West Africa
I MNO P
FOOD CROPS Cassava
In wetter, southern regions,
root vegetables such as yams 1
and cassava are grown for
food. Peanuts, which also grow
underground, are cultivated
in the north for export or to
cook in traditional stew.
Peanuts Yam
LIBYA Lake Volta in Ghana, 2
formed by a dam, is 3
Tropic of Cancer SPREADING SAHARA A the largest artificial 4
I lake in the world. 5
The Sahara may be spreading south into a region R 6
of semi-desert known as the Sahel. People are E Ténéré 7
planting grass to try and halt the erosion,
which may be a result of droughts, du 41
overgrazing, and tree removal. Tafassâsset
âne Adrar des
h a r aL G‘Erg - S â k Séguédine
Tessalit
I - n Grand Erg de Bil
AAraouane d Ifôghas Assamakka Iferouâne néré R Ngourti
M A L IA z a o
u â Massif Té
de l'Aïr
C H A D ma
Monts Bagzane
6634ft (2022m)
Timbuktu Gao Ménaka Agadez
(Tombouctou) Ansongo
NIGE
Lac D ilia
Niangay
Hombori Tahoua
Keïta
h eAyorou l Birnin Dakoro Tessaoua Nguigmi Lake Chad
Tillabéri Konni
Baudiagara Maradi Zinder Gouré
Ouahigouya NIAMEY Dogondoutchi
Guidimouni Hadej i a
BURKINA oto
Kaya Nguru
OUAGADOUGOU Hadejia Maiduguri
Black Volta Niger Sokoto Katsina
White V olta Kano Potiskum
Koudougou Fada-Ngourma Jega
Oti
Sok Gusau
F A S OBolgatanga Tenkodogo Koko Zaria ongola
Bawku Yelwa Biu
Kandi Kainji Kaduna
Reservoir Bauchi Kumo
Sansanné- Jos G Gombi
Mango Natitingou Mo
BENIN N I G E R I AWa MoSuhentbasihniE R O O N
Yendi rParakouMinna Jos Yola
MouthsSokodéIlorin Jebba Nige Plateau
Tamale s
TOGO ABUJA
G H A N ABondoukou WEST AFRICAN FARMERS
Oyo Ogbomosho Lafia MaBkenuuerdWi ukariGoutenltains In the dry northern areas, crop farming is restricted
Wenchi Lake Abomey to when and where seasonal rain falls. Herders are
Sunyani Volta Ibadan Ede Owo Lokoja partly nomadic and they need to follow the rains
in search of grazing land for their animals. Further
Kumasi Kpalimé PORTO-NOVO Benin City Enugu south, where rainfall is higher, farmers grow a wider
Lagos variety of crops for their families to eat, and for sale.
C A MAAbAbesonaigTSsmseoaokakuoonronrkauNdediss-iaCewapaemCoAVaCoGslttCa uRLAOl fMÉoB Herbs, shells, bones, and sticks
Cotonou Sapele Onitsha used by traditional healers
Owerri
ight of Benin Warri Aba Uyo
f Guine a Port Harcourt Calabar
the Niger
of
MASKED DANCERS MEDICINE AND HEALING
Masks, such as this one from the Dan tribe of Many people here seek advice from a
the Ivory Coast, are worn by dancers who take traditional healer if they are ill. Often
on different characters during tribal ceremonies. the healer is also a religious leader.
Round-eyed masks represent males, while Treatment may include the use of herbs
straight-eyed masks are for females. However, or magical items to fight off the enemy
the actual dancers are always men. spirit. Healers may also chant and
dance to attract the good spirits.
I J K LMNO P
BCDE FGH I
Central Africa 1 Africa
All eight countries in central Africa were European colonies 2
with a painful history of slavery. Since the 1960s, independence has 3
brought them mixed success. Rich mineral deposits and the discovery 4
of offshore oil have provided income for Cameroon, Congo, and 5
2 Gabon, while civil war and repressive governments 6
have damaged other countries in the region. These 7
include Chad and the Central African Republic, 8
Tropic of Cancer
two of the world’s poorest countries. Although the L
north is mainly arid, Africa’s
largest tropical rainforest Massif Aozou I B FISHING IN LAKE CHAD
dominates the south, with d’Abo Lake Chad is an important source of food, but it is shrinking
the powerful Congo River
3 linking the interior with Y at an alarming rate. A shallow lake, it is now only about
the coast. The tiny, volcanic 6.5–13 ft (2–4 m) deep on average. Its surface area
Bardaï A has also reduced, due to droughts and the
demand for water to irrigate the land.
