323rd OMICS International Conference August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
Posters
Infectious Diseases-2015
Page 109
Maria Fernanda Chiari et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
In vitro evaluation of anti-helminthic activity of Mentha piperita extracts against Strongyloides venezuelensis
Maria Fernanda Chiari1, César CoratRibeiro Prado2, Silmara Marques Allegretti2 and Fernanda de Freitas Anibal1
1Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Brasil
2Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
Disseminated strongyloidiasis is rare among the population of immunocompetent, but very important in
immunocompromised individuals, particularly those co-infected with HIV. This form of the disease is due to autoinfection
capacity of Strongyloides stercoralis and characterized by the presence of larvae in multiple organs. The search for new
compounds that have antiparasitic activity and less side effects is of great interest for the treatment of immunocompromised
individuals. The search for new drugs has an important ally in medicine for centuries, the use of medicinal plants. And in
our group we have shown beneficial effects of Mentha piperita L. in the treatment of experimental schistosomiasis. Thus, we
evaluated the Menthol and menthone compound in the viability of in vitro parthenogenetic females Strongyloides venezuelensis.
After 12 days of infection of rats (Wistar -1500 larvae per animal),15 cm of their small intestine were removed and the females
were recovered. Two females per well containing 2 mL medium and compounds and Menthol and / or menthone (100 ug/ml,
50 ug/ml, 25 ug/ml and 12.5 ug/ml) in triplicate. We utilized Ivermectin (the same doses to compounds) to positive control
and DMSO 99.9% to negative control. The tested compounds showed 100% efficiency for induction of in vitro female death,
suggesting that these bio compounds have potential to be assessed for their effectiveness in reducing the parasitic load in vivo
tests. And they can contribute to the search for new compounds in the control of parasitic diseases caused by nematodes.
Biography
Maria Fernanda Chiari graduated in biological sciences at Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná (2007) and became master in biotechnology at Universidade
Federal de São Carlos in 2010. She is currently a fellow of CAPES doctoral program in biotechnology also from the Universidade Federal de São Carlos - UFSCar,
working in the field of parasitology and immunology.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 110
Matougui Nada et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Lipid-based nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides to treat bacterial infectious diseases
Matougui Nada1, Groo Anne-Claire1, Umerska Anita1, Hakansson Joakim2, Joly-Guillou Marie-Laure3 and Saulnier Patrick1,3
1Inserm U1066 (Micro et Nanomedecines biomimétiques), Angers, France
2SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden
3Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), Angers, France
The rapid increase in drug-resistant infections presents an acute problem that continues to challenge the healthcare
sector, generating interest in novel antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a high potential as new
therapeutics against infectious diseases as they are less prone to induce resistance due to their fast and non-specific mechanism
of action. The new peptides included in the study are well-defined AMPs, established to have an antimicrobial effect and an
acceptable safety profile. The aim of this work is to explore the potential of lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) for AMP delivery, and
especially its ability to protect the peptide against degradation while at the same time maintain proper drug activity. The LNCs
are described as an oily core composed of medium chain triglycerides, and surrounded by a surfactant shell made of lecithin
and PEGylated surfactants. Their lipidic cores are not favourable as they stand to encapsulate hydrophilic molecules. To
promote the peptide loading, the incorporation of the cationic peptides in the shell of the LNCs was envisaged. Two strategies
are tested: adsorption of the AMPs on the surface of LNCs by incubation under magnetic stirring or incorporation of charged
linkers to the formulation of LNCs. The incubation performed at different conditions shows a good association of the peptides
to the surface of the LNCs. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the LNC-AMPs were determined for the sensitive
strains. The results show a preservation of the antibacterial activity of the native peptide and in some cases a decrease of the
MIC.
Biography
Matougui Nada is a second year PhD student in biology and health doctorate school at the University of Angers working under the supervision of the professor
Patrick Saulnier. Her research is focused on the development of a Lipid-based nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides to treat bacterial infectious diseases. She
is pharmacy graduate from the Medicine University of Algiers, followed by a Master degree in “Technologies Innovantes en Formulation” at University of Angers.
She worked as an intern at the “MINT” laboratory on the development of a nanomedicine for glioblastoma therapy.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 111
Groo Anne-Claire et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
The antimicrobial peptides delivery strategies based on nanotechnology to treat infectious diseases
Groo Anne-Claire1, Matougui Nada1, Umerska Anita1, Håkansson Joakim2, Cassissa Viviane3, Bysell Helena4, Joly Guillou Marie-Laure3 and Saulnier
Patrick1,3
1Inserm U1066 (Micro and nanomedicine biomimetic), France.
2, 4SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Sweden.
3Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU), France.
Due to the increasing problem of resistance to traditional antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have a huge potential
as new therapeutics against infectious diseases as they are less prone to induce resistance due to their fast and non-specific
mechanisms of action. The delivery strategies based on nanotechnology has the potential to improve the efficiency and stability
of AMPs in clinical development. Moreover, nanocarriers were particularly promising for peptide delivery, controlled release
strategies and technologies against proteolytic degradation of peptides. The Polymyxin B is a well-known antimicrobial peptide
and was used as model peptide in our study. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are a new generation of biomimetic nanocarriers and
were used to deliver the peptide. The aim of the present study was to produce the LNCs with antibacterial activity. We have
developed peptide-loaded reverse micelles and incorporated in LNCs by phase inversion process. In order to evaluate the
antimicrobial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined via a broth micro-dilution method. The
activity of Polymyxin B solution and Polymyxin B-loaded LNCs were studied against the following bacterial Gram-negative
strains: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reference strains), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (clinical strains), Escherichia coli (reference
strains), Acinetobacter baumannii AYE (reference strains). Polymyxin B was efficiency encapsulated in LNCs using reverse
micelles and the antimicrobial activity was intact. The study shows that LNCs are an excellent candidate to deliver AMPs.
Biography
Groo Anne-Claire studied Pharmacy at the University of Reims in France and then, formulation of colloidal systems at the University of Paris XI in France. She
received her Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from university of Angers, France, specialising in the nanocarrier optimization for oral delivery in 2013. Her main
research interests during her thesis are the development and the evaluation of anticancer drug nanoparticles, for crossing the mucus layer and for improving oral
bioavailability. She is a post-doctoral researcher and develops nanocarriers to encapsulated antimicrobial peptides to treat bacterial infection diseases.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 112
Angelique Montagu et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Evaluation of interaction mechanisms between Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria and lipidic nanocapsules
by flow cytometry
Angelique Montagu, M-L Joly-Guillou, C Guillet, J Bejaud, E Rossines, C Gaillard and P Saulnier
University of Angers, France
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen, resistant to many commonly-used antibiotics. Considering
the limited number of antibiotics in development, interesting strategies could lay on the use of natural resources
especially essential oils (EOs). An interesting strategy underlined the antibacterial potential of EO components (carvacrol,
cinnamaldehyde) loaded LNCs against A. baumannii. The aim of this study was to realize and characterize DiO-LNCs loaded
with antibacterial actives. The antibacterial activity of these nano-carriers was evaluated in vitro against A. baumannii. Finally,
we determine the interactions between bacteria and LNCs over time thanks to the fluorescence of DiO-LNCs and the properties
of trypan blue in order to precise the physicochemical mechanisms occurring at the level of the biological membrane. The
results underlined the attractiveness of the encapsulated actives compared to unloaded-LNCs. These results demonstrated the
capacity of carvacrol-loaded-LNCs to interact and penetrate the bacterial membrane in comparison with cinnamaldehyde-
LNCs and unloaded-LNCs. Moreover, the fluorescence of bacteria remained constant after contact with carvacrol-loaded-
LNCs and cinnamaldehyde-LNCs whereas the fluorescence of the blank-LNCs decreased over time. This phenomenon could
be explained by the release of these blank-LNCs by efflux pumps.
There after, modifications of carvacrol after substitution of hydroxyl functions by fatty acids (acetic acid, palmitic acid)
demonstrated the crucial role of these latter for antibacterial activity. Finally, after contact with an efflux pump inhibitor CCCP
(carbonylcyanide-3-chlorophenyl hydrazine), the results underlined a total synergistic effect for Car-LNCs showing that the
CCCP is associated with action mechanism of carvacrol especially at the level of efflux pump mechanism.
Biography
Angelique Montagu is a PhD student at the University of Angers through a CIFRE thesis with Eydo pharma, dealing with essential oils encapsulation for the
treatment of nosocomial infections under the direction of Pr. Marie-Laure Joly-Guillou and Pr. Patrick Saulnier. She studied biology at the University of Angers and
she obtained master’s degree in biology whose the subject was the use of mesenchymal stem cells as vehicles for lipid nanocapsules for the treatment of glioma.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 113
A Aslanyan et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
How many patients who claim to have drug allergy have a true allergy?
A Aslanyan and M Thomas
Scunthorpe General Hospital (SGH), UK
Introduction: The incidence of an allergic reaction to antibiotics is as high as 5-10%1. Interestingly, a significant number of
patients are under the impression that they are allergic to certain medications, but in fact, some of these cases are not true
allergies but side effects. False drug allergy status can potentially compromise patients’ care and increase healthcare expenses.
Objective: This audit looks at 1) how well allergy status is recorded in medical and surgical wards at SGH2) are the appropriate
red wristbands given? 3) What is the percentage of patients who are labelled as ‘allergic to certain medications’ have a true
allergy?
Method: Data was collected from 99 random medical inpatients and 101 random surgical inpatients using our designed
proforma. The proforma asked the following questions: 1) Does the patient claim to have allergy? 2) If yes - what reaction is
it? 3) Is the allergy status recorded in clerking sheet and drug chart? 4) Is the allergic reaction recorded? 5) Are appropriate
wristbands given to the patients?
Results: 30% of patients claimed that they have allergy. Only 89% and 97% of allergy status was recorded in clerking sheets
and drug charts respectively. Out of the patients who had an allergy only 33.3% of allergic reactions was recorded. Only 40.3%
of patients had true allergy (anaphylaxis; breathlessness; rash; swollen lips, face, etc.) and the rest had side effects which they
thought are allergic reactions (e.g. stomach pain, muscle ache, sweating, diarrhoea and vomiting, etc.). Out of the patients
who had an allergy 16.7% could not remember the allergic reaction and another 8.3% were not even aware that they had drug
allergy even though it was mentioned in the notes. Overall 6% of patients did not have appropriate red wristbands on and
another 6% of patients did not know that they have allergy.
Conclusion: According to the data only 1/3 of patients had the type of reaction recorded. Almost 35% of patients who
were labelled as ‘allergic to certain drug’ had a false allergy. These data showed that it is very important to give appropriate
wristbands to the patients with allergy because sometimes they do not remember/know that they have drug allergy. For
optimal management of infectious diseases, the choice of most suitable antibiotic is essential. This audit aimed to highlight the
importance of detailed record of allergy status and the potential implications in patients’ safety.
References: 1) Romano A, Warrington R 2014, ‘Antibiotic Allergy’, Immunology and allergy clinics of North America, V34,
pp. 489-506.
Biography
A Aslanyan started working in Scunthorpe General Hospital as a Foundation Year 1 doctor. A Aslanyan already had rotations in Urology department (where he did
the audit that he is going to present) and Gynaecology department. At the moment he is working in elderly medicine and stroke unit. He is moving to Hull in August
2015 for his Foundation Year 2 where he is going to have rotations in Accident and Emergency, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 114
S Musa et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Treatment of Clostridium difficile infection with fidaxomicin: ‘Real world’ case series
S Musa6, M Matin1, A El-Saghir2, K Patel3, D Juggurnauth4, P Harbinson5, K Besherdas6 and A Alisa6
1,5 Department of Medicine for the Elderly
2Department of Microbiology
3Department of Pharmacy
4Infection Control Nurse Specialist
6Consultant Gastroenterologist
Royal Free Hospital, UK
Introduction: National and international treatment guidelines endorse fidaxomicin (macrocylic antibiotic) for severe and
recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Reports of ‘real world’ practise are rare and inconsistent with clinical trials.
We describe our inpatient CDI experience of fidaxomicin.
Method: Inpatients (aged >18) experiencing diarrhoea and positive C.difficile stool toxin enzyme immunoassay, prescribed
fidaxomicin between September 2012-September 2014, were identified from Hospital databases. Medical records were
retrieved. Public Health England criteria defined first/recurrent episodes, healthcare/community associated cases, severity and
response.
Results: Fourteen patients, representing 11.6% of hospitalised CDI cases, received fidaxomicin. Notes were retrieved in
13/14 (92.9%) patients. Median age was 83 (IQR 81-87), most were female [11/13 (84.6%)], first episodes [9/13(69.2%)]
and indeterminate or community associated [8/13 (61.5%)]. Ten ribotypes were isolated, 002 [3/13 (23.1%)] most frequent.
