7) Mike’s rescue team has brought food supplies to the homeless. Who _______________________________________________ 8) The earthquake has lasted for three hours. How _______________________________________________ 9) The avalanche has ruined the houses. What _______________________________________________ Ю) The neighbouring house has disappeared after the tsunami. Who ____________ 3 Fill in yet - already - since - for - never - just. 1) She has________ seen an avalanche. 2) We have________ brought all the equipment to help the injured. 3) My brother hasn’t arrived at home________ . 4) I haven’t heard from him ________ the terrible earthquake. 5) We have________ raised money for the homeless. 6) They haven’t m et________ a long time. 7) They haven’t booked tickets to Nepal________ . 8) The earthquake has________ caused a dangerous tsunami. 9) The e-mails from her haven’t com e________ last spring. 10) My brother has________ tried skateboarding.
II. Have been to / Have gone to • Have been (to) используется, когда речь идёт о том, что кто-либо побывал где-либо и вернулся назад: Тот has been to Italy. (He went to % I! Italy, but he’s no longer there.) • Have gone (to) используется, когда речь идёт о том, что кто-либо пошёл/поехал куда-либо и всё ещё там находится: Мед has gone to I London. (She’s still there.) 1 Change the sentences using have been to/have gone to. 1) My friend is still in London. 2) Mike went to the Crimea, but he is in Moscow. 3) Susan is at the holiday camp. 4) Tom is still at the station. 5) She was at school, but she’s at home now. 6) Yury is away. He is in Volgograd. 7) Mary was in Pskov last summer. 8) My parents are in the country. 9) Jim is away. He is in Liverpool. 10) We were in Tula yesterday. 2 Fill in just - yet - already - since - for - ever - never. 1) She has________ finished doing her home assignment. 2) They have________ returned from the country. You can talk with them. 3) Unfortunately, we can’t contact them. They haven’t returned________ . 4) Has she________ worked in the rescue team? 5) He is quite old, but he has________ seen the tornado. 6) We have stayed in the mountains________ a month. 7) The city has changed greatly________ last year. 8) I haven’t written anything________ . Let me have a rest first. 9) We haven’t met him ________ the earthquake. Ю) She has been________ shown on TV.
III. Present Perfect vs Past Simple 1 D 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Past Simple используется для рассказа о: • прошлых привычках: She lived on a farm when she was young. • действиях, которые произошли в определённый момент времени в прошлом: They flew to Italy last month. Present Perfect употребляется для обозначения: • действия, начавшегося в прошлом и продолжающегося до сих пор: She has lived on a farm since she was young. • опыта и впечатлений: They have flown to Italy. Choose the correct variant. She has joined/joined never a rescue team. He has taken/took part in food delivery for the needy last week. Where has worked/did ... work she as a volunteer? I haven’t seen/didn’t see him since the terrible flood. The volunteers have cleared/cleared roads three days ago. The news from her hasn’t come/didn’t come since last spring. She has seen/saw the terrible earthquake ten years ago. The forest fire has destroyed/destroyed the farm. They have moved/moved to the country since spring. They have brought/brought already all the equipment to help the injured. 2 Open the brackets. 1) I can’t switch on the light. The tornado__________(to tear) down the wires? 2) - Where is Jack? - I believe he__________(to leave) already. 3) The city__________(to be) far from the rescue team’s camp. 4) - Where you__________(to be) all the time? - We were hiding in the cellar. 5) The village__________(to grow) into a big centre lately. 6) The trees__________(to grow) up high last year. 7) Tornadoes__________(to take) place very often here many years ago. 8) The workers__________(to repair) the roof of the farm very quickly. It’s all right now. 9) The heavy truck__________(to overturn) by the hurricane easily. 10) It __________ (to be) hot and all the houses __________ (to burn) down last summer.
IV. Present Perfect Continuous Формообразование подлежащее + have/has + been + глагол с окончанием -ing. Утверждение 1/УЬи/\Л/еДЬеу have/’ve been playing. He/She/lt has/’s been playing. Отрицание l/You/We/They have not/haven’t been playing. He/She/lt has not/hasn’t been playing. Вопрос Have l/you/we/they been playing? Has he/she/it been playing? Краткие ответы Yes, l/you/we/they have. No, l/you/we/they haven’t. Yes, he/she/it has. No, he/she/it hasn’t. Употребление Present Perfect Continuous употребляется, когда: подчёркивается значение длительности действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжается до настоящего времени: Мед has been trying to fix my computer for two hours. обозначается действие, начавшееся в прошлом и продолжающееся некоторое время. Оно может ещё длиться или быть завершено, но обязательно иметь видимый, ощутимый результат в настоящем: She’s tired because she has been cleaning the house all morning. 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) She has been/have been playing golf for a long time. 2) It has been/have been raining since the early morning. 3) They has been/have been driving since 10 p.m. 4) The river has been/have been flooding the city since afternoon. 5) We has been/have been touring for a week. 6) The storm has been/have been going on since last night. 7) I has been/have been learning to drive since September. 8) Our village has been/have been growing for a long time. 9) The tornado has been/have been roaring for 10 minutes. 10) My grandparents has been/have been living in Italy since 1984.
2 Make sentences using the information. 1) The city centre / to grow / since last year. 2) They / to work hard / since morning. 3) Our parents / to travel / for 12 days. 4) The forest fire / to destroy / the farm / since 3p.m. 5) Mary / to work / as a volunteer / for a long time. 6) Flood / to damage / fields / since the early spring. 7) Strong winds / to blow / since summer. 8) My friend / to take pictures / since the beginning of the trip. 9) Rainforest / to turn into desert / since last year. Ю) Our grandparents / to run the house / since youth. 3 Open the brackets using the verbs in Present Continuous. 1) People in many countries______________ (to play) football for more than hundred years. 2) His garden______________ (to grow) for a year. 3) The city historic sights______________ (to change) since the past centuries. 4) She______________ (to study) French since she was 10. 5) Tourists______________ (to use) different kinds of transport for a long time. 6) W e______________ (to work) as volunteers for some years. 7) The English Queen______________ (to rule) the country for a long time. 8) People______________ (to pollute) our planet since the early times. 9) The lake______________ (to flood) the village since the 70’s. 10) I ______________ (to stay) at the seaside since August. 58
V. -ing / -ed adjectives f • Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ing, описывают качество коголибо или чего-либо: I’ve had a very tiring day. (What was the day like? ' Tiring.) Lucy is very interesting. (What’s Lucy like? Interesting.) • Прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на -ed, описывают чьё-либо состояние или ощущения: Cathy is very tired!(How does Cathy feel? Tired.) f 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) The film is very interesting/interested. 2) She is very interesting/interested in table tennis. 3) The show was amusing/amused and we didn’t want to leave. 4) The audience was amusing/amused by the speaker’s intelligence. 5) The suburbs of the city are extremely frightening/frightened. 6) Our parents were frightening/frightened when we returned home too late. 7) I found the book rather educative/educated. 8) She has never met such an educative/educated person. 9) It was rather surprising/surprised how a man could walk along the rope. Ю) The people were surprising/surprised by his silly behaviour. 2 Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with -ing / -ed adjectives 1) I can’t deny that she is very_______________ (to tire) of the working day. 2) Jack was______________ (to bore) by the silly comedy we had seen. 3) She says she has never seen such a ____________(to bore) birthday party in her life. 4) The students didn’t agree with th e ____________ (to convince) facts. 5) Nancy found her niece quite a ______________ (to charm) girl. 6) The film director was an____________(to excite) man and his new serial became a hit. 7) Tom thinks the music to be rather____________ (to annoy). 8) The teachers are often____________ (to shock) by his ignorance. 9) The group was__________(to bore) by the inexperienced guide’s excursion. Ю) I am no t______________ (to interest) in modern prose. 59
VI. Past Perfect Употребление Past Perfect употребляется, когда речь идёт о: действии, которое произошло перед другим действием в прошлом или j до обозначенного момента в прошлом: They had had dinner by the time I arrived. They had planted all the trees by 6 o’clock. действии, которое завершилось в прошлом, при описании его jI результата: She couldn’t get into the house because she had lost her keys. Past Perfect имеет то же самое значение, что и Present Perfect, только \ в прошлом: She was tired because she had walked a long way. Указатели времени (сигналы), употребляемые с Past Perfect: before, }I after, until, by the time, already, yet, just, for, since и т. д. J 1 Make the sentences interrogative. 1) She had sprained her waist after the ambulance took her to hospital. ? 2) The sportsman had set a world record by 1997. ? 3) We had already booked tickets before we went to the opera. ? 4) The match had ended before we arrived. ? 5) We had left for home before the rain began. ? 6) I had twisted my ankle before the match was over. ? 7) The fox had run away before we could catch it. ? 8) My dreams had come true by 2013. ? 9) Mike’s family had moved to another place before the terrible earthquake. ? 10) By the time we called him, he had returned. ? 2 Make one sentence combining the given ones. Use Past Perfect. Make the necessary changes. 60
1) I was tired. I played basketball. 2) She finished writing letters. Her mother arrived. 3) The child cut his finger. We could take the knife from him. 4) The rain stopped. We moved home. 5) He decided to study French. He left school. 6) Sam worked hard. He could get success. 7) The house was built. The tornado ruined it. 8) My brother received an e-mail. He wrote back. 9) I bought a new dog. My old dog died. 10) They took up playing tennis. They saw the tennis tournament on TV. 3 Open the brackets using the verbs in Past Perfect. 1) It________________(to become) cold before reached the destination. 2) We________________(to win) the tournament before the last round. 3) My friend________________(to take) up playing baseball before he was 10. 4) The city________________(to change) greatly by the 2000s. 5) The player________________(to twist) his shoulder before the last volleyball game. 6) Mary____________ _ _ (to lose) her handbag before she left the shop. 7) By the end of the month, the earthquake________________(to ruin) the city. 8) The students________________(to finish) writing their papers before the lesson was over. 9) I ________________ (to understand) everything before she told me about the problem. 10) George_______________ (to learn) to play the guitar before he joined the band. 61
VII. Conditional 3 Употребление Придаточные предложения условия используются для: • описания нереальной ситуации в прошлом: If I had saved enough money, I would bought that camer.(Butl didn’t.) • выражения сожаления или критики: If I had taken your advice, I wouldn’t have been in trouble. (But I didn’t.) 1 Choose the correct variant. t ) She would have come/would come on time if she had hurried. 2) They would have seen/would see me if they had looked better. 3) I would have won the game if I did/had done my best. 4) The student would have passed/would pass the test if he had learned grammar. 5) We would have gone skiing if the snow stopped/had stopped. 6) My parents would have travelled/would travel if they had had enough money. 7) They would have played better if they tried/had tried. 8) Many kids would have gone/would go camping if the workers had finished repairing the campsite. 9) We would have arrived late if we waited/had waited for the bus. 10) The problem would have aroused/would arouse if the scientist had reported about it earlier. 2 Combine the sentences using Conditional 3. 1) I didn’t think about the problem. The situation was bad. 2) She didn’t work well because of her age. 3) They didn’t start earlier. They didn’t prepare everything beforehand. 4) We didn’t leave the kid alone. He didn’t break his arm. 5) The team wasn’t tired. They didn’t lose. 6) Mike didn’t collect the information. He didn’t make the report earlier. 7) They didn’t catch the dog. They didn’t hurry. 8) The students didn’t win the completion. I wasn’t pleased.
