английским Сборник грамматических упражнений А. В. Смирнов
I. Prepositions of movement Предлоги движения используются для того, чтобы показать направление, в котором кто-либо или что-либо движется. 1 Fill in the missing words. Preposition Translation over up под out of ВДОЛЬ мимо Preposition Translation into through по направлению down через 2 Choose the correct variant. D G o_________(along/across) the street and you will see the mansion to the right. 2) The traffic__________ (through/under) the bridge is closed. 3) If you move_________(down/into) the street, you can see the monument you want. 4) The bridge_________(past/ across) the river was built a year ago. 5) The car was moving_________(towards/along) me and I stopped. 6) When I came__________(into/up) the room, everybody looked at me. 7) Mary went__________(out of/past) the house and saw it was raining. 8) The coach moved__________(past/across) the long fence and stopped. 9) The balloon went ______ (down/up) and soon it was flying above the fields and meadows. Ю) The travellers had to push_________(across/through) the forest and_________ (over/under) the hill to reach the village. 3 Fill in the correct prepositions. 1) We went___________several shops and at last came to the park gates. 2) Moving over small bridges___________canyons is very dangerous. 3) When we came___________the cathedral, there were many tourists. 4) The village we were looking for stood___________the river. 5) Going___________the dark places, first get used to the sunlight. 6) There are nice roses growing___________the Green Street. 7) During the storm, the boat went___________and___________ . 8) Many years ago, there were no ships to g o ___________ice in Antarctica. 9) Walking___________a ladder in considered bad luck in England. Ю) The bus was moving___________the bus stop, so we had to hurry. 5
II. Present Simple Формообразование • В утвердительных предложениях форма 3-го лица единственного числа образуется путём добавления -s к смысловому глаголу: / run - Не runs. We write - She writes. • Отрицательные предложения, в которых глагол стоит в форме 3-го лица единственного числа, образуются так: вспомогательный глагол does not/doesn’t + смысловой глагол без окончания -s: Не does not/doesn’t до to school at the weekend. • Отрицательные предложения, в которых глагол стоит в других грамматических лицах, образуются так: вспомогательный глагол do not/don’t + смысловой глагол: / do not/don’t like hockey. • Вопросительные предложения, в которых глагол стоит в форме 3-го лица единственного числа, образуются так: вспомогательный глагол does + подлежащее + основной глагол без окончания -s: Does she often buy clothes? • Вопросительные предложения, в которых глагол стоит в других грамматических лицах, образуются так: вспомогательный глагол do + подлежащее + основной глагол: Do you know this author? Употребление Present Simple используется, когда речь идёт о: • повседневных действиях: I woke up at 8 o ’clock every day. He walks to school. • постоянных действиях: They live in Russia, (постоянно) It snows every winter in Alaska, (факт) • расписаниях/программах: The bus leaves at 10a.m. • об общеизвестных фактах или законах природы: Water boils at 100 °С. Правила правописания (3-е лицо единственного числа) • К большинству глаголов в 3-м лице единственного числа добавляется -s: / talk — he talks I hate— he hates. • К глаголам, оканчивающимся на -ss, -sh, -ch, -x и -о, добавляется -es: I pass — he passes I fix — he fixes I brush — he brushes I go — he goes I watch — he watches • У глаголов, оканчивающихся на согласную + у, -у заменяется на -/ и добавляется -es: / cry — he cries. • К глаголам, оканчивающимся на гласную + у, добавляется -s: / play — he plays. Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Present Simple: every hour/day/week/month/year и т. д., usually, always, every morning/afternoon/ evening/night, at noon, at night, in the morning/afternoon/evening и т. д.
1 Fill in the table. Infinitive Present Simple to write to learn to swim to wash to go Infinitive Present Simple to jog to live to do to have to return 2 Open the brackets. 1) I _________(to live) in the mountains. 2) _____ ___ you_________ (to swim) much? 3) They always_________(to return) on time. 4) The train_________(to leave) at 8.30 a.m. 5) Jeremy_________(to walk) to school. 6) Kate and Nikita_________(to take) a school bus every morning. 7) _____ ___ Amie_________ (to miss) her parents? 8) They usually_________(to play) basketball on Friday. 9) I always_________(to pass) the park on my way home. 10) Water________ (to boil) at 100 °C. 3 Write negative sentences to the following. 1) My mother always cooks Haggis for dinner. 2) I climb the fence on my way home. 3) Water boils at 200 °C. 4) My sister comes home at night. 5) We have parties every day. 6) My friend studies on Sunday. 7) My granny can speak Chinese and Japanese. 8) My brother plays music. 9) Most elderly people go jogging. Ю) Animals brush their teeth every morning. 7
Я III. Present Continuous ж Present Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be (am, is, are) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing. Утвердительные предложения Отрицательные предложения 1 am reading. You ч We l are reading. They J He \ She > is reading. It J 1 am not reading. You 1I We \ are not (aren’t) reading. They J1 He ]I She r is not (isn’t) reading. It J1 Вопросительные предложения Краткие ответы Am I reading? you Are J we they Is ( you \ we l they J {r } reading? reading? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t. Yes, we/you/they are. / No, we/you/they aren’t. Правила правописания причастия настоящего времени • У большинства глаголов окончание -ing добавляется к неопределённой форме глагола без частицы to: wash - washing, read - reading, watch - watching. • У глаголов, оканчивающихся на -е, опускается -е и добавляется -ing: write - writing, take - taking. • У односложных глаголов с гласной между двумя согласными удваивается последняя согласная и добавляется -ing: run - running, stop - stopping. Present Continuous употребляется, когда речь идёт о: • действиях, происходящих сейчас, в момент речи: Tommy is doing his homework now. (Томми делает свою домашнюю работу в данный момент.) • действиях, происходящих в настоящий период времени, но не обязательно в момент речи: Sam is working hard these days. (Сэм напряжённо работает в эти дни.) Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Present Continuous: now, at the moment, at present, these days и т. д. 8
■ 1 Write the -ing forms of the verbs. to play to wait to look to learn to prepare to come to travel to make to work to swim 2 Open the brackets. 1) I ___________(to swim) now. 2) My friends___________(to jog). 3) ______ ____ she___________ (to go) to school now? 4) They___________(to go) to the cinema this weekend. 5) I- m ___________(to fly) to Hong Kong this Sunday. 6) My grandma___________(to wait) for me in the park now. 7) ______ ____ my relatives___________ (to come) to our place on holidays? 8) The kids___________(to play) football on the football pitch now. 9) The dog___________ (to run) with my younger brother. Ю) The baby___________(to cry). Find out what the matter is. 3 Write negative sentences to the following. 1) I’m taking a shower. 2) The weather is changing this week. 3) Our sportsmen are going to Canada tomorrow. 4) Yaroslavl is changing all the time. 5) Water is getting colder every day. 6) My friend is doing his work now. 7) My dad is washing his car now. 8) The sea is getting dirty. 9) The sun is shining. Ю) She is writing a poem for her mother’s birthday. 9
IV. Present Simple vs Present Continuous Present Simple употребляется, когда речь идёт о: • постоянных действиях: John lives in New York. • повторяющихся действиях: He works from 11 to 7 every day. • повседневных действиях: He usually plays tennis at weekends. Present Continuous употребляется, когда речь идёт о: • действиях, происходящих сейчас, в момент речи: Carl is writing I something on Facebook right now. • действиях, происходящих в настоящий период времени, но не обязательно в момент речи: Misha is looking fora new job these days. Некоторые глаголы состояния (stative verbs) обычно не имеют форму Present Continuous. Среди них: have like, love, want, know, live, remember, understand, believe, need, see smell и т. д. I love fast food. (Неправильно: I’m loving fast food.) I have a computer. (Неправильно: I’m having a computer.) HO: I’m having breakfast now. (= I’m eating) 1 Fill in the table. Infinitive Present Simple Present Continuous to look to make to swim to wash to go to jog to leave 2 Write the interrogative and negative sentences. 1) She gets up early. 2) She is waiting for me now. 3) He is looking for a job of a manager.
