Page 1 English For Engineering A noun is often defined as a word which names a person, place or thing. Here are some examples of nouns: boy, river, friend, Mexico, triangle, day, school, truth, university, idea, John F. Kennedy, movie, aunt, vacation, eye, dream, flag, teacher, class, grammar. John F. Kennedy is a noun because it is the name of a person; Mexico is a noun because it is the name of a place; and boy is a noun because it is the name of a thing. A pronoun is a words that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers to either to the participants in the discourse (e.g., I, you) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g., she, it, this) Types of Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns First Person Singular Subject Object I me My Mine Myself Plural Subject Object We us Our Ours Ourselves Second Person Singular Subject Object You you Your Yours Yourself Plural Subject Object You you Your Yours Yourselves Third Person Singular Subject Object He, she, it him, her, it His, her, it’s His, hers, its Himself, herself, itself Plural Subject Object They them Their Theirs Themselves Word classes 1.1 NOUN 1.2 PRONOUN 1 Do you know about Word Classes? Let’s see the explanation about word classes.
Page 2 English For Engineering Personal Pronouns: Subjects and Objects Personal pronouns Subject pronouns: I you we they he she it Object pronouns: me you us them him her it S a) Kate is married. She has two children O b) Kateis my friend. I know her well c) Mike has a new blue bicycle. He bought it yesterday A pronoun refers to a noun. In a): she is a pronoun; it refers to Kate In b): her is a pronoun; it refers to Kate She is a subject pronoun; her is an object pronoun A pronoun can refers to a single noun (e.g., Kate) or to a noun phrase, In c): it refers to the whole noun phrase a new blue bicycle S d) Eric and I are a good friends O e) Ann met Eric and me at the museum O of PREP f) Ann walked between Eric and me Guidelines for using pronouns following and: if the pronoun is used as part of the subject, use a subject pronoun, as in d). It is part of the object, use an object pronoun, as in (e) and (f). Incorrect: Eric and me are a good friends Incorrect: Ann met Eric and I at the museum Singular pronouns: I me you he, she, it him, her, it Plural pronouns: we us you they them g) Mike is in class. He is taking a test h) The students are in class. They are taking a test i) Kate and Tom are married. They have two children Singular = one Plural = more than one. Singular pronouns refers to singular nouns, plural pronouns refers to plural nouns. As in the example Possessive Nouns Singular: (a) I know the student’s name Plural: (b) I know the students’ names Plural: (c) I know the children’s names An apostrophe (’) and an –s are used with nouns to show possession (d) The student the student’s name (e) James James’/James’s Singular possessive noun: Noun + apostrophe (’) + S A singular noun that ends in –s has to possible possessive forms: James’ or James’s Do you Understand about the explanation.
Page 3 English For Engineering name (f) The students the students’ names (g) Men men’s names Plural possessive nouns: noun + -S+ apostrophe (’) + S Irregular possessive nouns: noun + -S + apostrophe (’) + S Compare: Tom’s here Tom’s brother is here In (h): Tom’s is not possessive. It is a contraction of Tom is In (g): Tom’s is a possessive Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives This pen belong to me (a), it’s mine (b) it is my pen (a) and (b) have the same meaning; they both show possession. Mine is a possessive pronoun; my is a possessive adjective Possessive pronoun (c) I have mine (d) You have yours (e) She has hers (f) He has his (g) We have ours (h) They have theirs Possessive Adjective I have my pen You have your pen She has her pen He has his pen We have our pens They have their pens A possessive pronoun is used alone, without a noun following it A possessive adjective is used only with a noun following it Incorrect: I have mine pen Incorrect: I have my Compare its vs it’s: (i) Sue gave me a book. I don’t remember its title (j) Sue gave me a book. It’s a novel In (i): its (no apostrophe) is a possessive adjective modifying the noun title In (j): it’s is a contraction of it + is Compare their vs there vs they’re: (k) The students have their books (l) my books over there (m) Where are the students? They’re in class Their, there and they’re have the same pronunciation, but not the same meaning. Their: possessive adjective, as in (k) There: an expression of place, as in (l) They’re: contraction of they are, Exercise Circle each of the following word classes in each sentence. A. Find the NOUN(s) in each sentence. 1. Please put these new books in the bookcase over there. 2. A computer can store and retrieve information. 3. Does Tim live in a house or in an apartment? 4. Ms. Enriquez believes wealth cannot buy happiness. 5. Her loyalty and honesty made her a great friend.
Page 4 English For Engineering 2 B. Find the ADJECTIVE(s) in each sentence. 1. The huge crowd appeared excited and restless. 2. Two old prospectors and a weary mule trudged across the desert. 3. The loyal fans cheered their team in the game. 4. Our European guests were weary after the long trip. C. Find the PRONOUN in each sentence. 1. A spotted coat helps the leopard hide from its prey. 2. Snow covered the ballpark earlier, but it melted. 3. Ken came by and picked up his basketball before supper. 4. Many artists built their studios in old warehouses. Vocabulary Knowledge. Match the following pictures for civil engineering tools with an appropriate statements: a. b. c.