9) The water wasn’t warm. We didn’t go swimming. Ю) She didn’t buy the tour. She didn’t go to Egypt. 3 Open the brackets. D 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) She______________________(to travel) much, if she had had money. They would have visited me, if they______________________(to have) time. I would have won the game, if I ___ The student (to train) better. (to pass) the exam, if he had studied hard. We would have gone fishing, if the rain My parents ___________________ (to understand) _ (to stop), everything, if I They_________ (to be) careless. Many people (to explain) the problem. ____ (to get) injured, if they (to perish), if the rescue team ______________________(to come) late. W e______________________(to be) late, if w e ______________________ (to wait) for them any longer. The accident _______________________ (to happen), if the driver ______________________(to be) inexperienced. 63
VIII. Wishes тшттт?. ш т^т&&тштт#т£ %ms& ш^тз^вш С Wish/lf only Употребление + Past Simple/Past Continuous / wish/lf only 1 was/were on holiday right now. (But I’m not.) Для выражения желания изменить что-либо в настоящем + Past Perfect / wish/lf only 1 had booked the plane tickets earlier. (But 1 didn’t.) Для выражения сожаления, что чтолибо произошло или не произошло в прошлом + subject + would + bare infinitive 1 wish it would stop raining (It’s annoying.) If only you would stop complaining (Please stop complaining.) Для выражения: • желания изменить ситуацию или поведение кого-либо • вежливой просьбы Примечание: Конструкция if only используется так же, как и I wish, но придаёт высказыванию большую экспрессивность и яркость. Were может употребляться вместо was после wish и only. J ■■■■■■■■• =»■; mmsmmiSH®У 1 Choose the correct variant. 1) I wish the Siberian tigers was/were not in danger. 2) If only I was/were powerful. 3) I wish we can/could save the endangered species. 4) If only she was/were clever. 5) I wish we can/could help the needy. 6) If only they was/were useful. 7) I wish we didn’t pollute/don’t pollute the environment. 8) If only we can/could protect the earth. 9) I wish I can/could stop wars. 10) If only we can/could prevent global warming. 64
2 Make sentences, using / wish / If only using the information. 1) That’s a pity, I am not a scientist. 2) i have nobody to address to. 3) I didn’t try better and failed. 4) I have sprained my wrist and I can’t play the guitar. 5) She can’t play the piano. 6) I have lost my dog. 7) I can’t speak Chinese. 8) I can’t ski well. 9) I can’t help my brother. 10) I’m not so tall. 3 Open the brackets. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) If only w e_____ I wish you_____ If only people__ I wish w e ______ If only I _______ I wish my friends If only w e _____ I wish I ________ If only people__ I wish I ________ _(can) save the earth from pollution. __(to be) here. _____(can) help the homeless. _ (can) stop water pollution. (can) live in the country. ________(to be) not so senseless. _(can) stop natural disasters. (can) fly like a bird. _____ (can) live in peace. (to be) a pop star. 65
I. The Passive Формообразование j подлежащее + to be (в нужной временной форме) + Past Participle. Употребление | Страдательный залог употребляется: j • когда очевидно или, напротив, неважно, кто выполняет действие: The glass was broken. The decision will be announced tomorrow. The patient has already been 1 operated on. | • когда само действие важнее, чем субъект, выполняющий его, например, в заголовках новостей, газетных статьях, заметках, рекламе, инструкциях и т. п.: Hundreds of buildings were damaged by the earthquake. I • чтобы сделать высказывание более официальным или вежливым: The ceremony j will be held in the city hall. This saucepan has not been cleaned properly. (Фраза j звучит более вежливо, чем You haven’t cleaned the saucepan properly.) Соотнесение предложений в действительный и страдательный залог: j • Дополнение в действительном залоге становится подлежащим в страдательном f залоге. j • Смысловой глагол не изменяется по времени, но форма его изменяется на ' форму страдательного залога. • Подлежащее в действительном залоге становится дополнением, указывающим | на исполнителя действия, и употребляется с предлогом by или опускается. I S I • Существительное, обозначающее исполнителя действия, может быть опущено, если подлежащее в действительном залоге выражено словами they, he, j someone/somebody,people, one ит.д. Действительный залог: Someone has left the window open. I Страдательный залог: The window has been left open, i • Существительное, обозначающее исполнителя действия, не может быть опущено, если исполнитель действия является существенным для значения j предложения: The announcement will be made by the president himself. 1 • У глаголов, имеющих два дополнения, таких, как tell, send, show, teach, promise, sell, read, offer, give, lend и т. д., можно образовать две модели j | | страдательного залога. Действительный залог: Не offered her some flowers. Страдательный залог: She was offered some flowers. Some flowers were offered to her. (такая форма страдательного залога используется реже) I • В вопросах в страдательном залоге с who, whom или which by не опускается. Ср.: Who will give the speech? Who will the speech be given by? 66
1 Fill in the table. Tense Active Passive Present Simple make/makes Present Continuous is/are making Past Simple made Past Continuous was/were making Present Perfect Simple have/has made Future Simple will make Modals might make could make should make have to make 2 Choose the correct variant. 1) The new museum is opened / was opened in Moscow last month. 2) The new house is made / has been made of steel and glass. 3) His friends will be met / are met at the exposition. 4) The city is being transformed / are being transformed by new unusual parks. 5) Cameras can’t be used / were used in the museum. You’ll have to pay a fine. 6) Fine souvenirs are bought / have been bought recently at the gift shop. 7) The Tretyakov Gallery is visited / will be visited by millions of tourists. 8) We are invited / were invited to a picnic last week. 9) The decision has to be made / is made in two days. 10) His masterpiece has just been / is being created. 3 Write the sentences in The Passive. 1) She invited us to the museum. 2) They closed the front door before the night. 3) We consider it one of the most famous tourist stops. 4) She will make her souvenirs of fibreglass. 5) Scientists have done the experiment well. 6) I am sending an e-mail and you will receive it in no time. 67
7) The museum will exhibit many items next year. 8) They were taking their decision when we entered the room. 9) People should take urgent measures in order to stop pollution. Ю) The students visited their sick friend a week ago. 4 Open the brackets using the verbs in The Passive. 1) The museum (to visit) by tourists since 1990. 2) The date and time of the trip (to arranqe) last week. 3) The city (to consider) the hottest place in the country. 4) Our plan (to discuss) carefully. 5) The tickets (to buy) next Monday. 6) Her car (to repair) now. 7) The letter (to send) by airmail and received on time. 8) The broken TV set (to return) to the shop some days ago 9) The house (to construct) when we arrived at the town. Ю) Details (to pay) great attention. 68
ЯШ Reported Speech / Reported Questions / Reported Commands / Requests Косвенная речь передаёт содержание чьего-либо высказывания, но не точные слова. В косвенной речи на письме кавычки не используются. После глаголов (say, tell) используется или может быть опущено : Не said that he liked the film. Или He said he liked the film. Say - Tell (сказать - рассказать) Say без частицы to используется в косвенной речи при отсутствии дополнения, обозначающего адресата: She said (that) she was angry. Say с частицей to используется в косвенной речи при наличии дополнения, обозначающего адресата: She said to те (that) she was angry. Tell без частицы to используется в косвенной речи при наличии дополнения, обозначающего адресата: She told те that she was angry. В косвенной речи личные/указательные местоимения изменяются соответственно значению предложения: bought a new book,” said Louise. - Louise said (that) she had bought a new book. Если глагол в главном предложении употребляется в Past Simple, то в придаточном времена изменяются следующим образом: Прямая речь Косвенная речь “1 like playing tennis. “We are having dinner. ” “He has been to London. “We lost o u r ca “1 was listening to music. “1 will buy a laptop. ” He said that he liked playing tennis. They said ( that) they were having dinner. She said (that) he had been to London. They said (that) they had lost their cat. He said he had been listening/he was listening to music. She said she would buy a laptop. При этом слова и выражения, обозначающие время, изменяются следующим образом: now then, immediately today, tonight, this that day, that night, that week/month/year и т. д. week/month/year и т. д. the day before, the previous day, the week before, yesterday, last week the previous week tomorrow, next week the next/following day, the following week, the week after ago before here there this, these that, those come go 69
