Children’s Illustrated World Atlas

Children’s
Illustrated

World Atlas

Consultant

Dr Kathleen Baker

Senior Lecturer in Geography, King’s College London (retired)
Senior Visiting Fellow, London South Bank University
Written by

Simon Adams • Mary Atkinson • Sarah Phillips • John Woodward

A Dorling Kindersley Book

This EdiTion Contents iv
dK dElhi vi
ACTIVE PLANET
Senior editor Rupa Rao PLANET PEOPLE 1
Editor Neha Ruth Samuel MAPPING THE WORLD
Jacket designer Dhirendra Singh
Jackets editorial coordinator Priyanka Sharma NORTH AMERICA 2
Senior DTP designer Harish Aggarwal 4
DTP designer Jaypal Chauhan WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA 6
Managing jackets editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya EASTERN CANADA 8
Pre-production manager Balwant Singh USA: NORTHEAST 10
Production manager Pankaj Sharma USA: SOUTH 12
Managing editor Kingshuk Ghoshal USA: MIDWEST 14
Managing art editor Govind Mittal USA: WEST 16
USA: SOUTHWEST 18
dK london MEXICO 20
Senior editor Anna Streiffert Limerick CENTRAL AMERICA 22
THE CARIBBEAN
Senior art editor Spencer Holbrook
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty SOUTH AMERICA 24
26
US Editor Karyn Gerhard NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA 28
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford BRAZIL 30
SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 32
Senior jacket designer Mark Cavanagh ATLANTIC OCEAN
Jacket editor Claire Gell

Jacket design development manager Sophia MTT
Producer, pre-production Andy Hilliard
Producer Gary Batchelor
Managing editor Francesca Baines
Managing art editor Philip Letsu
Publisher Andrew Macintyre

Associate publishing director Liz Wheeler
Art director Karen Self

Design director Philip Ormerod
Publishing director Jonathan Metcalf

FirsT EdiTion
Project editors Lucy Hurst, Sadie Smith, Shaila Awan, Amber Tokeley
Art editors Joe Conneally, Sheila Collins, Rebecca Johns, Simon Oon, Andrew Nash

Senior editor Fran Jones
Senior art editor Floyd Sayers
Managing editor Andrew Macintyre
Managing art editor Jane Thomas
Picture research Carolyn Clerkin, Brenda Clynch

DK Pictures Sarah Mills
Production Jenny Jacoby
DTP designer SiuYin Ho
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
Cartographer Ed Merritt
Digital Cartography Encompass Graphics Limited
Satellite images Rob Stokes
3D globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London

First American Edition, 2003
This edition published in the United States in 2017 by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, NewYork, NewYork 10014

Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2011, 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC
17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001—305057—July/2017

All rights reserved.
Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-1-4654-6238-1

DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact:
DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, NewYork, NewYork 10014

[email protected]

Printed and bound in Hong Kong

A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW

www.dk.com

ASIA 74

T CURKEY AND THE AUCASUS 76
R KUSSIA AND AZAKHSTAN 78
THE NEAR EAST 80
THE MIDDLE EAST 82
CENTRAL ASIA 84
I SNDIAN UBCONTINENT 86
WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA 88
EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA 90
JAPAN 92
AFRICA 34 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 94
36 MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA 96
NORTHWEST AFRICA 38 INDIAN OCEAN 98
NORTHEAST AFRICA
WEST AFRICA 40
CENTRAL AFRICA 42
SOUTHERN AFRICA 44

EUROPE 46 AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100
48 102
S FCANDINAVIA AND INLAND 50 SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 104
THE BRITISH ISLES 52 AUSTRALIA 106
THE LOW COUNTRIES 54 NEW ZEALAND 108
FRANCE 56 PACIFIC OCEAN
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 58 110
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 60 ANTARCTICA 111
ITALY 62 ARCTIC OCEAN
CENTRAL EUROPE 64 112
SOUTHEAST EUROPE 66 GAZETTEER 134
BULGARIA AND GREECE 68 INDEX 136
UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA 70 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS 72
EUROPEAN RUSSIA

Active Planet

Active Planet DOWN TO THE CORE
Earth formed from iron-rich asteroids
Earth is a dynamic planet that is always that smashed together to build the
planet. Early in its history it melted,
changing its form. Heat generated by nuclear allowing the heavy iron to sink
reactions deep below the surface creates hugely and create a metallic core. This is
powerful currents that keep Earth’s rocks on surrounded by lighter rock, with
the move, triggering earthquakes and volcanic the lightest forming Earth’s crust.
eruptions. Meanwhile, solar energy striking the Most of the water on the planet
planet in different ways creates currents in the air, lies in great oceans, and above
driving the atmospheric turmoil of the weather. This them is the layer of air that
changes with the seasons and from place to place, forms the atmosphere.
creating an enormous range of climates and habitats
for the most dynamic element of all—life. Lower atmosphere,
10 miles (16 km) thick

Crust, 5–45 miles Liquid outer Solid inner
(8–70 km) thick core, 1,400 miles core, 1,515
Mantle, 1,800 miles (2,250 km) thick miles (2,440
(2,900 km) thick km) across

North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST
American Plate Heat generated deep within the planet creates currents
in the mobile mantle rock beneath the crust. These
Eurasian Plate currents drag some sections of the cool, brittle crust
apart while pushing other parts together, fracturing
Caribbean Pacific the crust into separate plates. The biggest of these span
Plate Plate oceans and continents, but there are many smaller
Indo-Australian plates. At their boundaries the plates may be diverging
Cocos Plate Plate (pulling apart), converging (pushing together), or
sliding past each other at transform faults.
African Plate
Pacific South American Antarctic Plate Key to map
Plate Plate

Nazca Transform Divergent
Plate fault boundary
Uncertain Convergent
boundary boundary

WHERE MOVING PLATES MEET 1 Continental crust, much 5 Oceanic crust formed from 9 Hot-spot volcano erupting
The boundaries between the plates are thicker than oceanic crust heavy basalt rock over mantle plume
volcanic earthquake zones. The plates move
very slowly, pulling apart at divergent 2 Broad basin formed near 6 Upper mantle, mainly solid 10 Ocean trench marking
boundaries. This allows hot rock below to uplifted area but very hot convergent plate boundary
melt, erupt, and cool to form new crust—
especially at the spreading rifts that form 3 Ancient converging 7 Mantle, solid but mobile 11 Volcano erupting over
mid-ocean ridges. Meanwhile at convergent boundary, now inactive owing to heat currents convergent boundary
boundaries, one plate slides beneath
another, pushing up mountain ranges and 4 Mountains created when 8 Spreading rift forming 12 Earthquake zone—one plate
making volcanoes erupt. Other volcanoes plate boundary was active a mid-ocean ridge grinding under another
erupt over hot spots in the mantle below
the crust. 13 Plates pulling apart, creating
a rift valley

2 8 10 11
4 9

5 13
6
iv 1 12
7
3

Active Planet

THE SEASONS North Pole March is the December is
Earth spins on a tilted axis, so as it orbits the Sun once northern spring the southern
a year the North Pole points towards the Sun in June and South Pole summer and
away from it in December. This means that in regions Earth’s axis northern winter
north of the tropics it is summer in June but winter
in December—and the opposite to the south of Arctic Circle,
the tropics. Near the Equator it is always warm, where Sun’s rays
but there are annual wet and dry seasons.
are dispersed
Cold air (in blue)
becomes chilled in June is the The Sun
upper atmosphere northern
summer and
Warm air (in red) southern winter
heats up near
Earth’s surface

Equator, where
Sun’s rays are

concentrated

Tropic of
Cancer

Tropic of
Capricorn

Descending cool, COLD POLE
dry air over The tropics are the hottest part of the
desert zone planet because the Sun’s rays strike them
directly, concentrating the heat energy.
Sahara Desert JUNGLE AND DESERT Near the poles the same amount of heat
Rainforest, Concentrated sunlight near the Equator heats energy is spread out over a broader area,
Borneo Earth’s surface, warming the air above. The warm
air rises, carrying moisture with it. This forms huge so it does not have as much heating
clouds that spill tropical rain, fueling the growth effect, even in summer. At midwinter,
of rainforests. The dry, cooling air then flows north the entire polar region is in permanent
and south and sinks over the subtropics, creating darkness, so it gets no solar energy at
deserts. Similar air circulation patterns affect the
climate in the far north and south. all and is bitterly cold.

Rising ANNUAL RAINFALL Key to map
warm, Some parts of the world get far more rain than others. Less than 20 in (50 cm)
moist air The wettest regions are mainly rainforest zones, where 20–79 in (50–200 cm)
near year-round rain and warmth promote lush plant growth. More than 79 in (200 cm)
Equator Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and
grasslands, although much of this land is now used for

farming. The driest regions may be too dry for many
plants to grow, creating deserts—but they also include

some northern forest zones and polar tundra.

Atacama Desert,
Chile
Cool, dry air sinks
over desert zone

v

Planet People

Planet People POPULATION IN BILLIONS 10
In 2050 there are expected to
The number of people on the planet has quadrupled since
8 be more than 9.5 billion people
1900. Much of this growth has taken place in the developing world, 6
which is now home to more than 80 percent of the population. 4
Many of these people are very poor and do not experience the 2
living conditions that most citizens of the developed world take for
granted. This is changing, however, especially in nations such as 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
China, India, and Brazil. Here, new technology and international
trade are fueling rapid economic growth that is transforming how YEAR
people live. But as more of the planet’s people demand more of
its scarce resources, there may be some difficult challenges ahead. POPULATION INCREASE
For centuries, the number of people on the planet stayed
the same, at roughly 300 million. But since the 1750s, better
living conditions and health care have allowed more babies
to survive, causing a population explosion. Since 1950, the
population has soared from 2.5 billion to nearly 7.5 billion
today. It will keep growing, but probably not quite so fast.

POPULATION DENSITY Canada United Russia China
On this map the area of each Kingdom EUROPE ASIA
part of the world is adjusted to
reflect the number of people who NORTH United Japan
live there. For example, Japan’s AMERICA States Philippines
population of 127 million is far
bigger than that of Australia, with India Indonesia
23 million, so it is shown much AUSTRALASIA
larger here despite being a smaller SOUTH AFRICA Pakistan
country. More people live in AMERICA Nigeria
Nigeria—186 million—than in all
of of Russia. But the nations with
the biggest populations by far
are India and China, each with
far more than 1 billion citizens.

FAMILY SIZE AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
All over the world, some women have more 4.7 children
children than others, but the average varies from per woman 2.2 children 2.2 children 1.9 children 2.4 children 1.6 children
continent to continent. European women have per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman
1.6 children on average, so two families may
have three children between them. This is far
fewer than in Africa, where the population is
growing faster despite higher death rates among
children. Worldwide the average is 2.5—more
than enough to replace both parents.

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES A country with few young people
If the birth rate is the same as the death rate, the population is said to have an aging population.
stays the same. But in most countries, the birth rate is higher. But these school children in Burundi,
In Niger, west Africa, there are 44.8 births but only 12.1 deaths east Africa, are part of a youthful
per 1,000 people, and the population is growing at 3.2 per cent population, with fewer old
a year. Brazil’s population is also growing, with 14.3 births people. Both situations
against 6.6 deaths. By contrast, Lithuania has a shrinking
population, with 10 births outweighed by 14.5 deaths. can cause problems.
LITHUANIA
NIGER BRAZIL

vi

Planet People

CITY POPULATIONS 38,000,000
As populations grow, people
tend to move from the country 21,000,000 20,999,000
to a city to find work. Today,
one-third of the world’s people 18,770,000 18,590,000
live in cities, which grow bigger
every year. Some are colossal, 10,310,000
like Tokyo—the largest city in 4,500,000
Asia. The other cities shown

here are the most populous
on each continent. They are
vibrant centers of civilization,
but some cities are fringed by
sprawling shantytowns, where
poor people live in makeshift
shacks with no proper services

such as clean water.

TOKYO SÃO PAULO MEXICO CITY CAIRO NEW YORK LONDON SYDNEY

Christianity LANGUAGES CHINESEHINDI ARABIC SPANISH
2.2 billion These are the 10 most common languages worldwide,
sized in proportion to the number of native speakers. ENGLISH PORTUGUESE RUSSIAN
Chinese outstrips the others because China has such a JAPANESE BENGALI PUNJABI
huge population. But Spanish comes next because it is
the main language of many Latin American countries,
such as Mexico. English is almost as common, thanks
mainly to being the language of the United States. It is

also used as an international language for trade.
Islam
1.6 billion

Hinduism Others 23 million
1 billion Sikhism 19 million
Juche 15 million
Buddhism Chinese Spiritism 14 million
487 million traditional Judaism 7 million
300 million Baha’i 4.2 million
Indigenous African Others Jainism 4 million
300 million traditional 97.7 million Shinto 4 million
100 million Cao Ðái 2.6 million
Zoroastrianism 2 million
Tenrikyo 1 million
Neo-Paganism 800,000
Unitarian 600,000
500,000
Universalism
Rastafarianism
Scientology

RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS AFRICA 29% EUROPE 74% SOUTH AMERICA 67% MIDDLE EAST 57%
Almost three-quarters of the world’s population are followers of
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. But many people follow
other faiths, particularly in China where the traditional folk religion,
Shenism, is practised by nearly one-fifth of the huge population.
The “indigenous” and “African traditional religions” data points are
both groupings of different, but similar, religions. Others are listed
at far right, in order of popularity.

ONLINE ACCESS ASIA 46% CENTRAL AMERICA 53% % of population
Over the last decades, the Internet has become a vital using the
Internet
tool for global business, education, and politics, so % of population
the more people who can use it, the better. These not using the
charts show the percentage of people with Internet Internet
access both worldwide and in particular regions.
Australia, North America, and Europe lead the field, AUSTRALIA 92% NORTH AMERICA 89% WORLDWIDE 50%
but the number of Internet users is growing fastest

in the Middle East and Africa.

vii

Planet People

WEALTH
A country’s wealth is often measured in terms of the
money it earns in a year divided by its number of
inhabitants. This is called its Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per capita. Both Norway and Qatar make lots
of money from exporting oil and gas, and since they
have small populations their GDP per capita are very
high. Burundi in east Africa has only one-twentyfifth
of the income of Qatar divided between five times
as many people, so its GDP per capita is very low.

Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Qatar Norway
$277 $3,076 $14,147 $32,477 $43,248 $73,653 $74,400

BUSIEST AIRPORTS
Air travel has expanded enormously since the 1950s,
when international air travel was a luxury enjoyed by
a few wealthy people known as the “jet set.” Today,
flying is often the most economical way to travel, as
well as the quickest. This is reflected in the vast number
of passengers who pass through the world’s airports as
they travel for business or pleasure. The world’s busiest
airport is Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport
in Atlanta, with more than 100 million people arriving
and departing each year. The graphics below show
the busiest airport in each continent, and number
of passengers.

N. AMERICA:
Hartsfield-Jackson, Atlanta, USA

ASIA: EUROPE: AIRBUS A380
Beijing Capital, China Heathrow, London, UK The growth in air travel has led to the development

75 million of giant airliners such as the Airbus A380. When it
entered service in 2007, this was the world’s largest
passenger plane, capable of carrying up to 853 people.

101.5 million AUSTRALIA S. AMERICA: AFRICA:
& OCEANIA: Guarulhos, São Tambo,
89.9 million Kingsford Smith, Jo’Burg,
Sydney, Australia Paulo, Brazil South Africa

39.9 39.2 19.1
million million million

TRADE
Although air freight is an important
element of international trade, about

90 percent of cargo by weight is
transported by sea. Altogether, this
adds up to around 11 billion tons of
freight. Much of this is transported
in containers, carried by more than
5,000 container ships.The busiest shipping
routes link Europe and North America
with the Middle East and Far East, with
ports such as Singapore, Shanghai, Dubai,
and Rotterdam handling most of the trade.

Traffic in millions of tons

400+
300–400
200–300
100–200

20–100
10–20
5–10

viii

ther Western forces overthrew a landlocked country and three-quarters Angren K uTürkmenbașy Gazojak
undamentalist Islamic regime of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was NamanganAylagy Balkanabat
Amu Darya (KTöOnSeHüKrgEeNnTc‚) Tash-Kumyr
Yangiyo’l UchquduDq zhal
osy Gurbansoltan Eje
Gumy
Angyrsyndaky Aydarko’l Gubadag
Garagum Nurota

Derweze
T GaplangUycr‚taPglaantoGsyumyKo’li
T u r an

g
Pa
ed to democratic presidential invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, ODlmașaoligquz UrganQchoU’qoZnB EAKndiIjoSnTHazar
Bereket GaSelkýydniHyșaTATzüaüyrrrlkkammgGyGeeann’ziKbjbldiaoBaușgașvyoyolknnanBaebraetketKoOsoqLnatonKsghaUatrrtgaKuqJittioozbz’ragxD’GoenurwliesAtzoennGgZÜyearrarnUsv˘agysrghoünauBtzndemepakXpSkouiayvblayoudkGtTaaozS’routrjkkaohKko’hlbaydLaerbkaapnQDuallarioZIosamtr-oGaKilfaiosSzShrolagoimronQyonn
ons, but Afghanistan is still promTptUingRa cKonMtinuEouNs seIriSes Tof AciviNl Navoiy Osh3

ble. Wrecked by more than wars. The 2001 invasion by American Buxoro Mapping theKhWujanod rFladrg’onaSerdar
anorossrooensftwEaaanrrdtfhamr.eo, istt idseopnreivoefd C aSs epai a n K o p etaeathnnldeeddacgftoluieoGtndhnedrestsa,orhmbiWdueeetnmsAttaeoflgrciAnshrtaSaftIHoniscGrilsacAptemGarBsenAiacosTiivdsreeeasrgnttigihtmliluraeelmw Türkmenabat QTarUshi RSaKmiasrMsqDaaUrndESRHaANnNgBIeE S T A NMagtymguly
Baharly Amu Darya
Geok-Tepe Abadan
etmhoienfinKtUheysezcaSMcTzoonohibywnudusisetnltiAhnatokarKuteyAlritnsa,smtlustoradtMarielmsalgr’saaidsersncouiciavatud.,liirodpAaaenuneforrdspsdfin—gceicOanetoNr,tcauosEteonuatursttnriprhxoiieapAs.e,mE,taAhecreshiiincaa,, ng ttn3uhO0nahetsynitopeaeanobroslsoeeroo.efnWsfttwhEraeaaencrrdtkfwhaWemr.deogeoTwo,abrfrhhoicseiyltohsutadlpimcmedmsh’ospaeaoofcplpparoncloenrsuoiaehnieunvtotrnthto.erwhgTtyafdres,heine,pebrssiarnoetriontCrikesor.ldfeaa,laSaltsohtcdiecpeooaunaltionotacrtoarfyntto,ihoroenr K o p e t dttfTsrhhaehogaeemestlGocarnuonneBulesrdoa.msclrhCikssoeiheMSlrsloroihhktrauaaosezGsirw—nāoīsfrfnac-wtteooehAhllneoleSirttltseHhahnegGperdihvAm,ioGetaBtaiovcspAleagusfTrroeaaarrsgpreaTeehtsodstbgeAuawodunivhlodtemaJrrutretpIhfleTeKcüKtrIkmSuenTasbAathBNuxPoroaABOUT THE ATLASSaýat 24,590ft (74G95’imjd) uv

4 Gora Chapan (AŞGABAT) BayramaBlGyGealrUaaegrKnzMuamtebballoiīiCmiglyafiAanynnalAadAhkmMthayavmdgoeytyyrraýmatgulyMShAĀSibeq9PGri4rcdG7eTCgh8aoohefrarOtkaār(h-C2mnTL8hBeQ8OBaiop9pzDamuaye˘Rhnes)raSugnrnJhloayAorvKqbnhoatu’d(erDlAgampnu’K˘ŞopsaGntakíAa BBKaAugTKnh)hdlTFāNDāueannoajrzTeānrMkaānbghkloāhooKsdarqkruā˘vaMnlaMoubKraFghreayoybQrz_uaāglb’haBāidakGyhIsraSuhaelmmkkBýoyadarnstlihGayynișamrUaDgSKzumGazmebiýhrhaloeuB1C˘til2dyaaaf,ra3nnyoK9rgad2aohlAAyfitglmt
5 9478ft (2889m)