4) Dmitry does a lot of work on designing. 5) Dad is coming from his trip to Sebastopol. 6) The boys are having lunch now. 7) Our teacher usually comes to the lesson on time. 3 Open the brackets using Present Simple or Present Continuous. - What you 1 .____________(to do) now? - I 2 . ___________(to listen) to the new CD of Uriah Heep. - Mm, I haven’t heard about this group. Where is it from? - Great Britain. I 3 . ____________(to have) all its CDs. I like it! - I 4 . ____________(to want) to learn something about this group. - I 5 . ____________(to think) I can lend you some CDs. I hope you like them. - OK. What CDs would you like to advise me to listen? - I 6 . _____________ (to believe) you must start with the first CD. - Are you free now? - I’m afraid not! I 7 .______________ (to look) after my little sister. She 8 . ___________________ (to play) with her toys. - That’s OK. I 9 . ______________ (not to go) to disturb you anymore. What you 1 0 .________________ (to do) tomorrow? - 111.______________ (to look) for a part-time job in the neighbourhood in the morning. Then I am free.
V. Модальные глаголы can/be able to - can’t - could - (don’t) have to - must - mustn’t • Глагол can не изменяется по лицам и числам и за ним всегда следует смысловой глагол без частицы to. • Сап употребляется для того, чтобы: - показать способность/умение: Не can speak English well. (He’s able to.) - попросить разрешения сделать что-либо: Can I look at your book? (Is it OK if I ...?) - дать разрешение сделать что-либо: Yes, you can use my smartphone. (You are allowed.) - выразить возможность что-либо сделать: You can book the hotel online. (It’s possible.) Отрицательная форма глагола can - cannot или can’t. • Can’tупотребляется для того, чтобы выразить запрет: No, you can’t до fora walk until you finish your homework. (You aren’t allowed to.) 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) You____________(must / can) drive carefully near the crossing. 2) The water____________ (was able to / couldn’t) be cold. It has been very hot these days. 3) The elephants______________ (mustn’t / are not able to) stand the mice. 4) My Granny____________ (could / mustn’t) speak several languages. 5) People____________ (mustn’t / are not able to) litter in the city. 6) He was weak and everybody____________(had to / was able to) beat him. 7) (Can / Could)___________you hear a strange noise out there? 8) W e_____________ (could / had to) smell something burning. 9) The children____________(are able to / mustn’t) talk with their mouthful. 10) She is a perfect psychologist. She____________(was able to / had to) persuade me to come. 2 Complete the sentences using can or be able to. Use the proper tense forms. 1) Harry has travelled a lot and he________ speak three languages. 2) I haven’t __________sleep well this night. 3) Sam________ drive but he hasn’t got a car. 4) She used________ do karate. 5) He________ drive slowly if he wants. 6) I can’t understand George. I ________never understand him. 7) Be careful with the reptile. It________be poisonous.
8) 9) Ю) 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8 ) 9) Ю) Kangaroos________ run at a high speed. She________ take up the job. She does not have any experience. I ________ come and see you tomorrow if you want. Complete the sentences using modals. Use the proper tense forms. You____________park here it’s strictly forbidden. ____ you____________ to understand his singing? Children____________wash their hands before taking meals. She is too sick. She____________walk and____________ stay in bed. I had to go to the next shop, because I ___________ to buy any bread in the nearest one. You____________smoke here. The city is a big jungle where you____________easily get lost. Everybody____________to escape from fire. Elephants____________carry big logs. I used___________ to sing well. 13
VI. The Comparative & Superlative • К односложным прилагательным добавляется -(е)г для образования \ сравнительной степени и -(e)st для образования превосходной степени: small — smaller (than) — the smallest • У прилагательных, состоящих из двух или более слогов, сравнительная и превосходная степени образуются при помощи тоге (более) / most (самый): expensive — more expensive (than) — the most expensive (of/in) Правила правописания • У односложных прилагательных, оканчивающихся на -е, добавляется J только -г в сравнительной и -st в превосходной степенях: nice — nicer (than) — the nicest • У односложных прилагательных, оканчивающихся на гласную + согласную, эта согласная удваивается: thin — thinner (than) — the thinnest • У прилагательных, оканчивающихся на согласную +у, -у заменяется на -/: busy — busier (than) — the busiest (of/in) Употребление • Сравнительная степень используется для сравнения двух людей, животных, предметов, мест и т. д. В этих случаях обычно используется j than. Mark is more intelligent than Tony. Trains are faster than cars. • Превосходная степень указывает на высшую степень качества у того или иного лица или предмета в группе подобных. Для выражения превосходной степени используется the of/in: The cheetah is the fastest animal of all. Sandra is the tallest girl in the class. • (not) as + adjective + as используется для того, чтобы подчеркнуть, что люди, места или предметы похожи или отличаются: The green dress is not as expensive as the red one. Для усиления смысла используются: • very + прилагательное. It is very hot today. (Сегодня очень жарко.) • much / a lot /far / a little / a bit + сравнительная степень прилагательного + than. She isn’t much younger than me. (Она не j намного моложе меня.) 14
ШШшт 1 Write the comparatives and superlatives of the given adjectives. small tall old old-fashioned messy light clean colourful comfortable large modern bad thin fat good 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) Choose the correct variant. This film is_________ Their TV set is______ The car is__________ English is__________ world. Our country cottage is house. Sochi is___________ A bungalow is______ Villages are not as___ The city centre is____ The mansion is ____ _(more interesting / interesting) than the play (пьеса). ____ (the most modern / more modern) than our one. _ (the most modern / more modern) of all. _ (the most important / more important) language in the ___________ (beautiful / more beautiful) than our friends’ (small / smaller) than Brighton. ____ (cheaper / the cheapest) than a villa. ________(crowded / bigger) as cities. _______(noisier / the noisiest) than the suburbs. _____ (older / the oldest) building in the city. 3 Make sentences to the model. e.g. This flower (beautiful) that flower. — This flower is more beautiful than that flower. A car (expensive) a plane. — A car is not as expensive as a plane. 1) This newspaper (interesting) the book. 2) This house (not modern) that one. 3) His flat (comfortable) mine. 15
4) English (important) for me Technology. 5) Art (not important) for her French. 6) A sea (deep) a river. 7) A skyscraper (tall) a townhouse. 8) His iPad (expensive) mine. 9) Tom’s kitchen (not modern) Mary’s one. Ю) Our curtains (not colourful) theirs. 4 Complete the sentence using a s ... as; is not 1) Mike is not_____ ta ll_____ Pete. 2) Kate is _____ nice______Ann. 3) My room is _____ light_____ this one. 4) This book is _____ thin______that one. 5) Sergei is _____ o ld ______Vadim. 6) I am _____ ta ll______Pete. 7) Amy is no t_____ beautiful______Kate. 8) Our flat is not___ comfortable______his. 9) The building is _____ modern______the cinema. Ю) A block of flats is no t_____ small_______a villa. 5 Open the brackets using the correct forms of the adjectives. 1) In summer the nights are___________(short) than in winter. 2) His bedroom is ___________(small) room in the flat. 3) My brother is ___________(young) than my sister. 4) This letter is ___________(long) than that one. 5) Olga is a s___________(pretty) as Kate. 6) This car is ___________(fast). 7) This season of the year is ___________(good). 8) Their house is ___________(comfortable) than ours. 9) The painting of this artist is ____________ (colourful) of all. Ю) His room is not as____________ (messy) as mine. 16
VII. Модальные глаголы to • Should / shouldn’t / ought to / ought not to употребляются для выражения совета: You should be careful with electricty. (Тебе стоит быть осторожным с электричеством.) You ought to respect the elderly. (Тебе надо уважать старших.) • Should/shouldn’tиспользуются для выражения рекомендации: You shouldn’t eat fatty foods. (Тебе не следует есть жирную пищу.) Write a sentence for each situation with should/shouldn’t using the word combinations from the box. make the bed; hoover the carpets; take out the rubbish; dust the furniture; realize the problem; put pictures on the walls; lay the table; look for another job; wear a scarf; mop the floor 1) (There’s so much dust)_____ 2) (The kitchen looks dull)_____ 3) (The weather is warm)_____ 4) (The carpets look dirty)_____ 5) (Guests are com ing)______ 6) (The bedroom is messy)____ 7) (My salary is very low)_____ 8) (The cat upset the vase)____ 9) (The dustbin isn’t fu ll)_____ 10) (Mary is bad at Mathematics) 2 Complete the sentences using should/shouldn’t or ought / ought not. 1) Bikers__________wear a helmet. 2) They__________share the household chores to help parents. 3) Do you think I __________to apply for the job? 4) It was a great concert. You__________to have come. 5) She looks exhausted. She__________ go to bed earlier. 6) He works hard, so he__________to pass his exams. 7) They don’t love each other. I believe, they__________get married. 8) Sam__________to go away so early. There is some surprise for him. 9) You__________give her your advice. 10) Be careful with electricity! You__________call an electrician to check it.