Tibesti
Zouar
S a h a r acountry of São Tomé and
Erdi 0 km 100 200 300 400
4 Príncipe lies off the coast IG E R Ounianga Erdi Ma 0 miles 100 200 300 400
of Gabon. Kébir
Faya D épres sion
d u Mo urdi
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS Erg du Djourab Fada En ne di
Although Christianity is
the main religion here,
many people also follow Koro Toro
N C H A D5
traditional beliefs. These Nokou Massif
suggest that natural objects, such as du Kapka
mountains and rivers, have a spirit. Masks, Lake Mao Biltine
like this Bambuku head, are sometimes Chad Abéché
used to scare off evil spirits. S U DAN
rem Bol Moussoro
Ati
N’DJAMÉNA Mangalmé
Mud-brick Goz Beïda
home Kousséri Massenya Mongo
Chari Ba Illi
6 Maroua Bongor Abou-Déïa Azoum
Timan
Guider Am Bahr PEOPLE OF CHAD
With almost half the country lying in the
N Birao arid Sahara Desert, more than 70 percent
IGERIA
Léré Fianga Kyabé of Chadians work on farmland near the
Laï River Chari in the south. Across Chad
MANLAkKoBnuOBgmasbamamebnadDaouEdaBélaaaBfaoFnuoyYousSsNmAaAangabmdOaGgaaaoaUnmurnoaNMdwuéDbDrjaaééBéÉeHrtiogLLuBhaaaalBgcMïabdednooeordkbuoséBnKuraméadoltrooioBuBBooosussaasBenrmGgAooDKbNarMéooélbuéaGamrkUroaMDuMIDnaaSbémrdibokaSaauoïakrtaairZhoBKnGBaaghraUgiorkmNab(AOaadaBnluoaérgbuaiailknnégduoiB)MrMoaombIapAabspOlysiayenuiDrfdaijandaBodelrlisaéaBKoontBtoaDnegmasbsoiau there are large numbers of ethnic groups,
go speaking more than 100 languages.
Women here live an average of just
51 years and have 4.5 children.
7
C A M E R O O N CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC S US OD UA TNH8
VILLAGE LIFE Djéma
Most people in rural areas Bomu Obo
live in villages or small towns.
Some grow crops such as Uele
cotton or cassava for sale,
but many exist by growing
food just for their family.
Dungu Aba
Isla Ebolowa Sangmélima Nola Bétou Gemena Titule Isiro Watsa
PríSncÃPipOReÍTNOCMIPEÉQE&UAdTeOBRiBoIcaAotaLAGcaUAlamIyNobnEagmA Ngoko Akula Bumba Buta Mungbere Lake Albert GUrGeAa tNRDuRAwienf t V a l l e y
Ouésso Impfondo Congo Buniazori
Bitam Souanké Dongou Lisala
Oyem Sembé Epéna Lulonga
Bélinga Mbandaka
9 Nia-Nia 9
10
G A B O N C O N G O D E M . R E P .10 Cocobeach (Oubangui) Yangambi Beni 11
Ubangi Butembo
São Tomé LIBREVILLE Etoumbi Makoua aTshusapa i n Kisangani
SÃO TOMÉ Equator
Ndjolé Ikela
Equator
Owando C o nBoegndeo B Lualaba Lake Edward
Lomami Lubutu
Port-Gentil Lambaréné Bonda
Koulamoutou ma Oyo Lac
Fougamou MasCsh A T LOACNE TAINCailluif duMoandaAli Ntomba Goma
Franceville Mpama
Omboué Mouila Lake Kivu RWANDA
Congo Bukavu
Ndendé Gamboma Lac Mai-Ndombe Lomela
C O N G O11
Setté Cama Mossendjo Djambala Ngo Bandundu Kalima
MIGHTY RIVER Kindu
The Congo River, also called the Zaire, is a Plateaux BURUNDI
crucial part of the area’s transportation system. Kibangou Batéké Kasai Lukenie Kibombo
Dugout canoes and motorized boats take BRAZZAVILLE Lodja
people, goods, and even health clinics from Ndindi Sibiti
cities to the villages and back. The river is home Dolisie Ilebo
to many species of fish as well as crocodiles. Mangai
Nkayi TANZANIAuru Kasongo
Pointe-Noire KINSHASA Kikwit Mweka Range
CABINDA Lufira
Tshela Mbanza- Kenge Luebo Demba Kongolo
(to Angola) Ngungu Sank
Boma LuluaKanangaLubao Kalemie
Kasai
Matadi Kasongo-Lunda Mbuji-Mayi Kabinda Lukuga Lake
Kwilu Mwene-Ditu
A N GOL Kwango Tshikapa
A
Gandajika ManonLouvua Tanganyika Moba
M
Mulongo itumba gu
12 Lac Marun 12
13
The waters of the Kamina Upemba Lake 14
Congo River have the Mweru
Lualaba
capacity to provide Kasaji
electrical power for Kolwezi
13 all of Africa. Dilolo Likasi
mbezi
REFUGEES Za Z Kipushi Lubumbashi
There are around 5 million African refugees south of the A
Sahara – more than 25 percent of the world’s total. Conflicts MBIA
in Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Central
MINING FOR COPPER Copper
African Republic have resulted in huge numbers The Democratic Republic of the Congo
14 of Africans leaving their homes. has vast reserves of copper, and was LOGGING IN GABON
once one of the world’s major exporters. Timber provides valuable income for
15 More recently, however, competition Gabon, with much of the demand
from lower-cost producers such
as Chile has seen a dramatic for okoumé—a softwood used to
downturn in the industry. make plywood. Hardwoods,
such as mahogany and
16 ebony, are also felled. 15 Central Africa
Because logging poses 16
a threat to the future
of the forests, the
government is now
setting up conservation
programs, including 13
national parks that
together cover at least
10 percent of the country.