Kaka Tejen Mary
Murgab
MAP LOCATOR Murgap
Sarahs

htamfeonaaowdstuunitnterssetx,aostaiwpnnsurdnorcavmhmnidagaaeisepnsdr.tigehvPeteaahortioglses,trhdoalaopgiknwrheafisospc,rachmailstniaedtsio, n goinldtmhieninKUeyszzibysel kaKitsutMmanud.reusnetratSuelseleh-ye Safī T o r k e s t a n faMrmoluanndt,ami onusntainLbesanoddresdaeperHpst,eesraetr.iminign-dseadsnedrytu, toernsdcsrutob.celwePDbehorteiaocpstghpleeeimtitvmehiaestprihrkto.eTsfrrthhtiaheeonnertarderoIstsnrloasdaFnfmoEodsfSfitcroTfteahrfIcmyeVeetsAenithliLlytvolSiyalnayelIngsNam,drsnsAtoeio,lanFtltthGatfhlabeHoloAfuyAefrfsENigRtsiihIhdavSameeTunsAmals-idNnFseaitatnirlll,. TowraghouBdāī lā SMeurhrgehtaābbat ā -ye Morghāb Paruylā--eyeKKhauhCmmhaārrīdrīkār Mah¸mūd-e RSBaāraqarīhīksowt_ BGelaernatbliigl iAndkAsiaDary Murgap

Central Asia
about life in that country—its people, d Kūh MoKuAnBtaUinLous desert looksAliskaedābādAfghanistan, as does the attan, the national danc . Harīrūd DB C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Etraacdhiticoonnst,inpeonlittaiclss,eacntidonechoansoamy. Central Asia Herāt sthanisd, ywbitahcskhgaroduonwds coonlotrh.e T o r k ewAnhiAchfgthoabnremaaknthceaTrRr6iaems bardeaandfwasitt.h celeDbreastpeitime tphoerthaonrtroIsrlsaFmoEfSicrTefIcGeVesAhntōiLtvrSyaīāelIsNan,rnsAo,FtthGabeHlAyAfENgihIdSaTunAls-NFsittirll, Kūh-e BMābaāīdān Shahr Ja(KlāĀlāTBboOwāLdMr)aeghhtoaurBdLāīālmā SMeurhrgehtaābbat Mā -ayīemMaonraghh2Aral Sea todayARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan
dayolisfufoelraoecgnaattzeceottlhtoearetrbsoaerncdtdieorannt.oTinhhdeeelrpex tiso A F G H A N I S T A NPoarlcerogpreleanndis. usuallySeglsrealseshl-ayNnedSafīd KūhAChfgilhdarneinstiannK, mabaudle, LIFE EXPECTANCY wPehotiocpghleemtvhiaesrirkt. TsfrhtiheeneaderstnoadnfodsftoftahrmyetSeihlhlyolīinlnayndgmdasntoeidlanlttfhlaoofuefrsiRtsihavmeesmaidneaanl. Ghaznī Gardēz K35h4y3bfetr(P10a8ss0m)3he five central asian nations rise up from hot desertsUstyurtAralKAZAKand Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving 1 Dary
in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east. Plateau Sea n d 2
help you access information. Darker greens usuallySinTdHAiceartāethomeless by war ApaevsoearparlgeeesiunolftAoofngf hlwyaa5nr1i,sdytaeronaurcsg,ahontn,eeaxnopdfecAtphtfoetgvohleoalriwntvyeei,sstatanlnif,eas does the attan, the naRtūiodnal dance. An Afghan man carries bread with h KhōsGthōrīān H4The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as otherHSfreshwater lake full of fish. Over the years, 3
natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture the rivers flowing into it were diverted 4
wWohoitdeesdhloawnds loarnpdaustnudree.r A F G H Aeixscpaoeenmxctdtrpae7nlnmeuctyeersllryyeaschteoaigslrlehain.paHsvtheaedeialalwatbnholderslefdteor.vwIhincetefralsapnihnttahemvdeeosdraiotclamkclti.ootysrst CAhohfgmilhdearlneeinsDstianansK,hmatbFa-auderle,āKhhāsh wDihlāicrhāmto break the Ramadan faDsatr.yā-ye Arg SZhaarghhrūn5is limited. The four northern nations wereMo’ynoqlaTAor drained to provide irrigation for A man in front of 5
permanent cover by snowMany children have been orphaned or s by war Lashkar Gāh GALeIsFrEaesrEheXksPuEltCoTfAwNaCr,Ydrought,Qaanldātpoverty, Shīndand6once part of the Soviet Union and are crops. The sea has now shrunk to his home, called 6
Kandahār and ice.madaebhleotmoegloestso, ascnhdofoelw. have been HŞāāmbūenrī-e ZaDCrahanajskhht-āensMūār rgow paeevxoeprpealcgeteainnocfAyofngralhytae5ns1iisnytaetShnapreīcsn,waonBonūreellxddop.afeIkncthtfaetnoltolmiwveeosrattnalilfitey RūFdarāh Dilārām7now independent nations. Afghanistan iswNless than one-tenth of its original 7
8 Daryā-ye HDelīmshanūd KDūarcwhēnāgasiehyscsāaoetnmxātdrpnenlmeuteersllyyeschoaiglrleha.paHsveaedialalatbnhldesefteorvwhiceterlsapihntahevdeesdaioclmkct.oosrst Dasht-e Khāsh TshileksSialkndRGooetahrdee8a landlocked country and three-quarters size, reducing the numbers of fish, a yurt, in western 8
KanFOREIGN NAMES Chāgai HR Manmy cahdaielbdhlreoetnmoheglaoevsetso,basecnehdnofooe0rlw.pkhmhaanveedboe1er n00 HŞ2āā0mb0ūenrī-e ChakhānsLūarshAksaiaawrloaGnnāgdhaitnthsiermoMuptoiedr,dt9 Pamir, Tajikistan 9
and leaving former fishing villages and
FFlaoebaLretaeluekxrdaeemsiononpntlEhet,nehigtlealwinmsohgauu-psladpsgeabeareoek:figntehgnacetorcuaolnluytnritersy. The letters and numbers arounPd AtheKouItsSidTe oAf thNe pageB C D E USING THE GF RID REFERENCESG illsH SCAI LE0 miles 100J DaryZāa-yDrea2an0Hj0sDehlīmstha-neūdKMārgo SamKDaaūanrrqrcRcowhhawēnniāgtadesUehyc,Nstāwut84rusting ships stranded inland. 85

o Chimboy K Y R G YT Z iS TeA Nn S h a nNaONvuAqoLartyioonydtsgaahrakro’lJKizof(nMvfTir’1zioslhol0iahowlema0’ixyngTnGknteghemAYou(aoeqT)fralSAlOiianyssrHwStag6oHalK2iyynSOKmEoeEali’NNml.leTsTa)lBiqekKCAohhbnGuoiogrisSrj1dnaic(art44nahMe4,gnc7g8reni0ae2deqn5stemfahntos)eNfs1QLshaCh9eaomr6Fndhi0anei’ansqsakrtpiskngoTnhoKaagg’nollol’wiaaRnsnarnnTaggaKAeshhan-riKdaOzuK-imBBjsDoahyIRznASlrhtaHaalZKanKlE-hgAAKrebebaKKedtëkMK-HAeoBNmrlatdaTiSlonryoy-knkTcTmhoyoaAkN
Taxtako’pir
Sarygamyș Nukus
Köli Takhiatosh
Köneürgenc‚
T u r an Kyzyl Kum Tyup Dzhergalan
L
of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was GaplangUycr‚taPglaantoGsyumy U Z B E K I S T A NGubadag Uchquduq Ozero Issyk- Karakol MOUNTAIN LIFE
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, The two small eastern republics of
prompting a continuous series of civil Gurbansoltan Eje Urganch Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
wars. The 2001 invasion by American Dașoguz Kadzhi-Say Jengish Chokusu/ very mountainous and are subject
and other Western forces overthrew Tömür Feng
Xiva To’rtko’l Zarafshon 24,406ft to earthquakes and landslides.
Üngüz Gazojak Only about six per cent of Tajikistan
Türkmenbașy Lebap Kara-Say (7439m) can be used for growing crops,
Türkmenbașy whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
Angyrsyndaky Karakol u a
oksha
the fundamentalist Islamic regime Aylagy Balkanabat Amu Darya K a l - T andāb

and led to democratic presidential Garagum Chatyr-Tash
elections, but Afghanistan is still Derweze
unstable. Wrecked by more than Hazar Gazli
Bereket T U R K M E N I S T A N G’ijduvon
Buxoro Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta LOCAL WEALTH
Serdar Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable
30 years of warfare, it is one of Kopetd a g GGeeorks-TheBipaeharlyAbadAaSn HGAGBAaTr Seýdi Kogon Samarqand U˘ roteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash PAKI
the poorest and most deprived Magtymguly
nations on Earth. Caspian a g Galkynyș Farāh Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
Sea Türkmenabat
g
Pa
u m T A J I K I S T A NP aKoQsoanrshiBQoKDuy˘itesrougnbnGhoovi ns tseDapUrpaSRHaAnNgBNDeEoanragkhKaru˘alobSurQkhaolb’aikhumBart2Qa4nu,5ll9a0i fGItsm(h7ou4˘i9dli5aSmro)amQonaírSoMakru˘ulirkgho ol bC world’s sixth largest producer—
as well as fruit and vegetables.
Saýat H
The three countries are also
Gora Chapan (AŞGABAT) BayramalGy aragKume lCi af nalAAmtaymdeyrraýat INA rich in mineral deposits, such
9478ft (2889m) Uzboyy Range as gold, mercury, sulphur, and

One of the world’s largest Kaka Tejen Mary uranium, and have reserves
gold mines is at Muruntau Murgab of coal, oil, and natural gas.
mTermiz Jarqo’rg’on
Murgap Moskva Khorugh Dzhelandy Harvesting cotton
Feyz_ābād in Uzbekistan
iĀqchah Qizilrabot
in the Kyzyl Kum desert Andkhvoy Du˘ stí Farkhor mir THE TAJIKS
in Uzbekistan. Garabil rBalkh The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian
Sarahs Kunduz in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to
Belentligi Tāloqān
sKhulm Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly
Shibirghān Mazār-e Ishkoshim Baroghil Pass of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to

Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m) Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
K u s hSharīf tension between the two groups. Civil war
d uPul-e Khumrī between the government and Islamic rebels
Bālā Murghāb Maīmanah Baghlān
Serhetabat Torkestan in the east of the country during the 1990s
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Dary oH i nMu
Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Towraghoudī ā - ye Morghāb ntains
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Kūh-e BDāabryāā-ye KahCmhaārdrīkār Barīkowt_
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh KABUL Mah¸mūd-e Rāqī
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal
Ghōrīān Herāt Harīrūd (KĀBOL) Asadābād
together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Mehtar Lām led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians, Farāh
who had moved into the country when it
An Afghan man carries bread with AFGHAN Maīdān Shahr Jalālābād was part of the Soviet Union.
which to break the Ramadan fast.
ISTAN
Children in Kabul, Khyber Pass
Afghanistan, made 3543ft (1080m)
homeless by war Shīndand Gardēz
Ghaznī STAN
LIFE EXPECTANCY Tajik horsemen
As a result of war, drought, and poverty, Khōst in Pamir, Tajikistan
people in Afghanistan can expect to live an andāb
average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life Farāh Rūd Daryā-ye Argh
expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality PAKI
Farāh Dilārām Zarghūn
is extremely high. Health services have almost Dasht-e Khāsh Shahr
completely collapsed and few trained doctors
and nurses are available to help the sick. Gereshk Qalāt Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century

Many children have been orphaned or Hāmūn-e Lashkar Gāh Islamic religious school in
made homeless, and few have been Şāberī Kandahār
able to go to school. Chakhānsūr o w Samarqand, Uzbekistan
Kūchnay
Zaranj Mā r g Darwāshā Spīn Būldak
Dasht-e
Rēgestān THE SILK ROAD
The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought
Daryā-ye Dīshū silks and other fine goods from China through central
Helmand Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built
along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),
0 km 100 200 an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
Chāgai Hills
0 miles 100 200 Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
PAKISTAN now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.

A BCDE FGH I J K LMNO P

Lago on Spanish-speaking countries 9 form a grid to help you find places on the map. For Each map features a scale that shows Chāgai Hills
Lac on French-speaking countries example, to find Kabul, look up its name in the gazetteer how distances on the map relate to
(see pp.112–133), and you’ll find the reference 85 J7. The miles and kilometers. The scale guidPe
However, if a feature is well-known first number is the page, the letter and number refer to A K I S T A N
or mentioned in the main text on the the squarBe made by followinCg up or down from DJ and can be used to see how big a country
page, it will appear there in English 84 A across from 7 to form J7. Eis. Not all maps inFthe book are drawnG
so that readers can find it easily. H

to the same scale.

KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS PHYSICAL FEATURES COMMUNICATIONS LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAMES continued

BORDERS Mountain Highway Equator PHYSICAL Landscape
Depression Major road Tropics/Circles features
International border: Volcano Minor road Andes
Border between Pass/Tunnel Rail NAMES Island group
countries, which is Airport Ardennes
mutually recognized. DRAINAGE FEATURES REGIONS Balearic Islands Island
TOWNS & CITIES Lake/River
State border: Major river FRANCE Country Majorca /Canal
Border used in some Minor river More than 500,000
large countries to show Seasonal river 100,000 – 500,000 JERSEY Dependent Lake Baikal
internal divisions. Dam 50,000 – 100,000 (British Crown territory
Canal Less than 50,000 PACIFIC
Disputed border: Waterfall Dependency) OCEAN
Border used in Seasonal lake National capital
practice, but not Internal KANSAS Administrative Gulf of
mutually agreed MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES administrative Mexico
between two capital region
countries. Site of interest Polar research Bay of Campeche
Ancient wall station D o r d o g n e Cultural region
Claimed border: Chile Rise
Border that is not TOWNS & CITIES Sea features
mutually recognized—
where territory PARIS National capital Undersea
belonging to one feature
country is claimed SAN JUAN Dependent
by another. territory
capital city
Ceasefire line
Seattle Other OTHER FEATURES Graticule text
Undefined boundary towns Tropic of Cancer
Limón & cities

Genk

San José

1

North America

NORTH AMERICA

The North American continent extends from the frozen wastes of Arctic Canada to
the Caribbean islands and the tropical jungles of Panama. It is dominated politically
by the United States, the richest nation on Earth, yet life in countries such as Mexico and
Nicaragua is still a struggle. The data below is arranged in order of each nation’s size.

Canada Mexico Honduras

3,855,103 sq miles 758,449 sq miles 43,278 sq miles
9,984,670 sq km 1,964,375 sq km 112,090 sq km
35,363,000 123,167,000 8,893,000
Ottawa Mexico City Tegucigalpa
Spanish, Nahuatl, Mayan, Spanish, Garífuna (Carib),
English, French, Punjabi, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, English Creole
Italian, Spanish, German, Totonac, Tzotzil, Tzeltal
Cantonese, Tagalog, Arabic,
Inuktitut, Cree

United States Nicaragua The warm seas and
of America glorious beaches of
50,336 sq miles the Caribbean make
3,796,742 sq miles 130,370 sq km islands like St Lucia
9,833,517 sq km 5,967,000 magnets for tourists.
323,996,000 Managua
Washington, DC Spanish, English Creole, The wealth they
Miskito bring is vital to the
English, Spanish, Chinese,
French, German, Tagalog, local economy.
Vietnamese, Italian, Korean,
Russian, Polish

Cuba Panama Dominican
Republic
42,803 sq miles 29,120 sq miles
110,860 sq km 75,420 sq km 18,792 sq miles
11,180,000 3,705,000 48,670 sq km
Havana Panama City 10,607,000
Spanish English Creole, Spanish, Santo Domingo
Amerindian languages, Spanish, French Creole
Chibchan languages

Guatemala Haiti

42,042 sq miles 10,714 sq miles
108,889 sq km 27,750 sq km
15,190,000 10,486,000
Guatemala City Port-au-Prince
Quiché, Mam, Kakchiquel, French Creole, French
Kekchí, Spanish

Costa Rica Belize

19,730 sq miles 8,867 sq miles

51,100 sq km 22,966 sq km

The Statue of Liberty 4,873,000 353,800
in New York Harbor San José Belmopan
has long been a potent
symbol of freedom, Spanish, English Creole, English Creole, Spanish,
especially for those Bribri, Cabecar English, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
arriving here by ship
to seek a new life.

2

El Salvador Dominica

8,124 sq miles 290 sq miles
21,041 sq km 751 sq km
6,157,000 73,700
San Salvador Roseau
Spanish French Creole, English

The St Lucia Antigua and
Bahamas Barbuda
238 sq miles
5,359 sq miles 616 sq km 171 sq miles
13,880 sq km 164,500 443 sq km
327,300 Castries 93,600
Nassau English, French Creole St John’s
English, English Creole, English, English Patois
French Creole

Jamaica Grenada

4,244 sq miles 133 sq miles
10,991 sq km 344 sq km
2,970,000 111,200
Kingston St George’s
English Creole, English English, English Creole

Much of Canada is still Barbados St Vincent and St Kitts and
untamed wilderness—a the Grenadines Nevis
166 sq miles
land of huge, dramatic 430 sq km 150 sq miles 101 sq miles
landscapes like this lake 291,500 389 sq km 261 sq km
Bridgetown 102,300 52,300
high up in the rugged, Bajan (Barbadian English), Kingstown Basseterre
frost-shattered English English, English Creole English, English Creole

Rocky Mountains.

Trinidad and
Tobago

1,980 sq miles
5,128 sq km
1,220,000
Port-of-Spain
English Creole, English,
Hindi, French, Spanish

3

North America

BCDE FGH

Western Canada and Alaska
Canada is a huge country—its western half
FORESTRY
stretches from the flat prairies in the east to the towering Large parts of western Canada are
covered in forests and lumbering is
Rocky Mountains in the west, and from the relatively a major part of the local economy.
mild south to the permanently frozen area north of the The trees are used to make buildings,
furniture, and paper. In the past, whole
areas of trees were cleared but now
2 Arctic Circle. Harsh conditions over much of the region sustainable methods, such as selective
mean that most of the population is concentrated in cities cutting and replanting, are practiced.

in the south, such as Vancouver, Calgary, and Winnipeg. Felled trees transported down
The Prairies—once a vast expanse of grassland—are now a river near Vancouver
used mainly for growing wheat on huge mechanized
NIsIelsafalRanarandrtmsdnnsdaasamst.pnumOaoiarnofjariAtioltnlvtitkraeahordainetdnfeuysdstsothoetIhnurfeseailreuAlrtcUsueceal.ranrstnaasPoiIatltskrdileirgavwabendisae’ldsoosasfSrplaktsearoeoteipfmsolS.euNapTiunnoIhnKstdlriewavLtPniataagldakhwinGtlIlieisanrntlmeurganmeBibonncAekedealrllaAisknNalwgnoaurSKsetkuGoktlsnrrlkaa.aoSykT,ilowitnhuigmnDeWdeMseaeYrtlueisnksognAWARlievaveLroskKk(iACtvoaaDUhleiSKnnSRuao)alikKkarPinocnMeiAhngsctBiKeLFrviaainoSlylileroeebRykaiavPnsUaekBrrmsRkairaarYFtoonuwrktgoPnerudMhcoPKehAaBekkFartlosyaoorvvtniikk
A R C T I C3 Prince Patrick
B eSrei an g O C EB eAaSuNe fao r t4 Island

Mould Bay

Col O C E A NAAlrecxhaipnedleargo Sachs Harbour Banks
IC (Ikaahuk) Island

A

l

e Tuktoyaktuk Amundsen

u Gulf Holman

A

n

d Inuvik
I

r Yukon River
s

e Paulatuk
la

5 Umnak Island Dutch Harbor Bristol Iliamna (Mount McKinley) Fort Kugluktuk
Bay 20,433ft Good Hope (Coppermine)
Lake AnchoSruasigtnea (6194m)
Unalaska Island Y U K O MNackenzie (Rádeyilikóé) Great
Unimak Island Ma Bear
Belkofski Alaska Peninsula Hope Gulkana Echo Bay
TOTEM POLES Valdez Chitina ckenzie Lake
RThe native peoples of British Mountains
Shumagin Kodiak Cordova NORTHWEST
Columbia use totem poles to record k TERRITORIES

otheir clan history. Each carved and
Islands Kodiak Island Katalla Mount Logan
19,551 ft
cpainted totem describes
(5959m)
Whitehorse
6 a real or mythical event Gulf of Tungsten Edzo
and often features P Alaska Yakutat
Yellowknife
animals that the A IF y Fort Simpson
clan has a close Great Slave
C Haines Fort Providence Lake
connection with, Gustavus Atlin
such as the Fort Liard
eagle (left). Juneau Mountains Hay
Coast BRITISH River

DOGSLED RACING Kake Ware Fort Nelson Fort
The state sport of Alaska Vermilion
is dogsled racing. Here, Port COLUMBIA
competitors take part in the Alexander Fort A Fort
annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Ketchikan C St. John McMurray
Race, a grueling run across the Mountains
rugged landscape for drivers
and their teams of dogs. Prince Rupert ALBERTA