None were ribotype 027. Most [10/13 (76.9%)] were non-severe CDI at fidaxomicin onset, median time to initiation 14 (IQR
4-25) days. One (7.7%) received fidaxomicin first line (recurrent CDI). Previous therapy included combined vancomycin and
metronidazole, 7/13 (53.8%) cases, 4 (30.8%) vancomycin and one (7.7%) metronidazole alone. Two (15.4%) patients received
rifampicin and one (7.7%) immunoglobulin. All patients were subject to multidisciplinary team (MDT) review. Ten (76.9%)
responded; no relapses or CDI related readmissions were recorded within six months. Median time to symptom improvement
was 4 (IQR 2-7) days. Overall in-hospital mortality was 7.7%.
Conclusion: Our ‘real life’ experience is favourable with no recurrences and readmissions. Further evaluation of fidaxomicin
in clinical practise is required as is the MDT role in decision making.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 115
Triantafyllou Argyro, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Reappearance of rabies in Greece
Triantafyllou Argyro
Hospital Hygeia, Greece
In Greece no case of rabies in animals has been recorded since 1987 and the last case of infection to humans has been
recorded in 1970. Since 2012, 48 cases of rabies cases have been recorded in animals (40 foxes and 5 dogs) and more than
376 cases of people have been recorded who have been in contact with animals infected or possibly infected by rabies virus.
In Europe 6000 animals die every year from rabies and 8-10 people per year, all in countries of the former Soviet Union.
In Balkans because of the political and social disorders in recent years and the failure of the public health system to respond
to new circumstances, there is a reemergence of rabies in foxes as well as in domestic cats, cattle and sheep. In Albania and
Fyrom, the last decade there have been no cases in humans, while in Turkey 1-2 incidents are reported ,because they don’t
take the appropriate treatment.(Table 1). In Greece, a red fox in the area of Kozani was found positive for rabies virus ,on 19
October 2012. Since then, there have been 48 cases, mainly in north Greece.(table 2). The reappearance of the disease can
be attributed to various causes, such as the presence of rabies in our neighboring countries, the movement of wild animals
from these countries to Greece and the collapse of former Yugoslavia that resulted in ineffective control during and after the
war. The lack of action by the State is another factor. From 2004, scientists pointed out the presence of rabies in neighboring
countries and had proposed measures such as the airdrops of vaccines in baits, but had not been heard from the state, because
it was considered unnecessary and costly. Airdrops of vaccines began the following year, in October of 2013, while they should
have begun six months before, in March, which is the time of reproduction of foxes and likely to transmit rabies among them,
so there was a delay of six months. This was done because the competition for the acquisition of the vaccines lasted several
months, as there was a large participation of companies, but some did not meet the appropriate criteria. Necessary measures to
limit the disease are: Continuous surveillance, reduction and vaccination of stray animals, vaccination of wild animals, passive
and active surveillance, informing the public, collaboration between the authorities, medical doctors, veterinarians, Ministry
of Rural Development and Food, Ministry of Health, KEELPNO, collaboration of Greece with neighboring countries.
Table1 [email protected]
Country Year Domestic Wild life Bat Human Total
animals Cases
Albania 0 3
Albania 2012 3 0 0 0 0
Bulgaria 0 1
Bulgaria 2013 0 0 0 0 0
Bulgaria 0 0
Macedonia 2012 0 1 0 0 3
Macedonia 0 0
Macedonia 2013 0 0 0 0 0
Turkey 1 497
Turkey 2014 0 2 0 0 550
Turkey 0 715
2012 1 2 0 1 1771
Total
2013 0 0 0
2014 0 0 0
2012 439 57 0
2013 496 54 0
2014 622 93 0
1569 209 0
Epidemiology of rabies in Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Turkey from 2012 till 2014
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Source: www.rabies-bulletin.org Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access Page 116
Infectious Diseases-2015
August 10-12, 2015
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Table 2
Country Year Domestic Wild Life Bat Human Total
Animals Cases
Greece 0 9
Greece 2012 2 7 0 0 29
Greece 0 10
total 2013 4 25 0 0 48
2014 2 10 0
8 40 0
Epidemiology of rabies in Greece from 2012 till 2014
Source: www.rabies-bulletin-europe.org
Biography
Triantafyllou Argyro is a biopathologist at private hospital Hygeia since 2011 in the Hematology Department, 2years from 2008 till 2010 working in Blood Donation
Lab in General Hospital Janneio, student in Master “International Medicine-Health Crisis Management”
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 117
Kocabas E et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Eıgth year evaluatıon and the therapeutic efficacy of two different regimens in naive children with chronic
hepatitis B infectıon
Kocabas E1, Cucu E 1, Seydaoglu G2 and Yaman A3
1Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases
2Biostatistics and 3Microbiology
Cukurova University, Turkey
Background and Aim: The spectrum of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in children ranges from asymptomatic carriage
with minimal disease, to cirrhosis and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. Identifying those who will benefit
from treatment is a challenge. Untreated infection may lead to natural seroconversion and reduced risk of further disease.
Interferon-based therapies have limited efficacy in childhood.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate naïve children with CHB infection and to compare the therapeutic efficacy of
two different regimens in patients with CHB infection who had been followed-up in the Department of Pediatric Infectious
Diseases of Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine.
Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, 227 naive children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection who
had been followed-up at the out-patient pediatric infectious disease clinics of Balcali Hospital from 2008 January to 2013
December were evaluated. These 227 children’s demographic and clinical features; risk factors; biochemical, serological and
virological feature were also evaluated.
Of the total 227 pediatric patients who had CHB infection, while 70 ( 30.8% ) had spontanenous seroconversion, 157
(69.2%) did not have spontanenous seroconversion. Of the total 157 pediatric patients who had CHB infection, 49 ( 31.2% )
were treated with two different treatment modalities, 108 ( 68.8% ) had been followed-up with CHB infection.
Criteria for treatment of CHB infection included the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and elevated serum
alanine amino transferase (ALT) for more than 6 months, along with distinctive necroinflammation in the liver.
A total of 49 children were prospectively allocated to two random treatment groups i.e. monotherapy and combination
therapy. In the monotherapy groups; 25 patients in the first group (Group 1) received interferon-alpha (IFN-α) in a dose of 5
MU/m², subcutaneous injection, thrice/weekly alone for 6 months. In the combination groups; 24 patients in the second group
(Group 2) received Lamuvidin (LAM) for 12 months (peroral, 4mg/kg per day dose, max.100 mg, daily) and IFN-α added to
LAM for 6 months in a dose of 5 MU/m² (s.c., thrice/weekly ).
Complete response was defined as HBe/antiHBe seroconversion, clearence of HBV DNA and normalization of ALT at the
end of therapy. The presence of ALT normalization and HBV DNA clearance, but not anti-HBe seroconversion, was accepted
as a partial response. Sustained response at 6 months of follow up after completion of treatment was defined using the same
parameters. The complete follow-up period continued 6 months from at the end of the therapy.
All tests were done in the Laboratories of the Balcali Hospital of Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine. Serum ALT was
evaluated by using standart methods ( upper limits of normal, 40 IU/L).
Viral markers were measured by using the macro ELISA method, (Cobas 601) Serum HBV DNA level was quantitatively
asssesed with a commercial PCR assay (real-time PCR, Cobas Taqman 48) (cut-off value, 20-170.000.000 copies HBV DNA
/ ml).
Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS software program (version 10.0). Comparisons between the groups were made
with Mann-Whitney U test, Chi square test, Ficher’s Exact test, Kruskal-Wallis test. A two-tailed P value < 0.05 was considered
significant.
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 118
Kocabas E et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Results: In this study 227 naive children with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection were evaluated retrospectively . Of the total
227 pediatric patients who have CHB infection, 70(30.8%) developed either spontaneous seroconversion or seroconversion
during their eight year follow-up period. Of 157 patients who did not develop spontaneous seroconversion, 49 were treated
with two different treatment modalities as they met the treatment criteria.
The average age of 227 patients who participated in the study was 173 months and the average diagnosis period was 35
months. 56% of the patients were identified during family screening. The existence of hepatitis B in the family was 85,9%,
maternal hepatitis B was 60,4% and vertical transmission rate was 54,6%. 74% of the patients were asemptomatic.
When the patients who had spontaneous seroconversion and those who had no spontaneous seroconversion are examined,
it is seen that the average age (192 months) and diagnosis period (132 months) in the patients with spontenous seroconversion
was statistically higher and longer than those without spontenous seroconversion (156 vs 109, respectively) (p<0.01). The rate
of spontaneous seroconversion in males was statistically lower (p<0.01). Spontaneous seroconversion was statistically greater in
the patients who had lower viral load and ALT value at the time of the diagnosis and who had IgG antibodies against hepatitis
A virus (p<0.01, p<0.05 respectively). The patients with no spontaneous seroconversion had statistically higher familial and
vertical contamination (p<0.05).
A total of 49 patients with CHB infection were prospectively allocated to two random groups. Twenty-five patients in
the monotherapy group (Group I) whereas 24 patients in the combination therapy group (Group II). Serum ALT value was
higher in the patients in Group I than in those in Group II (p=0.06). While the patients who received IFN-α in Group I, were
identified with 8% of Anti-HBs seroconversion, 36% of Anti-HBe seroconversion, those who received IFN-α + LAM in Group
II had 8,3% of Anti-HBs seroconversion and 25% of Anti-HBe seroconversion.
Twenty-nine (59.2%) patients who responded to treatment and 20 (40,8%) who did not respond to treatment is examined,
it is seen that no statistically significant difference was found between the parameters under investigation in these groups.
Anti-HBs seroconversion in the patients who responded to treatment and received IFN monotherapy occurred within nearly
37 month follow-up period whereas, the response period was found to be 21 months in the patients who received IFN+LAM.
Anti-HBe seroconversion in the patients who received IFN monotherapy was observed in 26 month follow-up period while
this period was found to be 33 months in the patients who received IFN+LAM.
Discussion: The findings of this study suggest that long follow-up period (an avareage of 10 years) for the patients who
have been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B and who do not meet the treatment criteria is essential in terms of spontenous
seroconversion development. Hepatitis A vaccination in seronegative patients may induce spontaneous seroconversion.
However, more detailed research studies are needed about this subject.
In this study, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of response to treatment between the two different
treatment modalities given to the patients who met treatment criteria. The potential benefits of these two theuropatic regimens
need to be futher investigated to confirm these results with larger number of patients.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 119
Siti Suraiya et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Molecular diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from pulmonary tuberculosis cases in
Malaysia
Siti Suraiya, Fazli Ismail and Sarimah Abdullah
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Tuberculosis (TB) still constitutes a major public health problem in Malaysia. The identification and genotyping based
characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) isolates causing the disease is important to determine
the effectiveness of the control and surveillance programs. This study intended a first assessment of spoligotyping-based
MTBC genotypic diversity in Malaysia followed by a comparison of strains with those prevailing in neighboring countries by
comparison with an international MTBC genotyping database. Spoligotyping was performed on a total of 220 M. tuberculosis
clinical isolates collected in Kelantan and Kuala Lumpur. The results were compared with the SITVIT2 international database
Results: Spoligotyping revealed 77 different patterns: 22 corresponded to orphan patterns while 55 patterns containing 198
isolates were assigned a Spoligo International Type (SIT) designation in the database (the latter included 6 newly created
SITs). The eight most common SITs grouped 141 isolates (5 to 56 strains per cluster) as follows: SIT1/Beijing, n=56, 25.5%;
SIT745/EAI1-SOM, n=33, 15.0%; SIT591/EAI6-BGD1, n=13, 5.9%; SIT256/EAI5, n=12, 5.5%; SIT236/EAI5, n=10, 4.6%;
SIT19/EAI2-Manila, n=9, 4.1%; SIT89/EAI2-Nonthaburi, n=5, 2.3%; and SIT50/H3, n=3, 1.4%. The association between city
of isolation and lineages was statistically significant; Haarlem and T lineages being higher in Kuala Lumpur (p<0.01). However,
no statistically significant differences were noted when comparing drug resistance vs. major lineages, nor between gender and
clades.
We conclude that, the ancestral East-African-Indian (EAI) lineage was most predominant followed by the Beijing lineage.
A comparison of strains with those prevailing in neighboring countries in South Asia, East Asia and South East Asia underlined
the phylogeographical specificity of SIT745 for Malaysia, and its probable ongoing evolution.
Biography
Siti Suraiya has obtained her MD way back in 1995, later obtained her Master Pathology in 2003 and finally acquired her PhD in 2014 from Universiti Sain Malaysia,
USM. She is currently a senior lecturer at Medical School, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), and at the same time head of Unit, Infection Control Unit, Hospital
Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). She has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member for several
journals.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 120
Sarimah Abdullah et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Factors influencing the cure outcome among patients with smear positive tuberculosis
Sarimah Abdullah1, Sharina D2, Siti Suraiya M.N.3, Tg Mardhiah T.J.1 and Naing N.N.1
1,3Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
2Kelantan State-Department of Health, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Objective: To determine the factors influencing the cure outcome among patients with smear positive tuberculosis.