I. Countable / uncountable nouns : : .......... Исчисляемые существительные имеют форму единственного и множественного числа: one book — two books — three books и т. д. • Неисчисляемые существительные не имеют формы множественного числа: milk, bread, pasta, meat (Неправильно: meats). Следующие слова используются с соответствующими неисчисляемыми существительными для обозначения количества: a bottle of: a bottle of lemonade] a glass of: a glass of water, a carton of: a carton of milk] a cup of: a cup of coffee] a bowl of: a bowl of rice] a bag of: a bag of flour, a slice of: a slice of toast] a loaf of: a loaf of bread] a kilo of: a kilo of meat] a packet of: a packet of crisps] a box of: a box of chocolates] a bar of: a bar of soap] a pot of: a pot of tea-, a tub of: a tub of ice cream] a jar of: a jar of honey, a tin of: a tin of soup] a bunch of: a bunch of bananas] a can of: a can of cola 1 Write the plural forms of the nouns. 1) a flower 2) a tomato 3) an orange 4) a banana 5) a strawberry 6) a cherry 7) a lemon 8) a carrot 9) a cucumber Ю) an onion 2 Classify the nouns from the box into the table. porridge, carrot, lemon, chocolate, cereal, soup, ice cream, carton, milk, bunch, cheese, product, jam, tomato, tea, egg, sugar, sweet, banana With a/an Without a/an
3 Match the two columns. 1) a glass of a) beef 2) a carton of b) bread 3) a cup of c) cereal 4) a bowl of d) cheese 5) a slice of e) chocolate 6) a loaf of f) coffee 7) a kilo of g) crisps 8) a packet of h) flowers 9) a box of i) honey 10) a bar of j) juice 11) a tub of k) milk 12) a jar of I) sardines 13) a tin of m) soda 14) a bunch of n) sweets 15) a can of o) yogurt 19
II. А / An - Some / Any / No Артикль a/an употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе: There is a dog. There isn’t a cat. Is there a mouse? Some употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными в утвердительных предложениях: / want some oranges and some yogurt. Any употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными в отрицаниях и вопросах: Are there any apples in the fridge? There isn’t any/is no coffee. Примечание: Some используется в вопросах для выражения предложения или просьбы: Would you like some juice? (предложение). 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) Is there any/some milk in the fridge? 2) There’s no/any sugar at home. 3) Can I have any/some water, please? 4) The English put no/some milk into their tea. 5) Г ve got some/any apples. Let’s make an apple pie. 6) There are some/no oranges left. I must go and buy some. 7) Г m going to buy some/any boxes of chocolate for the birthday party. 8) We don’t need any/no cartons of juice. There are plenty of them here. 9) She needs no/some fish and potatoes to cook the traditional English dish. Ю) Are there any sweets, Carly? - Not some/any. 2 Fill in some/any/no. 1) I can’t see____________sugar here. Where is it? 2) There are____________fruit in the basket. Where have they gone? 3) Let’s ge t____________bottles of Coca-Cola. 4) Liza has____________money in the purse. 5) I think they can bring____________packets of crisps for the party. 6) Mother thinks we don’t need to buy____________yogurt. 7) There are____________jars of jam in granny’s cellar. Go and bring_________ you like. 8) Do you have____________new recipes? — Yes, I’ve found____________ . 9) To cook a pizza we need____________tomatoes, cheese, an onion and some oregano. Ю) How about____________chocolate cakes? — Good idea! 20
III. Quantifiers • A lot o f /lots(of) употребляется в утвердительных предложениях с неисчисляемыми и исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе. Предлог of опускается, если после a lot / lots нет существительного. There is a lot of meat in the fridge. There are a lot of sardines in the tin. Were there lots of sardines in the tin? — Yes, there were lots. • Much и many употребляются в отрицательных или вопросительных предложениях. Much употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными, a many — с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе: Is there much water in the pot? There isn’t much bread left. Do you have many oranges? There aren’t many apples left. • How much употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными в вопросах о количестве чего-либо: A: How much beef do we need? B: A kilo, (количество) • How many употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными в вопросах о числе людей/предметов: A; How many students are there in your class? B: Fifteen, (число) • Too much употребляется с неисчисляемыми существительными, чтобы показать, что чего-либо больше, чем нужно или требуется: The neighbours are making too much noise. (Соседи слишком сильно шумят.) • Too many употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными, чтобы показать, что чего-либо больше, чем нужно или требуется: Don’t buy too many tomatoes. (He покупай слишком много помидоров.) • A few означает «немного, но достаточно», и употребляется с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе: We have a few eggs. We can make an omelette. (У нас есть немного яиц. Мы можем приготовить омлет.) • A little означает «немного, но достаточно» и используется с неисчисляемыми существительными: Can I have a little milk in ту tea? (Можно мне добавить немного молока в чай?) • Few/Little означает «почти нет», недостаточно и может I ' , ■ использоваться с very для усиления смысла: There is (very) little sugar in my tea. I can’t drink it. (В чае слишком мало сахара. Я не могу его пить.) There are (very) few apples. I can’t make a pie. (У нас слишком мало яблок. Я не могу испечь пирог) 21
1 Fill in the missing quantifiers. countable uncountable many a lot of some / a few little / isn’t much any / no 2 Write sentences using the words in brackets. e.g . H e has got pens, (few) — He has got few pens. 1) She has got brothers, (some) 2) They have got friends, (many) 3) Nick has got pens, (many) 4) We have got sisters, (no) 5) Kate and Andrew have got German and French books, (some) 6) They need milk to make curds, (much) 7) Don’t eat junk food, (much) 8) There’s butter in the fridge, (very little) 3 Choose the correct variant. 1) There’s no/any need to be so upset. 2) Can we have few/some popcorn while watching the film? 3) There was no/any fresh water in the bottle, only fizzy drinks. 4) I’d like to have little/some ice cream in the park. What about you? 5) How many/much money do you have Pete? 6) She eats iots/some of fish products. 7) Are you ready? — Not yet. I need a few/little more minutes. 8) Would you like some/а lot of juice to drink? 9) Would you like any/few side orders? Ю) There’s few/little food left. We must do the shopping. 22
1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Too - Enough Too + прилагательное/наречие + инфинитив с частицей to Too ставится перед прилагательными или наречиями и имеет отрицательный смысл, показывая, что чего-либо больше, чем нужно или требуется: The tea is too hot to drink. (Чай слишком горячий.) Прилагательное/наречие + enough + инфинитив/enoug/i + существительное Enough ставится перед существительным, но после прилагательных или наречий. Enough несёт положительный смысл и показывает, что чего-либо столько, сколько требуется или нужно: Masha is tall enough to reach the top shelf. (Маша достаточно высокая, чтобы дотянуться до верхней полки.) We have enough money to go on holiday this year. (У нас достаточно средств, чтобы поехать отдыхать в этом году.) The shoes are not big enough. (Размер ботинок недостаточно большой. = Ботинки малы.) You are not walking fast enough. (Ты идёшь недостаточно быстро. = Ты идёшь медленно.) Choose the correct variant. The potatoes are too/enough hot. I can’t eat them. It’s warm too/enough, so we can go for a walk. The environment is getting too/enough polluted. The cities are not too/enough convenient to live in. You’re old too/enough to understand the rules. The rule is too/enough complicated to understand. I have got too/enough food to travel to the farthest point. She has got too/enough much water and can share it with us. Do you have too/enough time to listen to my problem? There are too/enough many people in the room. 2 Fill in too/enough. 1) I can’t see anything. It’s __________dark outdoors. 2) This year winter was__________cold to come out. 3) I don’t have__________products to invite my friends tonight. 4) The jeans are__________short for her. She needs size 34. 5) She can swim fast__________to compete with the last-year winner. 6) Charlie is ta ll__________to take the cat off the tree. 7) My MP3 player is __________old. I need a new one. 8) I can’t drink the coffee. It’s __________strong and I won’t sleep. 9) Mum cooks pizza tasty_________ to eat it all. Ю) The face of the clock is _________ small for my granny to see the time. 23