43 A BCDE FGH I
Africa
BCDE FGH
Southern Africa 0 km 200 400
0 miles 200 400
From the dramatic Namib and CABINDA Cabinda Congo
Zam
Kalahari deserts in the west, to the (to Angola) Kabompo
tropical forests in the north, southern M’Banza Congo DEM. RE
Africa is a region of contrasts. Oil, diamonds, Cuango
Uíge Lóvua Chitato
Camabatela Lucapa
N’Dalatando Saurimo
2 gold, and other precious metals are all Ambriz Lake
mined here. There are huge inland plains Caxito Mweru
Pthat are home to a variety of wildlife, and LUANDA
. Clarge areas devoted to agriculture. But
O N G Oflooding and droughts, together with civil
Dondo Cuanza Malanje
A N G O L Aunrest, have hampered development so that,
Gabela Mansa
3 despite an abundance of natural resources, Sumbe Uaco Cungo Luena bezi
many countries remain poor. Zambezi
Môco Camacupa PlanalLtuongé-Bungo Solwezi Mufulira
8593ft Kuito
Lobito (2619m) Chingola
Benguela
SAN BUSHMEN Caála Huambo Kitwe
One of the few groups of hunter-gatherers left in Caconda Luanshya
Africa, the San people roam the Kalahari Desert. Cubal do Bié
Z A M B I Apoison-tipped arrow
4
San hunter using a
Also known as Bush people, many San are Cubango Menongue Cuand Kaoma Nambala Kabwe
now changing to a more settled life, Cuito Kafue
often working on cattle ranches. Lubango LUSAKA
Namibe Huíla o Mongu Mazabuka Kafue
Plateau Cubango
Tombua Monze Kariba
Cunene N’Giva Choma
Victoria Lake
Katima Mulilo Falls Kariba
Olifa Oshikango Rundu CapriVviictSotrriiapFalls Livingstone
Etosha O Hwange
Okavango
Namib Pan Tsumeb kavango Delta
Maun
ZIMBABWE5
Tunnels transport Otavi Grootfontein Bulawayo
water between
dams.
Otjiwarongo Nata
Gwanda
N A M I B I ABrandberg
Francistown asheSh
8445ft (2574m) B O T S W A N AGhanzi
Wlotzkasbaken DesertKaribib Gobabis Mamuno Serowe mpopo
Palapye
Swakopmund WINDHOEK bergote
TsdheoaeeslOiknkeoatmvraounsngt oroiuRvteivrtose,r KDa leas he ratr i6 LiMahalapye Polokwane
Walvis Bay (Pietersburg)
Rehoboth
LESOTHO Tropic of Capricorn Mochudi
Water is a Fish Mariental No GABORONE Modimolle
valuable resource Jwaneng (Nylstroom)
Dams Werda
are marked in southern Africa, and sop Kanye PRETORIA
in black. Lesotho makes good use Auob
tbhuet Kruanlashianrlai nDdesinertto. S O U T H7
of its mountainous land and Keetmanshoop KKGarraaors asburg Molopo Mmabatho Soweto
numerous rivers. The Highlands Water Scheme
uses dams and tunnels to transport water Lüderitz Aus Johannesburg
to neighboring South Africa. Klein Karas Klerksdorp VaaKl roonstad
Orange
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA GOLD MINING ay River Upington Kimberley Welkom Bethlehem
More than 9 million people live in Johannesburg Gold, first discovered near
and its surrounding urban area. Many people Johannesburg in 1886, brought a ATLANTIC OCEAN Oranjemund BLOEMFONTEIN LESOTHO
have moved here from the countryside in great deal of wealth to the region.
search of work. South Africa is among the world’s Springbok Prieska MASERU
top gold-producing countries.