Methodology: A cross-sectional studywas done to 3937 patients with smear positive tuberculosisfrom 2005 to 2012 in North-
east Malaysia. Records of the patients were retrieved and data were collected on socio-demographic, clinical presentation and
outcome of the patients. Cure outcome was determined based on Ministry of Health Malaysia for Practice Guidelines for the
Control and Management of Tuberculosis of outcome analysis. Data were analysed with simple and multiple logistic regression
using SPSS v 20.
Results: Out of 3937 patients, 69.5% were male, 24.9% were diabetes, 43.7% were smokers, 16.5% HIV positive, 68.9% have
BCG scar and 13.7% have positive tuberculin test. The finding revealed that 2934 patients with sputum positive patients were
cure (74.5%). Male, older age, positive HIV and single marital status were statistically significant reduced the cure outcome
with (OR, 95% CI; p value) 0.526 (0.334, 0.830); 0.006, 0.976 (0.963, 0.988); 0.001, 0.157 (0.097, 0.253); <0.001and 0.578 (0.368,
0.909); 0.018 respectively. Positive tuberculin test was found significantly increased the cure rate with 2.03 (1.37, 3.01); <0.001.
Conclusion: Close monitoring and reinforcement of DOTS of specific target groups of male, older age, positive HIV, single
marital status and negative tuberculin tests may increase the cure outcome among sputum positive smear tuberculosis.
Biography
Sarimah Abdullah is a senior medical lecturer at Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia. She
received Master of Community Medicine (Epidemiology and Biostatistics) from USM in 2004. She has experience in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching in
epidemiology, biostatistics and research methodology. Her main research focuses on the time series modeling and forecasting on communicable particularly on
tuberculosis and other diseases. Currently, she is also involved in research on domestic violence against women (DVAW).
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 121
Oya Bulut et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Investigation of canine parainfluenza virus type 2 in dogs by immunofluorescence
Oya Bulut, Avci O, Yapici O, Simsek A, Hasircioglu S, Yavru S, Kale M, Dik I and Atli K
Selcuk University, Turkey
In this study nasal and conjunctival swab samples were obtained from 61 pet dogs with clinical signs of respiratory system.
Swab samples (total 132) were passaged on Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell cultures for three times. Cell culture
supernatant obtained from last passage was tested for Canine Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 (CPIV-2) by Immunofluorescence
(IF) test.
Swab samples were inoculated onto MDCK cell cultures and subjected to three passages and no CPE was observed.
All cell culture supernatants were analyzed by IF test but no positive results to be determined. Although all of the samples
were determined as negative, dogs showing clinical signs of respiratory system should be examined for the presence of other
respiratoric viral agents.
Biography
Oya Bulut has completed her PhD from Selcuk University. She is working in Faculty of Veterinary, Selcuk University. She studied about Ebola viruses in Structural
Biology Department of Biological Science, USA Purdue University. She has published papers and presentation about animal infectious diseases. She is interested
about resistance genes against infectious diseases recently.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 122
Kamil UNEY et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur after single intravenous and intramuscular injections in rabbits
Kamil UNEY1, Feray ALTAN2, Ayse ER1, Enver YAZAR1 and Muammer ELMAS1
1University of Selcuk, Turkey
2University of Dicle, Turkey
Ceftiofur is a broad spectrum third generation cephalosporin antibiotic developed especially for use in animals. The aim
of present study is to determine the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur and its metabolites after single intravenous (IV) and
intramuscular (IM) injections at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg BW in rabbits. Six healthy, male, 7-9 months, 3.14±0.28 kg rabbits were
used for the study. In pharmacokinetic study, the crossover design was performed. The withdrawal interval between the phases
of the study was 15 days. Ceftiofur sodium was administered by IV bolus and IM injections at the dosage of 2.2 mg/kg BW to
each rabbit. Plasma concentrations of desfuroylceftiofur were determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography.
Plasma concentration–time curve of desfuroylceftiofur was best fitted to a two-compartment open model. Following IV
injection, the major pharmacokinetic parameters (mean±SD) were distribution half-life (t1/2α) 0.34±0.07 h, elimination half-
life (t1/2β) 2.75±0.59 h, volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) 260±71 mL/kg, area under the plasma concentration-
time curve (AUC) 20.47±1.86 µg.h/mL, total body clearance (ClT) 108±10 mL.h/kg. After IM administration, the principal
pharmacokinetic parameters (mean±SD) were absorption half-life 0.09±0.03 h, peak plasma concentration 9.94±1.35 µg/
mL, time to peak concentration 0.25 h, t1/2α 0.31±0.16 h, t1/2β 2.84±0.68 h, AUC 20.11±2.49 µg.h/mL. The bioavailability
after IM injection was 98±4.4%. Results indicated that ceftiofur was absorbed quickly and excellent bioavailability after IM
administration. Single IV and IM injections of ceftiofur at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg may be effective to maintain the minimum
inhibitory concentration (MIC) upto 12h in rabbits against susceptible pathogens with MIC≤1 μg/ml.
Biography
Kamil UNEY (PhD, Assoc. Prof.) is currently working in Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Selcuk University, Turkey, as teaching staff and principal investigator in
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology since 2003. He graduated from Selcuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2001). He received Pharmacology
and Toxicology degree from Selcuk University, Graduate School of Health Sciences (2007). His current research projects are studies including pharmacokinetics,
therapeutic drug monitoring, the development and validation of method in drug analysis and producing of quality control sera. He has also studies in the drug
metabolism, transporter proteins and the use of probe drugs in animals.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 123
Nermin Isik et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Determination of some etiologic agents in calves with diarrhea
Nermin Isik, Ozlem Derınbay Ekici and Oguzhan Avci
University of Selcuk, Turkey
The aim of this study was to determination of role infection in neonatal calves in Central Anatolian, Turkey. A total 300
fecal samples were collected from diarrheic neonatal calves, aged between 0–90 days from Konya, Karaman, and Aksaray
from January to April 2014. Fecal specimens from calves with clinically diarrheic symptoms were examined for the presence
of Bovine Coronavirus, Bovine Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium sp., and E.coli by commercially available capture direct enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and Modified Ziehl Neelsen method (MZN). Calves were grouped according to
their age as follows: 1-14, 15-29 and 30-90 days. Cryptosporidium sp. infection was detected in 52.8%, 58.8% and 39.2% by
ELISA and 33.9%, 47%, 26.7% by MZN in the respective age groups. The seroprevalance of Rotavirus (12.5%, 40%, 12.5%),
Coronavirus (2.5%, 0%, 3.5%) and E. coli (5%, 4.7%, 8.9%) infections were determined according to the age groups respectively.
Cryptosporidium sp. was the most detected enteropathogen (52%) of calves and coronavirus was the least detected (2%). The
detection rate of the mixed enfection was 9%. In conclusion, it must be evaluated by mix infections in calves with diarrhea.
These results will provide an important contribution against the factors that cause diarrhea.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 124
Ozlem Derinbay Ekici et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Eimeria spp. in naturally infected calves
Ozlem Derinbay Ekici and Nermin Isik
University of Selcuk, Turkey
Bovine coccidiosis is a protozoan disease caused by various species of Eimeria and most signs of disease are chronic or
subclinical. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Eimeria spp. in calves in Konya, in Turkey. The study,
conducted from January- February 2015, involved 240 faecal samples of calves in the age groups of <1 month, 1-3 months
and >3 months in Konya city centre, in Turkey. In a retrospective study from these faecal samples of calves submitted to the
University of Selcuk, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology were evaluated regarding the prevalence of
Eimeria spp. Faecal samples were examined by Fulleborn saturated salt floatation technique. Eimeria oocysts were found in
8.33% of all samples. The positivity rates in each of the age groups were different. According to the age groups (<1 month, 1-3
months and >3 months), the Eimeria spp. were determined as 0.83, 22.73 and 7.41%, respectively. After examination of stool,
detected oocysts were sporulated in 2.5% potassium dichromate at 22º C and species were identified as E. cylindrica, E. zuernii,
E. ellipsoidalis, E. subspherica, E. bovis, E. auburnensis, E. canadensis, E. illinoisensis and E. brasiliensisin infected calves. In
conclusion, the highest prevalence was observed in the age group of 1-3 months. The presence of Eimeria species in calves
demonstrated for the first time in the Konya region in Turkey. Other etiologic agents should also be investigated in calves more
seriously. Further molecular epidemiological studies should be performed in this community.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 125
Shafi Hussain Alqahatni, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
The attitudes and degree of awareness about MERS-CoV among Saudis of different ages
Shafi Hussain Alqahatni
Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Saudi Arabia
Background: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) that causes MERS disease was first identified in
2012 in Saudi Arabia. Since that cases have spread within the Kingdom and some cases were transmitted to other Middle
Eastern countries, Europe and the United States. However, KSA remains the epicenter of this serious respiratory infection that
is associated with high mortality rates. This accentuates the public health concerns because Saud Arabia receives millions of
pilgrims from all over the world.
Aim: This study investigated the attitudes and degree of awareness about MERS-CoV among Saudis of different ages.
Patients and Methods: Structured anonymous closed ended dichometous questionnaires were distributed to a large population
of Saudi men and women of different ages. The questionnaires included questions aboutmodes of transmission of corona virus,
clinical features, outcome of infection, the impact of infection on pilgrimage, methods of prevention, the governmental efforts
to combat spread, the availability of information.
Results: Respondents were recruited for the study by random selection. Sixty-eight percent of respondents have good
knowledge about the mode of transmission, 82% were aware about the seriousness of the infection, 51% responded positively
to non-availability of curative treatment or vaccine. 74% knew the modes of prevention and 93% believed that the government
efforts were successful. Of the respondents, 41% considered MERS-CoV was a serious risk during Hajj or Umrah. Government
media, the Saudi Ministry of health posters, radio and television, the social media was the main source of information among
young adults and older participants.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that the level of awareness about MERS-Cov in among this Saud population is high and the
level of perception reasonable. The governmental health education campaign is critical for increasing MERS-Cov infection
awareness.
Biography
Shafi Hussain Alqahatni awarded with the bachelor degree in medicine from Prince Sattam bin Abdul-Aziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. His research works
include the attitudes and degree of awareness about MERS-CoV among Saudis of different ages and Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation of MERSCoV in
Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 126
Muteb Nasser R Aldawsari et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Epidemiology and clinical presentation of MERS-CoV in Saudi Arabia: A systematic review
Muteb Nasser R Aldawsari and Shafi Alqahtani
Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
Background: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) is caused by a novel betacoronavirus (MERS) which was first
reported in Saudi Arabia in September 2012. It is caused by a corona virus called MERS-CoV. The disease resulted in severe
respiratory illness and mortality rates ranging between 40-60%.
Aim of the Work: This systematic review analyses the clinical presentations of MERS-Cov infection in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia.
Data Sources and Study Selection: We searched for all relevant English language publications with the terms “Middle East
respiratory syndrome”, “MERS-CoV”, and “HCoV-EMC” individually and in combination with the terms epidemiology,
transmission, clinical presentation, sequence. We searched MEDLINE, conference abstracts, Saudi Ministry of Health data,
World Health Organization data and Centers of Disease Control data and statistics from 2012; references until 2015.
Data Extraction: Two reviewers extracted information on study design, population characteristics, clinical characteristics,
disease outcomes and assessed risk of bias.
Data Synthesis: We included 139 studies published in Medline, 218 Saudi MOH, WHO and CDC notifications. As of 19
April, 2015, 979 cases of MERS-CoV (67% of men and 33% women) were reported in KSA. The mortality rate was 43.5% (427
patients). Five hundred eight patients were managed and resolved the infection. The majority of cases (72%) are above 40 years,
25% are 20-40 years old, and 3% are less than 20 years. Early cases were clustered in the Eastern region, however by mid-2013
cases emerged in central and Western Saudi Arabia. Interfamilial spread, occupational transmission for health care workers,
exposure to camels were the identified modes of transmission. In 82% of cases, flu like symptoms and fever were initially
observed. Positive cases showed progressive rise in fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia, respiratory failure that
requires mechanical ventilation and support in an intensive‐care unit occurred in advanced cases. Gastrointestinal symptoms
particularly diarrhoea, has been reported. Some patients developed renal failure and septic shock.
Conclusion: More studies are required to elucidate the modes of transmission of MERS Cov. Interpersonal transmission is an
important risk factor particularly in familial abd hospital settings. Severe upper respiratory infection is the prominent clinical
presentation.