V. Infinitive -ing/to -ing форма глагола употребляется: в роли подлежащего: Boxing is ту favourite sport. после глаголов admit, appreciate, avoid, begin, consider, continue, deny, dislike, enjoy, fancy, finish, hate, imagine, like, love, mind, miss, prefer, prevent, spend, start, stop, suggest, waste(time, money) ит.д.: They enjoy spending time at home. после глагола go, когда речь идёт о роде деятельности или физической активности: / often до jogging in the mornings. после предлогов: She’s good at wasting money. после таких выражений, как: be busy, it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, there’s no point (in), what’s the use of, can’t help, can’t stand, have difficulty (in), look forward to: I look forward to meeting you next week. Инфинитив с частицей to употребляется: для выражения цели: / bought cheese to make a pizza. после глаголов advise, agree, ask, decide, expect, explain, hope, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want ит.д.: / want to buy a new tablet PC. после словосочетаний be + прилагательное (happy, nice, sorry и т.д .):// is nice to be back home. после too/enough: It’s too late to visit her now. She’s old enough to go shopping. после would like, would love, would prefer: I’d love to go to the theatre with you. Инфинитив без частицы to употребляется: после модальных глаголов (can, may, should и т. д.): can play volleyball. You may eat some pie. You should call your grandmother. после глаголов make и let: Let’s go to the park! You shouldn’t make her do it. после would rather (not)/had better (not): I’d rather stay out tonight. You had better not park here. 1 Classify the verbs from the box to the table. like, too/enough, don’t mind, it’s worth, want, ask, can’t stand, look forward to, can’t help, like, avoid, imagine, hope, suggest, fancy, enjoy, promise, expect 24
-ing form to-lnfinitive 2 Choose the correct variant. 1) I don’t mind (to have/having) a bite. 2) She looks forward (to meet/meeting) them. 3) I want (to visit/visiting) my grandparents on weekend or holidays. 4) I can’t imagine her (to get/getting) married to Harry. 5) I’d like to make him (work/working) better. 6) Let’s stop (to eat/eating) at this restaurant. 7) We couldn’t help (to laugh/laughing) at Robin Williams’s acting. 8) How do you prefer (to travel/travelling): by train or plane? 9) Do you fancy (to eat/eating) out? 10) It was difficult enough (to learn/learning) to play the guitar. 3 Put the verbs into the to Infinitive or -ing form. 1) She can’t _____________ (to imagine) him a doctor. 2) We don’t want them _____________ (to disturb) us. 3) I don’t m ind_____________ (to open) the window, it’s so stuffy. 4) He stopped_____________ (to smoke). I would like him to stop _ (to smoke)! 5) The story is worth_____________ (to retell). 6) Would you prefer_____________ (to start) with salad? 7) She isn’t fancy______________(to go) out tonight. 8) It’s too difficult_____________ (to workout) in such hot weather. 9) He promised m e_____________ (to come) the other day. Ю) Avoid_____________ (to drink) water from rivers. Boil it first. 25
I.Past Simple ( ) Правильные глаголы 1 Утверждение Отрицание Вопрос 5 1 1 1 1 \I 1 1 1 1 you you you j he he he § she danced. she 1l did not/didn’t dance. Did she dance? | j it it 1 it we we we f I you you you f they 1 they | \ they 1 Неправильные глаголы Утверждение l/you/he/she/it/we/they saw. Отрицание l/you/he/she/it/we/they did not/didn’t see. Вопрос Did l/you/he/she/it/we/they see? Краткие ответы } Yes, l/you/he/she/it/we/they did. No, l/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't. Формообразование Past Simple образуется при помощи подлежащего (существительного или личного местоимения) и соответствующей формы глагола. Утвердительные предложения Past Simple правильных глаголов образуется путём добавления -ed к начальной форме глагола без частицы to: — I played. Неправильные глаголы особую форму Past Simple без окончания -ed: I eat — ate. Отрицательная форма Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did not / didn’t + подлежащее + начальная форма глагола без частицы to: I didn’t watch television yesterday. He didn’t sleep well last night. Вопросительная форма Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола did + подлежащее + неопределённая форма глагола без частицы to: Did you play football yesterday? Did you eat breakfast this morning? 26
Краткие ответы Краткие утвердительные ответы образуются с а краткие отрицательные ответы — с didn’t. “Did call him?” “Yes, I did.” “Did you tell her?” “No, I didn ’t. Правила правописания правильных глаголов в утвердительной форме • В глаголах, оканчивающихся на -е, добавляется только -d: I live — I lived. • В глаголах, оканчивающихся на согласную + у, -у заменяется на -/ и добавляется -ed:I study - / studied. • В односложных глаголах с гласной между двумя согласными удваивается последняя согласная и добавляется -ed: I slip — I slipped. Употребление Мы используем Past Simple для рассказа о: • прошлых привычках: Не often studied till very late at night when he was a student. • действиях, которые произошли в определённый момент времени в прошлом. Время либо упоминается, либо подразумевается: Не moved to Russia from America in 1984. • последовательных действиях в прошлом: Не turned on his computer, connected to the Internet and checked his e-mails. Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Past Simple: yesterday, last night/week ит.д ., two weeks/а month ago, in 2015 и т. д. 1 Write the past forms of the verbs. 1) to d o ______________________ 2) to le a r n ______________________ 3) to c o m e ______________________ 4) to te a c h ______________________ 5) to t a k e ______________________ 6) to w i n ______________________ 7) to l e a d ______________________ 8) to fight ______ _______________ 9) to m e e t ______________________ 10) to b e ______________________
2 Make the sentences negative. 1) Leonardo Da Vinci was a famous composer. 2) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote many stories about plants and animals. 3) Alexander Bell painted the famous Lisa. 4) Michael Lermontov studied the anatomy of the human body. 5) Bill Gates created the early flying machine. 6) Claude Monet explored nature. 7) Isaac Newton founded many historical artefacts in Asia. 8) Michael Cane was a famous architect in the 70’s. 9) Roger Moor starred in Gone with the Wind, the famous Hollywood blockbuster. Ю) John Lennon invented reggae music in the early 80’s. 3 Put the verbs from the box in each sentence. Use them in Past Simple. to become, to get, to happen, to find, to die, to build, to create, to make, to draw, to explore 1) David Livingstone_________ Africa. 2) Julius Caesar_________ strong Roman Empire. 3) The Great Fire of London_________ in 1666. 4) Alexander the Great_________ one of the most talented commanders. 5) Cleopatra_________ of the poisonous snake’s bite. 6) Sir Benjamin Hall_________ the symbol of London — Big Ben. 7) Paul McCartney_________ many international awards for his music. 8) Isaac Levitan_________ fine sketches now housed in his museum in Plyos. 9) Michael Lomonosov_________ the Moscow State University. Ю) Vladimir Putin_________ our country one of the most powerful in the world. 28
II. Wh-questions with who, what, where, when - Past Simple Специальные вопросы начинаются с вопросительных слов what, where, when и т. д. Вспомогательный или модальный глагол в таких вопросах ставится перед подлежащим: вопросительное слово + ; вспомогательный или модальный глагол + подлежащее. \ • Who, когда спрашиваем о людях. A: Who did you call? В: My mother. • Which, когда спрашиваем о предметах. A: Which hotel did you stay at? B: The Ritz Hotel. • What, когда запрашиваем информацию. A: What did you do last night? В: I read a book. • Where, когда спрашиваем о местоположении чего-либо/кого-либо. A: Where did he до last night? В: He went to a party. • When, когда спрашиваем о времени или дате. A: When did they leave? В: Yesterday morning. • Why, когда узнаём причину чего-либо. A: Why did they leave so early? B: They were really tired. | • How, когда спрашиваем о качестве чего-либо. A: How was the film? В: It was great. I • How long, когда спрашиваем о продолжительности чего-либо. 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) What/Who is your favourite writer? 2) When/Who was the first American President? 3) When/Where did Yury Gagarin fly into space? 4) When/Where was William Shakespeare born - in England or Wales? 5) Where/Who did the Mayflower sail? 6) When/Who was the Moscow State University founded? 7) Where/Who discovered India? 8) Who/When built St. Paul’s Cathedral? 9) Who/When did the World War I break out? 10) Where/What did Ivan Kruzenshtern travel? A: How long did she stay? B: 3 weeks.