Page 5 English For Engineering d. e. f. g. h. j. k. l. m. It will protect from accidental head contacts with electrical circuits and equipment They are designed for gas and electric welding in order to limit danger and damage from sparks and other hot, flying objects. Personnel’s eye protection is necessary because of hazards caused by infrared and ultraviolet radiation, or by flying objects such as sparks, globules of molten metal, or chipped concrete and wood, etc. Proper hearing protections are capable of producing dangerously high noise levels which, if ignored, can result in serious hearing loss or injury. The engineer’s double open-end wrench has different size openings on each end. Angular cut cutters are used for close cutting of soft or medium-hard metals. The shop knife is used to cut wallboard, paper, cardboard, linoleum, canvas, and upholstery materials. Rubber cutting knives come in a variety of styles and shapes. The handle is usually oval in shape Hand shears are made with straight or curved cutting blades. Shears are made for righthanded operators so the cutline is always in full view for accurate cutting The wrecking bar is used to pull large nails or spikes, to open heavy crates, and to do wrecking work. The single-bit ax is used to cut down or prune trees. It can also be used to cut or trim logs and heavy brush, or to split and cut wood. The keyhole saw is the smallest type of nested saw. Its blade has a very narrow point small enough to enter a 1/4-inch hole. It is used for close-quarter work, such as cutting, shaping, or enlarging holes in a board. Let’s identify the function of the following pictures for civil engineering tools and electrical tools
Page 6 English For Engineering 3 Vocabulary Knowledge. Match the following pictures for electrical tools with an appropriate statements: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Multi-meters, which do the job of ohm meters, volt meters, and related tools, are sold at consumer electronics stores. Screwdrivers is made with insulated rubber grips Wire stripper is used to connect two or more wires together or connecting them to devices Neon voltage tester informed whether wires are “hot” or not Long-nose plier is great for bending small loops at wire ends or for cutting off wires (most include a wire-cutting section) Lineman’s plier is a pair of these is the best tool to use for cutting heavy wire or cable and twisting wire ends together Continuity tester: A small, battery-operated continuity tester and it can be used to determine whether wiring is broken and whether electrical circuits are complete Circuit tester (Voltage tick) is a circuit tester plugs into a conventional outlet and will tell you whether the circuit is “hot” (charged) or whether it’s properly grounded A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being. The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb. Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in understanding the meaning of a sentence. ➢ In the sentence “The dog bit the man” bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the sentence. 3.1 VERB
Page 7 English For Engineering ➢ In the sentence “The man is sitting on a chair” even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence. ➢ In the sentence “She is a smart girl”, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb is. The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a verb. An adjective is often defined as a word which describes or gives more information about a noun or pronoun. Adjectives describe nouns in terms of such qualities as size, color, number, and kind. In the sentence “The lazy dog sat on the rug”, the word lazy is an adjective which gives more information about the noun dog. We can add more adjectives to describe the dog as well as in the sentence “The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the rug”. We can also add adjectives to describe the rug as in the sentence “The lazy, old, brown dog sat on the beautiful, expensive, new rug”. We have seen that an adjective is a word that gives more information about a noun or pronoun. An adverb is usually defined asa word that gives more information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives and adverbs in terms of such qualities as time, frequency and manner. ✓ In the sentence “Sue runs fast”, fast describes how or the manner in which Sue runs. ✓ In the sentence “Sue runs very fast”, Very describes the adverb fast and gives information about how fast Sue runs. Most, but not all adverbs end in -ly as in. But not all words that end in -ly are adverbs, e.g. (ugly is an adjective, supply and reply can both be nouns or verbs). Many times an adjective can be made into an adverb by adding -ly as in nicely, quickly, completely, sincerely. A preposition is aword which shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships include direction, place, time, cause, manner and amount. ✓ In the sentence “She went to the store”, 3.2 ADJECTIVE 3.3 ADVERB 3.4 PREPOSITION
Page 8 English For Engineering to is a preposition which shows direction. ✓ In the sentence “He came by bus”, by is a preposition which shows manner. ✓ In the sentence “They will be here at three o'clock”, at is a preposition which shows time and, ✓ in the sentence “It is under the table”, under is a preposition which shows place. A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words. ✓ In the sentence“Bob and Dan are friends”, the conjunction and connects two nouns and in the sentence ✓ In the sentence “He will drive or fly”, the conjunction or connects two verbs. ✓ In the sentence “It is early but we can go”, the conjunction but connects two groups of words. An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two articles a and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately. The word a (which becomes an when the next word begins with a vowel- a, e, i, o, u) is called the indefinite article because the noun it goes with is indefinite or general. The meaning of the article a is similar to the number one, but one is stronger and gives more emphasis. It is possible to say “I have a book” or “I have one book”, but the second sentence emphasizes that I do not have two or three or some other number of books. The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing. The difference between the sentences“I sat on a chair”and“I sat on the chair”is that the second sentence refers to a particular, specific chair, not just any chair. 3.5 CONJUNCTION 3.6 ARTICLE
Page 9 English For Engineering What is an interjection? An interjection is a word that shows emotion. It is not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence. Interjections are usually one to two words that come at the beginning of a sentence. They can show happiness (yippee), sadness (aww), anger (grr), surprise (holy cow), or any other emotion. INTERJECTIONS ARE NOT GRAMMATICALLY RELATED TO THE REST OF THE SENTENCE. What does that mean, anyway? Well, it means that unlike all of the other word classes, the interjection does not interact with any other words in the sentence. It does not modify anything, and it does not get modified by anything. It does not play the role of subject or verb. It pretty much just sits in its lonely little interjection corner and expresses emotion. Geez, that sounds pretty sad... poor little guys Exercise I. Circle each of the following word classes in each sentence. A. Find the VERB in each of the following sentence. 1. Joey ran to the store. 2. The boxer is strong. 3. The teacher helped the student with her homework. 4. Thick clouds cover the planet Venus. 5. Inside the classroom was a happy teacher. B. Find the PREPOSITION(s) in each of the following sentence. 1. The library will hold the book until tomorrow. 2. The messenger for the company stopped several times along the route. 3. The meeting of the Security Council took place at ten o’clock in a private area of the building. 3.7 INTERJECTION Have you understood about the explanation?
Page 10 English For Engineering 4 4. The prompter sat behind the scenery with a small flashlight II. Identify the word classes of each word in these following sentences. 1. The weather was very cold, therefore I run quickly along the way to my house. 2. While Jeane hurriedly ate ten big bananas, we wondered whether she could finished eating them. 3. They made a special guest come to their show and the audience felt surprised. Reading Comprehension for Electrical Read the following passage then answer the questions: Many people do not really understand how electricity works. They just know that when they need power to run an appliance, they have to plug it into the wall. Energy comes from charged particles that are moving around. Have you ever rubbed a balloon against your clothes to make it stick? Have you held a balloon or a comb over someone’s head to watch his hair stand up straight? That’s static electricity and electrically charged particles. But these particles Let’s answer it correctly
Page 11 English For Engineering don’t do much unless we control their energy. Static electricity builds up on certain materials. Other materials, though, let electrical charges flow through them. This creates an electric current. Electric current travels very easily through metals like copper, gold, silver, and aluminium. We call materials that electric current flows through easily conductors. Water is also a good conductor of electricity. That’s why electrical charges can travel through people, too. There is water in every cell of a person’s body. Electric current can travel through these cells. Since metal is a good conductor of electricity, electrical wires are often made out of metal. Wiring can also be made out of non-metal materials, such as graphite. Conductors have to be enclosed in a material that is an insulator. Insulators do not allow electric current to pass through them. The rubber coating that you see on electrical cords covers the metal. The electric current stays inside the cord so we can direct the current to the appliance that needs power. Other good insulators are glass and some plastics. http://www.k12reader.com Answer the following questions based on the reading passage. Don’t forget to go back to the passage whenever necessary to find or confirm your answers. 1. What are two materials that are good conductors of electricity? 2. How is static electricity different from electric current? 3. What could happen if the rubber coating on a power cord is damaged? 4. Is water a conductor or an insulator? 5. In your own words, explain the difference between a conductor and an insulator! The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a time table or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present. Statement Subject + Verb1(s/es) + O I, you, we, they Work Kinds of Tenses in English 5.1 Simple Present Tense 5 Let’s read together and answer the questions Mention kinds of Tenses. Do you know them?