Biography
Muteb Nasser R Aldawsari graduated from college of medicine in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Now, intern in Security Forces Hospital.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 127
Adelowotan AO et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Genetic diversity among circulating Staphylococcus aureus strains in a Western Nigerian hospital
Adelowotan AO 1, 3, Kock MM 1, 2, Antiabong JF1, Ehlers MM1, 2 and the MRSA Research Group1
1Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria
2National Health Laboratory Service
3Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Introduction & Aim: African countries lack detailed and current surveillance information on circulating pathogenic S. aureus
isolates because of limited resources. Preparedness to control outbreaks may therefore take longer. While Africa awaits uniform
infectious diseases surveillance and reporting systems for the region, the sporadic contribution of research groups from the
continent is noteworthy. Genotyping provides epidemiological data on circulating pathogens. Information on circulating S.
aureus genotypes from western Nigeria is about eight years old. Previous sporadic S. aureus clones reported in Nigeria include
sequence type (ST) 88, ST 5 and ST 8, a clone which is pandemic in Canada, several European countries and the United States.
This study provides information on the circulating sequence types of selected S. aureus pulsotypes from western Nigeria.
Methods: Clinical S. aureus isolates were collected from a tertiary hospital in western Nigeria. Isolates were clustered into
pulsotypes using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PGFE). The sequence types as well as clonal complexes (CC) of selected
pulsotypes were analysed using the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) method and the e BURST database respectively.
Results: The most prevalent clonal groups were the CC 15-ST 789 [31% (5/16) and CC 1-ST 8 [25% (4/16). Other circulating
strains in the study were CC 1-ST 5, the Bengal Bay CC 1-ST 772, CC 9-ST 88 and CC 22-ST 152. The most prevalent clonal
complex was CC 1 which includes ST 8, ST 5 and ST 772. Strains ST 772 and ST 789 have not been previously reported in
western Nigeria.
Discussion & Conclusion: Pandemic and sporadic S. aureus strains belonging to ST 8, ST 88, ST 152 and ST 5 detected in this
study, have been reported in previous studies in western Nigeria. The most prevalent ST 789 in this study has been previously
reported in neighbouring Ghana while ST 772 is a transmitted strain reported in parts of the world including Saudi Arabia.
Although patients history showed previous visits to these countries which may indicate possible source of transmission of
these clones to Nigeria, further comparative genomic analysis will be required for confirmation.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 128
Himani B Pandya, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Prevalence of specific H.pylori genotypes cagA, vacA, iceA, ureC in Central Gujarat and its clinical relevance
in the patients with acid-peptic diseases
Himani B Pandya
S.B.K.S medical college, India
Distinct virulence factors of H. pylori have been described: the vacuolatingcytotoxin (vacA), the cytotoxin associated gene
(cagA), the induced by contact with epithelium factor Antigen (iceAgene) and the urease C gene (ureC). This cross sectional
study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the vacA, cagA, iceA and ureC genotypes of H. pylori isolates. 71 biopsy samples
were subjected to PCR, DNA isolation from biopsy was done by using “QIAamp DNA mini kit” from QIAGEN. Isolated
genomic DNAs were processed for PCR. Out of the 71 biopsies screened, 22(31%) samples were positive for H. pylori by PCR.
PCR results showed high proportion of cagA positive (23.94%) followed ure C genes (5.63%) andvac A(1.4%). Prevalence
of cagA was higher in age group 21-40 yrs. (52.94%), followed by 41-60 yrs. (35.29%) and 61-80 yrs. (11.76%).prevalence of
cagAwas higher in females (10/17), compare to males (7/17), statistically significant (p value-0.042 < 0.05). Out of 17 cagA+
stains 9 were causing Gastritis (52.94%), 5 causing reflux esophagitis (29.41%) and 3 were causing duodenal ulcer (17.64%). We
have 0% prevalence of iceAgene, conversely we had 3 peptic ulcer patients and all the three were cagA positive but ice Anegative.
We conclude that Prevalence of cagA genotype is higher in the Anand district compare to other genotypes. We also conclude
that iceA genotype is not a useful marker of virulence in this population and that the progression from gastritis to peptic ulcer
must require some other genes.
Biography
Himani B Pandya has completed her Ph.D. (medical microbiology) from Pramukh Swami Medical College, Karamsad affliated to Sardar Patel University. She
worked as a Lecturer and Head of department (MLT) for 11 years at Shree P.M. Patel college of Paramedical science and technology, Anand, Gujarat. She has
guided 10 M.sc. MLT students for their dissertation work. She is presently working as a Tutor in S.B.K.S medical college, Gujarat in Microbiology Department. She
has published 8 research papers in reputed national and international journal.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 129
Ashraf O Abdellatif et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Green nanotechnology: Promising antimicrobial activity of oil, silver and sulphur nanoparticles obtained
from Melaleuca alternifolia against representative skin infecting pathogens
Ashraf O Abdellatif4, Mohammed A Ramadan1, Alaa M Shawkey1 and Mohamed A Rabeh2,3
1,2Cairo University, Egypt
3Nahda University, Egypt
4Karary University, Sudan
The plant Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea tree) has been used as topical antiseptic remedy for decades. The aim of this study was
to investigate antimicrobial activity of tea tree oil (TTO), greenly synthesized silver and Sulphur nanoparticles (AgNPs
and SNPs) against representative skin pathogens namely; Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. TTO was obtained by hydro distillation of plant leaves, while AgNPs
and SNPs were prepared in leaves aqueous extract by using silver nitrate and Sodium Thiosulphate respectively. Thirty eight
compounds were characterized by GC-MS analysis of TTO, among them Terpinen-4-ol , Limonene, γ-Terpinene, α-Terpinene,
Cineol and α- Terpinolene. The result of the bioassay showed that oil possesses potent antimicrobial property especially against
MRSA with inhibition zones ranging from 17 to 22 mm compared to standard kanamycin, Polymyxin and Nystatin with no
activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the other hand AgNPs and SNPs were characterized by Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM). Both AgNPs and SNPs showed good activities against tested strains with zone of inhibition ranging from
13-16 mm. In conclusion, TTO, AgNPs and SNPs have been found to be effective against selected pathogen and this can
provide a cheap broad active alternative to treat related skin infections. These activities prove the use of this plant in folk
medicine as well as deserve much more work to develop a micro emulsion based transdermal delivery formulations of TTO
and nanoparticles to synergize their antimicrobial abilities.
Biography
Ashraf O. Abdellatif is a PhD student at Microbiology and Immunology department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University and he has published 3 papers in reputed
journals.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 130
Kabir. K et al, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Do women have higher rates of HIV infection? A study on HIV infection in blood donors of Alborz province
in Iran
Kabir K1, kalantar E2 and Hosseini H3
1Department of Social Medicine
2Department of Microbiology and Immunology
3Alborz Blood Transfusion Organization
Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
Background: HIV/AIDS is one of major world public health issue, which continues to get people’s lives while new cases are
being infected each year. In 2013, 1.5 million people have died fromHIV and 2.5 million new infections have happened.People
with different demographic characteristics attend in blood donation, which creates an opportunity for estimation of HIV
frequency and its risk factors. We studied data on HIV infection of blood donors from 2011-2014, to estimate frequency of
HIV infection and some of its risk factors in Alborz province.
Materials and Methods: In a cross sectional design, data on all blood donors in Alborz province within 4 years from March
2011 to 2015 were studied. The blood transfusion organization registries used for data collection.During the study period,
People donated 202814 times in Alborz province. After deleting duplicates (repeated), 109817 people entered the study.Data
were described within 95% confidence interval and Chi square, Fisher exact test and logistic regression(backward Stepwise
-Wald) used for comparisons and calculating adjusted odds ratios.
Findings: During the study period, 109817 people donated blood. The mean age of donors was 35.8 (±9.94) years and most
of them (93.7%) were males. During these 4 years, 15 donors confirmed for HIV infection. The rate of infection was 13.66
in 100,000 populations. Rate of HIV infection in women (43.33 in 100,000) and men (11.66 in 100,000) was different (P
value<0.042). people who were graduated from high school or academic educations(7.91 in 100,000) had a lower rates than
people less than high school graduation( p<0.022).
Adjusted odds ratios indicate that female gender (adjusted OR=3.73, p< 0.042) and education level less than high school
graduation (adjusted OR=4.26, p< 0.009) increase the odds of HIV positivity in blood donors.
Conclusion: Rate of HIV infection in blood donors is low which reflects relatively lower rate of infection in our society and
cause more blood transfusion safety. Higher HIV infection frequencies in female donors, needs more attention. We don’t know
that this pattern can be seen in other regions of the country; but this may be a result of changing pattern of disease transmission
from Injecting drug use to heterosexual sex activities. We recommend a wider national research based on available data from
blood donation and/or designing studies to better estimate the frequency and its risk factors.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 131
323rd OMICS International Conference August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
E-Posters
Infectious Diseases-2015
Page 133
Jose Alfredo de Sousa Moreira et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Dual therapy with lamivudine plus boosted protease inhibitor for treatment of HIV
Jose Alfredo de Sousa Moreira1 and Nilesh Bhatt2
1National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Brazil
2National Institute of Health, Mozambique
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses HIV replication. However, standard ART combinations still
posse’s enormous challenges in clinical practice. In this context, research on simplified therapies has emerged to fill the
gap. The main advantages of simplified regimens include: reduce pill burden, improve patient compliance and avoid long-
term toxicity while preserving future treatment options and maintaining virological efficacy. There has been interest in the
combination of lamivudine (3TC) and boosted protease inhibitor (bPI) for treatment of HIV infection, because 3TC is well
tolerated, widely available and relatively cheap. We aim to examine studies including dual therapy with 3TC + bPI in adults
HIV-positive patients with varying degrees of ART experience. We retrieved published English language studies via PubMed,
Medline and Google Scholar through March 2015. Our search terms included “HIV”, “treatment simplification” and “dual
therapy”. Our research yielded 80 hits, and 7 titles were fully reviewed. The remaining articles were excluded as they evaluated
other simplified dual therapy regimens (i.e. Maraviroc + Darunavir/ritonavir; Raltegravir + Lopinavir/ritonavir, Etravirine
+ Raltegravir). Lopinavir/r + 3TC was the most frequent combination (3 studies), followed by Atazanavir/r (2 studies) and
Darunavir/r (2 studies). We found that in ART-naïve patients, there now exists a robust evidence for the use of 3TC plus
PI/r dual therapy. In treatment–experienced virologically suppressed patients switching to dual therapy, evidence is sparse
and largely driven by small observational or pilot studies. Overall, the evidence suggests that selection of right candidate for
dual therapy is critical in the consolidation of this simplified strategy as an accepted HIV treatment approach. Fully powered
randomized trials are eminent needed to proper define the place of this simplified regimen in international HIV treatment
guidelines.
Support: Moreira JAS was supported by a scholarship from “Programa de Estudantes - Convênio de Pós-graduação – PEC-PG,
da CAPES/CNPQ – Brazil”.
Biography
Jose Alfredo de Sousa Moreira has completed his medical specialization in infectious diseases from Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases (INI/
FIOCRUZ). He is currently a first-year master student working on an interdisciplinary research between INI/FIOCRUZ and Mozambique National Institute of Health.
Supervised by Prof. Valdilea Veloso (Co-chair of INI/FIOCRUZ clinical research laboratory on HIV/AIDS). His research is sponsored by PEC-PG, Brazil. He has
published more than 8 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as a reviewer board member of HIV and infectious diseases journals.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 134
Cynthia Amaning Danquah et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Synthetic analogues of pyridine-N-oxide disulfides from Allium stipitatum demonstrate potent anti-
tubercular activities and inhibit mycobacterial drug efflux pumps
Cynthia Amaning Danquah1,2, A Maitra2, P Khondkar1, S Gibbons1 and S Bhakta2
1University of London, UK
2School of Pharmacy, UK
Tuberculosis (TB), having been declared a global emergency since 1993, is still an issue of great public health concern
because of the emergence of multi- and extensively- drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. New molecules
with pleiotropic modes of action are urgently required to tackle this challenging menace. Pyridine-N-oxide alkaloids possessing
disulfide functional groups were isolated from the bulbs of Allium stipitatum, belonging to the genus Allium with common
members like garlic, onion, leeks and chives. From this discovery, a series of methyldisulfides were synthesized based on
the structure of the natural product disulphides isolated from the bulbs of Allium stipitatum. The synthetic analogues were
produced by adopting the method of Kitson and Loomes, briefly, the appropriate aromatic thiol purchased from Sigma Aldrich
was S-methylthiolated using S-methyl methanethiosulphonate and back extracted with dichloromethane.
Antibacterial activities using various high-throughput whole cell phenotypic assays were carried out. A selection of five
compounds of that chemical class showed antimycobacterial activities at clinically relevant concentrations when tested against
M. aurum, M. bovis BCG, M. tuberculosis H37Rv and multi-drug resistant strains of TB-clinical isolates. In addition, the
synthetic compounds inhibited mycobacterial drug efflux mechanism as we report for the first time for this class of compounds.