A F R I C A8 Kokstad
raMkenthsbaetrhg a
De Aar Colesberg
St Helena B Calvinia D
Beaufort West Cradock Queenstown
Great Karoo Mdantsane East
Uitenhage London
Bellville
CAPE Worcester George Port Alfred
TOWN Mosselbaai Port Elizabeth
Cape of
Good Hope Cape Agulhas
9
44 A B C D E F G H
Southern Africa
J K LMNO P
MOZAMBIQUE FLOODS VICTORIA FALLS 1
Mozambique suffered a devastating At Victoria Falls, situated on the
civil war until 1992 and as a Zambia-Zimbabwe border, the mighty
consequence many people continue Zambezi River drops 128 m (420 ft) down
to rely on foreign aid. Floods in 2000 a narrow chasm. The sound of the crashing
made conditions worse as they left water can be heard 40 km (25 miles) away.
millions homeless and vulnerable.
Lake TANZA N I A Tobacco 2
Rukwa plantation 3
Mbala Isoka Lake Nyasa 4
Kasama WORKING ON THE LAND 5
MALAWIMzuzu Rio Rovuma In both Malawi and Mozambique, agriculture employs 6
Samfya more than four out of every five workers. Important crops 7
include cotton, tea, tobacco, and sugar. 8
Mocímboa 9
da Praia
45
Mpika Negomane MORONI COMOROS
Lugenda Messalo Mucojo Grande Comore Tanjona
Rio Anjouan Bobaomby
Serenje MO
Chipata ZAM LILONGWE Pemba Mohéli MAMOUDZOU Antsiranana
B
Salima Rio Lúrio Lúrio MAYOTTE
RioMonkey Bay
(to France)
Albufeira de Mozambique Channe Nacala Ambanja
Cahora Bassa E
MADAGASCARZomba Lumbo Analalava Sambava
Antalaha
Blantyre Nampula Mahajanga Antsohihy
Vila do Q UbeMzi ilange Maromokotro
Zumbo l 9436ft
Tete Bemaraha (2876m)
Nyamapanda Za m ChanganeINsanjeMocuba Maroantsetra
HARARE
Inyangani
8504ft (2592m) Quelimane Fenoarivo MADAGASCAN MAMMALS
Atsinanana Madagascar has an unusual range of mammals
KKawdeokmwaeChMituutnagrewizCahimoio
Toamasina that developed in isolation after the island
Beira split from the African mainland. It is the
Masvingo ANTANANARIVO only place where lemurs, members of
Zvishavane the primate family, live in the wild.
Machanga Morondava Betafo
Rio Save Makay Ambositra
Musina Mangoky Mananjary ST-DENIS PORT LOUIS
(Messina)
Ihosy Fianarantsoa
Inhambane Toliara Manakara RÉUNION MAURITIUS
Farafangana Islands
Quissico Tropic of Capricorn Ring-tailed (to France) r e n e
Xai-Xai Vangaindrano lemur
Masca
MAPUTO Tanjona Amboasary
Vohimena
MBABANE
SWAZILAND
Dundee APARTHEID
In 1994, Nelson Mandela
Pietermaritzburg (1918–2013) became the first
Durban black president to govern South
Africa. This historic event marked
N the end of white rule and the first
fair elections in the new “Rainbow
IA Nation.”Apartheid was a policy of
N racial segregation and restricted the
rights of black people.
D
EA
I N WILDLIFE
OC Southern Africa
is home to a huge
variety of animals. Numerous
parks have been created to protect
the animals and their habitat. The
Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier
Park joins parks in Mozambique,
South Africa, and Zimbabwe to
form the largest conservation
and ecotourism park in Africa.
I J K LMNO P
Europe
EUROPE Separated from Asia by the ridge of the Ural Mountains, Europe is
a continent of very different nations, listed below in order of their land
area. Each nation has its own language and culture, but they share
a 2,000-year history of civilization that has inspired some of the world’s
greatest political ideas, works of art, and innovations in technology.