Queen Kitimat Grande Prairie
Charlotte Ocean Falls
Queen Athabasca
Islands
VANCOUVER Prince EdmAothanbatsoc n Northa
This city’s vibrant cultural mix is George
8 typical of Canada’s diversity. Many Mount Robson
9 South Asian, Chinese, as well as other Charlotte    Mount 12,972ft
ethnic groups live here and reflect Sound Waddington (3954m) Leduc
Vancouver’s historic role as 13,176ft    
a destination for migrants. Port Hardy (4016m) Red Deer
Hosting the 2010 Winter
Olympics raised its Campbell River Kamloops Calgary
profile and its bustling
economy, mild climate, Vancouver Vancouver Kelowna
and cultural links Island
make it an attractive Nanaimo Lethbridge

Victoria Cranbrook Milk River

place to live. UNITED

4 BCDE FGH

Western Canada and Alaska

I J K LMNO P

0 km 200 400

0 miles 200 400 NATIVE PEOPLES 1
The native peoples of Alaska 2
Ellesmere Island Nares Strait are the Aleut, and those in the 3
north of Canada are the Inuit. 4
5
Native peoples are often called 6
“First Nations” because they
were the first to live in North
America. Much of their
land was later taken by
European settlers. First
Nation culture has revived
Axel Heiberg and Nunavut is now
Island a self-governing Inuit
territory. The Inuit have
Ellef Ringnes adapted to the harsh
Island environment and often
Inuit children outside combine modern
their summer camp technology with their
Amund on Baffin Island traditional lifestyle.
Ringnes CENTRAL STATES
Island Grise Fiord Baffin Large parts of Alberta,
(Ausuituq) Saskatchewan, and Manitoba
Queen Elizabeth Islands have rich soils and form one
Bay of the greatest wheat-growing
Bathurst Devon Island nd Davis Stra areas in the world. More wheat
Melville Island Cornwallis is grown here than Canadians
Island Island Lancaster So u can consume, so vast amounts
are exported. Wheat is used
VMisSceoolvuuinnlldte Resolute to make flour for staple foods
(Qausuittuq) such as bread. Once harvested,
Somerset wheat is stored in grain
Prince of Island PBernodineusur la Baffin Island it elevators, waiting to be
Gulf transported by truck or train.
M’ClintockWales
Island

Channel ofoothia
Boothia
Peninsula B Igloolik Cumberland Sound
Melville Iqaluit
Victoria Kugaaruk Peninsula Nettilling (Frobisher Bay)
King William(Pelly Bay) Lake
Island
Island Gjoa Haven Foxe Amadjuak
(Uqsuqtuuq) Basin Lake
Cambridge Bay
(Ikaluktutiak)
Repulse Bay Hudson Strait

Southampton
Island
Burnside NUNAVUT Grain elevators dominate
Dubawnt Coral the skyline of the prairies.
Garry Lake Harbour
Back Baker Lake (Salliq)

Rankin Inlet Coats Mansel Canada has a population
Island Island

Reliance Whale Cove of 35 million people, but only
(Tikiarjuaq)

Lutselk’e Arviat H u d s o n about 30 percent of them live
(Snowdrift)

Fort Smith Churchill Bay Belcher in western Canada—most
Lake Athabasca Islands live near the US border.
A
Reindeer Akimiski Grizzly bear
Lake Island
Wollaston Lake Southern elson
Indian Lake

N A DLynn Lake N

Buffalo Thompson
Narrows
SASKATCHEWAN MANITOBA

Flin Flon
hewan The Pas
Saskatchew Saskatc Lake ROCKY MOUNTAINS
Winnipeg The rugged Rocky Mountains
stretch south through western
an Prince Albert Canada and into the US. Every
year they attract millions of
Saskatoon visitors who enjoy walking,
hiking, and canoeing in the
Kindersley Yorkton Lake dramatic scenery. Tourists
Regina Qu'Appelle Manitoba sometimes see wildlife such
Brandon Winnipeg as the grizzly bear, black
Weyburn bear, elk, moose, and wolf.
Medicine Hat

Estevan Melita

STATES OF AMERICA

I J K LMNO

North America

BCDE GH

Eastern Canada Maple sap Charles
collected from cuts Island
The most industrialized and heavily populated in the tree trunk

Ivujivik

parts of Canada are in its eastern half. Ottawa, the capital, Ungava
is located here, along with other important cities, such as Peninsula
Toronto, Montreal, and Québec. Some of the earliest settlers
2 were French, and many people speak French as their first MAPLE SYRUP
language. The Great Lakes—the largest system of lakes in The colorful maple trees of Québec and Inukjuak
the world—and the St Lawrence Seaway link the interior Ontario are tapped for maple syrup, a (Port Harrison)
to the coast. The most easterly parts of Canada, the Atlantic major export, and a popular topping on
Provinces, have rugged coastlines and dramatic scenery. pancakes. The maple leaf is the national
symbol of Canada and is featured on
the nation’s flag.

However, soils are thin, so commercial agriculture is limited
3 to a few areas. Fishing used to be the main activity, but fish
stocks have been so depleted that few people Hudson Lac
are now employed in the industry, despite recent Minto
environmental efforts to rebuild the stocks.
A growing oil and gas industry and new Fort Severn B a y Belcher
Islands
Severn

high-tech businesses are attracting Peawanuk
younger workers, although many
4 people still migrate to the bustling James
cities further inland. Bay

Sandy Lake Winisk A Attawapiskat Akimiski QU
Attawapiskat
Canadians have a high C IO NIsland Rivière de Rupert
5 life expectancy—the any Fort Albany
ONTAR Alb
average person lives Moose
to be 82 years old. Moosonee

Lac Seul Armstrong
Longlac
Kenora Dryden Harricana

Lake of Lake Hearst
the Woods Nipigon

Fort Frances Atikokan Nipigon
Marathon
6 Thunder Bay Kapuskasing Cochrane Réservoir

Tip Top Mountain Timmins Amos Gouin

TORONTO 2100ft (640m) Foleyet Rouyn-Noranda
Wawa
Toronto is Canada’s most Lake Superior Kirkland
important economic center. Val-d'Or
Lake
Located on Lake Ontario, close
to the US border, it is not only
an industrial and commercial
center but is also home to a Sault Ste.Marie
wide diversity of ethnic and Sudbury
7 cultural groups. The Canadian North Bay

National (CN) Tower, which ICE HOCKEY GBeo Pembroke Gatineau
dominates the Toronto skyline, Sports and leisure are important to Hull
is one of the world’s tallest Canadians. A popular sport is ice hockey, Manitoulin
towers at 1,815 ft (553.33 m), which thousands of people enthusiastically Island rgiaayn OTTAWA
play or watch. Teams of skaters use long,
and locals and tourists can curved sticks to try to get a hard rubber Lake Midland
get an impressive view of disc, called a puck, into the opposing team’s Huron
the city and Lake Ontario goal. Both the men’s and women’s national Peterborough Kingston
ice hockey teams won gold medals at the
from the top. Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics. Brampton TorOosnhatowaOLnatakreio
Kitchener
8 St. Catharines
Niagara
Sarnia Hamilton Falls

CN Tower Windsor London

Leamington Lake Erie

9 UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA

6A B C D E F G H

Eastern Canada

I J K LMNO P

Baffin Resolution ATLANTIC PROVINCES 1
Island Island Nova Scotia, New 2
Button Islands Brunswick, Prince Edward 3
Hudson Strait Island, and Newfoundland 4
and Labrador attract 5
Akpatok tourists for their landscape, 6
Island wildlife, and quaint seaside 7
villages. Icebergs are a 8
Ungava regular sight off the coast 9
Bay of Newfoundland and
Labrador as they drift 7
south from the Arctic.

Rivière aux k esFeuill FISHERIES
Kuujjuaq The Grand Banks, off the coast of
Newfoundland, are shallow waters that once
r contained huge stocks of fish. Stocks have declined,
Koksoa a Baleine Nain however, due to overfishing, and now catches are severely
D restricted. Tourism has been a valuable alternative for
RLHopedale those who relied on fishing for their livelihood.
a French
Rivière à l b r Makkovik signs in
Caniapiscau a Cape Harrison
dor Cartwright
L aLac
bBienville Québec city
Schefferville N

Lake Melville

&
S e ar a d oRéservoir de Smallwood E W F OUN D
Reservoir L A B
É B E CCaniapiscau St.Anthony
Churchill
RADO
L A

in N
St

Strait of Belle Isle
A D AChEibasMotLmuaiagJsctoaamnsSsqaitnLu-uMJiaieLcèaarnneaRicéousCueBharravgioicaeeionr-CunotmimteRiaiiGvuiaaèRgr.ienLmn-aodwonuMrue-snLakMcoteiauPnpSéeoenGpitnua-ÎsslepunsélBeatdtehGauarHsspitaévÎrnleEeS-MPSDdtsÎtRa.l’-WeAPdGIsLieNnelAduaerteCìrwliRneclfEaeoDrosetfni CcaeCboortneSrt Gander St.John’s FRENCH CANADA
Cape Race Québec province is the main
Grand Falls French-speaking part of Canada.
With a different language and
Brook Newfoundland cultural traditions from other parts
of the country, there have been calls
Channel-Port in the past for Québec to become
aux Basques independent from the rest of Canada.

rait ST PIERRE
& MIQUELON

(to France)

La Tuque Edmundston ISLAND Glace Bay
Sydney
NEW
Charlesbourg BRUNSWICK Charlottetown Cape Breton
Island
Québec Moncton Amherst New Glasgow

Trois-Rivières St-Georges Fredericton Oromocto Truro

Laval Drummondville Saint John dy NOVA SCOTIA Sable Island

Dartmouth
Bay of Fun Halifax
Montréal Sherbrooke
AN
Liverpool

Yarmouth OCE ST LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Stretching far inland, the
ATLANTIC St Lawrence Seaway provides a
link from the Great Lakes to the
200 Atlantic. A series of huge locks descends
from Lake Ontario to sea level, allowing
ocean-going ships to transport their cargo as
far inland as Lake Superior. Large amounts of
iron ore, for example, are transported inland
from Labrador to Ontario for processing.
0 km 100 200 Corn, soy, and other agricultural products
0 miles 100 move in the opposite direction, from the
prairies east to the markets of the world.

I J K LMNO P

North America

BCDE FGH

USA: Northeast
The northeastern united states is a heavily populated THRIVING CITY
Lake Hudson NewYork is the largest city in the US.
area that is steeped in history. This is traditionally the main Ontario River Historically it grew because it has a
immigration point into the States, with the Statue of Liberty good harbor and sits at the mouth
lighting the way for those arriving into New York by boat. of the Hudson River. Immigrants from
2 People from all over the world have settled in this region to
live and work, creating a “melting pot”of cultures and ethnic overseas flooded into the city in
groups. Important historical events, such as the signing of the 19th and 20th centuries,
the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, took boosting its population and
economy. Today, it is the
main financial center,
not just of the US,
but of the world.

place in Philadelphia. These documents set the foundations for
American life today. It is also here that the capital and center
3 of government were established. Today, while industry and
agriculture are still important, finance and commerce are the New York
driving forces of the economy. Appalachian City
Mountains
A D A wrence Ogdensburg
WTahsehWinhgtioten,HDo.uCs.ehinas C A N4 St. La

O N TA R I O A dMi roounndtaaci kn s

been home to every Watertown
president except George p p aL a k e O n t a r i o Oswego
Boonville

whoWmasthheincgittoyni,sanftaemr ed. A5 Mohawk River
PITTSBURGH Niagara Rochester Syracuse
Once a major steel manufacturing center with Falls Newark Utica
a polluted environment, Pittsburgh is now a Lockport

thriving financial center with a large number Niagara Avon N EW YORK
of corporate headquarters. Bridges span the Falls
three rivers that run through the city, Buffalo Oneonta
Erie Hamburg Dansville
connecting the core downtown Ithaca
area (above) to the suburbs. Lake
Dunkirk Binghamton Catskill
e ny Mountains
Jamestown eau
CENTER OF GOVERNMENT Erie P lA la lt e g h Elmira
All three branches of the federal
6 government, the executive, Warren Mansfield Sayre

legislative, and judicial, reside Middletown
in Washington, D.C. The
United States Congress Meadville Wilcox Scranton
Wilkes Barre
(the legislative branch) P E N N S Y L V A N I Ao u n t a i n sLock Haven Milford
Du Bois
meets here in the Capitol Mercer
building. Many of the State College
city’s residents work OHIO AllegRhivenery Butler
for the government. Milton Stroudsberg
Indiana
7 Capitol building, Allentown
the seat of
government Aliquippa Pittsburgh MAltoona Harrisburg Reading Trenton

Washington Appalachian Philadelphia

Bedford Carlisle Lancaster NEW

Uniontown York Wilmington Cherry Hill
Hagerstown Aberdeen
8 Cumberland Towson Vineland

W E S T Oakland Baltimore Dover

VIRGINIA Columbia

Annapolis DELAWARE

V I R G I N I A WASHINGTON D.C.
Cambridge Ocean
City
9 MARYLAND
Salisbury
Chesapeake

Bay

8A B C D E F G H

USA: Northeast

K LMNO P

Madawaska NEW BRUNSWICK MAINE 1
Although Maine is a large state, 2
Presque Isle it is relatively sparsely populated. 3
Early settlers were attracted to its
Mars Hill coastline, and fishing communities 5
gradually sprang up. To this day, 6
fishing remains an important 7
activity, while colorful foliage
attracts tourists in the autumn.

Mount Katahdin Houlton
5266ft (1605m)
CRANBERRIES M
The northeast USA is a major o Moosehead Lincoln Calais
cranberry-growing region. Cranberries untains Lake
grow in flooded bogs, and once Jackman
harvested—often with high-tech Penobscot River
equipment (above)—they can be Milo
eaten in pies and sauces.

MAINE Machias

QUÉBEC Bangor Millbridge

Newport Waterville Searsport Bar Harbor Bay of
Camden Mount Desert Fundy
V E R M O N TPlattsburgh Island
Lake Champlain Berlin Augusta
Burlington
i a nMontpelier Mount Lewiston Bath e Maine (above),
Washington Gulf of Main famous for its
6289ft (1917m) clam chowder and
lobsters (right)
l a c hRutlandChelsea H NEW RE Portland THANKSGIVING
AMPSHI The first Thanksgiving was held in
Green Mountains Lebanon Laconia 1621 as a gesture of friendship between
Biddeford American Indians and the Pilgrims after the
Connecticut River Pilgrims’first successful harvest. Americans
Rochester honor that tradition every November by
gathering with family and friends to give
Glens Falls Concord Portsmouth thanks for life’s blessings and to share a meal.

Hillsboro The Statue of Liberty
has stood in New York
Manchester OCEAN Harbor since 1886.

Nashua Lawrence Cape Cod
SchAelnbTearcontayyPdiyttsfieldGreWenofirecLldeoswteelrl
Boston

Hudson River M A S S AC H U S E T T S Provincetown Orleans

Springfield Pawtucket Providence
Windsor
Kingston Bristol New Bedford HIGHER EDUCATION
Hartford Warwick Martha's Vineyard A large number of universities are located in this
region, including two of the most famous—Harvard
CONNECTICUT RHODE Nantucket Nantucket Island (above) and Yale. As well as studying, students enjoy
Waterbury Groton ISLAND a full campus life, including taking part
in sports. Links between industry
New Haven TIC and education are strong, so many
Yonkers Bridgeport high-tech companies have
been established here.
PatersonStamford Long ATLAN
Island
New York

Newark

Middletown

0 km 50 100 150

JERSEY 0 miles 50 100 150

Atlantic City 8
NEW YORK CITY
The center of US commerce and business 9
is NewYork City. People living here have
a fast-paced lifestyle, and many travel 9
by train or ferry from the suburbs
to work in the towering high-rise
office blocks of Manhattan. People
traveling by boat across the harbor
pass the Statue of Liberty, a huge
monument that represents freedom
and opportunity to Americans.

I J KLM

North America

BCDE FGH

USA: South 0 km 50 100 150 200

0 miles 50 100 150 200

The southern states of the US have a varied landscape and an interesting Cincinnati

mix of people, both culturally and economically. Some areas of the region are poor,
especially the Appalachian Mountain communities, while other parts, such as the Newport
Florida coast, are wealthy and attract many people from other states and countries.
2 The cultural mix includes people of Latin American origin, African Americans, Cajuns INDIANA
(French Canadians), and European Americans, giving rise to diverse music styles,
dialects, pastimes, and food. While coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains Louisville Frankfort
EvaOnwsveinllseboroLexington
Henderson Elizabethtown Richmond

has declined in recent years, agriculture is still Paducah Gr rK Eeen River N TUCKY
Te
important, as are tourism and industry. Tourism MISS OURI Hopkinsville Somerset
Kentucky
is particularly important in Florida and in Rogers Bull Shoals Mountain Pocahontas Bowling eau
New Orleans near the mouth of the mighty Lake Home Lake Green
Mississippi River. Union
Clarksville
3 OKLAHOMA
Fayetteville City Nashville Cookeville
Mississippi RiveN S A SWalnut Ridge Murfreesboro
Fort Smith Boston Mountains Blytheville Dyersburg Franklin
Cumberland Plat SEE
ARKA Jonesboro T ENNES Maryville
Jackson Cleveland
MOouHuaRoncutthsSasipeitnrallisvnLigliltsetleNBReonoBrPttclohikunnSfeefLairatcnFtysolaesrrReRivsot cCMkitCyelmaWrpkehssdirstalSepHrMiGonlrgeleysnmTaudCppaoehrlionisth
Lawrenceburg Columbia Dalton

nnessee Rive Chattanooga
COTTON CROPS er Florence Huntsville

4 Cotton was once Ark Decatur Scottsboro
the mainstay crop r
of the south and Hamilton Cullman Rome
Red Ouachita R Marietta
was grown by River Gadsden Atlanta
African-American Texarkana ive Greenwood Anniston
Camden Columbus
slaves. Today, cotton
is still important for El Dorado Greenville Tuscaloosa Birmingham

the economy of the Shreveport Ruston Bastrop MISSISSIPPI Alexander City Griffin
region and is grown ALABAMA
in large fields and Monroe Yazoo City
5 harvested with huge Demopolis
machinery. Cotton Bossier City Tallulah Clinton Canton Opelika
has many uses, Meridian
primarily as the raw TEXAS Prattville Phenix City
material for textiles.
Sabine River Montgomery Columbus
Mississippi Riv
Tombigbee River
abama River
L O U I S I A N A Vicksburg Jackson
er Chattahoochee
Natchitoches Pearl River River
Red River Laurel
Natchez Troy

Alexandria Brookhaven Hattiesburg Andalusia Ozark Albany

De Ridder McComb Prichard Al Brewton Dothan Bainbridge
Bogalusa Mobile Crestview Lake Seminole
Opelousas
Baton Rouge
6 Fort Walton
Gulfport Biloxi
Lake Charles Lafayette Pensacola Beach Tallahassee
New Orleans
New Iberia Metairie Panama
City
The Mississippi
Cotton pod, or boll Morgan City Chandeleur Cape San Blas
Jazz musician on Islands
Bourbon Street, Venice
is the largest river in G u l f o f M e x i c oHouma Apalachee
New Orleans Bay

North America and Mississippi River
7 the third largest in Delta

the world. Chef holding CAJUN CULTURE
a skillet of The Cajuns in this region are
French-speaking people who were
jambalaya, a expelled from Canada in the 18th
Cajun dish
century. They mixed with other cultures
in Louisiana, but their French influence
can be seen in the music, food, and
place names, such as Lafayette.
8 MUSICAL ORIGINS
The southern US is famous for
its music, much of which reflects
the cultural mix of the region. New
Orleans and other parts of Louisiana FLORIDA EVERGLADES
are the birthplaces of jazz and Cajun The increasing population
music, while bluegrass and country of Florida means that the
have origins in Nashville and Memphis. Everglades, swampy plains
These music styles started here, but inhabited by alligators and
quickly spread throughout the country other wildlife, are under threat
9 and developed even further in the cities. as land is needed for houses and
farms. However, the Everglades
National Park protects part of
this important ecosystem.