These studies suggest that synthesized methyldisulfides are novel chemical scaffolds, which potentially can lead to the
design of new drugs against TB. The inhibition of efflux pumps by these compounds is promising as it would be a way to
improve the efficacy and/or extend the clinical utility of existing antibiotics.
Biography
Cynthia Amaning Danquah is a third year PhD student working on an interdisciplinary research between UCL school of Pharmacy and the Institute of Structural
and Molecular biology, ISMB, Birkbeck University of London. Supervised by Prof. Simon Gibbons (Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL
school of Pharmacy) and Dr Sanjib Bhakta (Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, ISMB, Birkbeck, University of London). Her PhD is sponsored by the Ghana
Education Trust fund.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 135
Elena G Fokina, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Protein C as a marker of venous insufficiency in erysipelas of the legs
Elena G Fokina
Central Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology, Russia
In erysipelas we often show defects in the cutaneous barrier caused by microorganisms. In some cases, venous insufficiency
(VI) may be the cause of deep venous thrombosis and delaying recovery period in erysipelas. It is important to diagnose VI
at once. So we studied the native anticoagulant protein C activity for patients with erysipelas of the face and erysipelas of the
legs (in some cases with the chronic venous insufficiency) in the beginning of the disease (1st week) & in the recovery period
(2-3rd week of illness).
Patients were treated at the Infectious Diseases Hospital № 2 (Moscow). A total of 60 people diagnosed with «erysipelas
of the face» (n = 24) and «lower limb erysipelas» (n = 36). A lighter form - erythematous EF was 52% of cases. More severe
EL (hemorrhagic and erythematous-bullous-hemorrhagic) forms were in 71% of cases. The average hospital stay with EL was
11.9 + 4.1 days, with EF - 8.4 + 1.6 days. We observed positive dynamics of protein C in patients with erysipelas of the face
& legs. However, in patients with erysipelas of the legs with chronic venous insufficiency it remained unchanged, despite the
regression of clinical symptoms of erysipelas. When protein C in the normal range (control - 97.3 + 0.38%) the possibility for a
quick recovery higher (OR = 2.89 [0.15, 55]) comparing with EL with VI. So, protein C can be used as an indicator of the risk
of venous thrombosis and as a favorable prognostic indicator of erysipelas.
Biography
Elena G. Fokina completed her PhD when she was 23 at Moscow Medical Dental University and postdoctoral studies in infectious diseases based 2nd Infectious
Clinical Hospital in Moscow. She is a postgraduate of Central Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology, (Moscow, Russia). The author of the invention “Method
of early prediction of the severity of diphtheria in adults” & “Human biochemical passport”. She has published over 60 medical articles in Russian and foreign
journals. Her research interests include infectious diseases, blood coagulation disorders, biochemistry & adaptation changes. In 2014, the European scientific
community awarded Elena G. Fokina the medal “Robert Koch”.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 136
S Agelova et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections during the 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 winter
seasons in Bulgaria
S Agelova1, I Georgieva1, A Teodosieva1, I Ivanov2, A Mangarov2, T Tchervenyakova2 and N Korsun1
1National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Bulgaria
2Infectious Hospital, Bulgaria
Background: Influenza viruses, respiratory-syncytial virus (RSV), metapneumovirus (hMPV), parainfluenza viruses (hPIV)
type 1, 2 and 3 are leading causes of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in infants and young children. The aim of this
study was to determine the contribution of these viruses in medically attended ARTI among children aged <4 years during the
2012/13, 2013/14 and 2014/2015 winter seasons in Bulgaria.
Methods: A total of 555 nasopharyngeal swabs of children aged <4 years diagnosed with ARTI were collected and tested for
influenza A/B viruses by Real Time RT-PCR. Influenza virus negative samples were examined by individual Real Time RT-
PCR using specific primers/probes for RSV, hMPV, hPIV1/2/3.
Results: Of the 555 specimens tested 152 (27%) were influenza virus positive. Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, A(H3N2) and
type B viruses were found in 64 (12%), 33 (6%) and 50 (9%) of samples, respectively. Among the 403 influenza virus negative
specimens, paramyxoviruses RSV, hMPV, hPIV1/2/3 were detected in 86 (21%), 28 (7%), 23 (5, 7%), 7 (1, 7%) and 20 (5%)
samples, respectively. RSV was the most frequently identified paramyxovirus. Overall, 33 (6%) patients were co-infected
with two viruses. The contribution of 8 examined respiratory viruses in cases of bronchiolitis, pneumonia and neurological
complications was analyzed.
Conclusions: During the last three winter seasons, influenza viruses and RSV were the most frequent viral pathogens causing
medically attended ARTI among children <4 years of age. Rapid diagnostics by Real Time RT-PCR is decisive in terms of
adequate treatment and taking prompt anti-epidemic measures.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 137
Abdelwahid Saeed Ali et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Clinical and laboratory investigations of Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in infants and young children
with pneumonia and bronchiolitis in Saudi Arabia
Abdelwahid Saeed Ali1, Ahmed Musa Alhakami1, Ali Mohd Alsuheel2, Ayed Alshati2 and Osama Abdulwahab3
1Department of Microbiology
2Department of pediatrics
3Department of Laboratory Science
King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is classified in the metapnuemovirus genus, Pneumovirinae subfamily of the
Paramyxoviridae family. It was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands and then reported in many parts
of the world with seasonal distribution. It may be the second most common cause (after the respiratory syncytial virus, RSV)
of pediatric lower respiratory illness. However, hMPV can also cause upper respiratory tract infections across all age groups.
Compared with RSV, infection with hMPV occurs in slightly older children and to produce less severe disease. Co-infection
with both viruses can also occur and associated with worse disease. hMPV were known to account for approximately 10% of
respiratory tract infections worldwide. The transmission occurs by contact with contaminated secretions, via droplet, aerosol, or
fomite vectors. Infection with hMPVresults in symptoms of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Laboratory testing for identification
of hMPV include: PCR, ELISA and immunofluorescence. In the present study, the role of hMPV in LRT infections in children
in Asser area (Southwest Saudi Arabia) was investigated for the first time. An amount of 98 samples of respiratory secretions
in swabs were collected from patients who attended the pediatric clinics with respiratory problems at Asser Central Hospital.
Samples were collected from patients in both genders, different ages and with different geographical and social backgrounds.
Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) techniques using the commercial kit was employed to determine the presence of the virus
antigens in these specimens. The technique was made exactly as described by the direct immunoflouresnce Kit manufacturers
with some modifications. 9 samples out of 98 (9.18%)collected were found positive to the virus. Positive cases include patients
from both genders and from 6 out of 7 geographical distributions tested. In conclusion, hMPV was reported for the first time
to be incriminated in the causation of lower respiratory tract infections in the study area.
Biography
Abdelwahid Saeed Ali (PhD) is currently serving as a professor of virology and medical biotechnology in the College of Medicine, King Khalid University (KKU)
in Saudi Arabia. He obtained his PhD in virology form Putra University in Malaysia in 2000 and had a post-doctoral fellowship in medical biotechnology at Duke
University Medical Center (DUMC), in Duke University in North Carolina, USA (2005- 2007). At Duke he did some research work dealing with the molecular factors
regulating the mitochondrial biogenesis during sepsis in mammalian cells. As a result of that of research work, he published his research data in most reputable
journals in USA. He passed all his academic career started as a teaching assistant moving through lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor till he become
a full professor in 2010. Through that academic marsh, he was actively involved in teaching, research leadership, graduate students supervision, institution and
community service.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 138
Ülle Parm et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Development of optimal algorithm for determination of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with
phenotypic ESBLA and ESBLM based method
Ülle Parm1, Sirje Laks2 and Svetlana Rudenko2
1Tartu Health Care College
2The North Estonia Medical Centre
University of Tartu, Estonia
Background: Wide-spread of β-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Enterobacteriaceae is the contemporary worldwide problem. For
better results in infection prevention and therapy antimicrobial-resistance surveillance is needed.
Aim: To compare results of different β-lactamases phenotypic screening and confirmatory tests (screening disks, combined
disks and gradient strips) used in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Methods: Altogether, 171 strains of bacteria (78 Escherichia coli; 93 Klebsiella pneumoniae) with decreased sensitivity to third
generation cephalosporines were enrolled the study. Clavulanic acid and cloxacillin gradient strips (Liofilchem) and combined
disks from companies Rosco and MAST were used to determine the mechanisms of resistance.
Results: The most frequent β-lactamase was ESBLA. Outcome of all used three tests showed the matching ESBLA in 70 of 152
any positive cases got from different tests that were 41% of all strains. There were no differences in determining of ESBLA in
comparing MAST and Rosco tests, but the gradient strips showed statistically more ESBLA (p=0.02 and <0.001, respectively)
and ESBLAM strains (p<0.01 and 0.024) in comparing with Rosco and MAST tests. The MAST tests showed more ESBLM
strains in comparing with Rosco (p<0,001). Similar results were only three ESBLM strains by using all three tests and for
ESBLAM strains there were no matching results. With all three tests two strains gave similarly negative results (1%).
Conclusions: Usage of different phenotypic tests gives different results. Due to the price and work load, it would be beneficial
to use the combined discs of MAST. However, until there is no molecular confirmation, we could not give recommendations.
Biography
Ülle Parm is a Lecturer of infectious diseases, epidemiology and hospital infections in Tartu Health Care College (Estonia) and scientist in Institute of Microbiology
in University of Tartu. Several text books about these topics for students have been published in Estonia. Numerous publications and presentations in international
scientific conferences have been done. The mean subject of research work has been associated with development of rectal and nasopharyngeal microbiota in
relation to infection in neonates who needs intensive care. Also, the other branches of study have been in interest: e.g. the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis in
Estonia and problems with laboratory diagnostics; contamination of gowns and devices (including cell-phones) that hospital staff uses and association with hygienic
aspects; the ESBL strains in hospitals etc. She is also the member of Estonian Society for Infection Control (ESIC).
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 139
A Zertal, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
42 cases of A H1N1 flu during 2011 in Algiers
A Zertal
Laadi Flici hospital of infectious diseases, Algeria
The A H1N1 FLU is a contagious acute respiratory disease caused by the virus of the flu. This virus reappeared in 2009 as
a new genetic form with an important virulence, man to man transmissible. The resultant epidemic was stated (called)
pandemic by the WHO: Word Health Organization in 2009. The aim of this study is to show that the A H1N1 FLU keeps on
going and it prevails as compared to the seasonal Flu from which the importance to be watchful and vigilant. It is a retrospective
study based on 95 local patients to be consulted in emergency for the flu syndromes over a period of 2 months from 16.02.2011
to 22.04.2011 at the duty unit of EL KETTAR HOSPITAL (Infectious disease hospital). Before having any antivirus treatment,
the 95 patients were given a nasal pharynx swabbing out. The confirmation of the disease was proved by the detection of the
virus according to the Real- time-PCR method at the PASTEUR INSTITUTE of ALGIERS ALGERIA. On the 95 patients,
42 were! Positive in favor of 2009 pandemic A H1N1 flu, that is to say 44.2% and two cases of flu type B (2%). However, we
notice a female predominance: 30 women (71.4%) and 12 men (28.6%) sex ratio: 0.4. The average age is 32 years old. The fever
was noticed in 34 cases (81%), the cough and the aching syndrome in 29 cases (69%), asthenia in 25 cases (59.5%), stomach
troubles in 15 cases (35.7%) and dyspnea in 13 cases (31%). On therapeutic side, all the patients were given an antivirus
treatment based on Oseltamivir.Three patients were admitted to hospital and put in isolation: A patient with HIV, a pregnant
woman with her husband. The evolution was satisfactory for 41 (97%) with a death (pregnancy) caused to respiratory distress.
The 2009 A H1N1 FLU is on decline but the virus keeps on going in smalls epidemics. This disease is mainly concerned with
the young adults and it remains a serious disease even and mortal for pregnant women.