Russia (Russian Federation) United Bosnia and
Kingdom Herzegovina
Germany Iceland Serbia
94,058 sq miles 19,767 sq miles
6,601,668 sq miles 137,847 sq miles 243,610 sq km 39,769 sq miles 29,913 sq miles 51,197 sq km
357,022 sq km 64,430,000 103,000 sq km 77,474 sq km 3,862,000
17,098,242 sq km 80,723,000 London 335,900 7,144,000 Sarajevo
Berlin English, Welsh, Scottish Reykjavík Belgrade Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian
142,355,000 Gaelic, Irish Gaelic Icelandic Serbian, Hungarian
German, Turkish (Magyar) Slovakia
Moscow
Ireland 18,933 sq miles
Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian, 49,035 sq km
Chuvash, various other national 27,133 sq miles 5,446,000
languages 70,273 sq km Bratislava
4,952,000 Slovak, Hungarian
France Finland Romania Hungary Dublin (Magyar), Czech
English, Irish Gaelic
212,935 sq miles 130,559 sq miles 92,043 sq miles 35,918 sq miles
551,500 sq km 338,145 sq km 238,391sq km 93,028 sq km
66,836,000 5,498,000 21,600,000 9,875,000
Paris Helsinki Bucharest Budapest
Romanian, Hungarian Hungarian (Magyar)
French, Provençal, German, Finnish, Swedish, Sami (Magyar), Romany, German
Breton, Catalan, Basque
Ukraine Norway Belarus Portugal Lithuania Estonia
233,032 sq miles 125,021 sq miles 180,155 sq miles 35,556 sq miles 25,212 sq miles 17,463 sq miles
603,550 sq km 323,802 sq km 207,600 sq km 92,090 sq km 65,300 sq km 45,228 sq km
44,210,000 5,265,000 9,570,000 10,834,000 2,854,000 1,259,000
Kiev Oslo Minsk Lisbon Vilnius Tallinn
Ukrainian, Russian, Tatar Norwegian (Bokmål, Belarussian, Russian Portuguese Lithuanian, Russian Estonian, Russian
“book language”, and Nynorsk
“new Norsk”), Sami
Spain Poland Greece Austria Latvia Denmark
195,124 sq miles 120,728 sq miles 50,949 sq miles 32,383 sq miles 24,938 sq miles 16,639 sq miles
505,370 sq km 312,685 sq km 131,957 sq km 83,871 sq km 64,589 sq km 43,094 sq km
48,563,000 38,523,000 10,773,000 8,712,000 1,966,000 5,725,000
Madrid Warsaw Athens Vienna Riga Copenhagen
Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Polish Latvian, Russian Danish
Basque Greek, Turkish, Macedonian, German, Croatian,
Albanian Slovenian, Hungarian (Magyar)
Sweden Italy Bulgaria Czechia Croatia Netherlands
173,860 sq miles 116,348 sq miles 42,811 sq miles 30,451 sq miles 21,851 sq miles 16,040 sq miles
450,295 sq km 301,340 sq km 110,879 sq km 78,867 sq km 56,594 sq km 41,543 sq km
9,881,000 62,008,000 7,145,000 10,645,000 4,314,000 17,017,000
Stockholm Rome Sofia Prague Zagreb Amsterdam
Swedish, Finnish, Sami Italian, German, French, Bulgarian, Turkish, Romany Czech, Slovak, Hungarian Croatian Dutch, Frisian
Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian (Magyar)
46
Switzerland Slovenia
15,937 sq miles 7,827 sq miles
41,277 sq km 20,273 sq km
8,179,000 1,978,000
Bern Ljubljana
German, Swiss-German, Slovenian
French, Italian, Romansh
Moldova Montenegro
13,070 sq miles 5,333 sq miles
33,851 sq km 13,812 sq km
3,510,000 644,600
Chisinau Podgorica
Moldovan, Ukrainian, Montenegrin, Serbian,
Russian Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian
Belgium The cathedral dome of
11,787 sq miles Santa Maria del Fiore
30,528 sq km dominates the skyline
11,409,000 of Florence, Italy—one
Brussels
Dutch, French, German of the world’s most
beautiful cities.
Albania
11,100 sq miles Kosovo Luxembourg Malta San Marino Vatican City
28,748 sq km
3,039,000 4,203 sq miles 998 sq miles 122 sq miles 24 sq miles 0.17 sq miles
Tirana 10,887 sq km 2,586 sq km 316 sq km 61 sq km 0.44 sq km
Albanian, Greek 1,883,000 582,300 415,200 33,300 1,000
Pristina Luxembourg Valletta San Marino Vatican City
Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Luxembourgish, German, Maltese, English Italian Italian, Latin
Gorani, Romany, Turkish French
Macedonia Cyprus Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco
9,928 sq miles 3,572 sq miles 181 sq miles 62 sq miles 0.77 sq miles
25,713 sq km 9,251 sq km 468 sq km 160 sq km 2 sq km
2,100,000 1,205,600 85,700 38,000 30,600
Skopje Nicosia Andorra la Vella Vaduz Monaco