10 A B C D E F G H

USA: South

I J K LMNO P

PENNSYLVANIA 1

Parkersburg Clarksburg Winchester WASHINGTON D.C.
Spruce Knob Dale City MARYLAND
W E S TO H I O 4862ft
(1482m) Arlington
V I R G I N I APortsmouth Mountains
Huntington Harrisonburg
Fredericksburg
Ohio River Staunton P
Saint Albans Charleston CharlottesvilleRiv ac
otom er 2
V I R G I N I APikeville Chesapeake Bay KENTUCKY DERBY 3
4
London Beckley Richmond Every year on the first 5
Bluefield LynchJbaumregs River Cape Charles Saturday of May, the 6
Petersburg Kentucky Derby takes place 7
Pulaski in Louisville. This horse race, 8
Roanoke Newport News Norfolk and the festivities based around 9
Portsmouth Virginia Beach it, mark the beginning of spring
for people in the area. The best 11
S O U TNHO RC AT RHOCL AI NRAO L I N AGMKaiinAdnGodeGrlsxrGpeevBesveirrelbSeilpninsepAoeltvlearnoesoaivrwhlltillaeeollenvoKbidaliulnUerGgngc6M6saiopo8Rshu3tonofontrctnti(k2MWi0aaHi3t7ciiSlmhnlea)slllteoCmnhaGDrrlaeoneHPtvtnoiielgilsenFhbLltaoourrerCoinnacbreDyuFurgarJRyhaaecakltmestoReiGgnovoavihRnllidWllooleksecebilkNmoGyerriowMneegOoBntnuBeovHsnarnillnyatolevwePlEoaSlmciokzluianbethCHCaaiptttyeerasn horses and jockeys, as well as
massive crowds of spectators
River from around the country, travel
here for the event.
d co TOURISM
Tourism is an important industry in
A NAthens the south, especially for Florida. As
Clark Columbia Cape Fear well as warm weather and appealing
Hill Lake Myrtle Beach scenery, tourists are attracted to the
Lake Marion Long Bay theme parks around Orlando. Jobs and
Aiken income are generated by tourism, with
EAugusta many people working in retail outlets,
Orangeburg Georgetown restaurants, hotels, and theme parks. Kumba roller coaster,
ATLANTIC a popular ride at Busch
G E O R G I A an North Charleston OC Gardens Tampa Bay, Florida
Milledgeville nah Rive
Macon Sav
Statesboro r Charleston

Dublin Vidalia Hilton Head Island MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR
Cordele Altamaha Martin Luther King, Jr (left) was born in Atlanta in 1929.
Savannah In the 1960s, he led many peaceful protests to end the
laws that discriminated against black Americans. King
Hinesville
River
Tifton was assassinated in 1969 and has since been seen
Waycross Brunswick as a symbol of the struggle for racial equality.
Many African Americans live in the southern US
where, before the Civil War (1861–65), their
Valdosta ancestors were forced to work on cotton
plantations and farms.
Thomasville Okefenokee
Swamp
Jacksonville

Lake City Saint Augustine

Gainesville

Lake Daytona Beach
George
Ocala

De Land

Spring Hill Deltona Martin Luther King, Jr, speaking at the final rally
of the March Against Fear, Mississippi, 1966
Orlando

Cape Canaveral

Clearwater Lakeland Melbourne

Largo Tampa Lake Kissimmee

FTampa Saint Petersburg A Fort Pierce FLORIDA’S SUNSHINE COAST
Bay Hutchinson Florida’s sunny weather and sandy beaches
Sarasota LORID Island have traditionally attracted many retired people,
many of whom live in apartments along the
Port Charlotte Lake West Palm coast in resorts such as Miami Beach (right).
Charlotte Harbor Okeechobee Beach Florida also attracts young people, particularly
Boca Raton to the vibrant city of Miami, where many
Fort Myers The Everglades immigrants from Central America, Cuba, and
other Caribbean islands live, and Spanish is
Naples Big Cypress Pompano Beach spoken by half the population. The Florida Keys,
Swamp Fort Lauderdale an island chain in the south of the peninsula,
Miami Beach is also popular with tourists, and contains
some of the largest living coral formations
Miami in North America.

Cape Sable Key Largo of Florida

Florida Key
Bay
s
Florida
Key West Straits

I J K LMNO P

North America

BCDE FGH

USA: Midwest
The american midwest is dominated by the Great Plains, CAN AD
SASKATCHEWAN
once the home of cattle ranches, cowboys, and American MANITOBA Lake
Indian peoples. However, the discovery of gold in South of the
Dakota brought a rush of settlers to the area. This, combined Woods
Red Rive r
2 with a decline in buffalo numbers, led to the eventual A Williston Minot Grafton International
3
4 displacement of the American Indians from the Plains. The Devils Lake Thief River Falls
5 area is prone to dramatic weather—tornadoes, freezing N Grand East Falls Upper
6 blizzards, and blazing hot summers. To the west, vast areas s N O RTH Forks Grand Forks Red Lake
7 of farmland generate more wheat and corn than
8 anywhere else in the world. East of the Mississippi the TA Lake Carrington Crookston Lower
9 landscape varies and, although farming is still important, and Sakakawea Red Lake
it is an industrial heartland. The greater Detroit area and Belfield Dickinson
12 other parts of Michigan make up a big manufacturing Bemidji
center, with other hubs in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Jamestown Valley City Fargo Leech Grand
N Bismarck Lake Rapids
l D A K O T AMandan

O West Fargo Detroit Lakes
Moorhead
River

ad

M Wahpeton Fergus Falls Brainerd
MissourBi Mille Lacs Lake
Alexandria Little
ttleLi Buffalo Falls
Moreau River Selby
Aberdeen MINNESOTA
Lake
Oahe Morris Saint Cloud

BUFFALO ON THE PLAINS WYOMING Black HillsN E D BS A OR K UA O TS T HKA A I O WGerinSgidAnNlSleoicarytohnStPcptlesaebtStaetlWCruuCRRfihhfriiaivfsgttaeehpyidrRsiHirSdvoernOaigelnRaillvladeslLraexPNiPlnoaigerttttrheorNKenieoGabrFrranarLCarneaaankdysceeRiIsisvlaeHrnaudHpstRuiPnirSYlvCoaSgoMetaWotnrsieuVnLoliRtuatekiihvcutmrntehemorYxSNcberniotioolueloFlrNlubskilPwaOonoxraFlnanrWplmCrfsseoikMilSotmlaalyhikraoMhtBoeCdhDnlrnaioiditoHesMnSCtnyooonaigtinnaokitreBtsrlyiCouoveasnihnnolnxgdlaeSuseDlvpFolnuaWeeCceiBnADNsriUlMeMclmalloCebgoelMrBFImadwooisironoonnntlgnAnoduoerAmdkenCBttOainrnfaiaalNrubFnefAikCwtnensaoRoeeraimesoatrgMrnrntLaypiClstttoebaaytsphoeaFsoLnomvaCfindisaeuidnloionelalaitlllnssyltnasrediBig SRiiovuexr
Up to 100 million buffalo once grazed on the Great Plains. Cheyenn James River
They provided local American Indians with food for the
family, and skin for clothes and tepees. The Dakota people Great
used buffalo bones to make shields and tools, and the
animal’s bladder into a bag for carrying water. But

over-hunting and the destruction of the buffalo’s habitat
by early European settlers drastically reduced the
number of animals. The buffalo is now a protected

species and lives in reserves.

MiRssivoeurriLo

COLORADO McCook Plains Beatrice

Maryville

Colby Concordia Saint Joseph

Buffalo herd on a reserve, Goodland Hays SSaJulinnacMtiMAoanncPhChKaieattyStrnassonasnRivKTeOAroatttpncahewsiaksaosanCiItnydepeSEnpxcrdienelsginsocre
South Dakota Scott
City KAN
Great Bend
MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL
Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was created as a Garden City Hutchinson Emporia
Newton MIS
tribute to the American presidency. Four of the United States’greatest Dodge Pratt Wichita Iola
City El Dorado
presidents—(left to right) Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, Chanute Fort Scott
and Lincoln—were carved into the granite cliff between
1927 and 1941. Teams of workers hung from saddles Liberal Wellington ArkansaPsaCristPoyinttssCbaurrtghageSpringfield

anchored to the mountain to complete the O K
work, often enduring harsh winds or
blazing sun. Today, it is a popular Each carved face is about L AHOMA Joplin Aurora
tourist attraction. 60 ft (18 m) high.
Ozark

TORNADO ALLEY
Dramatic tornadoes, or “twisters,”regularly tear
through the states of Kansas and Oklahoma along
a path known as Tornado Alley. Tornadoes occur
when warm and cold air masses meet. As the warm
air rises it cools, and under the right conditions
it can suck in more and more air until a whirling
twister develops. The more air that is drawn in,
the greater the power of the tornado.

A BCDE FGH

USA: Midwest

I J K LMNO P

A RURAL AMERICA 1
Although most Americans today live in cities and
large towns, there are still many small towns with

populations of less than 10,000 people. These
towns are often in farming communities and
are where people go to shop or to attend
church. Children, such as these boys from

Iowa (left), often have to be taken to and
from school by bus.

The Great Lakes 2
ONTA contain one-fifth 3
Isle Royale of Earth’s 4
fresh water. 5
ChishVoirlgminia Lake Superior R 6
Eveleth Keweenaw 7
Apostle Peninsula IO 8
Hibbing Islands Houghton 9
eRang
Duluth Gogebic Marquette 13
Ironwood Sault Sainte Marie
Superior
Cloquet Ashland

aint Croix River Woodruff MIron Saint Ignace
Rice Lake Cheboygan
S Mountain
Rhinelander Escanaba Petoskey
I Lake Huron

NSSIAJFLAoRPeeIaaeuowOKwfolbiMsflOMwilsnaWsOtKceaCrtHFRkRiQkoathrnatneoaaoMaaitaesWscnvuoERoelubolnvvloPdleotCaviunoskimesennUnnMPaWlraoartWuillrmreioicletwtenlCsbuloakKeyyiyyaepFissriabWnxMaanliCtdcFllrrliyaoRigoklacEaeoiaAoSrMonFunwrrlaudepmoMiBrooLsBusoanniLarJrlanWnsiuvuucIPtoatoainMarWaCeonrefcsddDlMCRPgrDlRnfdckmlrigRJiylaItesraainareasSaRDtuvcsoJofiTpybaxotMigoactmeSddoaGinvbrtoiernasknpnesitdieecisniisSAImaarsosuslvCsevltksErsilloeioilndehineiasdlnqoBeaaelntsnnILtlCAsOisOosisehEeuspgnnvnlbthWPlnfaWpelsiupfiNSWteLenlPaSShpPDlaardGnCkvtoodaiAeRmLgkekleuiVeMiuigaFeSiineulnrIooseCrnvuosloepSohpEcttAteatoKLakesathIrurcsneaaoltBraarNuLBJunlnaerohOgekodtdmitioNcoblniennsoosaosbrungietfuonlhntknantoooaiOWrLninadaeasmuyarwdktgiOkdnBIieaeIaannhnellnegBGeioLdoSbMtKaaoRWraoEfiegyermaInaalCvoiaelnVcylianniEunweihoaGVnTonntIvkraliTsigitsNPpDeaasnhaeecaepeRtatvWecNornAgaaoConrueireowyoviarryaarnnnnngsekesiorsrlnDnKAsveCdLumoiomeeHualliseCbalMesKedidWSlarIiBnaletiiasEuCuoelngnyoPlKalEsAuoaygtaulkFLonMlCeeyclltkmauetoaRkGoaNWinhohghmNoAnsnnraaaruaeomatdbcarspzBnnnbtMKDSriuAiToonttiinenapasdeaodusnnngrthsyUintdaARTnLetBcotloogiMrpioiWvVPseGiCfilnecwniaooeAdorenenAglednnlmriaralnOeStBCdSPtKbnoinMmngahiMaiaohdaodFnigyroioan00cllntarFlriniRaCCeiYniniwHnkcmoiniWymvotCaSoustiBndyelatfiewiarrlllhlnsDoayWmeueLeDdynalvHiemuedknaOP1Celseutgaork0aSbrAtnwrlry0maooaettHuikasnnbinnmirnrts1treoWCidgo0AdZIlnLu0tatgaaWohti2anerhrenEO0herkn0ueseOCvseenciaYhllliilinoneodEtguornnig2e0s0townGreen BayCIGA N
Malden
H GREAT LAKES
Several large cities are located
Lake Michigan Sagi on the shores of the Great Lakes,
including Chicago on Lake Michigan.
Mi s sissippi Ri Burned to the ground in the late
19th century, it is now a leading industrial
PENNSYLVANIA and financial center and the third-largest city
in the country. The Great Lakes and their lakeside
Illinois River WEST VIRGINRIivAer retreats are also a popular tourist destination for
vacationers who like watersports.
Wabash River FOOTBALL
The first official game of football was played between Princeton
pi River and Rutgers universities in New Jersey on November 6, 1869.
Since then, college and professional teams have been founded
all over the country, and playing and watching football has
become one of America’s favorite pastimes.

Rive

Kennett TENNESSEE AGRICULTURE
Caruthersville The Great Plains extend across the
west of this region and are important
ARKANSAS for agriculture. Rich soils support
crops of wheat and corn, while
livestock grazes on the extensive
grassland. Millions of people live
on the Great Plains, many on
family-owned and -run farms.

I J K LMNO P

North America

BCDE FGH

USA: West Vanco S

t

r

ait of

uve
The rocky mountains separate Georgia CA
r
the coastal region from the drier Anacortes C O L RUiverM B I A
inland states. Large and StdraeiFt uocfaJuanIsland BRITI S H
fast-growing cities such as Sandpoint Libby
San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oak Harbor BSekallginit gRihvearm C olumbia
and San Diego hug the Pacific Port Angeles Puget Mount Vernon
coast, and have attracted many
migrants because of good job Olympic Sound Everett
opportunities. Inland, blazing Seattle
2 desert and towering mountains Mountains Lake Pend
3 provide some of the most dramatic Bremerton Bellevue Oreille
4 landscapes in the country. National Range Spokane
5 parks such as Yellowstone in Olympia Auburn Wenatchee Coeur
6 northwestern Wyoming and Montana Tacoma Ellensburg SMaiondst'cAJooleweRniveer
7 and Yosemite in central California Aberdeen Lewiston
8 protect some of these wilderness areas.
9 Further east, the foothills of the Rockies Centralia W A S H I N G T O N Clearwater
give way to vast plains grazed by large McMPSNinLoaenorwlvnetibgllmlaeveirnegwdVWaKGnoecroolesduosbvhuearrnCmolTuhmeKbieDRaniaRcYnlhPileaveleweasknrniidcmdkleHatoePnramscisPLotauoWWlnGlmaarllallaaannde Mountains
14 herds of cattle.
Salmon
River
Albany LebanonCascade Jo hn Day River Rocky Snake River
Corvallis
NORTHERN FORESTS RDievsecrhutes Colu m b i aBaker
The coastal areas of Oregon
and Washington contain Eugene Bend Salmon River
large forests. These produce Mountains
economically important timber, Coos Bay OR
but much land is also left in Coast Springfield EG O N
its natural state and is popular
with hikers. Most people here P Burns Caldwell Boise
live in large cities like Seattle,
and in the fertile inland valleys. Cape Blanco Roseburg Upper SuLmakmeer Harney Owy heeRi NampaP l a t Se a
Grants Klamath Basin ver nuake River
Crescent City Pass
Arcata Lake Independence
Medford Klamath Falls Mountains
Ashland GLoaoksee

ACIFIC Yreka Desert
Klamath
Mountains
Ranges
Eureka Winnemucca Wells
Redding Rock
The American ReeHsuembRiolvdetrRiver
Indian name CentralSusanville Black Ruby Mountains
Pyramid Creek Range
S a c r a m e nStaocraVmaenl tloeRyiverHoney Lake
Chico Lake

for Death Valley Ukiah Yuba Reno Sparks Carson Great
is Tomesha, City Sink
CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE which means Santa Rosa Lake Carson City N E
California is warm, fertile, and, Napa Tahoe V A D A
with irrigation, ideal for agriculture. “land where the South Lake Tahoe
Grapes are an important crop north ground is on fire.” Berkeley SacramCeintrtuos Heights Ely
of San Francisco in the Napa Valley. Walker
Further south, citrus crops such as Francisco S Lake Basin Schell
oranges also flourish. Premium farming Fairfield
land is under threat, however, as the Palo Alto Stockton i Mono Hawthorne
population expands. Sunnyvale Lake
San Oakland e
Modesto
r Yosemite
San Jose National
r Tonopah
Park
a
V

OCEA Santa Cruz Gilroy Madera N Alamo
Monterey Bay al
Salinas
e
l

Monterey S Fresno vada Mount Whitney
ey 14,495ft
a

n Joaquin Visalia (4418m) Death Val Las
SantRaaLnugceia Hanford Vegas
-282ft
Porterville (-86m)
Delano Ridgecrest
Atascadero Val leHy enderson
San Luis Obispo l e y Bakersfield

N SaSnaLtnoamtMapaoBrciaaLrobSasaCrnaARaAnfageleOLMlxetsnIsL. aanrFdcaPsOtaesraRdBaeSrMnNastaonojwaIBveeDArnesaerrt dino

o
CRoilvoerrad
Riverside

isthhoTeLmhOsieesScstoAopnNrmdaGwilgEalirrLnagEngeSstcstitifnyro—tmheaUHll SouAvne—rtLinogntgoSnBaOeBnaceecaEDhancncihesinidgitSAeaoasnnatEaElsScCaolaStPnojeaonadlnmidSoprBinrBgalywstlheey
the world, as well as from other states El Centro
in the country. Sandwiched between the Chula
coast and the mountains, the city has massive Vista MEXICO
air pollution problems. This mostly arises from
the exhaust fumes from the high number of cars
used by commuters on the city’s highways.

A BCDE FGH

USA: West

I J K LMNO P

0 km 100 200 300 CATTLE RANCHES
Many people who live in Montana, Wyoming, Utah,
0 miles 100 200 300 and Colorado work in the booming farming and mining 1
industries. Much of the land on these foothills and plains 2
NADA is grazed by cattle on huge ranches, originally established 3

ALBERTA SASKATCHEWAN to provide food for the flourishing east coast. Modern 6
cowboys may use horses, trucks, or even 7
helicopters to watch over the cattle. 8
9
Eureka Lewis Range Shelby Havre Milk River Malta
Whitefish 15

Kalispell Baldy MountainFort Peck Missouri River NORTH
Flathead 6624ft Sidney DAKOTA
Lake (2019m) Lake
Glendive
MissOourclaharHdeHleonmaesMi Great Falls ver

MONTANA

Lewistown

iver PlainBoulderssouri River Yellowsto Miles City
Bighorn River
Anaconda Butte Powder Riv er ne RiBillings

Bitterroot Pioneer e Missouri RiverBozemanLivingston Laurel
Mountains
SOUTH
Dillon Bigh Sheridan Littl DAKOTA

Rang Absaroka RangCody Powell orn Mountains Gillette
Cloud Peak
Lemhi

e 13,166ft (4013m)
Worland
R
ge
an Rexburg DEATH VALLEY
The driest place in the US
I D A H O Idaho Falls e G
is Death Valley, which
TwinSFnaalklse R Blackfoot WYOMIN Douglas also holds the highest
Pocatello recorded temperature
Mountains American Falls Lander Riverton Wheatland NEBRASKA
Burley Reservoir in North America
Bear Casper Lara of 134°F (56.7°C).
Although seemingly
Lake mie Mountains Torrington
Rawlins inhospitable, its
Brigham City Logan Green River canyons, formations
Great Evanston Rock Springs Cheyenne of rock, and sudden
Salt Lake Ogden Laramie spring blooms make it

Great Bountiful CraigMStoSeupnatrmLiEnablbgkoeBBLsraoertoLotnowuogLvlmimeodtltfieoaoleenrndtldtdonFoErtnAGDBgCrruelieoegrnewlohlvlitorenoeaFoysnordrtSMteorlrignagn popular with tourists.
Salt LakMe agna YELLOWSTONE
Salt Lake City 1C4,432Oft (43L99m)O R A D O The first national
DeseTrot oeleUtah park in the world,
Sandy City Vernal Yellowstone was
Orem established in 1827
Lake Provo in Wyoming and
KANSAS COLORADO Montana to protect the
PriceGreen River Grand The Rocky Mountains abundant wildlife and
Junction cut through this region. hydrothermal activity.
UTAH The stunning terrain and the The United States
Sevier Pikes Peak Colorado Springs light, dry snow that falls here now has 413 national
Lake Moab Gunnison 14,108ft Pueblo Lamar support the skiing industry parks, which attract
Richfield (4300m) in Colorado. Resorts such millions of visitors
Montrose San JuCaannoSnanCgriety La Junta as Aspen are popular with every year.
Cedar City Mount Ellen Colorado River Uncompahgre Mountains Rio de Americans as well as Tourists watching
11,522ft Peak 14,308ft Trinidad with overseas visitors. Old Faithful geyser,
(3512m) Cristo Mountains Yellowstone
    (4361m) Gran de National Park

Saint George Lake Durango Alamosa
Powell
OKLAHOMA

Lake A R I Z O N A NEW MEXICO

Mead

Silicon, an element, EARTHQUAKES
is used in many San Francisco in
computer products. California suffers
SILICON VALLEY frequent earthquakes
The area between Palo Alto and San Jose has due to its location on the
been nicknamed “Silicon Valley” because of the San Andreas fault line.
many companies engaged in high-technology Modern skyscrapers are
research and manufacturing here. It is the center designed to withstand
of the world’s computer industry. tremors, but many
houses, especially
those on typically
steep streets, are

still at risk.

I J K LMNO P

North America

BCDE F GH
HOT PLACE TO LIVE
USA: Southwest The climate across much of the
Southwest is hot and dry, with summer
The southwest is an area of great contrasts. Much of temperatures often reaching 100°F
(38°C). Although water can be scarce,
many people have a swimming pool in
their backyard so they can cool off.