Page 12 English For Engineering He, She, It Works Negative Subject + do/does) + Not + Verb1 + O I, you, we, they don’t work He, She, It doesn’t work Question Do/does + Subject + Verb1? Do I, you, we, they Does He, She, It work Spelling of final –S and –ES No Verb Changes Reason 1. Work, talk Works, talks Read, suggest Reads, Final –S is added to most verbs suggests 2. Write, believe Writes, believes Many verbs end in –e, final –S is simply added -sh….. wash Washes The verbs ending in –sh, -ch, - ss, -x, -o get a final –es -ch….. catch Catches -ss….. discuss Discusses -x…… fax Faxes -o…… do Does 3. Consonant + y Cry – cries If the verb ends in a –y coming after another consonant letter, -y is omitted and –ies is added to the verb Fly – flies Try – tries 4. Vowel + y Play – plays If the verb ends in a –y coming after a vowel letter, -s is simply added to the verb; -ies is not used Stay – stays Pray – prays When to use: Use 1 Repeated action Use the simple present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a schedule event or something that often happens, it can also be something a person often forgets or usually doesn’t do. Example: • I have breakfast before school • The train leaves every morning at 08.00 am • He never forgets his wallet Use 2 Facts or generalizations
Page 13 English For Engineering The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. Examples: • The earth is a round • Birds do not like milk. • California is in America. USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Future Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples: • The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. • The party starts at 8 o'clock. • When does class begin tomorrow? USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples: • I am here now. • He does not need help now. • He has his passport in his hand. Exercises: Write down the missing sentences correctly 1. (+) Sam works every morning 4. (+) (-) (-) They aren’t nice person (?) (?) 2. (+) 5. (+) The boss always comes late (-) We watch TV at 08.00 PM (-) (?) (?) 3. (+) 6. (+) (-) (-) (?) Do you have breakfast? (?) Is the secretary beautiful
Page 14 English For Engineering Arrange the words below to make questions 1. she / collect / stickers 2. they / play / a game 3. he cat / sleep / in the cat's bed - 4. she / often / dream 5. he / play / street ball Simple past is used to express the idea that action started and finished at specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. The simple past also talk about an action or situation –an event- in the past, the event can be short or long. When to use: Short event (+) The car exploded at 09.00 PM yesterday (-) The car didn't explode at 09.00 PM yesterday (?) Did the car explode at 09.00 PM yesterday Long event (+) I live in Bangkok for ten years (-) I didn't live in Bangkok for ten years (?) Did you live in Bangkok for ten years 5.2Simple Past Tense Let’s answer it correctly based on the explanation above.
Page 15 English For Engineering Complete action in the past Express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples: • I saw a movie yesterday Series of Completed Actions Use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Example: • I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim Duration in Past The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples: • I lived in Brazil for two years. Habits in the Past The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples: • I studied French when I was a child. Past Facts or Generalizations The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples: • She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing Exercise: Direction: Complete the sentence using the words in parentheses. Use the simple past! 1. Last year I (go) …………... to England on holiday 2. It (be) ……………. Fantastic 3. I (visit) …………… lots of interesting places
Page 16 English For Engineering 4. In the morning we (walk) ………….. in the street of Kambang Iwak 5. In the evening they (go) ……….... to pubs 6. The weather (be) ………………. strangely fine 7. It (not / rain) …………………. a lot, but we (see) ……….. some beautiful rainbows 8. Where (spend/you) ………………. your last holiday? 9. I (work) …………….. at computer all day long yesterday The present continuous (progressive) tense is used to indicate present time (now). When to use: USE 1 Now: Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. Examples: • You are learning English now • You are not swimming now • They are reading their books. USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. Examples: • I am studying to become a doctor. • I am reading the book Tom Sawyer Use 3 near future + He is taking it off the table S + to be (am/is/are) + V1+ing … - He is not taking it of the table S + to be (am/is/are) + not + V1+ing… Is he taking it off the table? To be (am/is/are) + S + V1+ing … 5.3 Present Continuous Tense
Page 17 English For Engineering Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. Examples: • I am meeting some friends after work. • I am not going to the party tonight. • Is he visiting his parents next weekend? USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always" The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb + ing." Examples: • She is always coming to class late. • He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. • I don't like them because they are always complaining. Spelling of final –ing RULE END OF VERB ------- - ING FORM Rule 1 A consonant + - e ------- Drop the –e and add – ing Dance ------- Dancing Ride ------- Riding Take ------- Taking Rule 2 One vowel + one consonant ------- Double the consonant and add –ing Cut ------- Cutting Plan ------- Planning Run ------- Running NOTE: Do not double “W, Y and X” Snow ------- Snowing Fix ------- Fixing Pay ------- Paying Rule 3 Two vowels + one consonant ------- Add – ing; do not double in the consonant Keep ------- Keeping Read ------- Reading Rule 4 Two consonants ------- Add – ing; do not double the consonant Sing ------- Singing Wash ------- Washing
Page 18 English For Engineering Exercise: Supply present continuous tense in the blank : 1. He …………………………(teach) his son to ride a bike 2. A: Why …………….. Ann …………………(wear) her new dress? B: Because she ………………………………(have) a party tonight 3. Cindy usually does the shopping, but I ……..…………(do) it today because she is ill. 4. She ……………….. (not / work), she …………………………(swim) in the river 5. A: ……………………. Tom ………………………(clean) his shoes now? B: No, he ……………………. He ……………………………(tidy) his room The past continuous tense is used to expresses action at a particular moment in the past. The action started before that moment but has not finished at the moment. When it use, the listener usually knows or understand what time the event is. Example: When to use: Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples: • I was watching TV when she called. Specific Time as an Interruption I was studying at 10.00 PM last night I was not studying at 10.00 PM last night Were you studying at 10.00 PM last night? (+) (?) 5.4 Past Continuous Tense
Page 19 English For Engineering USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: • Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. Parallel Actions When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: • I was studying while he was making dinner. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb + ing” Examples: • She was always coming to class late. Simple past and continuous tense could use at the same time, which continuous tense for long action and simple past to expresses short action that happen in the middle of long action. It can join the two ideas with when or while. Exercises: How did it happen (past continuous)? 1. How did Alice hurt herself? (play soccer) She hurt herself while she was playing soccer. …………………………. 2. How did Martin burn himself? (iron his clothes) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. How did Helen cut herself? (slice onions) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. How did Jennifer meet her husband? (fix a flat tire) There are two ways: 1. I was watching TV when you telephoned 2. You telephoned while I was watching TV while + long action (continuous tense) : I was watching TV at 08.00pm When + short action (simple past) : You telephoned at 08.00pm
Page 20 English For Engineering ………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. How did Marvin break his arm? (skate) ………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. How did you lose your wallet? (ride my bicycle ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. How did Jeff meet his wife? (swim at the beach) …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. How did Bob get a black eye? (fight with his brother) …………………………………………………………………………………………… Present perfect tense is a perfective tense used to express action completed in the present. The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar, where it refers to form as shown below: You have seen that movie many times (+) S + have/has + V3 + O You have not seen that movie many times (-) S + have/has + not + V3 + O Have you seen that movie many times? (?) Have/has + Subject + V3 + O? When to use: USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples: • I think I have met him once before • There have been many earthquakes in California The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples: • I have been to France • I have been to France three times 5.5 Present Perfect Tense
Page 21 English For Engineering TOPIC 2 Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. Examples: • You have grown since the last time I saw you. • The government has become more interested in arts education. • My English has really improved since I moved to Australia. TOPIC 3 Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples: • Man has walked on the Moon. • Our son has learned how to read. • Doctors have cured many deadly diseases TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples: • James has not finished his homework yet • Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. • Bill has still not arrived TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples: • The army has attacked that city five times • I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester • We have had many major problems while working on this project. Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc. Examples: • Have you been to Mexico in the last year? • I have seen that movie six times in the last month • They have had three tests in the last week. NOTICE "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the