Macedonian, Albanian, Greek, Turkish Spanish, Catalan, French, German, Alemannisch French, Italian, Monégasque,
Turkish, Romany, Serbian Portuguese, Castilian dialect, Italian English
47
BCDE FGH I
Scandinavia and Finland 1 Europe
The three scandinavian countries (Norway, Sweden, and 2
SKIING
During the winter months, 4
Denmark), along with neighboring Finland, are among the most northerly much of Scandinavia is 5
countries in Europe. Here the winters are long and cold. In the far north, 6
above the Arctic Circle, the Sun remains below the horizon for up to two covered with snow, so skiing 7
is a very popular sport. 8
2 months a year. Finland is the most densely forested country in Europe, North Cape Sami man in
Nand wood accounts for 30 percent of its exports. All four countries
E Aare highly industrialized and are among the wealthiest in the Magerøya (Nordkapp) VaBraangrerehnalvtøsyatSracedoaisttiuomnael
Sørøya
O Cworld. In the last few decades, a large number of refugees Porsangen
have found a new home here, and Scandinavia in particular
I Cis a lot more ethnically diverse than it used to be. Varangerfjorden
T3 Tana Kirkenes
C Ringvassøya Talvik Lakselv
Alta Tana
URBAN POPULATIONS Válljohka
RCopenhagen in Denmark
is the second-largest city
in Scandinavia after
Scandinavia has a high urban Lo Kvaløya innmarksvKidadriagasniemi
population. Many people live in
towns and cities, with less than Vestfj A Senja Tromsø Inarijärvi
one-fifth living in the countryside. Andøya Kaamanen
Since the region is covered in F
Stockholm, Sweden. lakes, fjords, and surrounded V e s t e r å l e n Harstad Ivalo RUSSIAN
4 by sea, many people also
live near the water. HinnøyNaarvik Kaaresuvanto an d Saariselkä
5
foten L a p lTorneträsk M Muonio LAPLAND
Northern Sweden and
orden uonionjoki Finland are known as
Kebnekaise Kiruna Sattanen Lapland. Here, the local
6946ft Sodankylä
(2117m) Sami people survive the
nen
Kolari Kiti cold and inhospitable
Ounasjoki climate by herding
Bodø Fauske Malmberget reindeer, which they
Tornionjoki breed for their meat,
n Svartisen Skalka Gällivare Kemijärvi Arctic Circle
milk, and skins.
a Kalixälven Rovaniemi FEDERATION
i Arctic Circle Jokkmokk Lule Ke alo Kuusamoijoki
g Mo i Rana älven m
e Kiv
a
rw Boden Haparanda Tornio
Se
Mosjøen Børgefjellet Kalix Kemi joki
o Vega Arvidsjaur Livo Pudasjärvi
6 Luleå
N
100 SoÅgn1lee0sf0juonJr2ddoK0etnr0ÅuisntnidahanlessSunimMnemødsoHlDaeldoiDntem2rFao0rTb6Gvø0år9yTlr4iosater6tonefftrnjtdeiSdnlthhdløeerimeViRvmneiestnfrSgjdFRoteaNeøerbmldiarsSnuoeømutknsjrnøjsaedorrdesnaLlevanKHgISvdeevarrieermSnnvtSbsodatvertaRaertsnvgSajglöistetkrn-atönmsuÖVniLsdlDjhtÅuSoseennStrlroatgmosonretuuirenuLnmaaHjmKduÖaTosranirdatmnnimanrslgåfkoHöSrusluddniskHvdsäivskravnlaLlölyllHeslcfatokenäsllmdevelsenunUdmNäerKåpSaeknskeP(aiNltlaeeänVårfpptaK(eäiaKöäoås)akarklHJ(ePoa(NbVaRiklSeoLaiyaoaeltaku)aabisNKpinKohraasuetäsäteeOo)amaajsuoaidurjpkräuTielir)uulvaeimOpuOelKuurleejuäijIotÄriekKsvJPlaäyaieKälnjvmiuaejääaikosnnopknisyikeoliäNSKiuPilriaSiemVnlolSHlajiatIeuänmkrSavsorekauaevanmasmkiitmiuiruKovsaasuesashaimlmJoioensuu
0 km iBothnia
0 miles
Ske Umeċlven
Ångermanälven
F I N L A N D7 Froha
N O R W A Y S W E D E N8
Gulf of
(2464m)
SkudBneLeresgifrjveoHinrkHadareHSduHnfeajgtaornaeurmgsdvkeuaeearnnn-lnidsgvgreeHernkradEriddaGfjnoegirPlKdoeoorrvnsgigdrDsudbrHSLnaaeaiønlmrGHlnngeomoedhlrfavetomeGinsknsjmaøveiMrkMjøSOsokaSsiSLsaHirLlpalOesmbsaotrrrGøgrmumMFsailliupnsKtgaaMdrolLsBrutaoadrdvläiknagVNeLäoeRBsrkäoatstleFaltnvanräiåldkSusAsonvlelesMStnaSaältaalunaSGndöräeTvdanviieUkelreerhppnTapämsbnayNlaorrtläalÅnjedlasnHdRavaumPoTa(ruÅirbkou()HHaaHnngäSkaömol)oeenHGlViFynuavinlinnnaflktaoaänäfaLdaERhsiipthHiiomEoäLLPkaSoiprIvpNoeoKeKnIoKruaovntotklaaa Joutseno
Å
9 9
Klarälven 10
Glåma 11
12
Setesdal 13
10 Sandnes Fredrikstad Halden Säffle Örebro Södertälje STOCKHOLM 14
Moi Evje Vänern 15
NSo er at h11 Strömstad Åmål Hjälmaren 16
Liknes
Arendal Mellerud Askersund
Kristiansand Nyköping THE SAUNA
Lidköping Mariestad The sauna, or steam bath,
Uddevalla Vättern Norrköping was invented in Finland about
1,000 years ago as a way of
Trollhättan Linköping cleaning and relaxing the body.