Oklahoma and Texas consists of flat, rolling grasslands and
huge farms, while both Arizona and New Mexico are hot, arid,
and mountainous, with vast canyons and river valleys carving
2 their way through the land. Since the discovery of oil in 1901,
Texas has become the country’s top oil producer
Suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona

with Houston as the center of the billion-dollar UTAH San Ju a n River COL
industry. Tourism is also important to the
Lake Powell
Southwest, as visitors flock to see the Mountains
Grand Canyon, the Painted Desert, N E V A D A Lake San JuanPage C o l o r aCdhuosSkhaiFparormckingtAozntec
3 and other natural wonders. Buildings Mead GranCdoCcoanniynoon Plateau Bloomfield Wheeler Peak
MountainsPlateau Los Alamos 13,159ft
here reflect the mix of Latino, American Painted DesertTuba City (4011m)

Indian, European American, and CALIFORNIA Espanola
modern American cultures. Humphreys Peak R o c k y Santa Fe
Kingman 12,365ft (3851m) Gallup

DESERT LIFE Hualapai Flagstaff Sanders Corrales
The saguaro cactus can Peak Sedona
8419ft (2566m) Grants Albuquerque

M o u n t a i n s4
reach up to 50 ft (15 m) Lake Havasu Prescott Holbrook
tall, grow as many as City
40 branches, and live for Belen Vaughn
200 years. Cacti, yucca, ARIZONA Willard
Colorado River
and other plants have Black RangeWickenburgShow Low Socorro
all adapted to the hot,
Rio Grand
SMaoc ru an tmaei nn tso
N E W M E X5
dry desert conditions Glendale Scottsdale e
found in the Southwest. Elephant
So, too, have many Signal Peak Phoenix Mesa GlobeSan Carlos Butte
animals, including the 4879ft Reservoir
deadly rattlesnake. Clifton
Yuma (1487m) Casa Safford Alamogordo
Grande
Eloy
Somerton Gila River Sonoran
Desert Ajo

Saguaro cacti in the Tucson Willcox Las Cruces Organ Peak
Sonoran Desert Deming 8871ft (2704m)

Sierra Benson
Vista
0 km 50 100 150 200 Nogales Bisbee El Paso
Douglas
6 0 miles 50 100 150 200 M E X I CFabens

THE GRAND CANYON AMERICAN-INDIAN CULTURES
The Grand Canyon in northern Arizona is one of the natural wonders of the American Indians, including Navajo, Hopi,
world. This incredibly deep gorge was slowly cut out of the rock, beginning and Apache, used to live across the Southwest
6 million years ago, by the Colorado River. People can hike around its edge but are now concentrated in reservations set up O
or venture down into the canyon to camp for the night.

by the US government. The largest of these is in
Arizona and New Mexico, and is home to the
7 Navajo people. The Navajo farm the land and

produce crafts, like the woven blanket wrapped
around these Navajo children.

8

9 Kachina doll made
by the Hopi

16 A B C D E F G H

USA: Southwest

I J K LMNO P

ADOBE HOUSES Astronaut leaving the 1
Traditional homes of the Pueblo peoples of shuttle by means of a
the Southwest were made from adobe bricks manned maneuvering
of sun-baked earth and straw covered with unit (MMU)
plaster. Dwellings had a flat roof and smooth
walls. Modern adobe-style buildings can still be
seen in the Southwest, but are often made of
concrete and then painted to look like adobe.
Here, a woman demonstrates baking bread in
an adobe oven.

2

ORADO KANSAS Miami MISSOURI

Raton Beaver River Alva ArkaPoncaCitySnpsarsinRBigavserrtlesvTilulelCslaareVminoitrae
Clayton Guymon Woodward i Sand
Sangre de Cristo Mountains Boise City Enid

Perryton Stillwater Sapulpa Broken Arrow 3
Tahlequah 4
Dalhart Taloga 5
6
Dumas The Village Okmulgee Muskogee 7
8
Lake Borger Clinton El RenoMoore Oklahoma City Warner ARKANSAS NASA 9
Elk Eufaula Houston, Texas, is the center of the
Meredith Pampa City Shawnee United States space program. After a rocket
River Lake has blasted off from Cape Canaveral in
Canadian Norman Florida, its journey is controlled by
Tucumcari Chickasha Ada McAlester the National Aeronautics and Space
Canyon Amarillo Administration (NASA) from Houston.
Altus O K L A H O M A
Hereford Lawton Duncan Astronauts are also trained at the
Red Lake center and new space technology
Clovis Tulia Childress Vernon R ver Ardmore Texoma Hugo Idabel is developed here.
Muleshoe Burkburnett
Durant
Plainview
Wic hita River Wichita Denison Paris
Falls Gainesville Sherman Texarkana
Denton Atlanta
Greenville
Sulphur Springs
ICO Plano

The GrandRoswell
Littlefield Lubbock

Levelland

Llano
Canyon is upArtesia
to 1 mile (1.6Hobbs
Estacado Brownfield Mineral Wells ArlingDGtaoalnlralasndTLyaleker Tawakoni Marshall

Lamesa Snyder Fort Worth Longview
Abilene
Seminole Sweetwater Ennis Athens Henderson
Cleburne
Stephenville
Coleman
T E X A S km) deep, 18Carlsbad
Andrews Big Spring Colorado Corsicana Jacksonville LOUISIANA
City Trinity R ver Toledo
Brazos River Nacogdoches River
miles (29 km)Guadalupe Peak Bend
Midland i Reservoir
Odessa Ballinger Waco
Brownwood
8750ft (2667m) Monahanswide, andVan Lufkin Pineland
stretches forHorn
GMuelxfi coof 2(31479mkimle)s.S
FDoa7rAv8tEi2lsFmp5Pofoitenrr(ytce2o3PS8setS5aokmPct)koltaocntketaounMcCameSyaDnelARniEogdARewemlsoaeisrrtvadodisrEaPglleSaBPartaanUesHdsvaoyAaKnuldedneroBCrtuvoociplhlnPLpeaSLBeaenciarkahoraakReraneeusAosTNranturClefzualnKoewvdsvleissentRaKeniondAiGclSnyklSueteoaagednuBaCnlieRMTonllaiotTavryoeaerelnrcrodmooCrSpsRotEliaEevlleldtCrVeinaogiRacmneotBPpsoHreoorBynrioratabAenuLennarhsggvaBCtalHemociattuayyonnntCsoAvLLnillivaFlrveirokinPeneeaegJNpBssTatoeaeacocrGxkdhyntaestaesosolnnCvwiaetnysBtoePnaourmt AornthturPecos RiverSabine River

ierra Vieja

upe Riv nio
S

Beeville Port O’Connor

io G rande Robstown Portland SPANISH INFLUENCE
OIL FIELDS R Alice Close to Mexico and Central America, the Southwestern
The oil industry has provided Texas with much of its wealth. Corpus states have long been settled by Hispanic people, whose
Oil lies deep underground and is brought up to the surface Kingsville Christi
by massive oil jacks, known as nodding donkeys. influence can be seen—and heard—throughout the
Laredo Southwest. Spanish is widely spoken, and the Roman
Catholic religion that the Spanish brought is evident
Laguna Madre
Padre in the churches scattered throughout the region.
Island
Norias
Harlingen
Edinburg San Benito
Mission
Brownsville
McAllen

17I J K L M N O P

North America

BCDE FGH

Mexico ALONG THE BORDER
In 1994, Mexico signed the
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), which
effectively bound its economy
Once home to the great Aztec and Mayan civilizations to that of the US. A large

and then the focus of Spanish conquistadors who came in industrial area has developed
along the Mexican border
with the US.
search of wealth, Mexico today reflects its colorful past
through its culture and architecture. The majority of Mexicans
2 is mestizo (mixed race), of Spanish
and native Indian descent.
Mexico City, site of the Mexicali U NSan Luis Río Colorado ITED STA TES
ancient Aztec capital, is Tijuana
today one of the largest Desierto de Alt deRl NiooRBritroeavGorande
cities in the world, with Rosarito
a population of around Nogales
Ensenada Colorado River Ciudad Juárez OF
Río Conchos
PSeiderrroaMSáarntir ar Agua Prieta Samalayuca
Cananea
3 21 million. Despite oil and natural
4 Caborca Magdalena Río Bavispe Nuevo
Casas Grandes
gas reserves, and a plentiful supply Cumpas El Sueco Ojinaga
of labor, large numbers of Mexicans
are still poor, especially in the rural aja Isla Ángel San Pedro El Sáuz
B de la Guarda de la Cueva

areas and the urban slums. Bahía Sebastían Vizc Hermosillo Río Yaqui Chihuahua

Isla Guadalupe alifornia Isla Cuauhtémoc Delicias
C Tiburón
Empalme Sierra Madre Occide
Isla Cedros aíno Guaymas Ciudad Camargo
Esperanza
Guerrero Negro
San Ignacio Gulf Ciudad San Francisco Jiménez
Obregón
Navojoa del Oro Hidalgo
Huatabampo Santa Barbara del Parral
DAY OF THE DEAD
One of the biggest festivals in
5 Mexico is the Day of the Dead. o Gómez Palacio

f San Blas

It is believed that once a year Sierra Califo Los Mochis
the souls of the dead can come
de Loreto Guasave

back and visit their loved ones. la
In celebration of this, special
Giganta
M Efood is prepared to welcome

the souls, and offerings of
flowers, candles, and incense
are made at the gravesides.
Bahía r Guamúchil Culiacán
de La nia
PA Isla Magdalena Paz Navolato Durango
Isla Santa Margarita El Dorado
C I n t a6
F I lLIFE IN THE CITY La Paz
CMexico City is the political, economic, and cultural
The volcano
hub of the country, and is home to some 16 million Popocatépetl is
the highest peak
Opeople. Its site, in a basin surrounded by mountains, around the city.
Cmeans that expansion is difficult. Air pollution
Efrom factories and cars cannot escape, so on
Amost days a thick layer of smog builds up
Nover the city. Attempts to deal with the
Tropic of Cancer Miraflores Mazatlán Escuinapa
Santa Genoveva
7894ft (2406m)

Acaponeta

Tuxpan

7 pollution, including banning cars Islas Tepic
from some parts, have had Marías
limited success.

Puerto Vallarta

WORKING ON THE LAND
Agriculture employs 6.5 million people – about
one-eighth of Mexico’s work force. However,
only 12 percent of the land is suitable for
farming because it is so mountainous
Mexico City and dry. The peasant communities of
8 Manzanillo

is contained the south rely on farming for their
within a ring food, while communities
of mountains. in the north are more
industrialized. Here, the
agave plant is being
harvested near the
town of Tequila.

9

18 A B C D E F G H

Mexico

I J K LMNO P

Mexican selling CHEWING GUM
Chicle is a latex produced
baskets, Puerto by the sapodilla tree,
Escondido
native to theYucatán 1
Peninsula. In 1867, 2
American inventor 3
Thomas Adams added 4
sugar to chicle pellets and 5
invented an early form of 6
chewing gum. This worker 7
(right) is stretching heated 8
chicle with a stick, 9
preparing it to be made
into chewing gum.
TOURIST INDUSTRY
One of Mexico’s largest employment sectors is tourism.
The tourists are attracted by the numerous beautiful beaches
on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, as well as
Mexico’s rich blend of history and culture. Popular
FAMILY TIES
A tourist sites include the archaeological remains Mexico has a large population, almost
M of the Aztec and Mayan civilizations, half of which are 24 years old or younger.
Very often extended families live together
such as the Mayan ruins of the in one house, with the mother at the
center of the family. Mother’s Day
E city of Palenque. remains one of the most important
R I CVilla Acuña dates in the Mexican calendar.

Boquillas A Rio G MEDIEVAL RULERS
The Aztecs ruled a large part of this
Piedras Negras region from about 1428 until 1521,
when they were conquered by the
San Miguel rande Spanish. Their capital, Tenochtitlán,
was located on the site that is now
Nueva Rosita Sabinas Nuevo Laredo
Mexico City. The influence of this
great civilization has left its
mark on Mexico – more than
1 million Mexicans speak
Monclova Sabinas Ciudad Nahuatl, the native Aztec
Hidalgo Miguel Alemán language. This feather
headdress is thought
Reynosa Matamoros to have belonged to
Río Moctezuma, the last
TorrSeaónnPedroSaltillo Aztec ruler.
Bravo Aztec headdress
Matamoros
Monterrey
Ciudad Lerdo
Montemorelos

Linares
X I C O Mexico is the world’sJuan AldamaSierra Madre Oriental

Miguel Asua

main producerRío Grande
Ciudad Victoria Tropic of Cancer Yucatán Channel

Rio Lagartos Cancún
moifonsfeidtlhvieenr,ctowhuehnictcrehyn.tiesrGMue lxfi coofTCTYAlTeiZauaqegaJhqducacuuiauolCalpaaadmeoatlGsieTpcGlácZaFuiucaamnauxVraqpalpeziisalouaemdslAatnnnGeLinagáltiteuuunlliecleaiaóoSlsvUidjlnaaLMlaHZraaanuarliougdamaMrpLoapeoeulsaongrindaoorsIGreeRdaPíuloHDpeioaBRauoiCantdíMlaolsouTaoaatsjsoleVoruEgQeírleaT(ouXsnMurtadcoaIxeÉPaeCvcXraoéaIOcChtcOCaauPCi)rTIcuáCgoaanIZdiuTumuaaaccdYadoCalaPatzTTHuoeMdupuupuoancelaxVaaaucCcjtpnuTahTénPiptaátullaaPeeclalptenalierlmdueaxno1san7cegpt,d8aePTLboi8calao7PTMalgofmtzaeau(iaa5Tnzpa4iadhe5aRuu2hdentimXaeclrTuCt)áaaoulaónalxactreádppnoaeVbceIasrATatABnmSuclvdraaxaounryrtaézldadsoeoCfToCeahatzMumaaCicpnnooeatmaectalpihcltceoleaFácsTlrcnoeToanuptexartalVaLTialéMglCarPudSmahanhCacelaiaCeeunnamnLadsormpqCaemsrpaumsrponoieCseatestaócMónashnPRbaríeUoéaoUsUxglrmOmsriuFeádxmrasnkaaloauncitnszitPasccYaCeobhTunETMiiccsehucciokáéltnaarunxcl-sPteItegáuztaáonl aTBiVziaEmlLlíPFCanIeuhdZleieoprttleioudCmararIClislolloazumel
Chilpancingo Oaxaca Ocozocuautla UATEMALA
Lázaro Cárdenas Chiapa de Comitán E
Matías Romero Corzo
Ixtapa Tecpan Monte Alban Ixtepec Caribbean Sea
Tehuantepec Arriaga
Presa de la
Acapulco Pinotepa Nacional Miahuatlán Juchitán Pijijiapán Angostura G
Salina Cruz

0 km 100 200 Puerto Escondido Gulf of Escuintla Tapachula
Tehuantepec Huixtla
Puerto
Angel Ciudad Hidalgo
0 miles 100 200

19I J K L M N O P

North America

BCDE FGH

Central America Corozal Lake Nicaragua
is the only
V freshwater lakeolcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes
Caledonia
Orange Walk
in the worldthreaten the livelihoods of people in the
MEXICO Indian Church San Pedro

that containshere have also struggled with poverty and
sharks.2 civil war. In more recent years, however,

peace and economic recovery have offered
hope, and education is now free in all
countries. Remains of the ancient Mayan
civilization that flourished until the
16th century, when the Spanish invaded,
3 can be seen throughout the region.
Large numbers of the native
seven countries of Central America. People Hill Belize City
Bank
Carmelita ze
Beli
Santa Elena uras
San Ignacio BELMOPAN
BELIZERío UsumacinStan
Flores Dangriga
BarillasBenito

a ChisSeaLcyaaSLDxaicobnhleéoLrrtueaissdPuPnutaerMGtMoooauSrBydnaaatanarriAniosnstonTMioGooSwnuanklnef yPoRfeivdHPeruoroenrdto de la Bahía

S Islas Roatán Iriona
Trujillo

Cortés La Ceiba Limón
Tela
Tocoa
G U A T E M A L Apopulation died after the Sula Savá
Jacaltenango
Morales El Progreso San Esteban
Amates
Yoro
invasion, mostly from disease.
Today, Spanish is the main

H O N D U R A Slanguage of the region.

4
Huehuetenango i e r r a Chajul CSoabláanmáRíoLMaIZzgoaoatbacdagaeulpa aGuaLloáns La Unión Gualaco
Nebaj Catacamas
Santa Cruz del Quiché
M a dRarbeinal
Quezaltenango
San Marcos Chiquimula Santa Rosa Siguatepeque Juticalpa
de Copán Comayagua GuaimacaCampamento
GUATEMALA CITY Bocay

Jutiapa La Esperanza

Escuintla Santa Ana Metapán TEGUCIGALPA Danlí
Jalapa
Chalatenango Gulf
SAN SALVADOR
San José Ahuachapán Río C Ocotal
Sonsonate San Vicente holuteca Somoto
FAUNA AND FLORA San Miguel
EL SALVADOR5 Condega
Ecotourism, which encourages visitors
but aims to protect and preserve the UsouflFuotnásnecaCholuSteocmaotillo Estelí Jinotega
environment, is increasingly important Sébaco
in the region. In Belize, tourists can dive in Matagalpa
Ciudad Darío Muy Muy

N I C A Rlargest barrier reef, and there are wildlife treks

to many forest areas. Animals include jaguars,

P Ahowler monkeys, and butterflies.
the clear, warm waters off the world’s second Chinandega

Corinto Lago de Managua Boaco

León Tipitapa
Juigalpa
CTEMPLE PYRAMIDS MANAGUA
I6 Between 250–900 ce, the Maya Masaya

Fdesigned ceremonial centers filled Jinotepe Granada

Nandaime Isla de
Belén Ometepe
with temples, courts, and plazas. OCEAN
Without metal, they shaped IC Rivas
DECORATED CHURCHES
tools from the solid lava The Spanish colonizers of the 1500s,
of volcanoes to carve the and the missionaries who came with
limestone buildings. One them, converted the native population and La Cruz
of the largest sites is at established Roman Catholicism throughout Golfo de
Tikal (left), in Guatemala, Central America. They also built many Papagayo Liberia
where temple remains
7 lie in a huge area of fabulously decorated churches. Filadelfia
The one shown here, El Merced,
tropical rainforest. is built in a low, squat style to Nicoya

resist the ever-present threat Península
of earthquakes. The majority de Nicoya
of people still follow the
Roman Catholic faith.

Pyramid with nine VOLCANIC REGION
sloping terraces Central America is an unstable area because

Steps leading up it lies along the meeting point of two of
to the temple at Earth’s tectonic plates. There are at least
the top 14 active volcanoes here, including Volcán
de Pacaya (right). Although this makes it a

dangerous place to live, the volcanic
soil is very fertile and good for crops.

DE FGH

Central America

IJ K LMNO P
FOOD MARKETS
Coffee, bananas, and sugar NATIVE PEOPLES 1
cane are all key exports from These Cuna Indians of Panama wear 2
here to the food markets of traditional embroidered clothes.
the world. Most are cultivated Native Indians and mestizos
on large plantations. However, (people of mixed heritage) form
food for the local population, a small minority in the region,
such as potatoes, avocados, although the ethnic mix varies
rice, and corn, is grown from country to country.
on small farms and sold at In Guatemala, more than
local markets. half the people are direct
descendants of the
Maya Indians.

Río PatucaBrusLaguna de Caratasca BANANA INDUSTRY 3
Laguna Puerto Lempira The hot, wet climate of Honduras is perfect 4
for cultivating fruit, such as bananas. These 5
Bonanza Río Coco Cayos are often grown on huge plantations, 6
Siuna Waspam Miskitos which employ local people who may 7
work long hours for very little pay. 8
Yablis Tuapi Markets selling fresh fruit Once cut down, the bananas are 9
Puerto and vegetables washed, inspected, and packed into
Mosquito Coast Cabezas boxes to be sent abroad. Bananas
are a major export for Honduras.
Prinzapolka As bananas grow,
they begin to point
upward.

La Sirena Barra de COFFEE BEANS
Río Grande Costa Rica was the first
country in Central America
AG UA Laguna de Perlas to grow coffee and today
produces more than
El Rama 165,000 tons each
year. Coffee is harvested
Bluefields from the fruit of the
coffee bush. Once
Lago de Punta picked, the beans are
Nicaragua Gorda left to dry in the sun.
This worker is raking
the beans as they dry.