Biography
A. Zertal is a Physician specialist in infectious diseases since 1998, practice in Algiers Hospital, head of emergency unit for 13 years, after in pediatric unit.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 140
Aouf Abdelhakim et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Prevalence and resistance to antibiotics of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacilli isolated at the
military hospital specialized in orthopedics at Algiers (2009-2014)
Aouf Abdelhakim1, RasledjbelYoucef2 and Bakour Rabah1
1University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algeria
The medical community relies on clinical expertise and published guidelines to assist physicians with choices in empirical
therapy. ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacilli resistant to carbapenems have emerged within the
community setting as an important cause of a variety of infections. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of
these pathogens, to evaluate their level of resistance, the phenotypic characterization of resistance to carbapenems and 3GC
and the possibility of horizontal transfer. Also to testByotrol (disinfectant) on selected multi-drug resistant isolates. This work
was realized at orthopedic, reeducation and reanimation services on hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients.On a total of
1482 positive samples, Enterobacteriaceae were the predominant (44%), followed by Staphylococcus sp. (37%), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (13%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (4%). Even the low rate of isolation of A.baumannii it was responsible of
high mortality rate (9%). The most isolated species of Enterobacteriaceae were E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter
cloacae, Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marsescens. Susceptibility to antibiotics showed that isolates have acquired high level
of resistance. It concerns nearly all antibiotic families used in therapy. E. cloacae was the most ESBL producer followed by
K. pneumoniae and E. coli. ESBLs are plasmid mediated in association with other antibiotics. Resistance of A. baumannii
to carbapenems was almost due to production of metallo-β-lactamases, and the lost D2 porines. All selected MDR isolates
were sensitive to disinfectant tested and colistin. The judicious choice and use of antibiotics and disinfectants may reduce
consequently the dissemination of multi-drug resistant clones.
Biography
Aouf Abdelhakim received his Ph.D. degree in Microbiology at Ain Shams university-Cairo (2007), the work was advised by Pr. Bakour Rabah, Pr. Mohamed Sayed
Salama and Dr. Hala abouchady, and had participated in two projects at the laboratory of cellular and molecular biology (Faculty of biology-University of sciences
and technologie Houari Boumediene) about resistance to antibiotics of Gram negative bacilli. His primary field is Medical and molecular bacteriology with research
emphasis on resitance of Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermentative bacilli to antibiotics and disinfectants.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 141
Soumya Sachdeva, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Distribution, frequency and sensitivity pattern of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in archived isolates of
sterile fluids in a tertiary care hospital in Delhi
Soumya Sachdeva
Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital, India
Introduction: The ‘2nd- and 3rd-generation’ cephalosporins, presently used in the clinical setting; have been found to be effective
against beta lactamase producing bacteria. However resistance against these antibiotics has emerged in the form of ESBLs or
the extended spectrum beta lactamases.
Objective: Detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamases from archived isolates recovered from sterile fluids 2009-2010.
Methods: The study was performed at the Department of Microbiology, for a period of two months. A Total 50 archived
multi drug resistant gram negative bacillary isolates from various sterile fluid samples were randomly selected preserved from
October 2009 to June 2010; and were included in the study. These were first subcultured and then antibiotic sensitivity was
performed as per CLSI 2009. Disc diffusion test was applied to screen for antibiotic resistance. Screening for ESBL was carried
out using DDST (Double disc synergy test), and the results were further confirmed using E strip MIC method.
Results: The archived isolates included samples from male (%), female (%), adult (%) and pediatric (%) patients. The isolates
belonged to family Enterobacteriaceae-E.coli (n=16), Klebsiella (n=11), Acinetobacter (n=23). The maximum isolates showed
resistance to Piperacillin and piperacillin-tazobactam (n=37) followed by ceftazidime and ceftazidime-clavulanate (n=36), on
disc diffusion test. Total 72 % of the isolates reported to be positive for ESBL. The highest ESBL producers were recorded in E
.coli (87.5%), followed by Klebsiella (72.72%) and then by Acinetobacter (60.86%). Out of the total isolates, 10% were found to
be resistant to Imipenem and positive for MBL by the E strip method.
Conclusion: This study elucidates the wide prevalence of the ESBL producing bacteria which are now being recovered from
CNS infections and also that MBL resistance is the current budding threat to mankind.
Acknowledgement: This study was carried out as an ICMR STS 2010 project
Biography
Soumya Sachdeva has completed her MBBS (Bachelors of Medicine and Surgery) at the age of 24 years from Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung
Hospital, New Delhi, India. She is very passionate about medical research and has 5 publications in PubMed and 2 others in peer reviewed journals. She also is
the editor board of Journal of Young Medical Researchers, wikidoc.org and is also the Ambassdor for International Journal of Medical Students (IJMS).
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 142
Tariq A G Aziz, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Detection of human metapneumovirus in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections in
Sulaimani Province, Iraq
Tariq A G Aziz
University of Sulaimani, Iraq
Background: Human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a member of Paramyxoviridae family. It is an important viral pathogen of
respiratory tract infections among children. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the incidence of hMPV infections
among children less than 5 years of age with respiratory tract infections at the pediatric hospital in Sulaimani city of Iraq. Also,
this study aims to evaluate the different diagnostic methods for the detection of this virus.
Method: Nasopharyngeal swabs and throat swabs were collected from 300 hospitalized children with respiratory infections
under 5 years of age between April 2011 and March 2012. Each sample was used for hMPV detection by conventional reverse
transcriptase (RT – PCR) and direct fluorescent assay (DFA). A questionnaire which was designed for acute respiratory tract
infections among hospitalized children was also included.
Results: Human Metapneumovirus was detected in 16% by RT – PCR and 14.7% by DFA. Autumn – winter period was the
most common season for hMPV infections with its peak occurrence in January and February.
Conclusions: hMPV is an important pathogen associated with RTIs in children. RT-PCR is highly sensitive and specific for the
detection of hMPV than antigen detection methods used for the diagnosis of hMPV viruses.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 143
Samer M, Al-Hulu, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Some Technologies and Methods for Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Samer M, Al-Hulu
Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq
Infectious diseases are caused by many microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi. These diseases are
transmitted by direct or indirect method from person to person. It is important to detect new or developed methods for
prevention and control of these diseases. Some of these methods includes using of transgenic plants for producing of surface
antigens which are used in immunization, Targeted therapy of infections by using nanoparticles for production of drug with
high activity, DNA technology for diagnosis of infectious disease and production of vaccine, Probiotic bacteria for treatment
of infectious disease and finally fighter of antibiotics resistant microbe. Results and conclusions must provide drug with high
activity and low cost, safe vaccines for developing new methods for prevention and treatment.
Biography
Samer M, Al-Hulu, Microbiology Specialist, has completed his PhD at the age of 29 years from Babylon University/College of Science. He has published more than
14 papers in microbiology field. Al-Hulu, has training at Ministry of Health at Laboratory of Babylon Maternity and Children Hospital. Now he is currently working at
Al-Qasim Green University/College of Food Science.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 144
323rd OMICS International Conference August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
Accepted Oral
Infectious Diseases-2015
Page 146
Mary Es Beaver et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation in patients with chronic laryngotracheitis
Mary Es Beaver and Fatima Raza
Texas Center for Voice and Swallowing, USA
Aretrospective case series of 507 patients was performed to determine the prevalence of reactivation of EBV and CMV in
patients with chronic laryngotracheitis (CLTR). Patients were included if presented with chief complaint of hoarseness, sore
throat, difficulty swallowing, or cough for greater than six weeks; stroboscopic exam showed laryngeal/tracheal inflammation
and EBV/CMV serology was done. SPSS was used to analyze prevalence of elevated IgG to EBV Nuclear Antigen (EBNA),
EBV Viral Capsid Antigen (EB VCA), EBV Early Antigen (EBV EA) and CMV IgG in study sample, each symptom group and
symptom duration category (1-3 months, 4-6 months, and >6 months). 193 (38%) patients were EBV EA seropositive with
mean titer of 1.81 while 157 (33%) had elevated CMV IgG (mean = 6.1). 40% of hoarseness subjects had elevated EBV EA
IgG while 30% had high CMV IgG. 48% of patients with cough reported high EBV EA IgG while 35% showed elevated CMV
Immunoglobulins. Among difficulty swallowing and sore throat groups, 34% and 46% were seropositive to EBV EA compared
to 30% and 15% with elevated CMV IgG. 50 % of patients had elevated EBV EA IgG in 4-6 months duration of illness group
compared to 42% and 38% in 1-3 months and > 6 months duration respectively. The prevalence of EBV and CMV reactivation
in patients with CLTR is significant, may be more common in the patient with symptoms of intermediate duration, and may
indicate reactivation of EBV and CMV as a cofactor in CLTR.
Biography
Mary Es Beaver MD FACS is the director of the Texas Center for Voice and Swallowing in Houston Texas, a division of Texas ENT Specialists which is the fourth
largest otolaryngology group in the United States. She has published previously on causes of chronic laryngotracheitis in numerous peer reviewed journals. She is
a reviewer for the Laryngoscope and is a frequent contributor to the literature regarding pathology that affects the larynx.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 147
Lorraine L. Rosamilia, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Herpes zoster: Conundrums and controversies
Lorraine L. Rosamilia
State College, USA
Herpes zoster presents significant clinical and fiscal morbidity for patients and providers. From acute and chronic wound
and pain conditions to vaccination strategies and infection control measures, its ramifications intertwine between many
medical disciplines and governing bodies.
A recent study of health care economic burden notes that herpes (including zoster) is one of the top 5 most costly categories
of skin disease. Moreover, medical providers differ widely in their approaches to the management of herpes zoster. For instance,
the literature wavers in its recommendations for prevention of post-herpetic neuralgia, yet a well-done recent study has shed
light on the effectiveness of antiviral and gabapentin regimens.
Also, vaccination strategies for herpes zoster are inconsistent. It is currently recommended in patients over 50, and very
few surveys have evaluated patient compliance since its FDA approval. In current clinical settings, it is unclear who should be
taking the lead (primary care vs. specialists) for its employment, despite its positive safety and efficacy profile.
In addition, hospital isolation policies for patients and staff with or exposed to herpes zoster are often inconsistent,
misunderstood, outdated, or poorly outlined in institutional handbooks. Furthermore, the difference in infectivity between
native varicella and subsequent herpes zoster is often misinterpreted.
A disease entity with such disparate management strategies should be clarified. By summarizing the pathogenesis of
herpes zoster and the efficacy of its treatment and vaccination, in addition to outlining the best practices given recent literature,
dermatologists, physician extenders, or and other medical providers will be better able to determine the appropriate course of
treatment, isolation measures, and education of zoster patients.
Biography
Lorraine L. Rosamilia is a Staff Dermatologist with the Geisinger Health System, practicing in State College, PA. She received medical school and residency
training in dermatology at the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, PA, and has particular interest in resident and primary care teaching and
scientific journal editing. Her practice focus includes medical dermatology, namely psoriasis, acne, infectious disease, and skin malignancy.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 148
Robert Pintaric et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Suitability of electrolyzed oxidizing water for the disinfection of hard surfaces and equipment in radiology
Robert Pintaric1 and Stefan Pintaric2
1University Medical Centre Maribor, Slovenia
2University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Background: Hospitals are faced with increasingly resistant strains of micro-organisms. When it comes to disinfection,
individual parts of electronic equipment of angiology diagnostics such as patient couches of computer tomography (CT) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners prove to be very hard to disinfect. Disinfectants of choice are therefore expected
to possess properties such as rapid, residue-free action without any damaging effect on the sensitive electronic equipment. This
paper discusses the use of the neutral electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) as a biocide for the disinfection of diagnostic rooms
and equipment.
Methods: The CT and MRI rooms were aerosolized with EOW using aerosolization device. The presence of micro-organisms
before and after the aerosolization was recorded with the help of sedimentation and cyclone air sampling. Total body count
(TBC) was evaluated in absolute and log values.
Results: The number of micro-organisms in hospital rooms was low as expected. Nevertheless, a possible TBC reduction
between 78.99–92.50% or 50.50–70.60% in log values was recorded.
Conclusions: The research has shown that the use of EOW for the air and hard surface disinfection can considerably reduce
the presence of micro-organisms and consequently the possibility of hospital infections. It has also demonstrated that the
sedimentation procedure is insufficient for the TBC determination. The use of Biocide aerosolization proved to be efficient and
safe in all applied ways. Also, no eventual damage to exposed devices or staff was recorded.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 149
Li-juan Zhang, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Agrarian residents in china are at increased risk of vector born rickettsioses, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis
Li-juan Zhang
National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China
More and more epidemiological evidences indicated that the annual numbers of the emerging anapalsema and ehrlichia
and the reemerging rickettsiae have steadily increased in China and the outbreaks of these zoonoses have frequently
reported resent years. Of the traditional rickettsioses, scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot), is one of the serious
acute febrile illness in China. In some severe endemic areas of southern China, hundreds of farmers suffered scrub typhus in
small villages each year. Similarly, murine typhus, caused by R.typhi, is highly prevalence in some rural areas although the louse
borne epidemiological typhus has been controlled in China. Noticeably, a big outbreak of murine typhus involved 76 patients
occurred in drug detoxification program from Ruili City, Yunnan Province in 2010.Besides R.sibirica and R. heilongjiangensis,
emerging spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) including R.raoulti, R.felis, R. massiliae and SFGR Hainan-1 were successively
detected in China recent years. Specifically, a highly seroprevalence of the SFGR Hainan-1 were identified in 46.1% of the adult
population and 37.5% of the preschool children in the local areas, respectively. Active national investigations indicated that the
emerging tick born E.chaffeensis and A.phagocytophilum were highly prevalence among agrarian residents, domestic animals
and some wild animals. In particular, an unusual transmission of nosocomial cases of human granulocytic anaplasmosis
occurred in Anhui Province in 2006. In China, the rickettsial diseases are the greatest challenge to public health. Notably, rural
residents are not only at increased risk of these zoonoses but also these diseases are mostly underrecognized.