Reported Questions (Вопросы в косвенной речи) • Вопросы в косвенной речи обычно образуются при помощи глаголов ask или want без вопросительного знака с глаголом в утвердительной форме: “What time does the film start?” Mary asked me. Mary asked me what time the film started. • Когда вопрос в прямой речи начинается с вопросительного слова [who, where, how, when, what и т. п.), вопрос в косвенной речи начинается с того же вопросительного слова. “When is your birthday?” she asked. She wanted to know when my birthday was. • Когда вопрос в прямой речи начинается со вспомогательного глагола (be, do, have) или модального глагола (can, may), вопрос в косвенной речи образуется при помощи if или whether. “Is this bookcase new?” he asked. He asked if/whether that bookcase was new. Have you ever been to Rhodes? She asked if/whether I had ever been to Rhodes. Reported Commands/Requests (Команды и просьбы в косвенной речи) • Конструкция order/tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive используется для выражения команды в косвенной речи: “Be quiet!” she said. She ordered/told them to be quiet. • Ask/beg + sb + (not) to-infinitive используется для выражения просьбы в косвенной речи. Обычно просьба в косвенной речи содержит слово please: “Please don ’tshout, ”he said. He asked them not to shout. “Please, please don’t go, ”he said. He begged me not to go. -- ----- f 3asesss*w& -- 1 Report the sentences. 1) “I went to the cinema yesterday,” he said to me. 2) “She is coming to see us tonight,” they said to us. 3) “I’ll buy you a new magazine,” mother said to me. 4) “She’s played the violin once,” Jack said to him. 5) “There are many icicles in the cave,” the instructor said to the campers. 6) “ The water in the lake was cold last week,” my father said. 7) “I can’t hear the music,” said my granny to me. 8) “Our group helped the needy last year,” said the man. 9) “I can’t listen to this loud music,” said Alice to Harry. 10) “They have composed the song themselves,” said the producer to the engineer. 70
2 Report the questions. 1) “Can she go out with us?” he asked. 2) “Are they going to visit us on Sunday?” asked granny. 3) “When did they go travelling?” asked mum. 4) “ Has she taken photos this summer?” asked Jane. 5) “Will the weather be fine tomorrow?” asked dad. 6) “How much did the CD cost?” asked my friend. 7) “Where are they going tomorrow?” asked the guide. 8) “ How did you get home so late?” asked my brother. 9) “Why are you going to stay at home?” asked my sister. 10) “Where is the Opera House?” asked the stranger. 3 Report the orders. 1) “Don’t stay there too late,” said mother. 2) “ Show me the bus stop,” he said to us. 3) “ Follow the instructor,” said the guide. 4) “ Come home on time,” said father. 5) “ Don’t play music that loud at night,” said the police officer. 6) “ Come to see us on Friday,” said the teacher. 7) “ Hand in your papers,” said the professor. 8) “Don’t bring your dog with you,” said the zookeeper. 9) “ Listen to his orders attentively,” said the man. Ю) “ Don’t play on the road,” my father said. 71
Ml. Reflexive Pronouns Ед. ч. Мн. ч . I - myself You - yourself We - ourselves He - himself You - yourselves She - herself They - themselves It - itself Употребление • Возвратные местоимения употребляются с такими глаголами, как: bum, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, look at, teach ит.д., когда подлежащее и дополнение относятся к одному лицу: / cut myself with a knife. • Возвратные местоимения употребляются, чтобы подчеркнуть, что действие совершено самостоятельно, без посторонней помощи: I made this cake myself. (I made it, not someone else) • Возвратные местоимения употребляются с такими выражениями, как: enjoy myself / yourself (have a good time), behave good), by myself / yourself (without company or without help), make m yself / yourself at home (feel comfortable), help myself / yourself (to take something freely). Примечание: • Некоторые глаголы с возвратным значением обычно употребляются без возвратных местоимений, например: concentrate, feel, get up, meet, relax, remember, sit down, wake up, wonder, worry и т. д. • Возвратные местоимения обычно не употребляются с глаголами wash, dress, shave и change ( She washed and had breakfast) за исключением случаев, когда необходимо сделать акцент на субъекте: She’s got а broken leg, but she can dress herself. 1 Fill in the table. Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns I You He She It We They
2 Choose the correct variant. 1) I’d like to travel there myself/himself. 2) He couldn’t do it myself/himself, so he asked us to help him. 3) It’s very important to try to understand the rule yourselves/herself. 4) She was unable to see herself/himself in the mirror, as it was too dark in the room. 5) “It’s too late to blame itself/yourself,” said the teacher. 6) They are too small to do the task by ourselves/themselves. 7) The dog managed to get out of the hole by itself/herself. 8) The fog was so dense that we lost themselves/ourselves in the field. 9) I will make ourselves/myself a try. 10) The noise was so loud that I couldn’t hear myself/herself. 3 Fill in the proper Reflexive Pronouns. 1) The knife was so sharp, that I cu t_____________. 2) It’s a pity, but they never control_____________ in any situation. 3) They can read the foreign prose_____________ . 4) The child is too small to dress_____________ . 5) Look a t_____________ ! You are so untidy! 6) Don’t think she can get out of the situation_____________ . 7) We made our way in a crowd and finally lost_____________ . 8) Martin fell and h it_____________ while playing. 9) The city is too small to identify_____________ as a capital. Ю) Don’t help me! I can cope_____________ . 73
IV. Tag questions Разделительный вопрос представляет собой вопрос в конце высказывания. Разделительные вопросы употребляются в речи, чтобы подтвердить чтолибо или убедиться в правильности или ошибочности утверждения. Разделительные вопросы образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола, соответствующего сказуемому основного предложения, и личного местоимения, соответствующего подлежащему: Amanda is an artist, isn’t she? You can speak Spanish, can’t you? Употребление Если предложение утвердительное, то разделительный вопрос будет отрицательным: It is cold today, isn’t it? Если предложение отрицательное, то разделительный вопрос будет утвердительным: They aren’t sleeping, are they? Если глагол в предложении стоит в настоящем времени, то в вопросе используется вспомогательный глагол do not)/does (not): Lynne works as a teacher, doesn’t she? Если глагол в предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то в вопросе в конце используется did (not): You lost your luggage, didn you? 1 Choose the correct variant. D You can’t believe it, can/can’t you? 2) She hasn’t arrived yet, has/hasn’t she? 3) The problem was too complicated, was/wasn’t it? 4) They are playing tennis, are/aren’t they? 5) The water in the pond is too cold, is/isn’t it? 6) She hasn’t written the letter, has/does she? 7) She doesn’t like taking photos, has/does she? 8) The story has been very interesting, isn’t/hasn’t it? 9) Your pen friend isn’t polite, is/isn’t he? Ю) Our cousins won’t go out tomorrow, will/won’t they? 2 Write tag questions. 1) It’s easy to understand,____________? 2) I can’t imagine him without her,____________? 3) We have made the most important discovery,______ 4) The book isn’t so boring,____________? 5) The city traffic is quite busy,____________? 6) He arrived yesterday,____________? 7) The village is situated in the northern part of the area, 8) The sportsmen are tired,____________? 9) You can’t see anything in the driving rain,__________ Ю) His idea is quite clear,____________? 74
V. Punctuation rules Capital letters (Заглавные буквы) Заглавные буквы используются: в начале предложения: Here we are. с названиями дней недели, месяцев, праздников: Friday, August, Christmas с именами людей и названиями мест: Му teacher’s name is Sally and she’s from Chester, Vermont. в словах Mr, Mrs, Dr, Professor и т. д. при обращении к людям: M r and Mrs Parker; Dr Mortimer; Professor Riggs, etc с названиями национальностей и языков: They are Chilean. He’s fluent in German and Russian. Примечание: личное местоимение / всегда пишется с большой буквы: Gus and I are going on holiday together. Full stop (Точка) Точка ставится: в конце предложения, если это не вопрос и не восклицание: We’re having a great time. You can never get bored here in Rio. в сокращениях: Mr. Jones is a great teacher. Comma (Запятая) Запятая ставится: для разделения слов: We need sugar, milk, tomatoes and apple juice. чтобы выделить придаточное предложение в составе главного: Топу, who is a doctor, lives in Africa. после некоторых соединительных конструкций (in addition to this, moreover, for example, however, in conclusion ит.д.): Moreover, Jenny is very patient with children. если придаточное предложение c if или другое придаточное является началом сложноподчинённого или сложносочинённого предложения: If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask. Примечание: если придаточное предложение стоит после главного, запятая не ставится. для отделения вопросительной части разделительного вопроса от утвердительной части: Mr Stephens is your Math teacher, isn’t he? чтобы отделить прямую речь от слов автора: “Turn down the music,” said Sarah. Question mark (Вопросительный знак) Вопросительный знак ставится: в конце вопроса в прямой речи: Where are the children? 75
Exclamation mark (Восклицательный знак) Восклицательный знак ставится: в конце восклицательного предложения: That’s a lie! What awful weather! Quotation marks (Кавычки) Одинарные кавычки ставятся: когда задаётся вопрос внутри прямой речи: “Then Helen said, ‘Are you sure this is the right address?’” Двойные кавычки ставятся: в прямой речи: “What’s your name?” she asked him. Colon (Двоеточие) Двоеточие ставится: перед перечислением: There were three of us on the boat: my brother, my cousin Lyn and me. Brackets (Скобки) Скобки ставятся для того, чтобы отделить дополнительную информацию от остальной части предложения: The most popular newspapers i.e. The New York Times, The Observer, etc can be found almost anywhere in the world. Apostrophe (Апостроф) Апостроф ставится: в кратких формах, если некоторые буквы или цифры пропущены для краткости: Тт (= I am)writing to complain about ...she left for Italy in the winter of ’98. (=1998) перед окончанием -s или после него, чтобы показать принадлежность или отношения между людьми: Tom’s саг, ту friend’s husband (singular noun + ’s), my parents’ friends (plural noun + ’), women’s dresses (irregular plural + ’s). 1 Correct the mistakes using capital letters. 1) My friends have never been to los angeles. 2) His friends are Chinese. 3) We like our english lessons, because mr. higgs is a perfect teacher. 4) We are going to have a meeting on friday. 5) The weather on Christmas is going to be nasty.