2 Complete the questions using w h o ,what, where, when. 1) ________invented electricity? 2) ________did he live in 1998? 3) ____ ___was Albert Einstein born? 4) ____ ___ did The Rolling Stones start their career — in Liverpool or London? 5) ____ ___ was the famous writer to create James Bond? 6) ____ ___was Lewis Carroll? 7) _______ country was Mendeleev from? 8) ____ ___wrote the famous novel Gulliver’s Tra? 9) ____ ___did Leonardo Da Vinci create the Mona Lisa — in America or Italy? Ю) ____ ___was Michael Faraday’s most famous invention? 3 Ask questions using the words in brackets. 1) Albert Einstein was born in 1879 in Germany. Where _____________________________________________________________ 2) Marie Curie died in 1934. Who _____________________________________________________________ 3) Michael Jackson began his career in America. What _____________________________________________________________ 4) Valentin Pikul was the famous Russian writer. What ______________________________________________________________ 5) Christopher Columbus made his sea voyages in the 15th century. Where ______________________________________________________________ 6) Mary Groholtz, known as Madame Tussaud, studied the anatomy of the human body. What ______________________________________________________________ 7) Pele was the outstanding football player of all times. Who ______________________________________________________________ 8) Ringo Starr joined The Beatles in the late 60s. When ______________________________________________________________ 9) The Australian actor George Lazenby starred in the part of James Bond only once. Who _____________________________________________________________ Ю) David Cameron created many well-known Hollywood films, such as Terminator, Titanic, Avatar and others. What ______________________________ 30
III. Past Continuous Утверждение l/He/She/lt was reading. WeДouДhey were reading. Отрицание Полная форма Краткая форма l/He/She/lt was not reading. We/You/They were not reading. l/He/She/lt wasn’t reading. We Дои ДЬеу weren’t reading. Вопрос Краткие ответы Was 1 reading? Were you reading? Was he/she/it reading? Were we/you/they reading? Yes, 1 was./No, 1 wasn’t. Yes, you were./No, you weren’t. Yes, he/she/it was./No, he/she/it wasn’t. Yes, we/you/they are./No, we/you/they aren’t. Правила правописания глагол + -ing: work - working глагол -e + -ing:dance - dancing у односложных глаголов с гласной между двумя согласными удваивается последняя согласная и добавляется -ing: sit - sit HO: travel - travel ling Употребление Past Continuous употребляется для: описания действия, которое происходило в определённое время в прошлом. При этом не указывается, когда действие началось или закончилось: She was texting at 7 o’clock yesterday afternoon. (Она отправляла SMS-сообщения вчера в 7 часов вечера. (Мы не знаем, когда она начала отправлять сообщения или когда она закончила.) описания действия, которое происходило в прошлом и которое было прервано другим действием: / was sleeping when Dima called. (Я спал, когда позвонил Дима.) описания двух или более одновременных действий, происходивших в развитии в прошлом: Mum was cooking while I was doing my homework. (Мама готовила, пока я делал уроки.) описания атмосферы, обстановки и т. п., а также во вступлении к рассказу: It was raining and the wind was blowing when we left home. (Когда мы вышли из дома, шёл дождь и дул ветер.) Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Past Continuous: while, when, as, all day/night/morning, all day yesterday, и т. д. Примечание:... while/as + Past Continuous (длительное действие); ... when + Past Simple (короткое действие).
1 Make the statements negative. 1) Bob was writing a letter at 5 p.m. 2) It was snowing when they returned home. 3) The wind was blowing from the east. 4) It was raining the whole day yesterday. 5) The boys were talking when I saw them. 6) Nick was waiting for Mary when we saw him near the cinema. 7) Mary was singing when he came home. 8) It was snowing hard when father returned home from the office. 9) The car was moving quickly when something wrong happened. 10) I was watching Pirates of the Caribbean at noon yesterday. 2 Make the statements interrogative. 1) Bob was writing a letter at 5 p.m. 2) It was snowing when they returned home. 3) The wind was blowing from the east. 4) It was raining the whole day yesterday. 5) The boys were talking when I saw them. 6) Nick was waiting for Mary when we saw him near the cinema. 7) Mary was singing when he came home. 8) It was snowing hard when father returned home from the office. 9) The car was moving quickly when something wrong happened. 10) I was watching Pirates of the Caribbean at noon yesterday. 32
3 Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box in Past Continuous. to go, to think, to climb, to travel, to do, to get, to write, to look, to come, to walk 1) I ______________ out of the window when I saw my aunt. 2) The boy______________ by bus when the accident took place. 3) She______________ out when the snowstorm began. 4) My parents______________ in Italy from August to September. 5) The sky______________ black. 6) Ann______________ very quickly when she heard someone cry. 7) He______________ experiments when something went wrong. 8) W e______________ the mountain when night came. 9) The students______________ the paper from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. 10) My grandparents______________ of their past when I came in. 33
IV. Past Continuous vs Past Simple - aw*- -ws*? -i Past Simple Past Continuous Действие, которое произошло в указанное время в прошлом: Tanya visited Yakutsk last month. (Время указано. Действие завершилось.) Действие, которое происходило в определённое время в прошлом. При этом не указывается, когда действие началось или закончилось: Leonid was working at six o’clock yesterday afternoon. Последовательные действия в прошлом: She got up, made breakfast and went to work. Два или более одновременных действия, происходивших в прошлом: / was surfing the Net while my brother was listening to music. 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) She read / was reading when mother came. 2) Dad was sleeping while mother cooked / was cooking dinner. 3) They did / were doing yoga at this time yesterday. 4) We were going to the theatre when we met / were meeting him at the bus stop. 5) What were you doing when your brother watched / was watching TV? 6) Was it fine, when you skied / were skiing? 7) The girls were dancing when the music stopped / was stopping. 8) I listened / was listening to opera all evening yesterday. 9) He stayed / was staying at his place from 1 to 5 o’clock yesterday. Ю) The sun was shining while we sailed / were sailing. 2 Use the verb from the box and complete the sentences. play, go, look, run, read, stay, call, get, take, study 1) She medicine all the year. 2) We photos while we were travelling in the Crimea. 3) She the piano from 5 to 9 o’clock yesterday. 4) I you when the film started. 5) Ram after his little sister yesterday evening. 6) It dark while we were trying to reach the camp. 7) The scientist the report while the others were listening very attentively. 8) He at 7 o’clock yesterday evening. 9) My family at the Hilton on holidays. Ю) you home when it started to rain?