Biography
Li-juan Zhang (MD, PhD) is the Director of the Dept. of Rickettisology, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC. She is
and PhD Candidate Supervisor and one of the members of the Committee of Natural Focus Disease, Ministry of Hygiene of People’s Republic of China, and a
member of the National Zoonoses Committee. Her research interests are national surveillance of Rickettsioses, Anaplasmosis and Ehrlichiosis and molecular
epidemiological and pathogenesis researches of rickettsiae, anaplasma and ehrlichia .She has published more than 60 papers on the surveillance of rickettsiae
and basic research on rickettsiae agents.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 150
Akira Ito, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
The present complicated and chaotic situation of human taeniases and neurocysticercosis in Asia
Akira Ito
Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
Background: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) due to accidental uptake of eggs of Taenia solium is common and most potentially
lethal helminthic infection in developing countries where people eat pork. It is transmitted from humans (taeniasis carriers) to
both humans and pigs (cysticercosis), and emerging and reemerging worldwide. Therefore, this disease is based on consumption
of pork full of cysticerci under poverty and expected to be a local disease in rural and remote areas of developing countries
where meat-inspection was not introduced under poverty, and was rare or not distributed in Muslim or Jewish societies in
the 20 century. In addition, there are two other Taenia tapeworms distributed in Asia: Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica.
Differentiation of these two species from T. solium is not always easy, and both T. saginata and T. asiatica infect humans as
intestinal tapeworms but do not cause NCC.
Present Situation: Globalization with huge number of immigrants as labor and tourists has high risk to introduce NCC
everywhere even in Muslim or Jewish societies or developed countries including Japan. Nonetheless, we have almost no data on
the real situation in any countries due to the lack of reliable tools to detect NCC or identify the parasite. In Asia-Pacific, we have
many other parasitic diseases including schistosomiasis, food- or fish-borne trematodiases, soil-transmitted helminthiases and
fish-borne cestodiases or meat-borne cestodiases caused by the two other species (Ito and Budke 2014. Travel Med Infect Dis
12, 582-591). In any areas where we are facing these parasitic diseases, we are simultaneously facing unexpected outbreaks of
asymptomatic NCC with sudden death after chemotherapy of more common helminthic diseases. In this presentation, the
present situation of NCC caused by eggs of T. solium in Asia, most neglected among the WHO’s 17 neglected tropical diseases,
are overviewed. The background information on the reason why it is neglected is stressed. Molecular identification of the
species and serology for detection of cysticercosis in humans and pigs are discussed. It is urgent to establish highly reliable tools
for detection of pigs infected with T. solium and strengthen sustainable education towards the control of NCC.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 151
Xin Wang, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Dexamethasone restores the neovascularization of spine cord in an experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis (EAE) Mouse Model
Xin Wang
ACURE Biotechnology, USA
Dexamethasone has been used in the therapy of acute multiple sclerosis (MS), multiple myeloma, drug-eluting vascular
stents as a drug of anti-inflammation and immunosuppression. However, the main mechanism of dexamethasone is
unclear. Here we employed an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model induced by peritoneal
injection of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG33-35). We decided the start day (E0) for treatment at the next day
that paralysis scores become 2. Most of mice reached the peak of severest symptoms at 7th day after the start day (E7) and then
the symptoms started getting mild. We chose the 14th day after the start day as the end point of this study (E14). We studied
the impact of Dexamethasone on the pathological changes of spine card in the process of outbreak of acute inflammation
of spine cord through H&E staining. The spine cord at E7 shown typical pathological characteristics of acute inflammation:
swollen of white matter of tissue; invasion of inflammation cells along with appearance of vascular sleeve; micro-vessels in gray
matter of spine cord significant decreased, and disappeared at E14. Interestingly, the mice of dexamethasone treatment showed
significant maintaining of micro-vessels comparing to un-treated E7 mice (18:1) around the area of central tube of spine cord.
The spine cord of E14 mice that treated by dexamethasone shown the enriched micro-vessels, whereas no micro-vessels could
be found in untreated E14 mice (24:0). These results suggest that dexamethasone restores the neovascularization in gray matter
of inflammatory spine cord. We will study the detail mechanism of neovascularization of steroid therapy in central nervous
system for developing drugs to improve the outcome of autoimmune diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, atherosclerosis, and
cardiovascular diseases.
Biography
Xin Wang had her MD in Hebei Medical University in 1989. She performed clinic practice 10 years in hospital. She has completed her PhD in 2004 from Medical
School, Shinshu University, Japan, and postdoctoral study from NIH in USA. She founded her biotech company--ACURE Biotechnology, Inc. in 2013. She is CEO
and Chief Science Officer in this company. She had published more than 25 peer reviewed papers in reputed journals and serving as an editorial board member
in two repute journals.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 152
Jane Costa, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
The new vector species and their implications on the eco-epidemiology of the chagas disease
Jane Costa
Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
Chagas Disease was first described in 1909 by Carlos Chagas, 106 years ago. Despite the success achieved in the interruption
of the vectorial transmission in several Latin American countries, Chagas disease remains as a major public health
concern. In addition to that, due to the changes in its epidemiologic profile, new challenges for the monitoring actions and
achieving the disease control has been imposed to the governments and health authorities. The etiological agent, a protozoan
named Trypanosoma cruzi, is mainly transmitted to mammalian hosts by triatomine vectors, and circulates in complex sylvatic
and domiciliary cycles. Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) published the most relevant and complete review on the Triatominae
subfamily, including 111 vector species and, since then, 37 new vectors have been described from distinct countries, now
totalizing 148 species; all of them are actual or potential vectors. Almost half of that total (65) occurs in Brazil and, 35 species
are endemic in that country what makes it as the most biodiverse in terms of triatomine fauna. The use of multidisciplinary
approaches has been a key point to better understand the eco-epidemiology of the Chagas disease vectors, and some of the
most used tools are here stressed: i- molecular biology made possible to distinguish precisely the new taxa; to recognize cryptic
species and complex of species and, to evaluate their phylogenetic relationships; ii- the geometric morphometrics brought
relevant contributions not only to the systematics of the triatomine group but also to check for evolutionary hypothesis; iii-
the development of the ecological niche models allowed mapping the species potential distributions and to analyze their
possibilities to invade new areas spreading the risk of transmission of T. cruzi. The integrated analysis of those distinct tools
has been crucial to direct more precise measures and strategies for controlling the Chagas disease.
Biography
Jane Costa has completed his Ph.D at the age of 36 years from Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Brazil and postdoctoral studies from Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Entomology Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA. She is the Curator of the Entomological Collection and the Head of the
Laboratory of the Entomological Biodiversity, at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, a premier scientific research organization on public health. She has published
more than 65 papers in reputed journals and serving as scientific referee and consultant for several funding agencies.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 153
Panagiotis Karanis, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Cryptosporidium life cycle and development: New insights
Panagiotis Karanis
Qinghai University, China
Cryptosporidium is an important ubiquitous pathogen for a wide range of vertebrates, including humans, and has a great
global impact. There are developments in the axenic in vitro culture of Cryptosporidium. Systematically experimental
findings regarding the life cycle of the parasite and developmental biology, mainly including the physiological in vitro
conditions reveals in new insights and increasing of our knowledge of this important pathogen. Various culture media were
assessed for the axenic cultivation of C. parvum, genotype II. After pre-trials, the most promising media have been modified
using various supplements and different culture conditions. Different developmental stages were observed in high numbers
and microscopically documented. After tuning the medium with supplements, the yield of parasitic developmental stages
increased indicating that the modified media might ultimately enable the long-term cultivation of Cryptosporidium in axenic
cell-free culture. The asexual, sexual stages and new developed oocysts of C. parvum were confirmed using transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). The asexual reproduction of C. parvum was fit to the pattern of development of both eimerian
coccidian and neo-gregarines. Further novel findings are the visualization of the asexual Cryptosporidium stages developing
within the oocysts and the extension of the outer membrane of some of the developmental stages, as parasitophorous vacuole-
like membranes were also evident. The unique cell-free development of C. parvum, along with establishment of meronts and
merozoite formation, is the first evidence described at the ultra-structural level. Sexual development was extremely rapid after
inoculation of oocysts into the medium. The process began within ½-12 h and was completed with new oocysts formation 120
h post-inoculation. The ultrastructural data present for the first time the exogenous development of Cryptosporidium parvum,
examined in in vitro cell-free culture using TEM.
Biography
Panagiotis Karanis has completed his Ph.D at the age of 31 years from Bonn University and postdoctoral studies from Bonn University School of Medicine. He
is the director of the Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases at Qinghai University, China. He has published more than 90 papers in reputed journals on
parasitic and infectious diseases.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 154
J. N. Agrewala et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Self-adjuvanting promiscuous peptide of Mycobacterium tuberculosis augments polyfunctional Th1 and
Th17 cells and evokes better protection and endurance of memory T cell response than BCG
J. N. Agrewala1, U. Gowthaman1, W. Zeng3 and D. C. Jackson3
1CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, India
2Yale University School of Medicine, USA
3The University of Melbourne, Australia
In tuberculosis-endemic population, the main reason for the failure of BCG vaccine is the obstacle caused by non-tuberculous
mycobacteria and helminths in its processing and presentation. Usually, peptides do not require extensive antigen processing
since they can bind to major histocompatibility complex molecules and therefore can be directly presented to T cells. As
a result, peptide vaccines can surmount the problems associated with BCG failure. It is well-established fact that not only
adaptive but also innate immunity plays a crucial role in protection against tuberculosis. Hence we have constructed a novel
lipopeptide vaccine by linking promiscuous CD4 and CD8 epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Pam2Cys, a Toll like
Receptor-2 agonist. This lipopeptide has unique property of self-adjuvanting and concurrently activating both innate and
adaptive immunity. The vaccine binds directly to MHC I and MHC II molecules and TLR-2. It stimulates dendritic cells to
secrete cytokines, upregulates the expression of costimulatory molecules and significantly augments their ability to present
antigen to T cells. Further, the vaccinated animals impart robust and enduring memory Th1 and Th17 response. The protection
observed is significantly better than BCG. This lipidated-peptide vaccine is unique since it overcomes MHC barriers and
evokes immune response irrespective of HLA polymorphism in human. This vaccine has enough potential to induce long-
lasting protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore it can be a potent future vaccine candidate for controlling
tuberculosis.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 155
Harish Mohan Mudgal, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Novel technologies and innovations for prevention and treatment of “Infectious Diseases” including Ebola
Harish Mohan Mudgal
Government of Rajasthan, India
Infectious diseases (communicable diseases) are major cause of morbidity and mortality in majority of countries across the
globe, predominantly in lower and middle income countries. The reasons can be attributed to myriads of causes starting from
poor health infrastructural support to diagnostic errors and lack of early response in dealing with the outbreaks. Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) also have also targeted communicable diseases in MDG no 4 & 6 to minimizing the incidence
and subsequent mortalities.
Communicable diseases, maternal, neonatal and nutrition conditions collectively are responsible for 23% of global deaths.
HIV and childhood diarrhea alone have contributed to 1.5 million deaths each in 2012 globally. Estimated 6.6 million children
died before reaching their fifth birthday; almost all (99%) of these deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries and
the major killers are childhood pneumonias, diarrheal diseases.
Advent of vaccines, diagnostics and new treatment modalities has shown a great success in reducing the mortality due to
infectious diseases. Vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) have battled out successfully, globally, with the introduction of newer
vaccines. The reduction in the mortality has been achieved in various countries by incorporation these vaccine in the National
health programs e.g. Introduction of pentavalent in Indradhanush (Immunization Initiative against seven VPDs) in India.
Recent triumph against Polio in India was a collective effort of rapid diagnoses by virtue of primary isolation of virus from
stools and potent (newer) bivalent and monovalent Oral Polio Vaccine.
Furthermore recent outbreaks of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia & Sierra Leone {20 confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease
(EVD) reported in the week to 21 June} and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome corona virus (MERS CoV) in Asia, Americas,
Middle East and Europe has raised a concern towards global public health initiatives and tools to combating them. Rapid
assessment of Ebola diagnostics e.g. Real Star Filo virus Screen RT-PCR Kit 1.0, Antigen Rapid Test Kit, Re EBOV, Life river
Ebola Virus (EBOV) Real Time RT-PCR Kit and finally X pert Ebola Test have enabled health workers to rapidly diagnose the
quantum of cases. Convalescent whole blood donated by Ebola recovered patients has been administered in Sierra Leone and
also in Liberia. Ebola vaccine trials and testing are being done in in West Africa. However, no vaccine against MERS CoV is
available currently.