Page 22 English For Engineering year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples: • I went to Mexico last year • I have been to Mexico in the last year USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples: • I have had a cold for two weeks. • She has been in England for six months • Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continous Verbs. Exercises: Write a suitable sentence using the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: 1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it’s clean. (wash) ……... Ann has washed her hair……… 2. Tom was 80 kg. Now he’s 70. (lose weight) ……………………………………………………………………… 3. Bill played football yesterday. Now he can’t walk; his leg is in plaster. (break) ……………………………………………………………………… 4. My sister is looking for her pen. (lose) ……………………………………………………………………… 5. Mary is on holiday in France. (go) ……………………………………………………………………… 6. Mr. Hill was in Canada last week. He’s back in London now. (be) ……………………………………………………………………. 7. Look! Mrs. Smith has got a lot of packages. (buy) ……………………………………………………………………… 8. I can’t eat anything now. (eat too much) ……………………………………………………………………… 9. Mrs. Jenkins is very tired. (clean / house) ……………………………………………………………………… 10.Tony needs a holiday. (work / hard / this year) ……………………………………………………………………… 5.6 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Page 23 English For Engineering Present perfect continuous tense indicates a continuous action that has been finished in the past or that was initiated in the past and continues to happen. The action is usually of limited duration and has some current relevance, as seen below: Examples: You have been waiting here for two hours (+) S + have/has + been + V+ing+ O You have not been waiting here for two hours (-) S + have/has + not + been + V+ing+ O Have you been waiting here for two hours? (?) Have/has + S + been + V+ing+ O Have/has Been Doing >>>> Past Present/now Future The present perfect progressive frequently is used to describe an event of the recent past; it is often accompanied by just in this usage: ‘it has just been raining’ When to use: USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. Examples: • They have been talking for the last hour • She has been working at that company for three years • What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? • James has been teaching at the university since June USE 2 Recently, Lately You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. Examples: • Recently, I have been feeling really tired • She has been watching too much television lately • Have you been exercising lately? • Mary has been feeling a little depressed
Page 24 English For Engineering IMPORTANT Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Perfect Continuous with these verbs, you must use Present Perfect. Examples: • Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct • Sam has had his car for two years. Correct Exercises: Use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE to fill in the blanks! 1. I’m tired, because I …… have been working ………. (work) very hard 2. He ………………………………………… (write) letters all morning 3. Catherina is getting fatter because she ……………………………… (eat) too much 4. My mother ………………………………………….. (peel) the potatoes all afternoon 5. Cathy ………………………………………… (attend) a cookery course since March 6. How long …………… you ………………………………………….. (learn) English? 7. Where are my eye-glasses? I …………………………….. (look) for them for an hour 8. Charles ………………………….…………………. (escape) from the police for years 9. How long …………… you ………………………………………… (use) a computer? 10. Elizabeth ………………………………………….. (live) with Mike for three years. Past perfect continuous tense Had been doing >>>>>> Past Present/now Future 5.7 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Page 25 English For Engineering Examples: You had been waiting there for more than two hours Had you been waiting there for more than two hours? You had not been waiting there for more than two hours USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Past We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples: • They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived • She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business • How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? • Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples: • Jason was tired because he had been jogging • Sam gained weight because he had been overeating • Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class Past Continuous vs. Past Perfect Continuous • You had been waiting there for more than two hours + • S + had been + V1+ing + O + Adverb of time • You had not been waiting there for more than two hours • S + had not been + V1+ing + O + Adverb of time - • Had you been waiting there for more than two hours? ? • Had + S + been + V1+ing + O + Adverb of time
Page 26 English For Engineering If you do not include a duration such as "for five minutes," "for two weeks" or "since Friday," many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous rather than the Past Perfect Continuous. Be careful because this can change the meaning of the sentence. Past Continuous emphasizes interrupted actions, whereas Past Perfect Continuous emphasizes a duration of time before something in the past. Study the examples below to understand the difference. Examples: • He was tired because he was exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he was exercising at that exact moment. • He was tired because he had been exercising so hard. This sentence emphasizes that he was tired because he had been exercising over a period of time. It is possible that he was still exercising at that moment OR that he had just finished. Exercise Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE! 1. We …………………………… (play) football for half an hour when it started to rain 2. I …………………………(study) English for a short time when the electricity went off 3. She …………………………………………… (do) her homework before you came in 4. His knees and hands were very dirty. He …………………………(crawl) in the garden 5. I …………………………………………… (drive) the car for five years when I sold it 6. were very tired. We ……………………………………. (travel) for about sixteen hours 7. They were out of breath. They ……………………………………(run) for a long time 8. He ……………………………. (live) in London for ten years when he had an accident 9. He was tired because he …………………………………….. (write) letters all morning 10. He …………………………………….. (repair) the radio for an hour when you arrived. dogfhfhgfh You can fill in the blank sentences correctly!
Page 27 English For Engineering Reading Comprehension 1. Fill the boxes marked with the letter (a) - (d) below, the right word. Example: (a) - coarse aggregate. Concrete 6 Let’s read together
Page 28 English For Engineering 2. What is the name of the objects and picture B? Example: (a) This is called a wheel barrow. 3. Answer these following questions: (a) You want to make 7 cubic metres of concrete. Approxirnately how much aggregate do you buy? (b) How much cement do you buy? (c) How much fine aggregate do you buy? (d) How much coarsea ggregate do you buy? (e) Why do you mix two shovelfuls of sand with one of cement and four of gravel? Why not one shovelful of each? Modals (also called modal verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal auxiliaries) are special verb which behave irregularly in English. They are different from normal verb like “work, play, visit,….” They are used to indicate modality. They give additional information about the function of the main verb that follows it. Modal verbs are used to express functions such as: Permission Ability Obligation Prohibition Lack of necessity Advice Possibility Probability Remember: modal verbs are follow by an infinitive without “to” List of Modals Modal verb Meaning Expressing Example Must To have to 100% obligation You must stop when traffic lights turn red To be very probable Logical conclusion He must be very tired after such example: You must stop when traffic lights turn red You should see to the doctor There are a lot of tomatoes in the fridge. You need not buy any You ought to go to the doctor (exception) 7 Modals
Page 29 English For Engineering enormous work Must not Not to be allowed to Prohibition You must not smoke in the hospital Can To be able to Ability I can swim To be allowed to Permission Can I use your phone, please? It is possible Possibility Smoking can cause cancer Could To be able to Ability in the past When I was younger, I could stay up all night and not get tired To be allowed to More polite permission Excuse me, could I say something? It is possible Possibility It could rain tomorrow May To be allowed to Permission May I use your phone, please? It is possible Possibility It may hot tomorrow Might To be allowed to More polite permission Might I use your phone, please? It is possible Weak possibility I might come and visit you in America next year, If I can save enough money. Need Necessary Necessity Need I say more? Need not Not necessary Lack of necessity / absence of obligation I need not buy any tomatoes, there are plenty in the fridge Should / ought to Used to say or ask what is the correct or the best thing to do 50% obligation I should/ought to see a doctor. I have a terrible a headache To suggest an action or to show that it is necessary Advice You should / ought to revise your lessons To be very probable Logical conclusion (deduction) He should / ought to be very tired after such enormous work Had better To suggest an action or to show that it is necessary Advice You’d better revise your lessons Exercise Fill in the right modal verb in the blank spaces ! 1. It’s a hospital. We ____________ smoke 2. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He _________ be tired. He _________ prefer to get some rest 3. I _______ speak Arabic fluently when I was child and we live in Marocco. But after we move back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I _________ just say a few things in the language
Page 30 English For Engineering 4. The teacher said we _________ read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But we _________ read it if we don’t 5. __________ you stand on your head for more than a minute?. No, I __________ 6. Take an umbrella. It __________ rain later READING COMPREHENSION USE OF LADDERS- AND SAFETY RULES 8 Do the exercise correctly!