3 Open the brackets. 1) The wind____________(to blow) when w e____________ (to be) in the open sea. 2) She____________(to watch) the children play. 3) They____________(to leave) when she____________ (to arrive). 4) I ____________(to travel) abroad when I ____________ (to get) his letter. 5) She____________(to drive) when she____________ (to see) me in the street. 6) It____________(to rain) all the evening yesterday. 7) When I ____________(to enter) the classroom, everybody____________ (to sit) at the desks. 8) My friend____________(to work) at 1 o’clock yesterday. 9) W e____________(to have) breakfast when the postman____________ (to come). 10) M ary____________(to get) ready for the exam while I ____________ (to read).
тш ■т т ю ш т > V. Linking words - becausso, too / and/ also, but Слова-связки обычно используются для того, чтобы объединить предложения или идеи. Они выражают причину, результат, дополнения, сравнения и т. п. • Because используется для выражения причины чего-либо: / spent the weekend in bed because I was sick. • So используется, чтобы выразить результат: Не wanted to become an actor so he went to college. • Too, and или also используются для дополнения: She had shows in Rome and Milan. She exhibited her work in Paris too. She fell down the stairs and broke her leg. She has also visited Spain. • But используется для выражения противопоставления: The performance was good, but few people came. i i 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) She knows me, but/too I don’t know her. 2) We ran home because/but it started to rain. 3) Christopher Columbus sailed around the world because/so he wanted to discover new lands. 4) We travelled in the south last summer so/and took many photos. 5) I don’t understand German so/and I need an interpreter. 6) She was born in China and/so she was aware of different national traditions. 7) It was hot and/but windy. 8) I was working hard and/because I had to pass my exams. 9) She was watching the play, me too/and. Ю) The match wasn’t interesting because/but it didn’t mean anything for the teams. 2 Combine the sentences using the correct linking word. 1) She has many problems. She is not careful. 2) We were pressed for time. We had to run. 3) The weather was rainy. We had to take umbrellas. 4) The winter was cold. It was snowy. 5) Leonardo Da Vinci was a nice engineer. He was a sculptor. 36
6) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes. His famous character was Dr Watson. 7) She can speak French. She doesn’t know Chinese. 8) I have many friends. I have many enemies. 9) He could compose catchy tunes. He couldn’t sing well. 10) Agatha Christie was a brilliant writer. Her private life was unsuccessful. 3 Fill in the blanks with linking word. 1) I can speak English fluently____________I practise it regularly. 2) Arnold Schwarzenegger worked hard__________ _ became famous. 3) Alexander Pushkin was a talented poet____________ he died young. 4) Mary Groholtz studied the anatomy of the body____________created wax figures of the prominent characters. 5) It was nasty____________we had to go out. 6) The theatre was far from our house____________we had to take a taxi. 7) Cleopatra was a beautiful____________clever woman. 8) Roald Dahl wrote books for children and film scripts____________. 9) When I was a boy I could play football w ell____________I couldn’t swim. 10) My weekend was interesting___________ relaxing too. 37
I. Future Simple Формообразование: will + инфинитив без частицы to Употребление Future Simple употребляется, когда речь идёт: • о прогнозах и предсказаниях на будущее обычно с выражениями | I think, I hope, I believe, I expect, наречиями probably и perhaps: I think we will arrive late. I expect he will be here at about 10 o ’clock. Perhaps we will go shopping later. • о сиюминутных решениях: This dress is beautiful. buy it. • об обещаниях (с глаголами I promise I’ll write every day. Don’t do this or I’ll be angry, (угроза) Don’t touch it or you’ll get burnt, (предупреждение) / hope he’ll pass the test, (надежда) I’ll get you a glass of water, (предложения) Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Future Simple: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week/month/year, tonight, soon, in a week/month/year и т. д. 1 Write the sentences in the Future Simple. 1) The kids go wind-surfing to the coast today. 2) They worry about it. 3) Our parents play paintball if it’s fine. 4) They have bubbles of fun swimming in the lake. 5) My schoolmates do archery in the legendary Sherwood Forest. 6) The museum organizes medieval festival for the guests. 7) It is exciting to learn scuba diving. 8) There are more than a hundred activities to do at the holiday village. 9) The weather is perfect for going horse-riding in the mountains. Ю) She does different types of water sports at the cost. 38
2 Make the sentences negative and interrogative. 1) We will make our holiday plans in a week. 2) They will arrange an unforgettable party for the kids. 3) Terry will go trekking tomorrow. 4) She will have a dangerous holiday without an instructor. 5) You will remember the time you spend there. 6) He will have great fun playing laser combat with us. 7) Our friends will take wind-surfing lessons at the beach tomorrow. 3 Put the verbs from the box in each sentence. Use them in Future Simple. to play, to climb, to drive, to learn, to do, to go, to teach, to miss, to take, to worry 1) The tourists wind-surfing to the coast tomorrow. 2) What time the instructor us to make fire in the forest? 3) I don’t think we a guad bike. It’s too dangerous. 4) You the coach to the seaside. Hurry up! 5) They paintball if the weather isn’t rainy. 6) The kids walls in the camp. 7) They about it if they don’t make a try. 8) My parents scuba diving next summer holidays. 9) Ann and Mike a plunge tomorrow morning. Ю) I fencing at the club next week. 39
II. To be going to Употребление To be going to употребляется, когда речь идёт о: планах на будущее и намерениях: / am going to fly to Paris next week. (Я собираюсь лететь в Париж на следующей неделе.) What are you going to do tonight, Ivan? (Иван, что ты собираешься делать сегодня вечером?) прогнозах, основанных на том, что мы видим или знаем: Таке а photo! She’s going to blow out the candles. (Сфотографируй! Она собирается задуть свечи.) Look at the clouds, it is going to snow! (Взгляни на облака! Сечас снег пойдёт.) принятых решениях по поводу действий в ближайшем будущем: We’re going to travel to Thailand this summer. (Мы уже приняли решение.) J> 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) I am/are going to take scuba diving lessons. 2) Their friends am/are going to play paintball at the weekend. 3) She is/are going to do fencing next year. 4) We am/are going to arrange a party for the delegation. 5) Mike and Tom is/are going to try to ride a quad bike on the beach. 6) The tourists am/are going to do water sports during their summer holidays. 7) I am/are going to organize an unforgettable disco for our colleagues. 8) The water in the lake is/are going to get warmer in a day or two. 9) You am/are going to go wind-surfing next month. Ю) The holiday village is/are going to be built next September. 2 Complete the questions using the words given. 1) The water in the sea is going to get warmer in a day or two. What ___________________________________________ 2) Tanya is going to go wind-surfing next month. When ___________________________________________ 3) The holiday village is going to organize a party next week. Where ___________________________________________ 4) We are going to take scuba diving lessons. Who ___________________________________________ 5) Their friends are going to play paintball at the weekend. When ___________________________________________ 6) We are going to arrange a party for the delegation. What ___________________________________________ 40
7) He is going to do fencing next year. When ______________________________________________________________? 8) The staff is going to arrange a party for the delegation. Who ___________________________________________________________ ? 9) Mary and Tim are going to try to ride a quad bike on the beach. Where ______________________________________________________________? Ю) The tourist group is going to do water sports during their summer holidays. What ___________________________________________ ? 3 Write sentences with ‘to be going to’ using the word combinations from the box. to go wind-surfing, to do fencing, to take a plunge, to play paintball, to learn scuba diving, to climb walls, to do archery, to drive a quad bike, to organize medieval festival, to have a marvelous holiday D 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 41
