoing insecurity and are heading for urban areas. According
to UNHCR, in February 2017, authorities in Puntland reported more than 20,000 families have
moved to the Bari region. And 1,638 are in need of emergency assistance in the northern town of
Galkayo.

Priority recovery needs for Internally Displaced Persons(IDPs) and returnees

Table 29: Priority needs for IDPs and returnees Medium term needs Long term needs

Immediate short term recovery needs  MCHs and/or mobile health  Support for

 Profile population (IDPs and returnees) clinics. returns/returnees (e.g.;
and conduct service mapping to
identify the needs and vulnerabilities  Access to reliable and clean transport, shelter, food and
to inform response.
water. sustainable access to reliable
 Land policy/regulations to avoid
evictions, gate keeper control etc.  Establish and manage and clean water etc.).

 Support for persons with special needs nutrition centres  Support for local integration
in IDP camps (e.g. the disabled, elderly of IDPs and host
etc.)  Improve hygiene and
communities.
 Food security and livelihoods sanitation.
 Issue food vouchers to IDPs
 Unconditional food aid to most  Provide mobile teachers and  Resettlement of IDPs.

vulnerable IDPs. temporary schools.  Socio-economic
 Conditional food aid to farmers/retiring reintegration (vocational, life
 Provide scholarships.
IDP. skills and IGA training),
 Conduct vocational training.
psychosocial support and
 Educational planning and
monitoring.
standardization.

CHAPTER 8. PROPOSED SOLUTIONS TO ALLEVIATE DROUGHT IMPACT

Respondents were asked in the Focus Group Discussions to hypothesize solutions to their current
problems. These solutions can be interpreted as correlating closely with the respondents’ priority
needs. It is interesting to note that when asked to think about their problems in terms of solutions,
cash or cash for work did not emerge as a priority solution, as it did in the quantitative
enumeration, in a scenario in which respondents were asked to enumerate their priority needs. In
the Focus Group Discussions in the context of discussing problems related to primary livelihood
streams derived mainly from agricultural activities and livestock rearing, respondents’ solutions
were firmly centred in their livelihood activities. The possibility that in the enumeration of the
quantitative survey respondents were in some way prompted to cite cash for work as a priority
needs to be explored. The following two tables illustrate the respondents’ solutions to agricultural
and livestock rearing problems.

PUNTLAND DROUGHT RECOVERY PLAN 2018-2019 PAGE 49