The role of Primary Health Education, Political commitment and intersect oral cooperation in spreading awareness about
occurrence and prevention of infectious diseases is vital. Global health commitment towards research and development of new
diagnostics and treatment options serve a pivotal role in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. M-health (mobile
health) Initiatives can prove vital in disseminating awareness in health programs globally.
Biography
Harish Mohan Mudgal has completed MBBS in 1997 from S.P medical College, Bikaner India and had started working with the Government of India from 2008. I
completed DHHM (Diploma in Hospital & Health Management) from IIHMR (Indian Institute of health management & Research) in 2003-2004. In 2005 I got deputed
to the World Health Organization Polio project in India and supported Polio/measles Eradication activities in various parts of the country. I left the project in 2010
September to pursue Master’s in Public Health from LSHTM (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) from 2010 to 2011. After graduating from the
School I worked as a freelance consultant with in London for about a year. From 2012-2013 I went to Nigeria to support the Immunization programs with WHO-CDC
collaboration. I left Nigeria in 2013 October to Joining Government services back in India till today.
[email protected]
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 156
Rashad S. Jaweesh, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Causative bacterial and parasitic agents of diarrheal diseases among internally home displaced persons in
khartoum
Rashad S. Jaweesh
University of Medical Science and Technology, Sudan
Internally home displaced persons (IDPs) are the group of people who are forced to migrate from their origin residence
due to war, dryness or other circumstances, this migration resulted in high rates of mortality and morbidity due to the low
quality of life, this difficult situation raised diarrheal diseases to become a major health concern in Sudan where the IDPs are
more than 3 millions. The study was conducted during the period of October 2011 to April 2012 in Jabal Awlia camp witch
located in Khartoum boundaries. The objective of this Study was to determine the main causative parasitic and bacterial
agents of diarrheal disease among those IDPs as well as to determine the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns against the isolated
bacteria. A total of one hundred and fifty diarrheal specimens were collected from the camp residents and examined under
microscope, then transported by a transport media for culture and identification using API20E and conventional biochemical
tests. Macroscopic examination reveals 26 (17.5%) parasitic infected patients. Determined as 19 (13%) Guardia lambilia,
4(3%) Entamoeba histolytica, 1 (0.66%) Entamoeba coli and 2(1.3%) H. nana. While culture results showed that Escherichia coli
represented 78%, Shigella sonnei 5% (all were sensitive to Tetracycline and Ciprofloxacin), Shigella dysentraie represented 3%
(were sensitive to Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin and Co-trimoxazole), moreover Salmonella typhi represented 2% (were sensitive
to Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and Co-trimoxazole), finally Salmonella paratyphi C represented only 0.7% and showed
sensitivity to Chloramphinicol and Ciprofloxacin. From our results we concluded that parasites and bacterial etiology are
endemic.
Biography
Rashad S. Jaweesh is a Ph. D scholar Al-Gazera University and he has a master degree on medical microbiology from the University of Medical Science and
Technology in addition to another master degree on immunology from Tropical Medicine Department at Sudan Academy of Science. He is the head of medical
microbiology department at the Faculty of Basic Medical Science in Libyan International Medical University, an executive on the Sudan Union of Clinical Laboratory
Scientists, in addition to be a member in the Sudan Society for Microbiology.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 157
Rashad S. Jaweesh, J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Prevalence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students compared to healthcare
workers in Benghazi city-2013
Rashad S. Jaweesh
Libyan International Medical University, Libya
Methacillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a global concern since 1970s then year by year many
other resistant forms has been reported, usually it’s very difficult to distinguish between community or nosocomial
sources specially in the developing countries due to complete or relative absence of infection control units, hence a total of 125
nasal swabs were collected from 25 final year’s medical students who weren’t enrolled to hospitals or hospitalized. In addition
to other healthcare workers (physicians, nurses, patients and workers) 25 of each, all samples were cultivated on Mannitol
Salt Agar (MSA), identified, and sensitivity determined. Community samples were 17% positive for S. aureus, while overall
hospital samples shows 39% positive in the following order (heart unit staff represented 30%, followed by pediatrics 26%,
wards 20%, finally emergency 17%). Sensitivity testing applied for (Methacillin, Vancomycin, Meropeneme, azithromycin and
cefotaxime) Neither methacillin nor vancomycin (MRSA, VRSA) as well as azithromycin resistant species has been reported
among community source while 36% of hospital samples shared the resistance of methacillin (MRSA) as well as azithromycin
while 4% were vancomycin resistant (VRSA), Meropeneme was 100% sensitive in community samples while it shows just 7%
resistance in hospitals but all isolated samples were resistant to cefotaxime. From the following data hospital showed a highly
contagious environment for spreading of multidrug resistant species such as (VRSA and MRSA) so a strict infection control
measures must be reviewed or initiated before it’s too late, as almost study coved all the governmental hospitals in Benghazi.
Biography
Rashad S. Jaweesh has been a Ph. D scholar in 2014 at the age of 27 years from Al-Gazera University and he has a master degree on medical microbiology from
the University of Medical Science and Technology in addition to another master degree on immunology from Tropical Medicine Department at Sudan Academy of
Science. He is the head of medical microbiology department at the Faculty of Basic Medical Science in Libyan International Medical University, an executive on the
Sudan Union of Clinical Laboratory Scientists, in addition to be a member in the Sudan Society for Microbiology.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 158
Annesha Archyangelio et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Patient Group Direction (PGD) decolonisation prior to surgery to reduce surgical site infection rate in
spinal patients
Annesha Archyangelio and Amritpal Shakhon
Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, UK
Topic: Infection prevention in specialist Orthopaedic surgery.
Issue and Context: A PGD is instructions for the administration of medicine by trained professionals to a specific patient with
an identified condition without them seeing a prescriber by assessing that they meet the criteria.
Patient Group; Spinal patients are identified as having higher infection rates.
Methods: Captured spinal patients through pre-operative assessment (POA) clinic to provide staphylococcus aureus
(SA) decolonisation including Chlorhexidine 4% body/hair wash, Mupriocin 2% nasal ointment and Chlorhexidine 0.2%
mouthwash to be used by prior to surgery to reduce bacterial load. Implementation started in POA in June 2014. Staff marked
records for patients to whom they provided the PGD to monitor compliance and distribution. The categories of patients who
did not receive the PGD/decolonisation include hips, knees, shoulders, foot and ankle and spinal patient who did not attend
POA clinic. Patient in this group were screened for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in line with current
practice, MRSA positive patients received standard MRSA decolonisation.
Measurement Used: A post-implementation audit and review of the SA PGD from June to Dec 2014, reviewing;
Patients captured on electronic Records.
Reasons some patients were not given the PGD.
Infection rates since introduction.
Staff interviews to check process compliance.
Patient surveyed to check application decolonisation.
Evidence of Improvement/Findings:
PGD implementation occurred smoothly.
Staff/patient indicated overall compliance with the process.
Patients given the PGD did not have POA or were missed.
Data showed reduction in SSI rates in spinal patient’s post-PGD; 19 infections in period previous year, 3 infections in patients
given PGD.
Further Steps:
Embed capture of spinal patients.
Continue PGD-infection rates analysis to assess the impact of blanket decolonisation in spinal patients.
Consider standard decolonisation for all orthopaedic patients pre-operatively.
[email protected]
Notes:
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 159
Baldé A.M. et al., J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015, 4:2
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-9541.C1.003
World Congress on
Infectious Diseases
August 10-12, 2015 London, UK
Is there any potential of the Guinean pharmacopoea and tm in the battle against Ebola virus disease?
Baldé A.M.1,3, Oularé K.1,2, Barry M.S.1,2, Diallo A.1, Camara M1, Traoré S. 1, Traoré M.S.1,3, Kouyaté M.1, Traoré S.1, Ouo-Ouo S.1, Myanthé A.L.1, Keita N.1,
2, Haba N.L.1, 2, Goumou K.1, 2, BAH F.1, 2, Baldé M.A.1,3, Camara A.1,3, Diallo M.S.T1,3 and Sylla M.1,3
1Centre de Recherche et de Valorisation des Plantes Médicinales (CRVPM) de Dubréka, Guinée
2Université Julius Nyéréré de Kankan, Guinée
3Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Guinée
Most infections of the current outbreak of Ebola virus remain confined to Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Liberia, three West African countries. In
Guinea, 3159 positive patients have been recorded from December 30th, 2013 to April 28th, 2015. From these, 1966 death were registered .
The true number of infections and deaths is undoubtedly greater since evidence suggests that many Ebola infections are asymptomatic [Heffernan et
al, 2005] and these are unlikely to be infectious [Leroy et al. 2000] . However, due to intense national and international mobilizations, a significant
reduction in Ebola virus transmission has been recorded. This success can woefully be compromised by the poverty, the mistrust towards the official
authorities, the overcrowding in the urban cities, the dysfunctional healthcare system, the local custom and traditions, the next rain season etc.
Regarding the treatment, many treatment solutions have been proposed. While international efforts to create new vaccines, medicines, and
diagnostics are underway, no coherent national or international approach and/or funding have so far been implemented to integrate the potential
and/or the implication of traditional healers (TH). Nevertheless, at the beginning of the outbreak in Guinea, the first contact of most of the patients
has remained the TH which plays a significant social role within their communities. This was due to the deadly nature of the disease, the lack of any
conventional treatment, the fear of going to hospitals which were considered as “a pure place to die”, the pressure to find anything that might offer
hope of a cure, the Ebola symptoms similar to those of malaria, typhoid, influenza etc. Upon these considerations, it is of importance to implicate
the traditional healers in the sensitization campaign, and to investigate the potential of the local pharmacopeia and traditional medicine in the battle
against the Ebola outbreak.
Aiming that, an ethnomedical and an ethnobotanical survey related to Ebola virus infection was conducted in the 4 main Guinean regions from
April 2014 to march 2015. A total of 93 TH were contacted: 27 in High – Guinea region, 10 in Middle - Guinea, 30 in Low - Guinea, 26 in Forest -
Guinea. Before the current outbreak, the Ebola virus disease was unknown by all of these TH. After one year of the epidemic and a wide sensitization
campaign, 56/93 [6/27 in HG; 30/30 in FG, 4/10 in MG, 16/30 in BG] of them do not believe on the existence of Ebola. Only 37/93 of them were able
to cite the main symptoms of the disease and the preventive measures. A part of the symptomatic treatments, 92/93 TH admitted their incapacity to
treat Ebola virus disease. Although all the TH assumed to treat one or more of the Ebola main symptoms viz fever, vomiting, diarrhea, tiredness etc.,
only 15/93 were willing to direct any patient with the Ebola signs to medical centers. In High – Guinea region, 8 Ebola similar diseases were cited.
According to one TH from High - Guinea, the disease resulted from the eating of the venomous snake “Fonfoni”, the drinking of stagnant water where
were macerated some died animals. In the Forest –Guinean region, the consumption of bushmeat are common, but due to an intense deforestation,
the bats as well as a number of other wild animals (antelopes, monkeys etc.) are in fact extremely rare, nowadays.
32 plant remedies indicated for the treatment of the main symptoms including fever, severe headache, diarrhea (with blood), vomiting (with
blood), weakness, abdominal pain, bleeding, and sore throat were inventoried. Among the identified plant species, the caesalpiniaceae and the
euphorbiaceae families were the most represented. Previous antimicrobial activities have been described for most of these identified plant species.
On the other hand, numerous Guinean plant species with antiviral, antibacterial, antimalarial, anthelmintic, anticancer activities may be
highly relevant to the goal of preventing and/or curing Ebola virus disease, then should be evaluated for their anti-Ebola and/or immune boosting
properties. Aiming that, a phytomedicine “NOQAI” dedicated to the treatment of HIV infections has been proposed earlier in Guinea (April 2014)
for the treatment of infected Ebola patients.
Definitively yes, there is a real place and potential of the African Pharmacopeia and Traditional Medicine in the battle of Ebola Virus Disease.
Apart from the important and undeniable social base of Traditional healers in planning and with the implementation of any actions of health
promotion, African medicinal plants could provide an important source of antiviral drug leads, including Ebola Virus. Such potential must be
inventoried, studied and rationalized through multiple research projects which need a wide international support and partnership.
[email protected]
J Immunol Tech Infect Dis 2015 Infectious Diseases-2015 Volume 4 Issue 2
ISSN: 2329-9541, JIDIT Hybrid Open Access August 10-12, 2015 Page 160
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
C 2329-9541-InfectiousDiseases-2015_Posters-Accepted Abstracts
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search