6) Susan and i have been great friends since childhood. 7) Our granny is not well. We would better call dr. Jones. 8) Two languages Spanish and german are a must for the job. 9) Winter months are quite warm here, especially december. Ю) She has been to henfield, england twice. 2 Fill in the necessary punctuation signs. 1) There were two of us in the ca r____ Mr. Thomson and my father. 2) D r____ Robert is a very experienced dentist. 3) When will the taxi com e____ 4) You don’t say s o ____ 5) ____ Come up to m e!_____said the manager. 6) I need a pair of scissors____ some carton_____a pencil and glue. 7) Jane, who is a friend of ours____ comes next Friday. 8) As for m e____ I hate flies. 9) If you don’t understand the rule____ ask your English teacher to help you. Ю) Mrs. Parker is your head teacher____ isn’t she? 77
MODULE 1 I. Prepositions of movement Preposition Translation over над up вверх under под out of из along вдоль past мимо into внутрь through сквозь, через towards по направлению down вниз across через Ex. 2 1) along 2) under 3) down 4) across 5) towards 6) into 7) out of 8) past 9) up 10) through; over Ex. 3 1) We went past several shops and at last came to the park gates. 2) Moving over small bridges across canyons is very dangerous. 3) When we came into the cathedral, there were many tourists. 4) The village we were looking for stood over the river. 5) Going out of the dark places, first get used to the sunlight. 6) There are nice roses growing along the Green Street. 7) During the storm, the boat went up and down. 8) Many years ago, there were no ships to go through the ice in Antarctica. 9) Walking under a ladder in considered bad luck in England. 10) The bus was moving towards the bus stop, so we had to hurry. II. Present Simple Infinitive Present Simple to write write; writes to learn learn; learns to swim swim; swims to wash wash; washes to go go; goes to jog jog; jogs to live live; lives to do do; does to have have; has to return return; returns Ex. 2 1)1 live in the mountains. 2) Do you swim much? 3) They always return on time. 4) The train leaves at 8.30 a.m. 5) Jeremy walks to school. 6) Kate and Nikita take a school bus every morning. 7) Does Amie miss her parents? 8) They usually play basketball on Friday. 9) I always pass the park on my way home. 10) Water boils at 100 °C. Ex. 3 1) My mother doesn’t cook Haggis for dinner. 2) I don’t climb the fence on my way home. 3) Water doesn’t boil at 200 °C. 4) My sister doesn’t come home at night. 5) We don’t have parties every day. 6) My friend doesn’t study on Sunday. 7) My granny can’t speak Chinese and Japanese. 8) My brother doesn’t play music. 9) Most elderly people don’t go jogging. 10) Animals don’t brush their teeth every morning. III. Present Continuous to come coming to travel travelling to make making to w ork working to swim swimming to play playing to wait waiting to look looking to learn learning to prepare preparing 79
Ex. 2 1) I am swimming now. 2) My friends are jogging. 3) Is she going to school now? 4) They are going to the cinema this weekend. 5) I’m flying to Hong Kong this Sunday. 6) My grandma is waiting for me in the park now. 7) Are my relatives coming to our place on holidays? 8) The kids are playing football on the football pitch now. 9) The dog is running with my younger brother. 10) The baby is crying. Find out what the matter is. Ex. 3 1) I am not taking a shower. 2) The weather is not changing this week. 3) Our sportsmen are not going to Canada tomorrow. 4) Yaroslavl is not changing all the time. 5) Water is not getting colder every day. 6) My friend is not doing his work now. 7) My dad is not washing his car now. 8) The sea is not getting dirty. 9) The sun is not shining. 10) She is not writing a poem for her mother’s birthday. IV. Present Simple vs Present Continuous Infinitive Present Simple Present Continuous to look look; looks is/are looking to make make; makes is/are making to swim swim; swims is/are swimming to wash wash; washes is/are washing to go go; goes is/are going to jog jog; jogs is/are jogging to leave leave; leaves is/are leaving Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) Does she get up early? She doesn’t get up early. 2) Is she is waiting for me now? She isn’t waiting for me now. 3) Is he looking for a job of a manager? He isn’t looking for a job of a manager. 4) Does Dmitry do much work on designing? Dmitry doesn’t do much work on designing. 5) Is Dad coming from his trip to Sebastopol? Dad isn’t coming from his trip to Sebastopol. 6) Are the boys having lunch now? The boys are not having lunch now. 7) Does our teacher usually come to the lesson on time? Our teacher doesn’t usually come to the lesson on time. - What are you doing now? - I’m listening to the new CD of Uriah Heep. - Mm, I haven’t heard about this group. Where is it from? - Great Britain. I have all its CDs. I like it! - I want to learn something about this group. - I think I can lend you some CDs. I hope you like them. - OK. What CDs would you like to advise me to listen? - I believe you must start with the first CD. - Are you free now? - I’m afraid not! I’m looking after my little sister. She is playing with her toys. - That’s OK. I’m not going to disturb you anymore. What are you doing tomorrow? - I’m looking for a part-time job in the neighbourhood in the morning. Then I am free. V. Can / Be able to - Can’t - Could - (Don’t) have to - Must - Mustn’t Ex. 1 1) You must drive carefully near the crossing. 2) The water couldn’t be cold. It has been very hot these days. 3) The elephants are not able to stand the mice. 4) My Granny could speak several languages. 5) People mustn’t litter in the city. 6) He was weak and everybody was able to beat him. 7) Can you hear a strange noise out there? 8) We could smell something burning. 9) The children mustn’t talk with their mouthful. 10) She was able to persuade me to come. Ex. 2 1) Harry has travelled a lot and he can speak three languages. 2) I haven’t been able to sleep well this night. 3) Sam can drive but he hasn’t got a car. 4) She used to be able to do karate. 5) He can drive slowly if he wants. 6) I can’t understand George. I have never been able to understand him. 7) Be careful with the reptile. It can be poisonous. 8) Kangaroos can run at a high speed. 9) She is not able to take up the job. She does not have any experience. 10) I can come and see you tomorrow if you want. Ex. 3 1) You mustn’t park here it’s strictly forbidden. 2) Are you able to understand his singing? 3) Children must wash their hands before taking meals. 4) She is too sick. She can’t walk and must stay in bed. 5) I had to go to the next shop, because I wasn’t able to buy any bread in the nearest one. 6) You mustn’t smoke here. 7) The city is a big jungle where you can easily get lost. 80
8) Everybody was able to escape from fire. 9) Elephants can carry big logs. 10) I used to be able to sing well. VI. Comparative & Superlative Ex. 1 Small - smaller - the smallest tall - taller - the tallest old - older - the oldest old-fashioned - more old-fashioned - the most old-fashioned messy - messier - the messiest light - lighter - the lightest clean - cleaner - the cleanest colourful - more colourful - the most colourful comfortable - more comfortable - the most comfortable large - larger - the largest modern - more modern - the most modern bad - worse - the worst thin - thinner - the thinnest fat - fatter - the fattest good - better - the best Ex. 2 1) This film is more interesting than the play (пьеса). 2) Their TV set is more modern than our one. 3) The car is the most modern / more modern of all. 4) English is the most important language in the world. 5) Our country cottage is more beautiful than our friends’ house. 6) Sochi is smaller than Brighton. 7) A bungalow is cheaper than a villa. 8) Villages are not as crowded as cities. 9) The city centre is noisier than the suburbs. 10) The mansion is the oldest building in the city. Ex. 3 1) This newspaper is more interesting than the book. 2) This house is not as modern as that one. 3) His flat is more comfortable than mine. 4) English is more important for me than Technology. 5) Art is not as important for her as French. 6) A sea is deeper than a river. 7) A skyscraper is taller than a townhouse. 8) His iPad is more expensive than mine. 9) Tom’s kitchen is not as modern as Mary’s one. 10) Our curtains are not as colourful as theirs. Ex. 4 1) Mike is not as tall as Pete. 2) Kate is as nice as Ann. 3) My room is as light as this one. 4) This book is as thin as that one. 5) Sergei is as old as Vadim. 6) I am as tall as Pete. 7) Amy is not as beautiful as Kate. 8) Our flat is not as comfortable as his. 9) The building is as modern as the cinema. 10) A block of flats is not as small as a villa. Ex. 5 1) In summer the nights are shorter than in winter. 2) His bedroom is the smallest room in the flat. 3) My brother is younger than my sister. 4) This letter is longer than that one. 5) Olga is as pretty as Kate. 6) This car is the fastest. 7) This season of the year is the best. 8) Their house is more comfortable than ours. 9) The painting of this artist is the most colourful of all. 10) His room is not as messy as mine. VII. Модальные глаголы should / ought to Ex. 1 1) You should dust the furniture. 2) They should put pictures on the walls. 3) She shouldn’t wear a scarf. 4) He should hoover the carpets. 5) She should lay the table. 6) He should make the bed. 7) I should look for another job. 8) You should mop the floor. 9) He shouldn’t take out the rubbish. 10) She should realize the problem. Ex. 2 1) Bikers should wear a helmet. 2) They should share the household chores to help parents. 3) Do you think I ought to apply for the job? 4) It was a great concert. You ought to have come. 5) She looks exhausted. She should go to bed earlier. 6) He works hard, so he ought to pass his exams. 7) They don’t love each other. I believe, they shouldn’t get married. 8) Sam ought not to go away so early. There is some surprise for him. 9) You should give her your advice. 10) Be careful with electricity! You should call an electrician to check it. MODULE 2 I. Countable / uncountable nouns X Ex.1 1) a flower - flowers 2) a tomato - tomatoes 3) an orange - oranges 81