Page 31 English For Engineering Answer these following questions correctly : (a) Which rules do Figs. 1,2 and 3 refer to? (b) Why must oily floors be cleaned? (ANSWER: 'Because you might . .:) (c) Why do doors have to be locked closed? (d) Why must the top be fixed to poles with ropes? (e) Why must metal ladders not be used? (f) Whi must ladders not be placed on boxes? (g) In Figure. 4, what are i, ii and iii? A sentence is a group of words that tells a complete thought. A sentence always tells who or what and what is or what happens. Sentence • I like to play with dogs. • The smart boy got an A on his test • Kelly is a great dancer. • John fell asleep while watching the movie. Not a sentence • Running through the field • The pretty girl • Likes to play soccer every day • Many mystery books KINDS OF SENTENCES Sentences may be classified according to the purpose of the speaker or writer. The four principal purposes of a sentence are described below. a. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact, wish, intent, or feeling. Example: • I have seen that movie twice • I wish I could go on the picnic. b. The imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or direction. The subject is always "You," even though it may not be expressed in the sentence. Example: • (You) Be on time for dinner 9 Sentences Now, I know the use of ladders and safety rules.
Page 32 English For Engineering • (You) Open the window, please. c. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It is followed by a question mark. Example: • Do you have a sweater? • Are you having a bad day? d. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. It is followed by an exclamation point. Example: • Don't burn yourself out! • Keep out! • He screamed, “Help!” Exercise Classifying Sentences. Use the letter above to classify these sentences! Example: Susan is a senior. a 1. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. _____ 2. Please set the table for lunch. _____ 3. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. _____ 4. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? _____ 5. We bought our car in April, 1975. _____ 6. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? _____ 7. Have you ever roasted a turkey? _____ 8. Ouch! I burned my finger! _____ 9. Turn left at the second stop sign. _____ 10. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. _____ TYPES OF SENTENCES There are four kinds of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. When using all four sentence types, you will be using sentence variety that makes your writing more interesting. SIMPLE SENTENCE The simple sentence has one independent clause. The following sentence contains a subject and verb and a complete thought; it is a simple sentence. Example: Subj Verb
Page 33 English For Engineering The team flew to Chicago The simple sentence can have more than one subject and more than one verb, but it has only one independent clause. Example: SubjSubj Verb Verb The team and the coachflew to Chicago and won the debate This is also a simple sentence even though it contains two subjects and two verbs. Simple sentences do not have to be short; a thirty-five-word sentence might still be a simple sentence if it contains only one independent clause. NOTE: At this point you must review dependent and independent clauses, or you will have trouble understanding the four kinds of sentences. COMPOUND SENTENCE The compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses joined by a semicolon or a coordinating conjunction with a comma. A compound sentence is an example of coordination, that is, two independent clauses are linked together. Proper coordination requires linking two ideas that are related or that represent a sequence in which one idea is a logical extension of the first idea. The compound sentence is always balanced; both ideas are equally important and related to one another. A semi-colon is used to join two independent clauses that are related in meaning. Example: The art gallery has closed for the day; it will open tomorrow morning. Each of the above independent clauses could have stood alone as a simple sentence, but because the ideas are closely related--the closing and opening of the art gallery--the independent clauses are connected by using the semi-colon. Using a coordinating conjunction with a comma could also join the two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating conjunctions which you might need to memorize: and, but, for, so, yet, or, nor. The seven coordinating conjunctions are easy to remember with the word FANBOYS. For And Nor But Or Yet So
Page 34 English For Engineering In the following example, the two independent clauses are underlined; they are joined by a comma and a conjunction, which is in bold letters. Example: The art gallery has closed for the day, but it will open tomorrow morning Although using coordination will create variety in your writing, be careful not to use too many compound sentences. An overuse of compound sentences can make your writing monotonous. In any paragraph, some ideas should stand alone (simple sentence) and some ideas should be presented as less important than others (complex sentence). COMPLEX SENTENCE A complex sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The main idea is always in the independent clause, while additional or supporting information is in the dependent clause. Because the dependent clause presents information that is not as important as the main idea, the dependent clause is called a subordinate clause. Thus a complex sentence uses subordination to express its idea(s). Independent clause Example: Dependent clause Independent clause Although the gallery has closed for the day, it will open tomorrow morning Complex sentences allow you to link a series of ideas; however, if complex sentences are overused, the reader may lose track of the meaning. COMPOUND-COMPLEX SENTENCE A compound-complex sentence is a compound sentence with one or more dependent clauses. Example: Dependent clause Independent clause Independent clause When the gallery closed for the day, the docent turned the lights off, and she placed the sign on the door. Exercise: In each of the following sentences, circle the dependent clauses and underline the independent clause. Then identify each sentence as simple (S), compound (CD), complex (CX), or compound-complex (CC).