III. Present Continuous в форме будущего времени тжжш* Present Continuous в форме будущего времени употребляется, когда речь идёт о запланированных действиях в будущем, особенно когда известно время и место действия: I’m going to a rock concert tomorrow. (Я уже купил билеты.) Гт going on holiday on 12th May. - - г--"--* - ---I 1 Make the statements negative and interrogative. 1) I was taking scuba diving lessons the whole summer. 2) Their friends were playing paintball from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. yesterday. 3) She was doing fencing the whole day. 4) We were arranging a party for them when they arrived. 5) Mike was trying to ride a quad bike when he fell down. 6) The tourists were doing water sports when the storm began. 7) I was organizing a disco for our colleagues the whole night. 8) The water was getting warmer from day to day. 9) I was going wind-surfing when I met her at the beach. 10) They were dancing till the dawn on Friday. 42
IV. Time Clauses Придаточные предложения времени вводятся при помощи таких слов и выражений, как when, as, while, before, the moment that, after, till/until, by the time, whenever, as long as, as soon as: I’ll call you as j soon as I get home. • Если придаточное предложение времени стоит перед главным I предложением, после придаточного предложения ставится запятая: When I get home, ГII call her. • В придаточных предложениях времени используется правило согласования времён. Это означает, что когда глагол в главном j предложении стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, глагол в j придаточном предложении тоже стоит в настоящем или будущем I времени. А когда глагол в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, глагол в придаточном предложении тоже ставится в j прошедшем времени: Не reads a book before he goes to bed. I m I old friend while I was walking around the market. • В придаточных предложениях времени форма будущего времени не I % | употребляется: Ann will visit us as soon as she comes back. (Неправильно:... as soon as she will come back... ) I 8 Примечание: When she finishes, she’ll call me (when — союз) HO: When will you finish your homework? (When — вопросительное j \ слово) 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) I’ll call you as/as soon as I return home. 2) The rain had stopped by the time/while we arrived at the station. 3) When/While we finish doing homework, we’ll tell you. 4) My dad ran into the parking meter as soon as/while he was parking the car. 5) She takes a shower after/before going to bed. 6) I am going to wait for him until/before he comes home. 7) He understood everything the moment that/whenever he saw everything with his eyes. 8) I am ready to follow you while/whenever you start. 9) The scientists will do the experiment after/before their leader calls them. Ю) Rose will invite us for a cup of tea, as/after she is interested in the affair. 2 Fill in when, as soon as, as, while, by the time, whenever, the moment that, till/until, after, before, as long as. 1) I’ll call you_________I return home. 2) The rain had stopped_________we arrived at the station. 3) _____ ___ we finish doing homework, we’ll tell you. 43
4) You should call m e_________you get the e-mail. I won’t be sleeping. 5) Let’s go for a walk_________the rain stops. 6) _________ I saw her, I understood she was the person to admire. 7) We had decided to mop the floor_________mother came home. 8) I am free now, so I can w ait_________3 p.m. You don’t need to hurry. 9) Let him know what has happened_________he arrives. 10) Don’t tell anyone about our problem_________we cope with it.
■1 V. Conditionals О, 1 & 2 С ) Условные предложения состоят из двух частей: условного придаточного предложения с союзом if (условие) и главного предложения (результат). Тип 0 используется для выражения общеизвестных истин или того, что всегда случается: If you heat water, it boils. Тип 1 используется для выражения реальной или очень вероятной ситуации в настоящем или будущем: If it’s really hot tomorrow, we’ll go to the beach. Тип 2 используется для выражения воображаемой или маловероятной ситуации в настоящем или будущем или совета: If I had a lot of money, I’d buy a new house. (But I haven’t) If I were you, I’d see a doctor, (advice) Примечание: Если придаточное предложение условия стоит перед главным предложением, эти два предложения отделяются запятой: If the weather improves, flights will run as normal. С придаточными предложениями условия (тип 1) может использоваться unless (если не) + глагол в утвердительной форме (=/f + глагол в отрицательной форме): Unless you до to bed now, you’ll be tired in the 1 Write the statements in Conditional 0. 1) Mix yellow and green (to get blue). 2) Leave butter in the sun (to melt). 3) Stay in the sun too long (to get sunburn). 4) Practise a foreign language hard (to learn). 5) Drink cold water (to have a sore throat). 6) Offer a tour beforehand (to have problems). 7) Smoke (to have lung disease). 8) Work hard (to achieve success). 9) Add milk to tea (to get English tea). 10) Heat ice (to turn into water). 45
2 Combine the sentences and write them in Conditional 1. 1) She comes. We call her. 2) It is fine. She goes for a ride. 3) She buys tickets. We go to the opera. 4) They go to the beach. They do water sports. 5) She takes archery lessons. She becomes a champion. 6) We ride a quad bike. We have a nice day. 7) They go to the seaside. They get suntanned. 8) I go to China. I try local food. 9) It is not rainy. They play paintball. Ю) He goes to the lake. He takes nice photos. 3 Combine the ideas and write about your fantasies using Conditional 2. D to have enough money; to travel to Japan; 2) to have relatives in London; to visit them; 3) to live at the coast; to do water sports; 4) to go to an English-speaking country; to practise English; 5) to have time; to climb walls; 6) to live in the country; to go horse-riding; 7) to buy tickets; to go to the theatre; 8) in your place; learn to cook exotic meals; 9) to be free; to go on the adventure tour; 10) to win a lottery; to travel around the world;
VI. Modal verbs may - might - could - will probably - will definitely May - might - could используются для выражения возможности. Обратите внимание на разницу в значении: - Where’s Sam? | - Не may/could still be at work. (Возможно/может быть он на j работе. )/Неmight still be at work. (Вероятно, он всё ещё на работе.) Примечание: вероятность может также выражаться с помощью f наречий probably и definitely. I’ll probably до sailing tomorrow, (очень вероятно/скорее всего) We’ll definitely до on holiday this summer, (это j | определённо будет так) 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) There is no news from him. He could/m ight still be in the holiday camp. 2) She will definitely/probably visit us this summer. She always does. 3) I will definitely/probably go on a boat trip next month. I am still thinking about it. 4) The water in the swimming pool m ay/is definitely be cool. It’s early morning. 5) He could/m ight work for the travel agency. I have seen him in one of the agencies. 6) He could/w ill probably be out. I can’t get him on the phone. 7) The trip will definitely/probably cost much. 8) The flight from the USA to Japan will definitely/probably be rather expensive. 9) I don’t know where Jane is. She could/m ight still be at school. Ю) Jane is definitely/probably at school. It is only 10 a.m. 2 Fill in the blanks with may - might - could - will probably - will definitely. 1) - Where’s Sarah? - She__________be very busy. 2) My father is __________at work now. I can’t see his car near the house. 3) It is windy and rainy. The water in the lake is __________cold. 4) Jack__________still be at his office doing some urgent work. 5) He hasn’t called me yet. He__________still be busy. 6) She w ill__________go on a boat trip across the Mediterranean Sea. She hasn’t planned it yet. 7) They didn’t tell me about their plans for the coming weekend yesterday. They go to the country. 8) She has promised me. She w ill__________pay for the ticket. 9) The taxi w ill__________be stuck in traffic jam in the afternoon. 10) They_________ be travelling at the moment. 47