San Carlos San Juan

Upala Río San Juan del Norte

Bagaces Puerto
Viejo
C O STA R IC A C a r Si be ba e a nGPouCnañtaasreAndlaaeQjsuCueoelQrapoBuonaesahsdaCíHaodeSreaBrAorPue1CC(Cae23GdNhaol,8nm5irir1rraa3otr9tn0aJiaméspdfrOtgsóeA)SSoiiSurqerÉusTLCiaraolrareCdmsoilanlLnecriceamapdcóeiónnBGouVqauoAlbecdálitmtneeoLCBiarahgariuúnCrnit1qoae1ur,í4d0i1lflte(r3a47MC5moeG)nsuqtrluafAiPltagonuPaaemdnauoClncaoLenamagCloériGsCPtCaoóotaúrblptnBóaoiarlnbalbeoloaAdercIlahsPCtsimpAIPSiToéeaNClYradnlogaeArsodPMMiallniEegAarlamuPoddáeeerIllvsiSeRltLaanoaCenyihrPBiamLllaamásgGnoaaBraAaEycllaihRngdieoeanl aDSnéeldrrOíaPnbuYaealrdvtioízaaGDualrfi
lfo de Nicoya of
en
ulce
íaarién PANAMA CANAL
LOMBI A Forming a vital link
P A N A M APenínsula de Osa between the Atlantic
David and Pacific Oceans,
the Panama Canal
is one of the world’s
Golfo D Golfo Santiago Chitré busiest waterways. After
de Chiriquí sharing the canal with
Guarumal Ocú of Gulf Jaqué the US, Panama took full
Las Tablas Panama control in 1999. Over the
0 km 50 100 150 200 CO years, trade has made Panama
Península de City a major financial center.
Isla Azuero
0 miles 50 100 150 200 Isla de Coiba Cébaco

21I J K L M N O P

North America

BCDE FGH

The Caribbean UNITEDSTATES GrandBahama Island
OF AMERICA
Marsh Harbour

This region consists of thousands of islands stretching from Freeport Great Abaco
Northeast Providence Channel
Cuba in the west to Trinidad and Tobago in the southeast. European Bimini
colonists wanted control of the islands in the 1500s, but the diseases Islands

Berry
Islands

they brought wiped out most of the local Carib and Arawak peoples. orida Nicholls NASSAU Eleuthera Island

ApoTacwtcFhloorrfeafhe eouuroeiinimsnrpmmcceichatlseherapnmAdiEsjleoaofsusartrarylhi,renancmsodevadodspeeneptueptseansoor,aerg.ctkdirnn.Eremieaitdsncpnoypuigornomilylwntgir.sutoehdeorsred,nitfSfotepofraetwnhnioetsrhpk,oaopLnnaudFdlépaePltllaiainRonJaíuontvrIaeAs(nlLatarHtAAciurdNhoCdArdeeHuitoepneeVlAnimdvSéssBAaouli,eaAslrGaaNgNsrcoeeicAAródope)nennllaoaTCdsMrcGaoCepyeauiacoddtanoLaCfnaCanfrialraerrnogzbecnoooaeacrsfmscauoleCagárodcshSeintnorasSaspSi ítaSrSsniatagcountufsiaPtFAallalancCgeGCultAraaaialnsrlnmAadadnrCaoedCMsagryTiIooüessoslrgeawóTndAoyonnderwdcChneaipmÁiéavGlgialürTPageENeroaxyoutCGNvuHReEaiemevdayxwoigeasutrngEagmceseeda Rock Sound
2
ExSumouand Cat Island
3
San Salvador
C U B A4
BAHAMAS
Rum Cay
Town
Long Island
Island PassCargoeoked
n Island Clarence Island Island
l Range Town

a Crooked
e

CYhuacna tn Acklins e na
IslaMnda yPaagsusaa g
Bahía de Co

Archipiélago de Las Tunas Holguín Lake Rosa
Matthew
los Jardines de la Reina Town
Bayamo Passage
Manzanillo
Guantánamo
Cayman Palma Soriano
Little Cayman Brac
Grand Cayman Santiago de Cuba ard
Guantánamo Bay Windw
GEORGE
(to US)
GTOWN
rCAYMAN ISLANDS
5 e(to UK) NAVASSA ISLAND Île de la Gonâve

aMontego Bay (to US) Jérémie
tSpanish Town
amaicaJ
e rJAMAICA
CUBA Cayes
Cuba is the largest island and the only communist country Channel
C a r i b b e a n S e a ACuba specializes in
in the region. It was supported by the communist superpower, KINGSTON

the USSR, until the USSR collapsed in 1991, at which time
many Cubans suffered great economic hardship. The Cuban
government invested its money in improving social services.
6 The people benefit from a good health service and a high

literacy rate. Children who complete pre-university education making top-quality cigars.

are awarded the Bachillerato. 0 km 50 100 150 200

JAMAICA The most 0 miles 50 100 150 200
The Rastafarian religion began in Kingston, densely populated
Rastafarian, whose Jamaica, in the 1930s. Followers worship CARIBBEAN CROPS
religion forbids him Haile Selassie, the former emperor of country in the The semi-tropical climate here creates ideal conditions
7 from cutting his hair Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), and believe that God Caribbean is for many crops, especially sugar. The growing and
will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the processing of sugar is an important industry in Cuba,
Barbados. Jamaica, and many of the Lesser Antilles, providing
Promised Land. Jamaica is also home jobs and income for the region. Fermented cane sugar
to reggae music, a rhythmic is used to make rum and is a major export.
blend of African, European,
and South American Sugar cane Breadfruit
styles that can be heard Plantain
across the island.
The lyrics often tell Sweet potato
of hardship and
political struggle.

8

Papaya

Okra
9

Mango Ginger Chilli Banana

22 A B C D E F G H

The Caribbean

I J K LMNO P

HURRICANES 1
The Caribbean islands can 2
be devastated by hurricanes
between May and October
each year. These powerful
and damaging storms occur
when a normal storm builds

up energy as it moves
across the Atlantic Ocean.
Eventually, violent winds

and torrential rain are
released on the islands.

Tropic of Cancer FAMILY LIFE
Family is very important here,
TROPICAL ISLES 3
and is usually the center of White sands and warm
MCaaiycoasguPaanssaage TURKS everyday life. Some Caribbean seas attract vast numbers
& CAICOS of visitors to these islands.
ISLANDS people migrated to other Tourism is important to the
countries, such as the UK, but economies of many countries
(to UK) including the Bahamas and
return when they retire— the Dominican Republic. Many
often bringing considerable people work in tourism-related
jobs, such as in hotels.
money back with them.

COCKBURN TOWN

Little Inagua

Great Inagua
DROEMPIUNBILCIACN A T L A N TCap- 4
IHaïtien 5
Monte Cristi Puerto Plata Leew a r d
BRITISH VIRGIN
CSantiago
Gonaïves San Francisco de Macorís VIRGIN ISLANDS ANGUILLA Islan
HAITI CCoerndtirlle La Vega La Romana ISLANDS ANTIGUA &
SAN JUAN (to UK) (to UK) BARBUDA d
Mayagüez (to US) ROAD
TOWN THE VALLEY Barbuda
Sint Maarten
ST JOHN’S
(to Netherlands) Antigua
ra a Passage CHARLOTTE OCE A N s
a
Ant i l l e s
l

PORT-AU- SANTO Caguas AMALIE Saba
Jacmel PRINCE DOMINGO Ponce
Isla Saona Mon Isla PUERTO RICO (to Netherlands)
Mona
St Croix BASSETERRE

(to US) L e s s e rSAINT KITTS & NEVIS BRADES GUADELOUPE

n t Isla Beata e s MONTSERRAT Grande Terre (to France)
(to UK)
ill Pointe-à-Pitre
Marie-Galante
BASSE-TERRE 6

HAITI Basse-Terre DOMINICA

Haiti was the first ROSEAU
Caribbean country to
become independent. Martinique Passage Islands

However, political unrest, MARTINIQUE FORT-DE-FRANCE
combined with poor soil (to France) Channel
and natural disasters, St Lucia
have made Haiti one
of the poorest countries ST LUCIA CASTRIES 7
in the world. Health care Saint VincenVtiePuaxssFaogret BARBADOS
and sanitation levels are
poor and, as a result, life
expectancy is low. Saint Vincent BRIDGETOWN
KINGSTOWN
SAINT VINCENT &
THE GRENADINES The Grenadines
Windward
Haitian man ARUBA Lesser Antilles GRENADA ST GEORGE'S 8
selling flowers 9
(Netherlands) CURAÇAO BONAIRE
OLOMBIA ORANJESTAD
(Netherlands) (to Netherlands) A TIME TO CELEBRATE

KRALENDIJK The celebration of Diwali (Hindu), Eid ul-Fitr Tobago
WILLEMSTAD (Muslim), and Christmas (Christian) reflect the
varied religions of people in Trinidad and Tobago. TRINIDAD &
The woman above is dressed for Carnival in TOBAGO
Port of Spain to mark the beginning of the PORT-OF-SPAIN

Christian season of Lent. Gulf of Trinidad
Paria
C VENEZUELA San Fernando

23I J K L M N O P

South America

SOUTH AMERICA

Although South America is much poorer than its northern neighbor, it is rich in natural
resources. Its mineral wealth led to its invasion by the Portuguese and Spanish in the 1500s,
and their languages and culture still shape the lives of the people here. The nations below
are listed in order of area, headed by Brazil—the world’s fifth largest country.

Brazil Venezuela Latin American culture
is world famous, thanks
3,287,957 sq miles 352,144 sq miles to its infectious music
8,515,770 sq km 912,050 sq km and dance. Here a
205,824,000 30,912,000 couple in Buenos Aires,
Brasília Caracas Argentina, demonstrate
Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Amerindian the art of the tango.
Spanish, Polish, Japanese, languages
Amerindian languages

Bolivia Chile

424,164 sq miles 291,933 sq miles
1,098,581 sq km 756,102 sq km
10,970,000 17,650,000
La Paz Santiago
Aymara, Quechua, Spanish Spanish, Amerindian
languages

Argentina Paraguay Ecuador

1,073,518 sq miles 157,048 sq miles 109,484 sq miles
2,780,400 sq km 406,752 sq km 283,561 sq km
43,887,000 6,863,000 16,081,000
Buenos Aires Asunción Quito
Spanish, Italian, Amerindian Guaraní, Spanish, German Spanish, Quechua, other
languages Amerindian languages

Peru Guyana Uruguay

496,225 sq miles 83,000 sq miles 68,037 sq miles
1,285,216 sq km 214,969 sq km 176,215 sq km
30,741,000 736,000 3,351,000
Lima Georgetown Montevideo
Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
English Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Spanish
Amerindian languages, English

Colombia Soccer is a national Suriname
passion in Brazil.
439,736 sq miles Most of these barefoot 63,251 sq miles
1,138,910 sq km boys on Ipanema beach, 163,820 sq km
47,221,000 Rio de Janeiro, will be 585,800
Bogotá dreaming of playing for Paramaribo
Spanish, Wayuu, Páez, and Brazil in the World Cup.
other Amerindian languages Sranan (creole), Dutch,
Javanese, Sarnami Hindi,
24 Saramaccan (creole),
Chinese, Carib

Hidden high in
the Andes, the
ruined city of Machu
Picchu is a spectacular
symbol of the Inca
empire of Peru that
was destroyed by the
Spanish invasion.

25

BCDE FGH I

Northwest 1 South America

South America
H2 igh mountains and plateaus, dense tropical rainforest,
and coastal swamps are found in this region. In the 16th century, 2
promises of untold riches attracted the Spanish to the countries 3
here. They found the vast empire of the Incas, which stretched from 4
what is now Peru into northern Colombia. To the north and east, 5
other colonizers—Dutch, English, and French—arrived. Today, 6
3 although the countries are independent, with the exception of 7
French Guiana, Spanish remains the main language. The population 8
is mainly a mix of native peoples and Europeans, except along the ANDES MOUNTAINS
Caribbean coast where descendants of former African slaves live. The Andes, the world’s longest mountain
chain, extends 4,505 miles (7,250 km) down the
western edge of South America. Barley, wheat,
and potatoes grow well in highland areas, and
are cultivated on the terraced hillsides.
C a r i b b e a n4
S e a5

V E N E Z U E L A GUYANA6
C O L O M B I A B R A Z SURINAME7
EdEqSseumaatlnooertsroaCDlodolaomsTruaPinBmdAguoaIboNcesoanAraGrMvauPPQelaNfonUsuopttqfCMIoTuMauTCBDMTaDuAríyOeoaaaaualráPracrbStndllrmnCáienuieaeirtneonriniáeaebgezMClcQnarnalieaeííroSialuuqnPlaanceoecioPausabaljialeostIidmGbiaFdalBlYóallaiiaoaetArarNgozdlrragóMluuSeeCuonaméTainauavcuncSaOcrVahaCalinttianacaarúGBjZalaCJBiulicoORpeiVaanusuíadévrioGdtiloqruadlhaaBaaurOeqpSEaednuvilolacruTccMiVahgOrcaaÁiYaBRaegRPjbéSrLVíeomíínuoaaoaróaepdeaAVicmpornradrpaailMeqmtasloeuaoapzoCpCoruéenraarsiaísijigoPrassbMuaatiiemnóMmtcatRbaoBiPíaetoaiúauFsEtRbAlieGqrjopíuorioouaCntutroAoeoaarrAVIsnarnRuocíaaícrSoaairladMreeaniLgenCtFauMceAairPalAPnaRaluVuayreAaPenaarlaltCrdesccoctauoAaudoCcaeyaShrCroEenuBlñRMmíaToPoaroiOagricIrBCrgonsleiraalnoiaeaálrmuoRIoilcsPdítAídolaoPnanevaunrsaOaaaBeaLdarrlckriaanoRtnaoAoqcCrosuEuLaaMEHidllnmar(eliVDúacoGbameiaCfoEpuóCitnlsrsGrUrnuaaesiFAeaieuuzaupnngdrqKyluTglazíMdaouoseEaenutnillTlmabaaThcaoCoouRTdcTawbaIulprORarNaelilPaGiiiBnlgnIvtmsaDenAateoiutodtsAGgroaea)aaDaOfrdlKilys&nunMaMRrsnuiiAdanLpadgteeuLutetrihkhnoaeserdrwamiesCnOChrAaGerRaiEtAllyaOCNAAARmeSp(wTGcSsoloutaeeEtrimrinrnaTdeeaaOsdmTsmbeuWy)mPuFIoitiwTAFsNnshniAcrRrntgho-eageSEl1eHinpnyRocN9oSnodicuvhrt6cufnAAcuhCeem-oa8ytLi-mrHuhlts,GaMMaGnhefrtcOsauAe-oshureG(TatFGciftaMdSrriAeinmilraUceulea(anfRoltiUbobtoEsrnnionIedhRmuinCLtluyaAEnuatrigs-FIssisns-ieaSINrFrNecAithcdaotcoBmasradaoAnaoeAfpSanECN,betiOcvtdlintihneatey)onteoKHiaAc)snseanKrndenoANdyloamla.auaCSCymunuroa.prodnAarNmoaTue.Srccut,yoYhOe-pGuIEieaNonCraNgreyEs
C CourantyneC e n t r a l Río
Essequibo River
I
ío Caroní
F Río Caura
N
u
PCAECAI GRRío Orinoco

umayoa

O Pastaza í

A n

o

z

a

rdillera m

A

-

a

í IL

Manta E C U A D O R Río Put Río Caquetá Venezuela’s population is growing rapidly and more
Ambato Río Napo Amazon than 89 per cent of its people now live in cities. The oil
Portoviejo industry brings in considerable wealth, but many people
Riobamba Iquitos are still poor. Although Caracas,Venezuela’s capital city, is
Guayaquil Milagro an important financial center, it has many shantytowns.
Cuenca Río
8

Machala

Tumbes Loja

Sullana Chulucanas rañón Nauta
Río Ma
Piura RíoUcayal ANGEL FALLS
Each year thousands of
i tourists visit the spectacular
Rio Yavari Angel Falls on the River
9 Ferreñafe dChachapoyas Tarapoto Churún in eastern Venezuela. 9
n The Falls were spotted by an 10
A 0 km 100 200 300 400 American pilot, Jimmy Angel, 11
in 1935, and later named 12
Chiclayo Cajamarca 0 miles 100 200 300 400 after him. The water drops 13
for 2,648 ft (807 m), making 14
San Pedro PERU Río Huallaga Angel Falls the highest 15
de Lloc uninterrupted waterfall

Trujillo Pucallpa in the world.

Chimbote Aguaytía RioFAobrutnaãleza
Huaraz
10
Huarmey Chiquián Huánuco
Cerro de Pasco
Huacho s Cordi Huancayo Cobija Dios Riberalta
e ío Madre Rio Guaporé
Callao
LIMA Magdalena
B R A Z I L11 Puerto R de Trinidad
Maldonado Río Beni
A n B O L I V I A 1f5r,o8Tm0h7Lefirtma(ia4lw,c8la1imy8 bms )P A C I F I12 Quillabamba uel
Río Mamoré
Pisco Ical l Ayacucho
era O Cusco
Reyes
Nazca
c c i d Ayaviri

Lomas e n t a Juliaca Lake Nevado Pupuya Río San Mig
19,088ft (5818m)
l
Nevado Ampato PunoTiticacaCopacabana
20,702ft (6310m)
Camaná LA PAZ
Arequipa San Matías

Moquegua CoNSaecjvahamdaoa bamObaruroBuena Vista Montero

d San José

Tacna 21,391ft Lago Uncía Aiquile Santa Cruz Puerto
(6520m) Poopó Suárez
Altip l a n o
OCEAN e Sabaya SUCRE
C
CH Potosí into the Andes and
is the highest in
I Villa Uyuni Monteagudo AGUAY the Americas.
Martin
13 L
MACHU PICCHU
The conquering Spaniards never found the remains of this E s Tupiza
Villazón
Tarija PAR

important Inca city—it remained a secret until Hiram Bingham, an ARGENTINA THE INCAS Northwest South America
American archaeologist and explorer, discovered its ruins hidden in Tropic of Capricorn The Incas first lived in the mountainous
the forest in 1911. Situated on a high ridge northwest of Cusco, this area near Cusco in Peru. By the time of
magnificent ruined city covers 5 sq miles (13 sq km), and has small
14 houses, temples, and stairways built around a central square.

MINERALS LAKE TITICACA Quechua the Spanish invasion, the Inca Empire
Many countries in this area At 12,507 ft (3,812 m), woman in extended north into southern Colombia
have extensive reserves of Lake Titicaca is the highest Peru and south through Bolivia and into
gold, silver, copper, and gems. navigable lake in the world. It Argentina and Chile. The Quechua
Colombia produces more than is also South America’s largest Indians were the most powerful group
half the world’s emeralds. The lake. The Uru people live here in the empire, and theirs was the
Incas made good use of these in houses built on huge, official language. The Quechua
15 resources and created many floating reed islands. They and Aymara peoples now live on
beautiful golden objects, such grow potatoes, hunt birds, the high plains in the Andes.
as this llama. and catch fish, using
boats made from tightly LIFE ON THE HIGH PLAINS
bundled reeds. The Altiplano is a cold plateau at high altitude between two ranges
of the Andes Mountains in southwest Bolivia and southern Peru. The
native peoples who live here graze sheep and llamas on the windy
plains. They have generally retained their own language and customs.

16 16

27 A BCDE FGH I

South America

BC D FGH

Brazil VENEZUELA
GUYANA
The vibrant culture of brazil— IA ui
G
with its fusion of music and dance—reflects Pico da Neblina Uraricoera
the rich mix of its ethnic groups. The country 9888ft (3014m)
also boasts immense natural resources with M B a n a Boa Vista
2 well-developed mining and manufacturing
industries. Brazil grows all its own food R H i Caracaraí
and exports large quantities of coffee,
sugar cane, soya beans, oranges, and COLO ora i gh l a n d s
cotton. However, the wealth is not
evenly distributed, with some people ma
living in luxury while most struggle
3 with poverty. São Paulo is home to more COFFEE Equator Represa
than 21 million people, but poverty and Brazil produces about one-quarter Balbina
lack of housing means that many live in of the world’s coffee, which is Rio Negro
shantytowns without running water or grown on large plantations in the Rio Japurá
sanitation. Brazil was colonized in the 16th states of Paraná and São Paulo.
century by the Portuguese, who established However, because world coffee Rio Içá Tefé Amazon Manaus
4 their language and their Roman Catholic prices go up and down so much,
faith. It remains a deeply Catholic country Brazilians are now growing other io Juruá Coari ra
with a strong emphasis on family life. crops for export as well. rus

5 Rio Javari Madei
R Rio Pu i nRio
6 A m o n s
az Ba

Humaitá

Japiim Feijó BR

recisAcreRio AbunãPorto
Velho
PERU
B O L I V I AR o nGduCaôhponarpéiaad a

AMAZON RAINFOREST dos Vilhena Rio Juruena
Covering more than one-third of
Brazil, the rainforest is home to a Pa
huge variety of animals and plant life.
At one time, more than 5 million
native Indians also lived here, but
now only about 200,000 remain. Over
the years, vast areas of forest have
been cut down to provide timber for
export, to make way for farmland, or
to mine minerals such as gold, silver,
and iron. The Kaxinawa Indians (left)
still cultivate root vegetables as
a food crop.