Page 35 English For Engineering 1. The novels of Mark Twain are well known. 2. The lights in Springfield went out when lightning hit that power line, but JEA restored service in less than one hour. 3. The art auctioneer stepped to the podium, and then he asked his assistant to describe the first painting to be sold. 4. Fish swim in underground streams beneath the Sahara Desert. 5. The LC was especially quiet on Friday, and many of the students seemed to be dozing. 6. When we flew out of Jacksonville, the sky was clear, but when we got to Atlanta, the clouds were very dark and eerie. 7. The traffic barely moved; each car seemed to be attached to the cars before it and after it, like a single segment in an earthworm. 8. Before we could move into the building, the inspectors had to examine each floor, and the fire department had to check the sprinkler system. 9. The home is the oldest institution in the world. 10. The hummingbird is the only bird that can fly backward. Reading Comprehension WELLS 10
Page 36 English For Engineering 1. What is name of the picture 1 ? 2. Answer these following questions : (a) How wide is the hol in well A? (Answer in millimetres) (b) How deep is it? (c) How deep is Well B? (d) How wide is the pipe in Well C? (e) why is well c the most expensive of the three wells? 3. (TRUE) or ( FALSE)? Correct the words: (a) Well B is wider than Well A. (b) Well C is cheaper than Well B. (c) Well C is < 0.5 m wide. (d) Well C is > 20 m deep In English, the verb form which indicates whether the subject (person or object) of a sentence do something or something has been done on the subject called the voice. A sentence that begin with the subject or the object to determine whether the sentence was categorized as active or passive voice sentences. For example, when a sentence has one auxiliary verb, such as am, are, is, been, being, be, and past participle of verbs like written, driven, drawn, known, learnt, broken, discovered, the sentence is a passive voice. Transitive verb has two voices, namely active voice and passive voice. Active voice Active voice is form of sentence structure where people who do act is the subject of the sentence become a verb from that indicates that the subject had to do something called Active Voice Examples: • Nancy bought the dress • Bob’s girlfriend threw his baseball memorabilia out the window • Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone • Beautiful models wore fancy dresses • The doctor pronounced him dead. active voice Doer/Actor (subject) Verb in active voice object of action Active and Passive Voice 11
Page 37 English For Engineering Passive voice In passive voice/sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optimally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you don’t want to mention who is doing the action. Examples: • The dress was bought by Nancy • Bob’s baseball memorabilia was thrown out the window by his girlfriend • The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell • The fancy dresses were worn by beautiful models • He was pronounced dead Changing to Active from Passive Voice Generally, sentences in passive voice fall into two scenarios; they either have a hidden subject or an unnamed subject. To switch to active voice, simply identify and appropriately place the subject so that the subject is the one acting. Example: Active Passive a. b. c. James bought the cruise tickets Fay is picking up the groceries John created the walkway The cruise tickets were bought by James The groceries are being picked up by Fay The walkway is a creation of John Passive voice Object of action verb in passive voice (form of "to be" + past participle) by actor (optional) TENSES ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE Present Simple He delivers the letters. The letters are delivered. by her Past Simple He delivered the letters. The letters were delivered. by her Future Simple He will deliver the letters. The letters will be delivered. by her Present Continuous He is delivering the letters. The letters are being delivered. by her Past Continuous He was delivering the The letters were being
Page 38 English For Engineering Exercise: 1. Decide whether the following sentences are written in the active or passive voice. Then write the doer of the action on the line to the right. If the doer is unknown, write a question mark (?). a. Thomas feeds his dog. active / passive ____________ b. The dog is fed by Thomas. active / passive ____________ c. The family went to the beach. active / passive ____________ d. The letter was written by Marshall. active / passive ____________ e. The game had been won by the blue team. active / passive ___________ f. The problem was solved. active / passive ____________ g. The stunt man risked his life. active / passive ____________ h. The fire was extinguished. active / passive ____________ i. The car was being cleaned by its owner. active / passive ____________ j. It gets cold here during the winter. active / passive ____________ 2. Rewrite the passive voice sentences as active voice sentences. a. Passive: The dog was hit by the car Active:__________________________________________ b. Passive: The house will be built by the construction crew in five months Active: __________________________________________ 3. Rewrite the active voice sentences as passive voice sentences. a. Active: Julie answered the questions Passive: __________________________________________ b. Active: The dolphins have learned many trick Passive: ___________________________________________ 4. Write one sentence using the active voice, and one using the passive voice. letters. delivered. by her Going to He is going to deliver the letters. The letters are going to be delivered. by her Present Perfect He has delivered the letters. The letters have been delivered. by her Past Perfect He had delivered the letters. The letters had been delivered. by her Infinitive He has to deliver the letters. The letters have to be delivered. by her Modals He must deliver the letters. The letters must be delivered. by her Now......I’m understand about the explanation
Page 39 English For Engineering a. Active: _____________________________________________________ b. Passive: ____________________________________________________ READING COMPREHENSION 12 Let’s write the sentences by using active and passive voice.
Page 40 English For Engineering 1. What is the name of the objects in the picture above? Example: (a) This is called a chisel. (b) This is called plaster. 2. Answer these questions: (a) What tools do you use ( i ) for marking out the recess? ( ii) for removing the plaster and brickwork? (b) How do you remove the brickwork? ( answer :‘First, you . . . .Then, you . . . .’) (c) What do you do after you place the box in the recess? (d) You place the cable in the channel. Then what do you put in the channel? (e) What do you put on the plaster? (f) How do you fix the cable to the socket?(Answer:'First, you . . . Then , you . . .’) There are 4 main types of if sentences in English, often called conditional sentences.These sentences are in two halves (clauses): ➢ the if part (if clause) ➢ the other part where you can use words such as can, will, may, might, could and would (main clause) ZERO CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about general truths -- things which always happen under certain conditions (note that most zero conditional sentences will mean the same thing if "when" is used instead of "if"). The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true -- scientific facts, general truths, and so on. if clause main clause If + Present Simple Present Simple If you heat the water to 100 degrees, it boils. 1st CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in thefuture. The first conditional is used to talk about things which are possible in the present or the future things which may happen. if clause main clause If + Present Simple Future simple, can or may If you study hard, you will pass the test 13 Conditional Sentences (‘If’ Sentences)
Page 41 English For Engineering 2nd CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the present or in the future. The second conditional is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the future -- things which don't or won't happen. if clause main clause If + Past Simple would, could, might If I had a million dollars, I would buy a big house. 3rd CONDITIONAL is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. The third conditional is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past. If your native language does not have a similar construction, you may find this a little strange, but it can be very useful. It is often used to express criticism or regret. if clause main clause If + Past perfect would/could/might have + Past participle If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. I failed the exam, because I didn’t study hard enough If the "if" clause comes first, a comma is usually used. If the "if" clause comes second, there is no need for a comma – • Water boilsif you heat it to 100 degrees. • You will pass the test if you study hard. • I would buy a big houseif I had a million dollars. • I would have passed the examif I had studied harder. EXERCISE A. Write Zero Conditional sentences, use cues. 1. Jane / eat / too much chocolate / she /get / sick ___________________________________________________________________ 2. You / not / eat / you / die ___________________________________________________________________ 3. You / heat / ice / it / melts ___________________________________________________________________ B. Write 1st Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form. 1. If you _________________ (not study), you _____________ (fail) the test. 2. I _____________ (lend) you my umbrella if you _____________ (need) it. 3. If I ________________ (be late), I _______________ (call) you. C. Write 2nd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct form. 1. If you ___________ (leave) your job, you ____________ (travel) around the world.