4) a banana - bananas 5) a strawberry - strawberries 6) a cherry - cherries 7) a lemon - lemons 8) a carrot - carrots 9) a cucumber - cucumbers 10) an onion - onions With a/an Without a/an carrot, lemon, carton, bunch, product, tomato, egg, sweet, banana porridge, chocolate, cereal, soup, ice cream, milk, cheese, jam, tea, sugar Ex. 3 1k 2j 3f 4c5d 6b 7a 8g 9n 10e 11o 12i 131 14h 15m. II. A/An - Some/Any/No Ex. 1 Ex. 2 1) Is there any milk in the fridge? 2) There’s no sugar at home. 3) Can I have some water, please? 4) The English put some milk into their tea. 5) I’ve got some apples. Let’s make an apple pie. 6) There are no oranges left. I must go and buy some. 7) I’m going to buy some boxes of chocolate for the birthday party. 8) We don’t need any cartons of juice. There are plenty of them here. 9) She needs some fish and potatoes to cook the traditional English dish. 10) Are there any sweets, Carly? - Not any. 1) I can’t see any sugar here. Where is it? 2) There are no fruit in the basket. Where have they gone? 3) Let’s get some bottles of Coca-Cola. 4) Liza has some money in the purse. 5) I think they can bring some packets of crisps for the party. 6) Mother thinks we don’t need to buy any yogurt. 7) There are some jars of jam in granny’s cellar. Go and bring any you like. 8) Do you have any new recipes? - Yes, I’ve found some. 9) To cook a pizza we need some tomatoes, cheese, an onion and some oregano. 10) How about some chocolate cakes? - Good idea! III. Quantifiers Ex.1 Ex. 2 Ex.3 Countable Uncountable many much a lot of a lot of som e/ a few som e/ a little few / aren’t many little / isn’t much any / no any / no 1) She has got some brothers. 2) They have got many friends. 3) Nick has got many pens. 4) We have got no sisters. 5) Kate and Andrew have got some German and French books. 6) They need much milk to make curds. 7) Don’t eat much junk food. 8) There’s very little butter in the fridge. 1) There’s no need to be so upset. 2) Can we have some popcorn while watching the film? 3) There was no fresh water in the bottle only fizzy drinks. 4) I’d like to have some ice cream in the park. What about you? 5) How much money do you have, Pete? 6) She eats lots of fish products. 82
7) Are you ready? - Not yet. I need a few more minutes. 8) Would you like some juice to drink? 9) Would you like any side orders? 10) There’s little food left. We must do the shopping. IV. Too - Enough Ex. 1 1) The potatoes are too hot. I can’t eat them. 2) It’s warm enough, so we can go for a walk. 3) The environment is getting too polluted. 4) The cities are not convenient enough to live in. 5) You’re old enough to understand the rules. 6) The rule is too complicated to understand. 7) I have got enough food to travel to the farthest point. 8) She has got too much water and can share it with us. 9) Do you have enough time to listen to my problem? 10) There are too many people in the room. Ex. 2 1)1 can’t see anything. It’s too dark outdoors. 2) This year winter was too cold to come out. 3) I don’t have enough products to invite my friends tonight. 4) The jeans are too short for her. She needs size 34. 5) She can swim fast enough to compete with the last-year winner. 6) Charlie is tall enough to take the cat off the tree. 7) My MP3 player is too old. I need a new one. 8) I can’t drink the coffee. It’s too strong and I won’t sleep. 9) Mum cooks pizza tasty enough to eat it all. 10) The face of the clock is too small for my granny. V. Infinitive/ -ing/to -ing form to-lnfinitive like, don’t mind, it’s worth, can’t stand, look forward to, can’t help, avoid, imagine, suggest, fancy, enjoy would like, too/enough, want, ask, hope, promise, expect Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) I don’t mind having a bite. 2) She looks forward to meeting them. 3) I want to visit my grandparents on weekend or holidays. 4) I can’t imagine her getting married to Harry. 5) I’d like to make him work better. 6) Let’s stop to eat in this restaurant. 7) We couldn’t help laughing at Robin Williams’s acting. 8) How do you prefer to travel by train or plane? 9) Do you fancy eating out? 10) It was difficult enough to learn to play the guitar. 1) She can’t imagine him a doctor. 2) We don’t want them to disturb us. 3) I don’t mind opening the window, it’s so stuffy. 4) He stopped to smoke. I would like him to stop smoking! 5) The story is worth retelling. 6) Would you prefer to start with salad? 7) She isn’t fancy going out tonight. 8) It’s too difficult to workout in such hot weather. 9) He promised me to come the other day. 10) Avoid drinking water from rivers. Boil it first.
MODULE 3 I. Past Simple Ex. 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Ex. 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Ex. 3 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) to win - won - won to lead - led - led to fight - fought - fought to meet - met - met been to do - did - done 6) to learn - learnt - learnt 7) to come - came - come 8) to teach - taught - taught 9) to take - took - taken 10) to be - was, were Leonardo Da Vinci wasn’t a famous composer. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle didn’t write many stories about plants and animals. Alexander Bell didn’t paint the famous Mona Lisa. Michael Lermontov didn’t study the anatomy of the human body. Bill Gates didn’t create the early flying machine. Claude Monet didn’t explore nature. Isaac Newton didn’t find any historical artefacts in Asia. Michael Cane wasn’t a famous architect in the 70’s. Roger Moor didn’t star in Gone with the Wind, the famous Hollywood blockbuster. John Lennon didn’t invent reggae music in the early 80’s. David Livingstone explored Africa. Julius Caesar built strong Roman Empire. The Great Fire of London happened in 1666. Alexander the Great became one of the most talented commanders. Cleopatra died of the poisonous snake’s bite. Sir Benjamin Hall created the symbol of London — Big Ben. Paul McCartney got many international awards for his music. Isaac Levitan drew fine sketches now housed in his museum in Plyos. Michael Lomonosov founded the Moscow State University. Vladimir Putin made our country one of the most powerful in the world. II. Wh-questions with Who, What, Where, When - Past Simple Ex. 1 1) Who is your favourite writer? 2) Who was the first American President? 3) When did Yury Gagarin fly into space? 4) Where was William Shakespeare born — in England or Wales? 5) Where did the Mayflower sail? 6) When was the Moscow State University founded? 7) Who discovered India? 8) Who built St. Paul’s Cathedral? 9) When did the World War I break out? 10) Where did Ivan Kruzenshtern travel? Ex. 2 1) Who invented electricity? 2) Where did he live in 1998? 3) When was Albert Einstein born? 4) Where did The Rolling Stones start their career — in Liverpool or London? 5) Who was the famous writer to create James Bond? 6) What was Lewis Carroll? 7) What country was Mendeleev from? 8) Who wrote the famous novel Gulliver’s ? 9) Where did Leonardo Da Vinci create the Mona Lisa — in America or Italy? 10) What was Michael Faraday’s most famous invention? Ex. 3 1) Where was Albert Einstein born? 2) Who died in 1934? 3) What did Michael Jackson begin in America? 4) What was Valentin Pikul? 5) Where did Christopher Columbus make his sea voyages in the 15th century? 6) What did Mary Groholtz, known as Madame Tussaud, study? 7) Who was the outstanding football player of all times? 8) When did Ringo Starr join The Bea? 84
9) Who stared in the part of James Bond only once? 10) What did David Cameron create? III. Past Continuous Ex. 1 1) Bob was not writing a letter at 5 p.m. 2) It was not snowing when they returned home. 3) The wind was not blowing from the east. 4) It was not raining the whole day yesterday. 5) The boys were not talking when I saw them. 6) Nick was not waiting for Mary when we saw him near the cinema. 7) Mary was not singing when he came home. 8) It was not snowing hard when father returned home from the office. 9) The car was not moving quickly when something wrong happened. 10) I was not watching Pirates of Caribbean at noon yesterday. Ex. 2 1) Was Bob writing a letter at 5 p.m.? 2) Was it snowing when they returned home? 3) Was the wind blowing from the east? 4) Was it raining the whole day yesterday? 5) Were the boys talking when I saw them? 6) Was Nick waiting for Mary when we saw him near the cinema? 7) Was Mary singing when he came home? 8) Was it snowing hard when father returned home from the office? 9) Was the car moving quickly when something wrong happened? 10) Was I watching Pirates of the Caribbean at noon yesterday? Ex. 3 1) I was looking out of the window when I saw my aunt. The boy was going by bus when the accident took place. She was coming out when the snowstorm began. My parents were travelling in Italy from August to September. The sky was getting black. 6) Ann was walking very quickly when she heard someone cry. 7) He was doing experiments when something went wrong. 8) We were climbing the mountain when night came. The students were writing the paper from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. My grandparents were thinking of their past when I came in. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 9) 10) IV. Past Continuous vs Past Simple Ex. 1 1) She was reading when mother came. 2) Dad was sleeping while mother was cooking dinner. 3) They were doing yoga at this time yesterday. 4) We were going to the theatre when we met him at the bus stop. 5) What were you doing when your brother was watching TV? 6) Was it fine, when you were skiing? 7) The girls were dancing when the music stopped. 8) I was listening to opera all evening yesterday. 9) He was staying at his place from 1 to 5 o’clock yesterday. 10) The sun was shining while we were sailing. Ex. 2 1) She was studying medicine all the year. 2) We were taking photos while we were travelling in the Crimea. 3) She was playing the piano from 5 to 9 o’clock yesterday. 4) I was calling you when the film started. 5) Ram was looking after his little sister yesterday evening. 6) It was getting dark while we were trying to reach the camp. 7) The scientist was reading the report while the others were listening very attentively. 8) He was running at 7 o’clock yesterday evening. 9) My family was staying at the Hilton on holidays. 10) Were you going home when it started to rain? Ex. 3 1) The wind was blowing when we were in the open sea. 2) She was watching the children play.