S kagerra k After a hot sauna, many Finns
Gothenburg cool off by plunging into an icy
aBorås Gotland pool (below) or a snowdrift.
(Göteborg)
Mölndal Jönköping Visby
Hjørring Læsø Kungsbacka
INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH
Manufacturing is an important source
Aalborg Varberg Oskarshamn of employment and wealth throughout
Scandinavia and Finland. Many of the
Hobro Randers Halmstad Ljungby Växjö Borgholm goods produced here, such as machinery,
Holstebro Viborg Kattegat Laholm Kalmar Öland medical and technological equipment, motor
vehicles (Sweden), and pharmaceuticals
Jutland Aarhus Helsingborg (Denmark), are exported all over the world.
RingFkjøobrding ( J y l l a n d ) In Denmark, many people also work in
D E N M A R K e12 agriculture, fish processing, and brewing.
Karlskrona NORWEGIAN FJORDS
SVarde The west coast of Norway has thousands
cEsbjerg of deep inlets, known as fjords, gouged
out of the mountains by glaciers during
l t iRømø
COPENHAGEN Lund Kristianstad
(KØBENHAVN) Hanöbukten
Kolding
Malmö
B aGERMANY Odense Storebæ Slagelse
Fyn
lt Sjælland Rønne
Bornholm
Lolland Møn
Falster
Nykøbing
the last ice age and then flooded by the
sea. The fjords run inland between
high mountains and make a favorite
destination for cruise ships bringing
BUILDING WITH WOOD tourists to admire the stunning scenery.
Much of Norway and Sweden, and two-thirds
of Finland, is covered by dense forests of birch,
pine, spruce, and other trees. Finland has
more than 16 times more forested land
per person than the European average. Scandinavia and Finland
Many people in the region work in
the forestry industry, producing
wood for the construction and
furniture industries. This great
natural resource is also used to
build homes and churches, like
this medieval stave church (left)
in Norway.
15
SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT
The people of all four countries are very
environmentally conscious and recycle as
many household items as they can. Strict
national laws protect the environment
from industrial waste and pollution,
although there is growing concern about
16 the levels of pollution in the Baltic Sea.
49 A BCDE FGH I
BCDE FGH I
The British Isles Shetland Isla n d s Unst 1 Europe
2
Yell 3
Fetlar 4
5
For such a small group of islands, the British Isles has a very rich Mainland 6
Lerwick 7
history. This is evident from its legacy of ancient ruins, medieval castles, 8
dramatic cathedrals, and grand country houses. Once a leading industrial
and colonial power, British monarchs ruled an empire that circled the globe.
2 As a result, English is still widely spoken around the world. Today, many SCOTLAND
traditional industries, such as shipbuilding, mining, and engineering, Islands Fair Isle Scotland and England united as a single
have declined, and the emphasis is now on banking and insurance, country in 1707. Today, however, Scotland is
as well as pharmaceuticals. The British Orkney Sanday a self-governing part of the UK, with its own
parliament and distinct legal and educational
Isles consists of two countries: the ATLANTIC Kirkwall systems. Edinburgh, above, is a popular city
United Kingdom of Great Britain OCEAN Mainland with a magnificent castle. Each summer, the
3 and Northern Ireland (the UK), and city hosts an international arts festival.