7 Brazilian morpho butterfly BRASÍLIA
with brilliant blue wings Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as Brazil’s capital
lives in rainforests from in 1960 as part of a scheme to develop the interior
of the country. Situated on land that was once
Brazil to Venezuela. rainforest, the city is laid out in the shape of
an airplane. Government buildings are in the
“cockpit,”and residential areas are in the“wings.”

8 PEOPLE OF BRAZIL
Brazilians come from a variety
9 SOCCER ENTHUSIASTS C of different ethnic groups,
Brazilians are passionate about soccer,
28 which is played everywhere from beaches including descendants
to shantytowns. There is fervent support for the of the original native
national team, which has won the World Cup more
times than any other country, most recently in 2002. Indians, the Portuguese
colonizers, African
AB slaves brought over
to work in the sugar
plantations, and
European
migrants.

DE FGH

Brazil

IJ K LMNO P

FRENCH 0 km 200 400
GUIANA
SURINAME (to France) 1
2
0 miles 200 400 3
4
T uMmouucn-tHaui nms a c T L A N T I C O C E A NtMheouAtmhsaozofnA 5
Amapá 6
Macapá Ilha Caviana de Fora Equator 7
Ilha Baía de Marajó 8
Amazon 9
Altamira de Marajó Belém
Alenquer BSaãíao dMearcos 29

Santarém Parnaíba

São Camocim
Luís
Itaituba Represa de Fortaleza AMAZON TRANSPORT
Tucuruí Piripiri The Amazon River provides Brazil
Bacabal with its most important transportation
io Tapajós Rio Xingu Marabá Imperatriz Teresina Mossoró Cabo de link, not only for tourists but also
Ceará São Roque for trade. Large boats can travel as
á Maranhão far inland as the city of Manaus.
Floriano Assu
Araguaína
R Pa r LCarolina Rio Grande do NorNteatal João
Serr I rNnJoaurmatzebeuicroCPoAaalmargpaoiaínsbaaRGeracnifdee Pessoa
A Za do Cachimbo s Balsas Picos
Cachimbo Gradaús Rio Tocantin do
Piau í Juazeiro Pe

Rio Represa de Sobradinho

São Serra Formosa Palmas RioD iSaãomCFhransiscoa p a daan t i n a Maceió
do Tocantis
Manuel dos Estância Aracaju
T o c a n t i n s Barreiras
M Serra Taguatinga Feira de
Santana
a Rio Araguaia

t

o

G rosso
Cuiabá
i á s B ahia Salvador oBsaSíaandteosTodos RIO CARNIVAL
Vitória da During the five days leading up to Lent,
G o Planalto Conquista Itabuna Rio de Janeiro celebrates Carnival. There
BRASÍLIA are street parties, balls, and parades in the
streets, and samba schools compete for
Anápolis Central Janaúba Canavieiras awards for best costume and best float.
Caravelas
Rondonópolis Jataí Goiânia M i n a s Montes Claros São Paulo has the world’s
G e r a i s Araçuai
Mato Grosso Araguari
Pantana
l do Sul Uberlândia Governador largest Japanese community
Uberaba Valadares Espírito outside Japan.
Campo Santo
Grande São José
do Rio Preto Belo Horizonte
Divinópolis
Aquidauana Ribeirão Preto Vitória

Presidente Epitácio Juiz de Fora Campos dos

Marília ulo Campinas Goytacazes
São Paulo
PAR Londrina Nova Rio de Janeiro
Maringá Iguaçu
Tropic of Capricorn
AGUAY Pa r a n áSão Pa Santos

Represa AOTCLEAANNT I CPonta Grossa
de Itaipú
Saltos do Rio Iguaçu Curitiba
Iguaçu Joinville

Santa Catarina Blumenau
Passo Fundo Florianópolis

Rio Grande Canoas BEACH CULTURE
Santa Maria Wide, sandy beaches along the
Porto Alegre eastern coast of Brazil provide a
do Sul playground for large numbers of
Brazilians who come here to relax,
URUGUAY Bagé Lagoa dos Patos meet friends, and play volleyball or
football. By far the most popular beach
Rio Grande is Copacabana (right) in Rio de Janeiro.
Only the strongest swimmers brave
Mirim Lagoon the strong tides of the Atlantic.

I J K LMNO P

BCDE FGH I

Southern South America A mix of Colonial 1 South America
Spanish, Italian,
and Art Deco styles
of architecture
Towering mountains, vast grassy plains, and hot shows Montevideo’s
rich history.

deserts create a very diverse geographical landscape. The
four countries in this region—Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
and Argentina—were once Spanish colonies but gained
2 their independence in the early 1800s. Each country 2

has an elected government but their
economies remain fragile. Most of
the population speak Spanish and PERU Cordillera Occidental ITAIPÚ DAM
The enormous Itaipú dam on the
are mestizo—of mixed Spanish Arica Paraná River in Paraguay is one BOLIVIA
and native Indian descent—except of the world’s largest hydroelectric
3 for Argentina, where up to 97 percent projects. It generates 75 percent of Capitán
the electricity Paraguay needs as Pablo Lagerenza
well as large amounts for export. C 3
hac o
are descended from Europeans.

Iquique Desert General Eugenio
A.Garay
ATACAMA DESERT Lagunas Fuerte Olimpo URUGUAY’S CAPITAL
Sandwiched between the high Andes and the sea, the Tocopilla
Atacama Desert in northern Chile is one of the hottest and The capital of Uruguay, Montevideo,
driest areas in the world. Rain hardly ever falls here. This Mejillones is home to nearly half the country’s
4 harsh landscape, however, is rich in copper deposits. Chuquicamata La Mariscal population. It is also the main 4
Quiaca Estigarribia Pedro Juan port and economic center.
Calama
P A R A G U A YSan Ramón de la Caballero This lively capital lies on the
east bank of the Río de
Nueva Orán la Plata, and is a
popular holiday
Antofagasta Pilcomayo Concepción
a Nevado de Chañi San SalvadorG Río Bermejo Las Lomitas Tropic of Capricorn resort because
20,341ft (6200m) de Jujuy r of its white
E a Rosario
Salta n sandy beaches.
m Paraguay

5 Taltal ca 5
6
L 7
8
a Cafayate Metan ASUNCIÓN Coronel Oviedo

s Ciudad

Chañaral t Cerro Galán Formosa Villarrica Caazapá del Este
21,654ft (6600m)
A San Miguel de Tucumán Yuty aná Eldorado
San Fernando
I del Valle de
e Catamarca
Cerro Ojos La Rioja
Caldera del Salado Santiago Resistencia Pilar San Juan Par
del Estero Bautista Encarnación
Copiapó 22,572ft
(6880m) Posadas
CH Corrientes
And
6 Añatuya

Vallenar
Domeyko

Z ILa Serena
Frías Río S alado Santo Tomé uay
Mercedes
Reconquista L
Vera
Paraná Goya
Urug
7 U R U G U A YB R AVVSiñCaaPanoilcpqhAdaiuelnerRLSOiltamamaIaoMlvíluLlnasnabaimogacilpooluaareeanglcuaLaaMCoanSlteAeAr(2c6a2CoP9N,nea86cr30tar5Tmrogfiut)aIaAGGMoSOdeaSonnaydnJoCuRzrauaanfzaeDlCSeaóJánenrsLdúFuVsuoViMnisilbellalasaaríMaMRaeRíroruícafieCnduoeasRrPtaSeofLMaraagneaJgaruutlamaCnnahíiFninqeuoGitua aRZPleoáagrsrCauaMaotnaDreonyáoinccoltohoerrúedCsaiBasTeUrMrioPnEesaidrSNycaaesdOaldtneoSsdúAFAlIorRRTrtíiiaodgEcaaNuSseaRgrirevomerbaó

CHILEAN EDUCATION Melo Mirim
Chile has a relatively high literacy rate Chuy Lagoon
(ability to read and write). This may be
because between the ages of 6 and 18
8 schooling is both free and compulsory. m p a sCuricó
P aTalca
Realicó Lomas de Zamora La Plata
ver MONTEVIDEO
General Alvear Ri(Río

Parral Linares Santa Rosa Trenque Pehuajó de la PPlaltaat)e
Talcahuano Chillán Lauquen Dolores
Azul
Olavarría
9
Río Concepción Tandil 9
A R G E N T I N A I C10 10
Lebu Bío Los Ángeles o ío Colorado Balcarce 11
R Cipolletti 12
Bío Tres Arroyos Mar del 13
R Plata 14
Temuco Zapala Bahía Blanca

Neuquén Punta Alta Coronel Necochea
Dorrego
Loncoche Choele Choel
Bahía Blanca
San Antonio Río Negro
Valdivia
TOsorno Lago Oeste
Nahuel Huapí
Viedma
N NPuerto Varas
APuerto Montt de BarilocheCorcovado
San Carlos Maquinchao Golfo San Matías A
Ande s
Ancud Peninsula L
E

Castro Golfo Valdés T
Isla de Chiloé Nuevo C

Golfo Esquel Trelew A
O
11 WINES FROM CHILE
About 90 percent of Chileans live in Río Chubut Rawson
the central region, where the rich soil Paso
is ideal for a wide range of agriculture. de Indios
Vines were brought to Chile by the P a t a g o on Chicoi a
Spaniards, and the country now has C Lago
an important wine-making industry Musters Rí Comodoro DANCING THE TANGO
that exports wine all over the world. deAlrocshiCpihéolnaogso Puerto Aisén Sarmiento Rivadavia Popular around the world today, the tango
originated in the slums of Buenos Aires in
12 0 km 200 400 H Coihaique Lago Golfo San Jorge the late 1800s. This passionate dance with its
Chile Chico Buenos Aires characteristic rhythm is accompanied by music
Cerro Perito Caleta Olivia on a type of concertina known as a bandoneón,
together with piano and violin.
0 miles 200 400 San Valentín Moreno ío Desead
13,314ft Chile has a large
de Penas (4058m) Cochrane
I Puerto
Deseado
Cerro
ANDES MOUNTAIN WEATHER Golfo Mellizo Sur concentration of
The Andes stretch the entire length of 10,007ft (3050m) astronomical
South America, and this has a major Río Chico observatories
13 effect on the weather. As westerly air from L Puerto San Julián because of its
the Pacific Ocean rises over the mountains, Río Sa nta Cruz
its moisture can fall as rain and snow. By the Isla El Calafate Bahía BUENOS AIRES
time it reaches the eastern side, the air is Wellington More than one-third of Argentina’s
much drier and the landscape is more arid. population lives in or around the capital
E Buenos Aires. A thriving port on the
River Plate estuary, it is the largest city in
Grande Argentina. The colorful La Boca district exceptionally
Cerro Paine with its painted walls is home to the clear skies. Southern South America
8760ft (2670m) Río Gallegos descendants of Italian immigrants.
Puerto Natales
PACIFIC
14 Strait of Magellan

Punta Arenas Porvenir

Tierra del Fuego Isla Gaucho herding
de los Estados cattle in the
Ushuaia Pampas region
OC
E15 Beagle Channel 15
A Cape Horn
N (Cabo de Hornos)

PAMPAS 16
Vast, treeless plains called the Pampas—
which means “flat” in Spanish—cover
much of southern and western Argentina.
16 The Pampas are used to grow cereals and
raise cattle. Gauchos, Argentinian cowboys,
work on large ranches, or estancias.

31 A BCDE FGH I

Atlantic Ocean

BCDE FGH

Atlantic Ocean GREENLAND Fishing for PHlaatitenras
The largest island in the world, halibut
The world’s second-largest ocean, the Atlantic Greenland is a self-governing
part of Denmark. Most NORTH
separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. The Greenlanders live on the AMERICA
Atlantic is the world’s youngest ocean, starting to form southwest coast. Mainly
about 180 million years ago, as the continental plates Inuit, with some Danish- BERMUDA
2 began to separate. This movement continues Norwegian influences,
today, as the oceanic plates that meet at they make their living (to UK)
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge continue to pull by seal hunting, fishing,
apart. The Atlantic is a major source of fish and fur trapping. Gulf of
but, due to overfishing, stocks are now low. Mexico
Many shipping routes cross the Atlantic, TOURISM
3 and pollution is an international problem The volcanic islands and black Greater A n t i l l e s PTureerntochRico
as ships dump chemicals and waste. There beaches of the eastern Atlantic,
are substantial reserves of oil and gas in especially the Canaries (left), Caribbean Sea
the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Madeira, and the Azores, are
Africa, and in the north Atlantic. popular with tourists, who are
attracted by the scenery and
subtropical climate.

Colombian illes
4 Basin Lesser Ant
WARM CURRENTS Mid-Atlantic Tristan da Guatemala
The Gulf Stream flows up the Ridge Cunha island Basin
east coast of North America
and across the Atlantic. It brings Panama
warm water and a mild climate Basin
to northern Europe, which would
otherwise be cooler. Galápagos Islands

(to Ecuador)

5 At the
center of
the ridge
is a valley P e r u - C h i lreuTBr eanscihn
at least 10 miles
(16 km) wide. Pe S O U T H

UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS A
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a great
6 underwater mountain chain that runs n
the entire length of the Atlantic. It was
7 formed by magma that oozed up from PACIFIC d
WHALES the sea bed, cooled to create solid rock, OCEAN
Many whales and gradually built up to form a ridge. es
live in the Atlantic, Some peaks are so high that they break ATLANTIC FISHING INDUSTRY Chile Peru-Chile Trench
migrating from the surface to form volcanic islands, such The Atlantic Ocean contains more than half the Basin
summer feeding as the country of Iceland. world’s total stock of fish. Herring, anchovy, sardine,
grounds in the cold polar Humpback whale cod, flounder, and tuna are among the most important Chile Rise
regions to warmer waters fish found here. However, overfishing, particularly of cod
in the Caribbean for the breaching and tuna, has caused a significant decline in numbers.

8 winter. They give FALKLANDS
birth and mate Set in the windy south Atlantic
again before off the coast of Argentina,
returning the Falkland Islands belong
north. to the UK but are also
claimed by Argentina.
9 Fishing and sheep farming
are important. The land is
rocky, mountainous, boggy,
and almost treeless.

32 A B C D E H

Atlantic Ocean

I J K LMNO P

E U R O P EL aBbaLrsaaibSdnreaoadrorChaGrlRi(et-EoRGEDeibByeNbnaksmsLjFaiaArnnrakcNe)tsuDDreenIZmBcoRaenarlEeskaiYnnISKdCRtrJoEacAikLtaVlAlIBKNa DF(tBoAIrDRsieOltneimEsshaIrSkNL)SAoeNratDh S Ba 1

BReirsemuda Newfoundland Bay of Alps Mineral-rich waters 2
Biscay in the Blue Lagoon,
Mid-GNraewndfoBuanndklasnodNf ewfoundland Iceland, are said to
c Azores be beneficial to
RidgeBasin Medite people’s health.
(to Portugal) Mountains
nk
ltic Sea
Sohm t i East Azores Fracture Zone r r a n e
Plain
t l a nGreat Meteor Madeira a n Sea ICELAND
Sargasso A Tablemount (to Portugal) Iceland is situated in the north Atlantic on
Atlas the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As a result, it has at
Canary Islands least 20 active volcanoes and suffers frequent
Madeira (to Spain) earthquakes. There are numerous thermal 3
springs with boiling mud lakes and geysers. 4
Nares Sea Plain S a h a r a Water from hot springs (above) is used to 5
provide hot water and heating for much of
Plain Cape Verde
Kane Plain Iceland’s population, most of whom live
Fracture Z o n e Cape Verde PRAIA on the coast. The warm Gulf Stream
Basin ensures that the country’s ports
stay ice-free in winter.
DPleaminerara CAPE Sahel
The Atlantic
A T L A N T I C VERDE AFRICA covers one-fifth
Doldrums Fracture Zone
Sierra of Earth’s
Leone Sierra surface.
OCEAN Rise Leone
Basin
Amazon
Fan Mid Guinea Gulf of
Basin Guinea
Ceará Pla
Fernando de Pernambuco Ascension Fracture Zone
in Noronha Plain Atlantic
-
AMERICA (to Brazil) ASCENSION ISLAND

(to UK) ICEBERGS
Icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean are
Brazil Angola formed when icesheets and glaciers
reach the sea. Parts break off and start
Basin Basin to drift, driven by winds and currents.

ST HELENA 6

(to UK) Zubov
Seamount
Ilha da
Vitória Trindade Ridge Walvis Ridge
Seamount (to Brazil)

Santos Orange Fan

Plateau Cape
Basin
Rio Grande 7
Rise

TRISTAN DA CUNHA Cape of
(to UK) Good Hope

Argentine Gough Fracture Zone Gough Island
(to Tristan da Cunha)
Gulf of San Matías

Basin
Gulf of San Jorge
FALKLAND ISLANDS Zapiola Ridge
(to UK) S c o t i a SOUTH SANDWICH BOUVET 8
ISLAND
S e a ISLANDS
(to Norway)

Cape SOUTH GEORGIA (to UK)
Horn
S O U T H E R NDrake Passage OCEAN
(to UK)

East Scotia
Basin

9

I J KLM

Africa

AFRICA Covering one-fifth of the world’s land area, Africa has a rapidly growing
population. Many of its 53 nations—listed below in order of size—are
desperately poor. This is partly due to hostile climates, especially in and
around the vast Sahara desert, but also because of a history of political
turmoil, ethnic tension or conflict and, in some countries, war. Despite
this, African culture is among the most vibrant on Earth.

Algeria Chad Ethiopia Namibia South Morocco
Sudan
919,595 sq miles 495,755 sq miles 426,373 sq miles 318,261 sq miles 172,414 sq miles
2,381,741 sq km 1,284,000 sq km 1,104,300 sq km 824,292 sq km 248,777 sq miles 446,550 sq km
40,264,000 11,852,000 102,374,000 2,436,000 644,329 sq km 33,656,000
Algiers N’Djamena Addis Ababa Windhoek 12,531,000 Rabat
Arabic, Tamazight (Berber: French, Sara, Arabic, Maba Amharic, Tigrinya, Galla, Ovambo, Kavango, English, Juba Arabic, Tamazight (Berber),
Kabyle, Shawia, Tamashek), Sidamo, Somali, English, Bergdama, German, Afrikaans Dinka, Nuer, Zande, Bari, French, Spanish
French Arabic (Oromu) Shilluk, Lotuko, Arabic

Congo, Dem Niger Mauritania Mozambique Madagascar Zimbabwe
Rep of the
489,191 sq miles 397,955 sq miles 308,642 sq miles 226,658 sq miles 150,872 sq miles
905,355 sq miles 1,267,000 sq km 1,030,700 sq km 799,380 sq km 587,041 sq km 390,757 sq km
2,344,858 sq km 18,639,000 3,677,000 25,930,000 24,430,000 14,547,000
81,331,000 Niamey Nouakchott Maputo Antananarivo Harare
Kinshasa Hausa, Djerma, Fula, Hassaniyah Arabic, Wolof, Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Malagasy, French Shona, isiNdebele, English
Kiswahili, Tshiluba, Tuareg, Teda, French French Lomwe, Portuguese
Kikongo, Lingala, French

Congo, Angola Egypt Zambia Botswana Ivory
Republic of Coast
481,354 sq miles 386,662 sq miles 290,587 sq miles 224,607 sq miles
132,946 sq miles 1,246,700 sq km 1,001,450 sq km 752,618 sq km 581,730 sq km 124,504 sq miles
342,000 sq km 20,172,000 94,667,000 15,511,000 2,209,000 322,463 sq km
4,852,000 Luanda Cairo Lusaka Gaborone 23,740,000
Brazzaville Portuguese, Umbundu, Arabic, French, English, Bemba, Tongan, Nyanja, Setswana, English, Shona, Yamoussoukro
Kikongo, Teke, Lingala, Kimbundu, Kikongo Berber Lozi, Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele Akan, French, Kru,
French Voltaïque

Sudan Mali Tanzania Somalia Kenya Burkina Faso

718,723 sq miles 478,841 sq miles 365,755 sq miles 246,201 sq miles 224,081 sq miles 105,869 sq miles
1,861,484 sq km 1,240,192 sq km 947,300 sq km 637,657 sq km 580,367 sq km 274,200 sq km
36,730,000 17,467,000 52,483,000 10,817,000 46,791,000 19,513,000
Khartoum Bamako Dodoma Mogadishu Nairobi Ouagadougou
Arabic, Nubian, Beja, Fur Bambara, Fula, Senufo, Somali, Arabic, English, Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Mossi, Fulani, French,
Soninke, French Kiswahili, Sukuma,Kichagga, Italian Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba Tuareg, Diyula, Songhai
Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde,
Yao, Sandawe, English