3) They were leaving when she arrived. 4) I was travelling abroad when I got his letter. 5) She was driving when she saw me in the street. 6) It was raining all the evening yesterday. 7) When I entered the classroom, everybody was sitting at the desks. 8) My friend was working at 1 o’clock yesterday. 9) We were having breakfast when the postman came. 10) Mary was getting ready for the exam while I was reading. V. Linking words - becauseso, but Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) but 2) because 3) because 4) and 5) so 6) so 7) but 8) because 9) too 10) because 1) She has many problems because she is not careful. 2) We were pressed for time so we had to run. 3) The weather was rainy and/so we had to take umbrellas. 4) The winter was cold and snowy. 5) Leonardo Da Vinci was a nice engineer he was a sculptor too. 6) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle created Sherlock Holmes and his famous character was Dr Watson. 7) She can speak French but she doesn’t know Chinese. 8) I have many friends I also have many enemies. 9) He could compose catchy tunes but he couldn’t sing well. 10) Agatha Christie was a brilliant writer but her private life was unsuccessful. 1) I can speak English fluently because I practise it regularly. 2) Arnold Schwarzenegger worked hard and became famous. 3) Alexander Pushkin was a talented poet but he died young. 4) Mary Groholtz studied the anatomy of the body and created wax figures of the prominent characters. 5) It was nasty but we had to go out. 6) The theatre was far from our house so we had to take a taxi. 7) Cleopatra was a beautiful and clever woman. 8) Roald Dahl wrote books for children and film scripts too. 9) When I was a boy, I could play football well but I couldn’t swim. 10) My weekend was interesting and relaxing too. MODULE 4 I. Future Simple Ex. 1 1) The kids will go wind-surfing to the coast tomorrow. 2) They will worry about it. 3) Our parents will play paintball if it’s fine. 4) They will have bubbles of fun swimming in the lake. 5) My schoolmates will do archery in the Sherwood Forest. 6) The museum will organize medieval festival for the guests. 7) It will be exciting to learn scuba diving. 8) There will be more than a hundred activities to do at the holiday village. 9) The weather will be perfect for going horse-riding in the mountains. 10) She will do different types of water sports at the cost. Ex. 2 1) Will we make our holiday plans in a week? We won’t make our holiday plans next week. 2) Will they arrange an unforgettable party for the kids? They won’t arrange an unforgettable party for the kids. 3) Will Terry go trekking tomorrow? Terry won’t go trekking tomorrow. 4) Will she have a dangerous holiday without an instructor? She won’t have a dangerous holiday without an instructor. 5) Will you remember the time you spend there? You won’t remember the time you spend there. 6) Will he have great fun playing laser combat with us? He won’t have great fun playing laser combat with us. 86
7) Will our friends take wind-surfing lessons at the beach tomorrow? Our friends won’t take wind-surfing lessons at the beach tomorrow. Ex. 3 1) The tourists will go wind-surfing to the coast tomorrow. 2) What time will the instructor teach us to make fire in the forest? 3) I don’t think we will drive a quad bike. It’s too dangerous. 4) You will miss the coach to the seaside. Hurry up! 5) They will play paintball if the weather isn’t rainy. 6) The kids will climb walls in the camp. 7) They will worry about it if they don’t make a try. 8) My parents will learn scuba diving next summer holidays. 9) Ann and Mike will take a plunge tomorrow morning. 10) I will do fencing at the club next week. II. To be going to Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) I am going to take scuba diving lessons. 2) Their friends are going to play paintball at the weekend. 3) She is going to do fencing next year. 4) We are going to arrange a party for the delegation. 5) Mike and Tom are going to try to ride a quad bike on the beach. 6) The tourists are going to do water sports during their summer holidays. 7) I am going to organize an unforgettable disco for our colleagues. 8) The water in the lake is going to get warmer in a day or two. 9) You are going to go wind-surfing next month. 10) The holiday village is going to be built next September. 1) What is going to get warmer in a day or two? 2) When is Tanya going to go wind-surfing? 3) Where is the holiday village going to organize a party next week? 4) Who is going to take scuba diving lessons? 5) When are their friends going to play paintball? 6) What are we going to arrange for the delegation? 7) When is he going to do fencing? 8) Who is going to arrange a party for the delegation? 9) Where are Mary and Tim going to try to ride a quad bike? 10) What is the tourist group going to do during their summer holidays? 1) My friends are going to go wind-surfing to Australia. 2) She is going to do fencing. 3) I am not going to take a plunge in a strange place. 4) The clerks are going to play paintball during their Christmas holidays. 5) They are not going to learn scuba diving as it takes much time. 6) My sister is going to practise to climb walls at a leisure centre. 7) I’m going to do archery as I am a fan of Robin Hood. 8) Are you going to drive a quad bike in Turkey? 9) The historical club is going to organize a medieval festival for its members. 10) We are going to have a marvellous holiday in Egypt next summer. III. Present Continuous Ex. 1 1) I was not taking scuba diving lessons the whole summer. 2) Their friends were not playing paintball from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. yesterday. 3) She was not doing fencing the whole day. 4) We were not arranging a party for them when they arrived. 5) Mike was not trying to ride a quad bike when he fell down. 6) The tourists were not doing water sports when the storm began. 7) I was not organizing a disco for our colleagues the whole night. 8) The water was not getting warmer from day to day. 9) I was not going wind-surfing when I met her at the beach. 10) They were not dancing till the dawn on Friday. 87
1) Was I taking scuba diving lessons the whole summer? 2) Were their friends playing paintball from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. yesterday? 3) Was she doing fencing the whole day? 4) Were we arranging a party for them when they arrived? 5) Was Mike trying to ride a quad bike when he fell down? 6) Were the tourists doing water sports when the storm began? 7) Was I organizing a disco for our colleagues the whole night? 8) Was the water getting warmer from day to day? 9) Was I going windsurfing when I met her at the beach? 10) Were they dancing till the dawn on Friday? IV. Time Clauses Ex. 1 Ex. 2 1) I’ll call you as soon as I return home. 2) The rain had stopped by the time we arrived at the station. 3) When we finish doing homework, we’ll tell you. My dad ran into the parking meter while he was parking the car. She takes a shower before going to bed. I am going to wait for him until he comes home. He understood everything the moment that he saw everything with his eyes. I am ready to follow you whenever you start. The scientists will do the experiment after their leader calls them. Rose will invite us for a cup of tea, as she is interested in the affair. I’ll call you as soon as I return home. The rain had stopped by the time we arrived at the station. 3) When we finish doing homework, we’ll tell you. 4) You should call me whenever you get the e-mail. I won’t be sleeping. Let’s go for a walk after the rain stops. The moment that I saw her, I understood she was the person to admire. 7) We had decided to mop the floor before mother came home. 8) I am free now, so I can wait till 3 p.m. You don’t need to hurry. Let him know what has happened when he arrives. Don’t tell anyone about our problem before we cope with it. 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 1) 2) 5) 6) 9) 10) V. Conditionals 0, 1 & 2 Ex.1 1) If you mix yellow and green, you get blue. 2) If you leave butter in the sun, it melts. 3) If you stay in the sun too long, you get sunburn. 4) If you practise a foreign language hard, you learn it. 5) If you drink cold water, you have a sore throat. 6) If you offer a tour beforehand, you have no problems. 7) If you smoke, you have lung disease. 8) If you work hard, you achieve success. 9) If you add milk to tea, you get English tea. 10) If you heat ice, it turns into water. Ex.2 1) She will come, if we call her. 2) If it is fine, she will go for a ride. 3) If she buys tickets, we will go to the opera. 4) If they go to the beach, they will do water sports. 5) If she takes archery lessons, she will become a champion. 6) We will have a nice day if we ride a quad bike. 7) If they go to the seaside, they will get suntanned. 8) If I go to China, I will try local food. 9) They will play paintball if it is not rainy. 10) If he goes to the lake, he will take nice photos. Ex.3 1) If I had enough money, I would travel to Japan. 2) If I had relatives in London, I would visit them. 3) If I lived at the coast, I would do water sports. 4) If I went to an English-speaking country, I would practise English. 88