Page 42 English For Engineering 2. If you _____________ (be) nicer to him, he _______________(lend) you the money 3. It _________________(be) nice if the rain ____________________(stop)! D. Write 3rd Conditional sentences, put the verbs in brackets in correct order. 1. He crashed his car, because he fell asleep while driving. If he ___________(fall) asleep while driving, he _______________(crash) his car. 2. I lost my job because I was late for work. I ____________________ (loose) my job if I ________________ (be)late for work. 3. We couldn't go to the concert, because we didn't have enough money. If we ______________ (have) enough money, we ____________ (go)to the concert. 1. Word Classes Word classes” are the basic types of words that English has. Most grammar books say that there are eight parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections. We will add one more type: articles. It is important to be able to recognize and identify the different types of words in English, so that you can understand grammar explanations and use the right word form in the right place. Here is a brief explanation of what the word classes are: Noun A noun is a naming word. It names a person, place, thing, idea, living creature, quality, or action. Examples: cowboy, theatre, box, thought, tree, kindness, arrival Verb A verb is a word which describes an action (doing something) or a state (being something). Examples: walk, talk, think, believe, live, like, want Adjective An adjective is a word that describes a noun. It tells you something about the noun. Examples: big, yellow, thin, amazing, beautiful, quick, important Adverb An adverb is a word which usually describes a verb. It tells you how something is done. It may also tell you when or where something
Page 43 English For Engineering happened. Examples: slowly, intelligently, well, yesterday, tomorrow, here, everywhere Pronoun A pronoun is used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the noun. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Conjunction A conjunction joins two words, phrases or sentences together. Examples: but, so, and, because, or Preposition A preposition usually comes before a noun, pronoun or noun phrase. It joins the noun to some other part of the sentence. Examples: on, in, by, with, under, through, at Interjection An interjection is an unusual kind of word, because it often stands alone. Interjections are words which express emotion or surprise, and they are usually followed by exclamation marks. Examples: Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha! Article An article is used to introduce a noun. Examples: the, a, an 2. Tenses A tense is a form taken by a verb to show the time of an action. There are three main tenses: 1. Present tense: things that are true when the words are spoken or written; or are generally true; or for some languages will be true in the future 2. Past tense: things that were true before the words were spoken or written 3. Future tense: things that will or might be true after the words are spoken or written The tense can be shown in the verb. For example, am, is, and are are always present tense, and was and were are always past tense. Or the tense can be shown by adding words to the verb. In English, the words that we add to the verb are "helping verbs" or "auxiliaries", like be, have, shall, will, and so on. So we get the continuous present with is taking, the future with will take, and so on. 3. MODAL VERBS The modal verbs include can, must, may, might, will, would, should. They are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, and so on. Below is a list showing the most useful modals and their most common meanings: Modal Meaning Example can to express ability I can speak a little Russian. can to request permission Can I open the window? may to express possibility I may be home late.
Page 44 English For Engineering may to request permission May I sit down, please? must to express obligation I must go now. must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old. should to give advice You should stop smoking. would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea? would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry. Modal verbs are unlike other verbs. They do not change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). The modals must and can need substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses. 4. Sentence A sentence is a group of words that are put together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical rules of syntax. A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: Walker walks. A subject is the noun that is doing the main verb. The main verb is the verb that the subject is doing. In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a full stop or full point. 5. Active and Paasive Voice Active Voice A feature of sentences in which the subject performs the action of the verb and the direct object is the goal or the recipient: The mechanic fixed the car. Passive Voice A feature of sentences in which the object or goal of the action functions as the sentence subject and the main verb phrase includes the verb to be and the past participle: The car was fixed by the mechanic. 6. Conditional Sentence Conditional sentences are sentences expressing factual implications, or hypothetical situations and their consequences. They are so called because the validity of the main clause of the sentence is conditional on the existence of certain circumstances, which may be expressed in a dependent clause or may be understood from the context. A full conditional sentence (one which expresses the condition as well as its consequences) therefore contains two clauses: the dependent clause expressing the condition, called the protasis; and the main clause expressing the consequence, called the apodosis. An example of such a sentence (in English) is the following:
Page 45 English For Engineering If it rains, the picnic will be cancelled. Here the condition is expressed by the clause "If it rains", this being the protasis, while the consequence is expressed by "the picnic will be cancelled", this being the apodosis. (The protasis may either precede or follow the apodosis; it is equally possible to say "The picnic will be cancelled if it rains".) In terms of logic, the protasis corresponds to the antecedent, and the apodosis to the consequent. Languages use a variety of grammatical forms and constructions in conditional sentences. The forms of verbs used in the protasis and apodosis are often subject to particular rules as regards their tense and mood. Many languages have a specialized type of verb form called the conditional mood – broadly equivalent in meaning to the English "would (do something)" – for use in some types of conditional sentence. 7. Reading Reading is a complex cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning (reading comprehension). It is a means of language acquisition, of communication, and of sharing information and ideas. Like all languages, it is a complex interaction between the text and the reader which is shaped by the reader’s prior knowledge, experiences, attitude, and language community which is culturally and socially situated. The reading process requires continuous practice, development, and refinement. In addition, reading requires creativity and critical analysis. Consumers of literature make ventures with each piece, innately deviating from literal words to create images that make sense to them in the unfamiliar places the texts describe. Because reading is such a complex process, it cannot be controlled or restricted to one or two interpretations. There are no concrete laws in reading, but rather allows readers an escape to produce their own products introspectively. This promotes deep exploration of texts during interpretation. Readers use a variety of reading strategies to assist with decoding (to translate symbols into sounds or visual representations of speech) and comprehension. Readers may use context clues to identify the meaning of unknown words. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema (schemata theory).
Page 46 English For Engineering Word Classes Exercise 1 and 3 I. Circle each of the following word classes in each sentence. A. Find the NOUN(s) in each sentence. 1. Please put these new books in the bookcase over there. 2. A computer can store and retrieve information. 3. Does Tim live in a house or in an apartment? 4. Ms. Enriquez believes wealth cannot buy happiness. 5. Her loyalty and honesty made her a great friend. B. Find the VERB in each sentence. 1. Joey ran to the store. 2. The boxer is strong. 3. The teacher helped the student with her homework. 4. Thick clouds cover the planet Venus. 5. Inside the classroom was a happy teacher. C. Find the PRONOUN in each sentence. 1. A spotted coat helps the leopard hide from its prey. 2. Snow covered the ballpark earlier, but it melted. 3. Ken came by and picked up his basketball before supper. 4. Many artists built their studios in old warehouses.