Libya South Africa Nigeria Central African Cameroon Gabon
679,362 sq miles Republic
1,759,540 sq km 470,693 sq miles 183,568 sq miles 103,347 sq miles
6,542,000 1,219,090 sq km 356,669 sq miles 240,535 sq miles 475,440 sq km 267,667 sq km
Tripoli 54,301,000 923,768 sq km 622,984 sq km 24,361,000 1,739,000
Arabic, Tuareg Pretoria 186,053,000 5,507,000 Yaoundé Libreville
Abuja Bangui Bamileke, Fang, Fula, Fang, French, Punu, Sira,
34 English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, French, English Nzebi, Mpongwe
Afrikaans, Sepedi, Setswana, Hausa, English,Yoruba, Igbo Sango, Banda, Gbaya,
Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati, French
Tshivenda, isiNdebele

Guinea Malawi

94,926 sq miles 45,747 sq miles
245,857 sq km 118,484 sq km
12,093,000 18,570,000
Conakry Lilongwe
Pulaar, Malinké, Sousou, Chewa, Lomwe,Yao,
French Ngoni, English

Uganda Eritrea Togo

93,065 sq miles 45,406 sq miles 21,925 sq miles
241,038 sq km 117,600 sq km 56,785 sq km
38,319,000 5,870,000 7,757,000
Kampala Asmara Lomé
Tigrinya, English, Tigre, Ewe, Kabye, Gurma,
Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Afar, Arabic, Saho, Bilen, French
Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, Kunama, Nara, Hedareb
English

Ghana Benin Guinea- Burundi Swaziland Comoros
Bissau
92,098 sq miles 43,484 sq miles 10,745 sq miles 6,704 sq miles 863 sq miles
238,533 sq km 112,622 sq km 13,948 sq miles 27,830 sq km 17,364 sq km 2,235 sq km
26,908,000 10,741,000 36,125 sq km 11,099,000 1,451,000 795,000
Accra Porto-Novo 1,759,000 Bujumbura Mbabane Moroni
Fon, Bariba,Yorùbá, Adja, Bissau Kirundi, French, Kiswahili English, siSwati, isiZulu, Arabic, Comorian, French
Twi-Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Houeda, Somba, French Portuguese Creole, Balante, Xitsonga
Adangbe, Gurma, Dagomba Fula, Malinké, Portuguese
(Dagbani)

Senegal Liberia Lesotho Rwanda Gambia, The Mauritius

75,955 sq miles 43,000 sq miles 11,720 sq miles 10,169 sq miles 4,363 sq miles 788 sq miles
196,722 sq km 111,369 sq km 30,355 sq km 26,338 sq km 11,300 sq km 2,040 sq km
14,320,000 4,300,000 1,953,000 12,988,000 2,010,000 1,348,000
Dakar Monrovia Maseru Kigali Banjul Port Louis
English, Sesotho, isiZulu Kinyarwanda, French, Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu,
Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diyula, Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, Kiswahili, English Jola, Soninke, English Tamil, Chinese, English,
Mandinka, Malinké, Soninke, Grebo, Kissi, Gola, Loma, French
French English

Tunisia Sierra Leone Equatorial Djibouti Cape Verde São Tomé
Guinea and Príncipe
63,170 sq miles 27,699 sq miles 8,958 sq miles 1,557 sq miles
163,610 sq km 71,740 sq km 10,831 sq miles 23,200 sq km 4,033 sq km 372 sq miles
11,135,000 6,019,000 28,051 sq km 846,700 553,400 964 sq km
Tunis Freetown 759,400 Djibouti City Praia 197,500
Arabic, French Mende, Temne, Krio, Malabo Somali, Afar, French, Arabic Portuguese Creole, São Tomé
English Spanish, Fang, Bubi, French Portuguese Portuguese Creole,
Portuguese

35

Africa

BCDE FGH

Northwest Africa
Four countries, plus the disputed area of Western Sahara, make
up this part of Africa. Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia have rich supplies
of oil and natural gas that boost their economies. Morocco relies
on tourism, phosphates used for chemicals and fertilizer, and
2 agriculture. In the fertile valleys of the Atlas Mountains, farmers
grow grapes, citrus fruit, dates, and olives. The area also attracts
tourists to its colorful SUN AND SEA
markets, historical sites, Many tourists visit Tunisia and Morocco each year to enjoy
and sandy beaches. The the warm climate and sandy beaches. Tourism provides jobs
for the local people and brings much-needed income.

Sahara Desert dominates Tizi Ouzou
3 the region, particularly in
A NE TAMINCO R O C C OAEsgTsaaizodnuiiitCrrSaEaal-fisJMaadbKaidlhraaRronaAuckKSraBteisrbaaAcirgtSh-TToaeafMOall-GénKuoiAagebBhrrbiezaaeainlrtKmtrzaia-réMmtlneeeiatldClraCTahiFaleseeG(ètfuEtoIcrostBh-UaRaRuKMoaA(a)tcuoLnhOeTiSnJdApoeuiaarRajiM(ndtdu)oaaeBSlnpiélalcaihntHG)OaaFrTaruirgltaaesuAinmPnigSltdalcnitdaeeEasinusCMBrxShgeCaoAllhehsOAoLfatEta(crbGtlAgiceGbecLIaiGoèBhnEGdnlDhsLélCReEieajaadenhRgmSrlaehfd)taroaaguluïaait
Algeria and Libya.

L

ARAB INFLUENCE AT
Arab invasions during the OC
7th and 11th centuries
have influenced the
culture, religion
(Islam), architecture,
4 and language of

northwest Africa.
Today, Arabic is the
main language, and
MOROCCAN MARKET
more than 95 percent In a souk, or market, craftworkers
of the people here sell handmade products to
are Muslim. tourists. Goods are displayed in
booths along the bustling streets.

5

Tan-Tan Hamada du Dra ALGER

LAÂYOUNE Tindouf Adrar Plateau
Smara El Mahbas Reggane du Tademaït
Boujdour Bou Craa rg Iguîdi
S I-n-Salah
6 Erg Che
a
Galtat-Zemmour ‘E
M A U R I T A N I AMuslims going to worship at the Hassan II ch
mosque in Casablanca, Morocco WESTERN
SAHARA
Ad Dakhla (disputed territory

under Moroccan occupation)

BERBERS
The Berber people were the
7 original inhabitants of northwest Tropic of Cancer Tan

Africa. Most now live in the M A e z r
Atlas Mountains or the desert. o
Although most Berbers u f
Lagouira t
converted to Islam when the
Arabs arrived, they kept their L
own language and way of life. Berber woman I
In 2001, Algeria recognized working on
Berber (Tamazight) as an
8 official language. the land in the
Atlas Mountains

9

36 A B C D E F G H

Northwest Africa

I J K LMNO P

DATE PALMS ANCIENT RUINS 1
Dates are an important Phoenicians, Romans, and Greeks 2
crop for Algeria and Tunisia. from ancient times have all left their
Date palms are often grown mark on this part of Africa. Today,
at oases, where water lies tourists come to admire the historical
close to the surface of the sites along the coast. These ruins
desert. Here, the clusters of dates of Carthage, near Tunis, date from
are shown ripening beneath 146 bce, when Romans laid waste
polythene. Leaves from the trees to this city. The Romans went on to
can be used for thatch and the control all of the north African coast.
trunk is cut for timber.

M edit erra n e a The seeds from dates
Sea can be roasted and
Bizerte n

Annaba Carthage 3
4
Sétif Constantine TUNIS ground to make a 5
traditional date coffee. 6
Batna Kairouan Sousse 7
8
TUNISIABiskraMCehlgTohottKizraesusrerinGeaGfsaabèMsahGdioalfSe fÎdlaeexdGeaJebrèbsa TRIPOLI Al Bayd¸ ā’ Darnah Ruins of a Roman
bath at Carthage
Chott el Jerid Médenine Zuwārah (T¸ ARĀBULUS) Al Marj Akh¸dar T¸ ubruq
Al
El Oued Al Khums Benghazi Jabal al SURVIVAL IN THE SAHARA
Touggourt The Sahara Desert covers almost one-third
Az Zāwiyah Mişrātah Gulf (Banghāzī) Cyrenaica of Africa and is an inhospitable place to
of Sirte
Yafran Gharyān ( Khal īj Surt) live with high daytime temperatures and

Ouargla tal Nālūt Surt Ajdābiyā Wādī al H¸ amīm

Grand Erg Orien Al Jaghbūb freezing nights. The Tuareg are nomads for
Marsā al Burayqah whom the desert is home. Traditionally,
IA they keep camels for transport and to
Bordj Omar Driss Tr i p o l i t a n i a Marādah Jālū EGYPT provide meat, milk, and hides. Many
Tuareg now live in mountain areas
Waddān Great Sand Sea
or dwell in the cities.
LIBYA

Tiguentourine Birāk
Sabhā

Awbārī Rabyānah

Tassili-n-Ajjer Zawīlah Ramlat L
aF e z z a n
h Al 'Uwaynāt r i b y a n

Ahaggar a Al Kufrah TrCoapnicceorf
Tahat
9573ft (2918m) Djanet Idhān Desert
Murzuq
Tamanrasset
Picco Bette SUDAN
ER Tuareg nomads in the Sahara
IG C H A D7500ft (2286m) carrying salt to trade in markets
N 0 km 100 200

0 miles 100 200

Libyan oil field LIBYAN OIL RESOURCES 9
The discovery of oil and gas in 1959 brought considerable
wealth to Libya, and by 2010 oil and gas made up 95 percent
of the country’s exports. Since 2015, however, civil war, political
chaos, and low oil prices have made life hard for Libyans.

37I J K L M N O P

BCDE FGH I

Northeast Africa RIVER NILE 1 Africa
The Nile is the world’s longest river. It flows north from 2
Burundi to run along the Tanzania–Rwanda border, then 3
through Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt to the 4
coast. Most of Egypt’s population lives around the valley 5
This region, known as the Horn of Africa, contains the oldest and delta of the Nile, which provides the region’s water. The 6
river also provides irrigation for local crops, such as cotton. 7
8
civilizations in the continent, and some of its poorest countries. The
borders that divide the countries today were mostly created by colonial
rulers in the last hundred years. Pastoral nomads with their herds of
2 animals often cross these borders in search of pasture. Most people

still live in the countryside and farm the land, but many people now
live in the cities. Tourism and agriculture are important sources of
income for Egypt and Kenya, two of the richest and fastest-growing
countries in the region. Elsewhere, tribal rivalries and disputes over
land and resources have sometimes erupted
3 into full-scale war and these, Aeldexiant dSerirea raaDNenillteae
together with drought and an
poverty, have blighted the M
lives of millions of people Damietta
Sīdī Barrânī (Dumyāt)

Port Said

in this region. Al ’Alamayn Suez Canal SUEZ CANAL
Az Zaqāzīg Al Ismā‘īlīyah The Suez Canal, opened in 1869,
4 Qattara Suez is one of the world’s longest and
Depression -436ft Giza most important artificial waterways.
(-133m) CAIRO Sinai It links the Mediterranean Sea with the
Great Beni Suef Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, providing
Sīwah Gulf of S Gebel a crucial shortcut from Europe to India
Sa Mûsa and east Asia. The tolls from the canal
Al Minyā 7497ft are a great source of income for Egypt.
Sand Bawītī
h Mallawī Nile uez(2285m)
Hurghada
a
(Al Ghurdaqah)
(

Wr āe’s Qasr Asyūt Akhmīm

a

te

S

ea l Farāfirah Sawhāj
Al Khārijah Luxor
r
Isnā
nGDheas Qinā

5 Tropic of Cancer r Tropic of Cancer

e

bīy P T Idfū
Aswan Dam Aswān
rt) Lake Nasser
E GaY
LIBYA
Gilf Kebir (Hala’ib Triangle)
Plateau

Red Plowing fields in
Ethiopia
lk
Jabal al Wadi Oko
6 ‘Uwaynát Wadi Halfa
6257ft
7 (1907m) Akasha N u b i a n
ABU SIMBEL Desert Port
Tourists come to Egypt to see the Delgo Sudan
pyramids at Giza and the temples Argo Abu Hamed
along the Nile, such as these two Dongola Suakin
built at Abu Simbel, south of
Aswan. Tourism brings in money CHAD El‘Atrun Merowe Shereik Tokar Sea
to preserve these historical sites. Ed Debba Haiya
di Atbara
8
S U D A N E R I T R E AHowar
el Mi Ed Damer LOSING FARMLAND

Wadi Omdurman Nile Shendi As the population grows in Ethiopia, forests are cut
down for firewood, or to cultivate new areas for food
Wā KHARTOUM Kassala ASMARA Massawa crops. The soil, no longer held firm by the trees, is easily

Umm BDurauElrFafshuerr Khashm Teseney Zula blown or washed away, and valuable farmland is lost.
Kebkabiya el Girba
Sodiri Mek’elē Da
Wad Medani Maych’ew
Sennar Gedaref n ak
il
El Geneina El Obeid Umm Lake Tana D Aseb
Ruwaba (Tāna Hayk’) of Aden

Bahir Dar Shimbiris
7897ft (2407m)
Ed Damazin
esert
Blue Nile
Nyala Er White Nile Gonder DJIBOUTI Gulf Caluula
Rahad Obock DJIBOUTI Boosaaso
Ed Da‘ein Dilling Lalibela Weldiya Karin
El Muglad
Ch’ok’ē Desē Dikhil CITY

Kadugli Burē Ábuyé Méda Berbera Bandarbeyla
hite Nile 13,123ft (4000m)
Sumeih Ethiopian
CENTRAL AFRIC Dirē Dawa
Highlands
ADDIS ABABA Mī’ēso
Āwash
(ĀDĪS ĀBEBA)
Nazrēt
Gorē Āgaro

Jīma
SS UO DU AT HN E T H I O P I A SOMALIASomaliland Puntland9 Malakal Hārer Hargeysa Dooxo Nug a al e Sinujiif 9
Duk Faiwil Oga Garoowe ed 10
Raga Jur d d W Kongor 11
Sue S u d e n
AN REPUBLIC
Wau Tonj Great Rift Valley Gaalkacyo
Juba
Rumbek Shilabo Gellinsoor N
Shebeli Dhuusa Marreeb
Tambura Bor Elemi Triangle Ābaya Hāyk’ A
Amadi (administered Negēlē N
by Kenya)
I
JUBA Kapoeta Beledweyne A
Xuddur
10 Yambio Maridi Lotagipi Yabēlo Doolow D
Busy street Kinyeti Swamp Lokitaung E
bazaar in Cairo
Lake Luuq Buulobarde N
CAIRO Turkana C
The largest city in Africa is Cairo, the capital of
Egypt, with a population of more than 18 million. DEM. REP. Arua 10,456ft Marsabit Baydhabo I
Here, Arab, African, and European influences exist CONGO (3187m) O
alongside more traditional Egyptian customs. Gulu Lodwar KENYA Jawhar
Wanlaweyn
Lira Baardheere MOGADISHU

Lake Albert Masindi (MUQDISHO)
Marka
UGANDA Mbale Baraawe
11 KAMPALA Eldoret Afmadow Jilib
Jinja Kisumu Jamaame
Equator Meru Equator
Kismaayo
Lake Edward Masaka Entebbe Nakuru Kirinyaga
17,060ft (5200m) Garissa
Young Mbarara Lake Nyeri
Dinka man NAIROBI Buur Gaabo
Water makes upRWANDAKabale Victoria Great Rift Valley

Lake Kivu

almost one-fifth ofKIGALI
Bukoba Musoma Garsen
Kilimanjaro
Biharamulo Mwanza

Arusha 19,341ft (5895m) Malindi
theofsuUrgfaacnedaar.ea12
Malagarasi Nyantakara 12
Shinyanga
THE DINKA OF Great BUJUMBURA Moshi
SOUTH SUDAN BURUNDI Masai
There are more than Nzega Steppe Mombasa
500 tribes in Sudan and Kasulu Pemba
South Sudan. They speak Kigoma Tabora Singida Tanga
T A N Z A N I Amore than 100 languages
and dialects. Like many Lake Zanzibar
tribal people here, the Tanganyika Zanzibar
Dinka are nomadic – their R i f t ZA DODOMA Morogoro Coptic
cattle graze on the plains Great Ruaha DAR ES cross RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
east of the Nile. Cattle SALAAM The Ethiopian Orthodox
are central to their lives – Kipili Iringa Union Church has existed
young Dinka men officially Mafia since the 4th century ce. It is
become adults with an a branch of the Coptic Church
initiation ceremony in and mixes Christian beliefs, such
which they are given as Catholic saints, with some
an ox of their own. traditional African spiritual beliefs.
M B I13 Lake Rukwa Rufiji 13

Sumbawanga Sao Hill Mohoro
NjombLeuwego
V Mbeya Kilwa Kivinje
alley
Lindi

A14 Nyamtumbo Mtwara
Masasi
MALAWI Songea
Tunduru Newala

Q U E 14

Lake Nyasa Z A M B I

MO TEA IN KENYA
Kenya is an important world producer of tea, which
is grown on plantations in the highland areas (such
as this one below). High rainfall here ensures a good
MOUNTAIN GORILLAS Kenyan workers crop. Coffee is also a valuable export. Northeast Africa
carefully select tea
The Volcanoes National Park 0 km 200 400 leaves for picking.

in Rwanda is one of the few
15 places where you can still see
0 miles 100 200 300 400 15

a mountain gorilla (right) in
the wild. These animals are
threatened with extinction
because of poachers and the
destruction of their habitat.
Tanzania and Kenya also
have many important game
reserves, which preserve the
16 wildlife of the savanna.
16

39 A BCDE FGH I

Africa

BCDE FGH

West Africa 0 km 100 200 300 400 400
0 miles 100 200 300

Dramatically different climates and landscapes influence life in guîdi
west Africa. In the hot, dry north, it is difficult to grow crops. Only oases
in the Sahara and seasonal rainfall in the Sahel make growing crops ‘Aïn Ben Tili I
possible. To the south, the climate is warm and wet, and crops
Bîr Mogreïn ' Erg Ha

het yyék
such as cocoa and coffee are grown on large plantations. This El n
2 Kâg CEhregc h
Mre
M A U R I T A N I SA a3 Taoudenni
region also has many valuable minerals. Despite these rich WESTERN Tropic of Cancer
resources, most countries are poor. Since independence SAHARA Fdérik Zouérat
from colonial powers, there has been much political unrest, (disputed territory
often sparked by poverty and tribal rivalries in the region. under Moroccan occupation) Touâjîl uar â n e

West Africa is also divided by religion, with Islam Nouâdhibou r Choûm O
dominant in the north and Christianity in the south. Chinguetti
Akc h â Atâr

GAMBIA Akjoujt Oujeft El
In recent years, tourism
has become increasingly
important to the economy
of Gambia.Visitors come to NOUAKCHOTT Tidjikja Tîchît
see wildlife along the
Idîni
Boutilimit Magta‘
Gambia River and to visit the Lahjar
Atlantic coast beaches. These
safari tourists are admiring Rkîz Aleg Boûmdeïd A o u
SENEGAL4 Kaédi k â r Oualâta
a giant termite mound. Rosso Seneg Matam Tâmchekket
Kiffa Lac
Richard Toll Dagana al ‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs Faguibine
Louga Néma Goundam
Saint Louis Timbedgha

Mékhé Kobenni Amourj

DAKAR Thiès Mbaké Sélibabi Bassikounou

Mbour Nioro
Sokone
5 PEOPLE OF GHANA Diourbel Kayes S aMopti
Family ties and a sense of community are Kaolack Ténenkou
BANJUL GAMBIA Niger
important to the people of Ghana, and TGaammbbiaacounda Toukoto Kolokani
Kita Ségou
ceremonies throughout each year mark the Bignona Kolda Bafing Bani
events of childbirth, puberty, marriage, and Koulikoro San
death. About half of Ghanaians are Ashanti Ziguinchor Sédhiou
Bafatá BAMAKO
people whose ancestors developed one
of the richest and most notable A BISSAU Gaoual Koutiala
GUINEA- Boké Labé Bagoé
civilizations in Africa. BISSAU G U I N E AKindia Dinguiraye Bougouni Sikasso
Pita Tikinsso Siguiri
TL Bobo-Dioulasso
6 O Mamou Faranah Kankan

Tengréla Komoé

CONAKRY Tokounou Odienné Ferkessédougou
FREETOWN
Boundiali Korhogo
Katiola
A LS IEEORNREA CÔTEMakeni
C Kissidougou
Beyla
E D'IVOIREBo Kenema
N

7 A Nzérékoré (IVORY COAST)
Lac de
T Gbanga Danané Kossou

N Tubmanburg YAMOUSSOUKRO

IC MONROVIA Harbel Gagnoa Ban

Zwedru S
Buchanan LIBERIA dama
assandraDivo

Cavalla Abidjan
Sassandra
San-Pédro
Harper
8

9 DIAMONDS AND GOLD
West Africa has many valuable
40 A B C minerals, including diamonds, uranium,
copper, and gold. In Sierra Leone,
where diamonds (left) provide crucial

income, the mines were a focus of
fighting in the civil war between
rebel groups and the government.

E FGH