5) If I had time, I would climb walls. 6) If I lived in the country, I would go horse-riding. 7) If I bought tickets, I would go to the theatre. 8) If I were you, I would learn to cook exotic meals. 9) If I were free, I would go on the adventure tour. 10) If I won a lottery, I would travel around the world. VI. Modal Ex. 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Ex. 2 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) verbs may - might - could - will probably - will definitely There is no news from him. He might still be in the holiday camp. She will definitely visit us this summer. She always does. I will probably go on a boat trip next month. I am still thinking about it. The water in the swimming pool may be cool. It’s early morning. He might work for the travel agency. I have seen him in one of the agencies. He could be out. I can’t get him on the phone. The trip will probably cost much. The flight from the USA to Japan will definitely be rather expensive. I don’t know where Jane is. She could still be at school. Jane is definitely at school. It is only 10 a.m. — Where’s Sarah? - She might be very busy. My father is probably at work now. I can’t see his car near the house. It is windy and rainy. The water in the lake is definitely cold. Jack could still be at his office doing some urgent work. He hasn’t called me yet. He might still be busy. She will probably go on a boat trip across the Mediterranean Sea. She hasn’t planned it yet. They didn’t tell me about their plans for the coming weekend yesterday. They could go to the country. She has promised me. She will definitely pay for the ticket. The taxi will probably be stuck in traffic jam in the afternoon. They could be travelling at the moment. VII. Articles A/An - The Ex. 1 1) Jane has got a dog and a cat. 2) Miss Green is a teacher. 3) There is a tiger in the picture. 4) The man in the picture is my uncle. 5) She has gone on a holiday to the mountains. 6) I can’t see anything through the window, because it is misty. 7) The water in the river is warm, so we can have a swim. 8) The dentist’s is round the corner, you won’t miss it. 9) The Chinese language is rather difficult to learn. 10) An apple is a fruit. Ex. 2 1) the French language 2) the North Pole 3) Moscow 4) a driver 5) an expensive trip 6) the Petersons 7) the King 8) Queen Elizabeth 9) the Gobi 10) Slovenia Ex. 3 1) The Petersons are going to arrange a camping holiday next summer. 2) Slovenia is one of the most famous travelling destinations in Europe. 3) The travel agency is looking for a driver and an engineer. 4) The Onega Lake is nice for boat cruise. 5) It’s dangerous to cross the Sahara Desert alone. 6) My father has recently travelled to Antarctica as a scientist. 7) The river is in the north of the region. 89
8) She has never been to the Appalachian mountains. 9) I think we are going to travel to Italy next spring holidays. 10) Don’t miss the chance of visiting the UK. VIII. Relative pronouns / adverbs - Who - That - Which - Whose - When Where - Why People Things Possession Time Place Reason who/that which/that whose when where why Ex. 2 1) Robin Hood was an outlaw who helped the poor. 2) You can get into water where the river bank is not so steep. 3) I will meet you where the street ends. 4) This is the book that we have read today. 5) The famous scientists whose monument is near the house lived there. Ex. 3 1) I was greatly surprised when I saw his surprise. 2) 1960 was the year which my father remembers very well. 3) This is the travel agency where we bought our trip to Venice. 4) My friend is the person who I can rely on. 5) Pizza is the food that I tried in Italy. 6) London is the city where I first studied English. 7) It was foggy, that’s why we had to be careful. 8) I have never met the man whose suitcase was lost. 9) The Louvre is the place, which I like very much. 10) Hampstead Heath is a peaceful place, which is very dear to me. MODULE 5 I. Present Perfect Ex. 1 1) The hurricane has destroyed the town. 2) The group has just arrived at Honolulu airport. 3) Jeremy has joined the rescue team to help people after the earthquake. 4) The rangers from the group have helped the injured. 5) Forest fires haven’t occurred in the area since last year. 6) Their house has collapsed because of the flood. 7) There have never been such a terrible natural disaster there for 2 years already. 8) Volunteers from all parts of the country have come here. 9) There has not been running water since the flood. 10) His family has survived in the tsunami. Ex. 2 1) Where have you worked as a volunteer? 2) How has the tornado stopped? 3) Why have you moved to the country since spring? 4) What natural disaster has destroyed the town? 5) Where have the villagers come from? 6) What have the volunteers cleared? 7) Who has brought food supplies to the homeless? 8) How long has the earthquake lasted? 9) What has ruined the houses? 10) Who has disappeared after the tsunami? Ex. 3 1) She has never seen an avalanche. 2) We have already brought all the equipment to help the injured. 3) My brother hasn’t arrived at home yet. 4) I haven’t heard from him since the terrible earthquake. 5) We have already raised money for the homeless. 6) They haven’t met for a long time. 7) They haven’t booked tickets to Nepal yet. 8) The earthquake has just caused a dangerous tsunami.
9) The e-mails from her haven’t come since last spring. 10) My brother has never tried skateboarding. II. Have been to / Have gone to Ex.1 Ex. 2 1) My friend has gone to London. 2) Mike has been to the Crimea. 3) Susan has gone to the holiday camp. 4) Tom has gone to the station. 5) She has been at school. 6) Yury has gone to Volgograd. 7) Mary has been in Pskov. 8) My parents have gone to the country. 9) Jim has gone to Liverpool. 10) We have been in Tula. 1) She has just finished doing her home assignment. 2) They have already returned from the country. You can talk with them. 3) Unfortunately, we can’t contact them. They haven’t returned yet. 4) Has she ever worked in the rescue team? 5) He is quite old, but he has never seen the tornado. 6) We have stayed in the mountains for a month. 7) The city has changed greatly since last year. 8) I haven’t written anything yet. Let me have a rest first. 9) We haven’t met him since the earthquake. 10) She has been just shown on TV. III. Present Perfect vs Past Simple Ex. 1 1) She has never joined a rescue team. 2) He took part in food delivery for the needy last week. 3) Where has she worked as a volunteer? 4) I haven’t seen him since the terrible flood. 5) The volunteers cleared roads three days ago. 6) The news from her hasn’t come since last spring. 7) She saw the terrible earthquake ten years ago. 8) The forest fire has destroyed the farm. 9) They have moved to the country since spring. 10) They have already brought all the equipment to help the injured. Ex. 2 1)1 can’t switch on the light. Has the tornado torn down the wires? 2) - Where is Jack? - I believe he has already left. 3) The city was far from the rescue team’s camp. 4) - Where have you been all the time? - We were hiding in the cellar. 5) The village has grown into a big centre lately. 6) The trees grew up high last year. 7) Tornadoes took place very often here many years ago. 8) The workers have repaired the roof of the farm very quickly. It’s all right now. 9) The heavy truck has been overturned by the hurricane easily. 10) It was hot and all the houses burnt down last summer. IV. Present Perfect Continuous Ex. 1 1) She has been playing golf for a long time. 2) It has been raining since the early morning. 3) They have been driving since 10 p.m. 4) The river has been flooding the city since afternoon. 5) We have been touring for a week. 6) The storm has been going on since last night. 7) I have been learning to drive since September. 8) Our village has been growing for a long time. 9) The tornado has been roaring for 10 minutes. 10) My grandparents have been living in Italy since 1984. 91
Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) The city centre has been growing since last year. 2) They have been working hard since morning. 3) Our parents have been travelling for 12 days. 4) The forest fire has been destroying the farm since 3 p.m. 5) Mary has been working as a volunteer for a long time. 6) Flood has been damaging fields since the early spring. 7) Strong winds have been blowing since summer. 8) My friend has been taking pictures since the beginning of the trip. 9) Rainforest has been turning into desert since last year. 10) Our grandparents have been running the house since youth. 1) People in many countries have been playing football for more than hundred years. 2) His garden has been growing for a year. 3) The city historic sights have been changing since the past centuries. 4) She has been studying French since she was 10. 5) Tourists have been using different kinds of transport for a long time. 6) We have been working as volunteers for some years. 7) The English Queen has been ruling the country for a long time. 8) People have been polluting our planet since the early times. 9) The lake has been flooding the village since the 70’s. 10) I have been staying at the seaside since August. V. -ing / -ed adjectives Ex. 1 1) The film is very interesting. 2) She is very interested in table tennis. 3) The show was amusing and we didn’t want to leave. 4) The audience was amused by the speaker’s intelligence. 5) The suburbs of the city are extremely frightening. 6) Our parents were frightened when we returned home too late. 7) I found the book rather educative. 8) She has never met such an educated person. 9) It was rather surprising how a man could walk along the rope. 10) The people were surprised by his silly behaviour. Ex. 2 1)1 can’t deny that she is very tired of the working day. 2) Jack was bored by the silly comedy we had seen. 3) She says she has never seen such a boring birthday party in her life. 4) The students didn’t agree with the convincing facts. 5) Nancy found her niece quite a charming girl. 6) The film director was an exciting man and his new serial became a hit. 7) Tom thinks the music to be rather annoying. 8) The teachers are often shocked by his ignorance. 9) The group was bored by the inexperienced guide’s excursion. 10) lam not interested in modern prose. VI. Past Perfect Ex. 1 1) Had she sprained her waist after the ambulance took her to hospital? 2) Had the sportsman set a world record by 1997? 3) Had we already booked tickets before we went to the opera? 4) Had the match ended before we arrived? 5) Had we left for home before the rain began? 6) Had I twisted my ankle before the match was over? 7) Had the fox run away before we could catch it? 8) Had my dreams come true by 2013? 9) Had Mike’s family moved to another place before the terrible earthquake? 10) Had he returned by the time we called him? Ex. 2 1)1 was tired after I had played basketball. 2) She had finished writing letters before her mother arrived. 3) The child had cut his finger before we could take the knife from him. 4) The rain had stopped before we moved home. 92