VII. Articles A/An - The ШЩЩШЩ ШЖ шшлм A/An употребляется: • с существительными, относящимися к предметам без конкретизации: Emily has got a dog. • с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда речь идёт о том, чем или кем является человек/предмет: Greg is a teacher. It’s a panda. The употребляется с: • существительными, если они были упомянуты ранее или из контекста ясно, о ком/чём идёт речь: That’s the man I told you about. • существительными, обозначающими объекты, единственные в своём роде (the sky, the moon)] • названиями рек ( the Thames), групп островов ( Maldives), горных цепей (the Rocky Mountains), пустынь (the Sahara), океанов (the Atlantic), каналов (the Bridgewater), стран, если в названии есть слова: State, Kingdom, Republic (the UK), географическими названиями the North Pole/Arctic/Amazon, the South of England, the North/East/South/West; • названиями музыкальных инструментов (the piano)] • фамилиями в значении «семья, семейство» (the Browns) и национальностями, заканчивающимися на -sh, -ch или -ese (the Polish)] • существительными, обозначающими глав государств (the King, the Prime Minister), HO: the опускается перед этими существительными, если они включают имя собственное (Queen Elizabeth). The не употребляется с: • неисчисляемыми существительными и существительными во множественном числе, представляющими какую-либо группу: Huskies pull sledges over the snow. • личными именами: Alan is a doctor. • названиями языков (если не следует слово language): / speak Spanish. НО: The Spanish language. • названиями стран (если в название не входят слова State, Kingdom или Republic): England, France. HO: the United States, the Czech Republic] • названиями улиц (Wilson Street), парков (Hyde Park), городов (Rome), отдельных гор (Mount Olympus), отдельных островов (Ireland), озёр (Lake Windermere) и континентов (Asia). 48
1 Fill in articles a/an — the. D Jane has g o t____dog and____ cat. 2) Miss Green is ____teacher. 3) There is ____ tiger in _____picture. 4) _ __man in _____picture is my uncle. 5) She has gone o n ____ holiday to _____mountains. 6) I can’t see anything through____ window, because it is misty. 7) ____ water in _____river is warm, so we can have a swim. 8) ____ dentist’s is round_____corner, you won’t miss it. 9) _ __Chinese language is rather difficult to learn. 10) ___ apple is____ fruit. 2 Fill in articles a/an - the where necessary. 1) ____ French language 2) ____ North Pole 3) __ _Moscow 4) ____ driver 5) _ _expensive trip 6) _ _Petersons 7) ____ King 8) _ __Queen Elizabeth 9) ____ Gobi Ю) _ _Slovenia 3 Fill in articles a/an - the where necessary. 1) ______ Petersons are going to arrange a camping holiday next summer. 2) Slovenia is one of the most famous travelling destinations in ______ Europe. 3) The travel agency is looking fo r______ driver and_______engineer. 4) ______ Onega Lake is nice for boat cruise. 5) It’s dangerous to cross______ Sahara Desert alone. 6) My father has recently travelled to ______ Antarctica as a scientist. 7) The river is in ______ north of the region. 8) She has never been to ______ Appalachian mountains. 9) I think we are going to travel to ______ Italy next spring holidays. Ю) Don’t miss the chance of visiting______ UK.
VIII. Relative pronouns / adverbs - - that - which - whose - when - where - why Относительные местоимения вводят придаточные определительные. Употребление • who/thatпо отношению к людям: Genghis the man whI started the Mongol Empire. • which/th at по отношению к животным или предметам: The Mona Lisa is the painting which/that I like the most. • whose означает принадлежность: Tutankhamon was a ruler of Egypt I whose tomb had a lot of treasure inside. Относительные местоимения используются по отношению к придаточным определительным. Употребление • when употребляется по отношению ко времени: 1254 was the year when Marco Polo was born. • where употребляется по отношению к месту: is the museum where Emma works. • why выражает причину: This art gallery is very interesting, that’s why so \ many people visit it. 1 Fill in the table with relative pronouns / adverbs - who - that - which - whose - when - where - why according to their use. People Things Possession Time Place Reason 2 Combine the sentences, using relative pronouns / adverbs - who - that - which - whose - when - where - why. 1) Robin Hood was an outlaw. He helped the poor. 2) You can get into water. The river bank is not so steep. 3) I will meet you. The street ends. 4) This is the book. We have read it today. 5) The famous scientists lived in the house. The monument is near the house. 50
3 Fill in relative pronouns / adverbs - who - that - which - whose - when - where - why. 1) I was greatly surprised______ I saw his surprise. 2) 1960 was the year______ my father remembers very well. 3) This is the travel agency______ we bought our trip to Venice. 4) My friend is the person______ I can rely on. 5) Pizza is the foo d______ I tried in Italy. 6) London is the city______ I first studied English. 7) It was foggy,______ we had to be careful. 8) I have never met the man______ suitcase was lost. 9) The Louvre is the place,______ I like very much. 10) Hampstead Heath is a peaceful place,______ is very dear to me. 51
I. Present Perfect Формообразование Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/has и причастия прошедшего времени основного глагола. Утверждение Полная форма Краткая форма l/You have arrived/eaten. He/She/lt has arrived/eaten. We/You/They have arrived/eaten. l/You’ve arrived/eaten. He/She/lt’s arrived/eaten. WeAou/They’ve arrived/eaten. Отрицание Полная форма Краткая форма l/You have not arrived/eaten. He/She/lt has not arrived/eaten. We/YouAhey have not arrived/ eaten. l/You haven’t arrived/eaten. He/She/lt hasn’t arrived/eaten. We/You/They haven’t arrived/ eaten. Вопрос Краткие ответы Have l/you ^ Has he/she/it ( arrived/eaten? Have we/ you/they » Yes, l/you have./No, l/you haven’t. Yes, he/she/it has./No, he/she/it hasn’t. Yes, we/you/they have./No, we/you/they haven’t. Формообразование Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/has и причастия прошедшего времени основного глагола. Причастие прошедшего времени от правильных глаголов образуется путём добавления -ed к глаголу: play - played. Причастие прошедшего времени от неправильных глаголов образуется иначе: leave - left. Вопросительная форма образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола have/has и причастия прошедшего времени: Have you travelled by plane? Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательной частицы not после вспомогательного глагола have/has и причастия прошедшего времени: They haven’t finished yet.
Употребление Present Perfect употребляется, когда речь идёт о: действии, начавшемся в прошлом и продолжающемся до сих пор: Не has worked as a doctor for five years. действии, произошедшем в прошлом, но имеющем видимый результат в настоящем: She has lost a lot of weight. действиях, произошедших в неустановленное время в прошлом. При этом действие более важно, чем время: Не has bought a new саг. недавно завершённых действиях: Linda has just cleaned her room. личном опыте, переживаниях, изменениях, которые произошли: I have never tried bungee jumping. Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Present Perfect: just, already, yet, for, since, ever, never, so far, this week/month/year и т. д. 1 Open the brackets using Present Perfect. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) (to destroy) the town. just (to arrive) at Honolulu airport. The hurricane_ The group____ Jeremy___________(to join) the rescue team to help people after the earthquake. The rangers from the group___________(to help) the injured. Forest fires____ Their house___ There (not to occur) in the area since last year. _ (to collapse) because of the flood. never (to be) such a terrible natural disaster there for 2 years already. Volunteers from all parts of the country________ There___________(not to be) running water since the flood. (to come) here. His family (to survive) in the tsunami. 2 Ask questions using the words given. 1) I have worked as a volunteer in a rescue team. Where _______________________________________________________ ? 2) The tornado has stopped all of a sudden. How _______________________________________________________ ? 3) Because of air pollution, we have moved to the country since spring. Why _______________________________________________________ ? 4) The natural disaster has destroyed the town. What _______________________________________________________ ? 5) The villagers have come from the farthest regions. Where _______________________________________________________ ? 6) The volunteers have cleared roads. What _______________________________________________________ ? 53