Page 47 English For Engineering D. Find the ADJECTIVE(s) in each sentence. 1. The huge crowd appeared excited and restless. 2. Two old prospectors and a weary mule trudged across the desert. 3. The loyal fans cheered their team in the game. 4. Our European guests were weary after the long trip. E. Find the PREPOSITION(s) in each sentence. 1. The library will hold the book until tomorrow. 2. The messenger for the company stopped several times alongthe route. 3. The meeting of the Security Council took place at ten o’clockin a private area of the building. 4. The prompter sat behind the scenery with a small flashlight Tenses Exercises 5 : Present Tense Write down the missing sentences correctly 1. (+) Sam works every morning 4. (+) They are nice person (-) Sam doesn’t works every morning (-) They aren’t niceperson (?) Does sam works every morning? (?) Are they nice person? 2. (+) We watch TV at 08.00 PM 5. (+) The boss always comes late (-) We don’t watch TV at 08.00 PM (-) The boss doesn’t always come late (?) Do you watch TV at 08.00 PM? (?) Does he always come late 3. (+) I have breakfast 6. (+) She is beautiful (-) I haven’t breakfast (-) She isn’t beautiful (?) Do you have breakfast? (?) Is the secretary beautiful Arrange the words below to make questions 1. she / collect / stickers (does she collect stickers?) 2. they / play / a game (do they play a game?) 3. his cat / sleeps / in the cat's bed - (does his cat sleep in the cat’s bed?) 4. she / often / dreams(does she often dream?) 5. he / play / street ball (does he play street ball?) Exercise: Simple Past Direction: Complete the sentence using the words in parentheses. Use the simple past! 1. Last years I (go) ……went……... to England on holiday 2. It (be) ……was………. Fantastic
Page 48 English For Engineering 3. I (visit) ………visited…… lots of interesting places 4. In the morning we (walk) ………walked….. in the street of KambangIwak 5. In the evening they (go) ……went….... to pubs 6. The weather (be) ………was………. strangely fine 7. It (not / rain) ..wasn’t rain... a lot, but we (see) ..saw.. some beautiful rainbows 8. Where (spend/you) ………did you spend………. your last holiday? 9. I (work) ………worked…….. at computer all day long yesterday Exercise: Present Continuous Supply present continuous tense in the blanks: 1. He …is teaching…(teach) his son to ride a bike 2. A: Why …is.. Ann …wearing…(wear) her new dress? B: Because she …is having…(have) a party tonight 3. Cindy usually does the shopping, but I …am doing…(do) it todaybecause she is ill. 4. She ..isn’t working .. (not / work), she …is swimming…(swim) in the river 5. A: …is…. Tom …cleaning…(clean) his shoes now? B: No, he …isn’t.. He …is tidying…(tidy) his room Exercises: How did it happen (past continuous)? 1. How did Alice hurt herself? (play soccer) She hurt herself while she was playing soccer. 2. How did Martin burn himself? (iron his clothes) …he burned himself while he was ironing his clothes… 3. How did Helen cut herself? (slice onions) …she cut herself while she was slicing onions… 4. How did Jennifer meet her husband? (fix a flat tire) …she met her husband while she was fixing a flat tire… 5. How did Marvin break his arm? (skate) …he broke his arm while he was skating… 6. How did you lose your wallet? (ride my bicycle …I lost my wallet while I was riding my bicycle….. 7. How did Jeff meet his wife? (swim at the beach) …he met his wife while he was swimming at the beach… 8. How did Bob get a black eye? (fight with his brother) …he got a black eye while he was fighting with his brother… Exercises: Write a suitable sentence using the PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: 1. Ann’s hair was dirty. Now it’s clean. (wash) ……... Ann has washed her hair……… 3. Tom was 80 kg. Now he’s 70. (lose weight) …he has lost weight… 4. Bill played football yesterday. Now he can’t walk; his leg is in plaster. (break) …he has broken his leg…
Page 49 English For Engineering 5. My sister is looking for her pen. (lose) …she has lost her pen… 6. Mary is on holiday in France. (go) …she has gone to France… 7. Mr. Hill was in Canada last week. He’s back in London now. (be) …he has been in Canada…. 8. Look! Mrs. Smith has got a lot of packages. (buy) …he has bought a lot of packages… 9. I can’t eat anything now. (eat too much) …I have eaten too much… 10. Mrs. Jenkins is very tired. (clean / house) …she has cleaned the house… 11. Tony needs a holiday. (work / hard / this year) …he has worked hard this year… Exercises: Use PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE to fill in the blanks! 1. I’m tired, because I …… have been working ………. (work) very hard 2. He …has been writing… (write) letters all morning 3. Catherina is getting fatter because she …has been eating… (eat) too much 4. My mother …has been peeling.. (peel) the potatoes all afternoon 5. Cathy …has been attending… (attend) a cookery course since March 6. How long …have… you …learning.. (learn) English? 7. Where are my eye-glasses? I …have been looking.. (look) for them for an hour 8. Charles …has been escaping…. (escape) from the police for years 9. How long …have… you …using… (use) the computer? 10. Elizabeth …has been living.. (live) with Mike for three years. Exercise Fill in the following sentences by using PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE! 1. We …had been playing… (play) football for half an hour when it started to rain 2. I …had been studying…(study) English for a short time when the electricity went off 3. She …had been doing… (do) her homework before you came in 4. His knees and hands were very dirty. He …had been crawling…(crawl) in the garden 5. I …had been driving… (drive) the car for five years when I sold it 6. Were very tired. We …had been travelling…. (travel) for aboutsixteen hours 7. They were out of breath. They …had been running…(run) for a long time 8. He …had been living…. (live) in London for ten years when he had an accident 9. He was tired because he …had been writing.. (write) letters all morning 10. He …had been repairing.. (repair) the radio for an hour when youarrived.
Page 50 English For Engineering Exercise 7 Choose the right modal verb! 1. It’s a hospital. We _must not_ smoke 2. He had been working for more than 11 hours. He _must_ be tired. He _should_ prefer to get some rest 3. I _could_ speak Arabic fluently when I was child and we live in Morocco. But after we move back to Canada, I had very little exposure to the language and almost everything I knew as a child. Now, I _can_ just say a few things in the language 4. The teacher said we _should_ read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional. But we _shouldn’t _ read it if we don’t 5. _can_ you stand on your head for more than a minute?. No, I _can not_ 6. Take an umbrella. It _may_ rain later Exercise 9 Classifying Sentences. Use the numbers above to classify these sentences! Example: Susan is a senior. 1. I wish I could go to Colorado this summer. ___ declarative sentence__ 2. Please set the table for lunch. ___imperative sentence __ 3. The vice-president will visit Egypt next week. __declarative sentence___ 4. Don't you ever get tired of watching television? __exclamatory sentence___ 5. We bought our car in April, 1975. __declarative sentence___ 6. Didn't I meet you at Rainbow Lake last summer? declarative sentence 7. Have you ever roasted a turkey? __declarative sentence___ 8. Ouch! I burned my finger! __exclamatory sentence___ 9. Turn left at the second stop sign. ___imperative sentence__ 10. San Marino is the smallest republic in Europe. ___declarative sentence__ Exercise Change the statements to questions using the question word in the parenthesis. Check verb tense! Example: The train arrived at ten o’clock. (what time) What time did the train arrive? 1. They do their homework at night. (When do they do their homework at night?) 2. Mr. Robertson came to the party alone. (Who does came to the party alone?) 3. The car is across the street from the house. (Where is the car across the street from?) 4. I like the red blouse, not the blue one. (Which one do you like the red or blue blouse?) 5. She felt better after she took a nap. (How did she feel better?) 6. That is an English book. (What is that book?)