Ex. 3 He had decided to study French before he left school. Sam had worked hard before he could get success. The house was built after the tornado had ruined it. My brother had received an e-mail before he wrote back. I bought a new dog after my old dog had died. They took up playing tennis after they had seen the tennis tournament on TV. It had become cold before reached the destination. 2) We had won the tournament before the last round. 3) My friend had taken up playing baseball before he was 10. The city had changed greatly by the 2000s. The player had twisted his shoulder before the last volleyball game. Mary had lost her handbag before she left the shop. By the end of the month, the earthquake had ruined the city. The students had finished writing their papers before the lesson was over. I had understood everything before she told me about the problem. George had learned to play the guitar before he joined the band. 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) 1) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Ю) VII. Conditional 3 Ex.1 1) She would have come on time if she had hurried. 2) They would have seen me if they had looked better. 3) I would have won the game if I had done my best. 4) The student would have passed the test if he had learned grammar. 5) We would have gone skiing if the snow had stopped. 6) My parents would have travelled if they had had enough money. 7) They would have played better if they had tried. 8) Many kids would have gone camping if the workers had finished repairing the campsite. 9) We would have arrived late if we had waited for the bus. 10) The problem would have aroused if the scientist had reported about it earlier. Ex.2 1) If I had thought about the problem the situation would have been better. 2) She would have worked better if she had been younger. 3) They would have started earlier it they had prepared everything beforehand. 4) The kid would have broken his arm if we had left him alone. 5) The team would have lost if they had been tired. 6) Mike would have made the report earlier if he had collected the information. 7) They would have caught the dog if they had hurried. 8) If the students had won the competition I would have been pleased. 9) If the water had been warm we would have gone swimming. 10) If she had bought the tour she would have already gone to Egypt. Ex.3 1) She would have travelled much if she had had money. 2) They would have visited me if they had had time. 3) I would have won the game if I had trained better. 4) The student would have passed the exam if he had studied hard. 5) We would have gone fishing if the rain had stopped. 6) My parents would have understood everything if I had explained the problem. 7) They would have got injured if they had been careless. 8) Many people would have perished if the rescue team had come late. 9) We would have been late if we had waited for them any longer. 10) The accident would have happened if the driver had been inexperienced. VIII. Wishes Ex.1 1) I wish the Siberian tigers were not in danger. 2) If only I were powerful. 3) I wish we could save the endangered species. 4) If only she were clever. 5) I wish we could help the needy. 6) If only they were useful. 7) I wish we didn’t pollute the environment. 8) If only we could protect the earth. 9) I wish I could stop wars. 10) If only we could prevent global warming. 93
Ex. 2 Ex. 3 I. The Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 1) I wish I were a scientist. 2) I wish I had somebody to address to. 3) I wish I tried better. 4) I wish I didn’t sprain my wrist. 5) If only she could play the piano. 6) I wish I didn’t lose my dog. 7) If only I could speak Chinese. 8) I wish I were good at skiing. 9) I wish I could help my brother. 10) I wish I could grow up faster. 1) If only we could save the earth from pollution. 2) I wish you were here. 3) If only people could help the homeless. 4) I wish we could stop water pollution. 5) If only I could live in the country. 6) I wish my friends were not so senseless. 7) If only we could stop natural disasters. 8) I wish I could fly like a bird. 9) If only people could live in peace. 10) I wish I were a pop star. MODULE 6 Passive Tense Active Passive Present Simple Make / makes Is/are made Present Continuous Is/are making Is/are being made Past Simple Made Was/were made Past Continuous Was/were making Was/were being made Present Perfect Simple Have/has made Have/has been made Future Simple Will make Will be made Modals M ight make Could make Should make Have to make Might be made Could be made Should be made Have to be made 1) The new museum was opened in Moscow last month. 2) The new house is made of steel and glass. 3) His friends will be met at the exposition. 4) The city is being transformed by new unusual parks. 5) Cameras can’t be used in the museum. You’ll have to pay a fine. 6) Fine souvenirs have been recently bought at the gift shop. 7) The Tretyakov Gallery is visited by millions of tourists. 8) We were invited to a picnic last week. 9) The decision has to be made in two days. 10) His masterpiece has just been created. 1) We were invited to the museum. 2) Before the night, the front door was closed. 3) It is considered one of the most famous tourist stops. 4) Her souvenirs will be made of fibreglass. 5) The experiment has been done well. 6) An e-mail is being sent and will be received in no time. 7) Many items will be exhibited next year. 8) Their decision was being taken when we entered the room. 9) Urgent measures should be taken in order to stop pollution. 10) The sick friend was visited by the students a week ago. 1) The museum has been visited by tourists since 1990. 2) The date and time of the trip were arranged last week. 3) The city is considered the hottest place in the country. 94
4) Our plan should be discussed carefully. 5) The tickets will be bought next Monday. 6) Her car is being repaired now. 7) The letter was sent by airmail and received on time. 8) The broken TV set was returned to the shop some days ago. 9) The house was being constructed when we arrived at the town. 10) Details have been paid great attention. II. Reported Speech / Reported Questions / Reported Commands / Requests Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 1) He told me he had gone to the cinema the day before. 2) They told us she was coming to see them the following night. 3) Mother told me she would buy me a new magazine. 4) Jack told him she had played the violin once. 5) The instructor told the campers there were many icicles in the cave. 6) My father told me the water in the lake had been cold the week before. 7) My granny told she could not hear the music. 8) The man said their group had helped the needy the year before. 9) Alice told Harry she could not listen to that loud music. 10) The producer told the engineer they had composed the song themselves. 1) He asked if she could go with them. 2) Granny asked if they were going to visit them on Sunday. 3) Mum asked when they had gone travelling. 4) Jane asked if she had taken photos that summer. 5) Dad asked if the weather would be fine the next day. 6) My friend asked how much the CD had cost. 7) The guide asked where they were going the next day. 8) My brother asked how he had got home so late. 9) My sister asked why they were going to stay at home. 10) The stranger asked where the Opera House was. 1) Mother ordered not to stay there too late. 2) He asked us to show him the bus stop. 3) The guide asked to follow the instructor. 4) Father ordered to come home on time. 5) The police officer asked not to play music that loud at night. 6) The teacher asked to come to see them on Friday. 7) The professor said to hand in their papers. 8) The zookeeper warned not to bring their dog with them. 9) The man asked to listen to his orders attentively. 10) My father said not to play on the road. III. Reflexive Pronouns Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Personal Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns I Myself You Yourselves He Himself She Herself It Itself We Ourselves They Themselves 1) I’d like to travel there myself. 2) He couldn’t do it himself, so he asked us to help him. 3) It’s very important to try to understand the rule yourselves. 4) She was unable to see herself in the mirror, as it was too dark in the room. 5) “It’s too late to blame yourself,” said the teacher. 6) They are too small to do the task by themselves. 7) The dog managed to get out of the hole by itself. 8) The fog was so dense that we lost ourselves in the field. 95
Ex. 3 9) I will make myself a try. 10) The noise was so loud that I couldn’t hear myself. 1) The knife was so sharp, that I cut myself. 2) It’s a pity, but they never control themselves in any situation. 3) They can read the foreign prose themselves. 4) The child is too small to dress himself. 5) Look at yourself! You are so untidy! 6) Don’t think she can get out of the situation herself. 7) We made our way in a crowd and finally lost ourselves. 8) Martin fell and hit himself while playing. 9) The city is too small to identify itself as a capital. 10) Don’t help me! I can cope myself. IV. Tag questions Ex.1 1) You can’t believe it, can you? 2) She hasn’t arrived yet, has she? 3) The problem was too complicated, wasn’t it? 4) They are playing tennis, aren’t they? 5) The water in the pond is too cold, isn’t it? 6) She hasn’t written the letter, has she? 7) She doesn’t like taking photos, does she? 8) The story has been very interesting, hasn’t it? 9) Your pen friend isn’t polite, is he? 10) Our cousins won’t go out tomorrow, will they? Ex. 2 1) It’s easy to understand, isn’t it? 2) I can’t imagine him without her, can I? 3) We have made the most important discovery, haven’t we? 4) The book isn’t so boring, is it? 5) The city traffic is quite busy, isn’t it? 6) He arrived yesterday, didn’t he? 7) The village is situated in the northern part of the area, isn’t it? 8) The sportsmen are tired, aren’t they? 9) You can’t see anything in the driving rain, can you? 10) His idea is quite clear, isn’t it? V. Punctuation rules Ex. 1 1) My friends have never been to Los Angeles. 2) His friends are Chinese. 3) We like our English lessons, because Mr. Higgs is a perfect teacher. 4) We are going to have a meeting on Friday. 5) The weather on Christmas is going to be nasty. 6) Susan and I have been great friends since childhood. 7) Our granny is not well. We would better call Dr. Jones. 8) Two languages Spanish and German are a must for the job. 9) Winter months are quite warm here, especially December. 10) She has been to Henfield, England twice. Ex. 2 1) There were two of us in the car: Mr. Thomson and my father. 2) Dr. Robert is a very experienced dentist. 3) When will the taxi come? 4) You don’t say so! 5) “Come up to me!” said the manager. 6) I need a pair of scissors, some carton, a pencil and glue. 7) Jane, who is a friend of ours, comes next Friday. 8) As for me, I hate flies. 9) If you don’t understand the rule, ask your English teacher to help you. 10) Mrs. Parker is your head teacher, isn’t she? 96