the Republic of Ireland. John o'Groats
Hoy
Thurso
Isle of Lewis Wick
Ben Hope North
3041ft Sea
(927m)
Wales has more Stornoway The Minch nds
than 200 castles.4 Outer Hebrides
St Kilda Harris North West HighlaUllapool Moray Firth
North The Little Minch peyInvernessElgin Fraserburgh
IRELAND Uist Isle of Peterhead
Tourists visit Skye
Ireland, attracted
by its unspoiled Stromeferry s
countryside and lively South Uist Mallaig Loch Ness S n t a i n
cities, such as Dublin Barra Aviemore Dee
(left). Once part of Rhum o u Aberdeen
Britain, Ireland gained M
5 U N I T ES DC O KT IL NA GN DD O MCaHstOleiIbcsgLnterRbresuidoehCfSsatseoSnewhibaErhsocrptoveiegouBnonepserDondCoRtfntganehoooou2rEdsfnnidaaematl0gnEelucecru0ohngDryomegrEe8oblc,gehauIocuS,estNrnslohLrobhlheBraiehiaoBrGovadgetaonDgsywneeplasoeyefrordr1ebyeaslaedsyren9asic.SajiLn2rtuentnetaeho2cmgrsEhkLisuteae.tsnaiotohginne-llnbrhedngosLsriEeswedorockrsluelmanooiigdimlerrCnhnlLUeielnoadadEpInogvtnr.rpsefeeangeoltrenrOafhtfroneymrdSedCat.rgoPNarhlobeAerarwrtandaNiLetdneCooeTNeoeuaIoiwwIggAMsrlOhhlRelrnnIeeFERmusEialoirlaTagDbtLlfyDhggNHubAhroenoefENKwdgJyLuRaiDorhFnrylroeNktanOyBdrtrbaeeSWDaBtlnorGaifalwnlarKniagensrimIoDpaAel(ItSBmBDLersan(ErOLrele1o4rtrienaoEatp3r4maUiPiLo4ses0rnNcOchoG3fntona6kkenmcdfFCivoLtKhdser)iMAsoclnielwkcSbAASyyPn)rSyNFroitrWeodiWrrsGutelthDhiownilutrtgaikeBmchihkDsanHfaPgerrguveaiFBrteroneroumosltnnfawnwhreinyclCr-tkeimoanFLUsDpnoras-lolLirnpiinfssocPEaalelaCteFerlkdrsniDthreireitchPKienurttSHGvehronbtfenaiadAoFduwAlsaotneatMrisrrBcobldtheSHghkorrrinuoeenaihllwatnTdslrtDsdohfTDsBuouueeNeeaeprrrpherrodlswoalawenimninnH-cTcgkdawaT-trHSSeosyLrhoetoaNNBPobfwnenelduifurergoeeeOhweoCtntotraledlMRdhatidemeWbrlthusTsaesuepatoaictHhlYsnidhoterltiiiledntfSoeodoitboshEedrnnrlltyrsepAeikaodshsutstsenEaMTttsbBstefuamhbsihhhsktNlannhureaeOeaeyaarpndStaieEevlnrBsllrolecNkncedarleoRecCgeaedicituc.a5irwtEGnanvorwsliauKyiLBn0itbbYagesegrpgnY’y0rldissp.lysiroroleiehMencvlO(lodcmbrayiogrepdrraeenofslgaairdAliyissignnoa.elgpaLunsn’TsshBasstsrhneggokotetTisttrHtuIlodgsinhtu,oro)oinEdli.noslidtuulhftisRsitnBtssenawsrsuoun2aiSleaotkdopnltd0rdiafifeonaneso0piiotnBec.e8orslbtifetcr,neoeifotoievimthsticfareflhbeeueaioaeensfrrUrniet,enehdKtxnehep’gdorselawrocoseointrtsaeouttrdlhneyt.henHseeiumxnopspgwaupliolrnleoifrvelaawaesctn,rieo,d,n. .
6 Inner Hebrides Grampian Ta Clyde
7
ands
Irish horse and s
8 rider on a
yne
training run
Ul s
Pe
Ribblen Onu
i
Bolton nes Huddersfield Grimsby
I R E L A N D NSoer at h9
E N G L A N D10
11
12
DBinaygBlaentrTyKrABialabllaeLybroeGenuygeaRhfylaewGCtaBahoalyeraklrnEweiBbntaaraMnlyyeLyisouungChsoLrtDoereuakegLrrhgiBmlWwpmWEiobiWansewuanceiaAetnkrbtnrgNhrnllntwLioeeshlisoeceanhEsnt,laaikannhgnmatSvwPCienadnsaeWraolpgagtdoYCsAniribusWoenhopntaodptoalrfnosCmhst1Loautgushahkaha5ltrgebteonleeeme3oNaehldlntanglrie6niecaaefsnaeil,ldonewwllcmsdbpllryitEiiutrbLgddntehoKnurtnir.eeeadeiignrsdlldcdueiyklsiiga.titncoseteaiRpethinnudCioispuSn.otLnansStehCigwnsMyuorsaetb,eeoWlii.myrocttyorGashaawuleieWcnnoktelraogxiwnfeDPo’sAesrDnUdrMCkzHúlaBhaionlnvfwacoLeLNneFrraIIedfinsNoorwheHrigSqgldasthuuwvChAaaaeeBayrunisodrSrsteddtFAHTeeimaArgnloalulmiaIbglnlryBlfneBoeohSrLCarsaaBueBlyweraacraastnyTamronthndmsyawymetgowDnalaByoublBpyirtrsartetnihilehsrdheSSttaeoeaPmnWlfnWllBotECMEooyaCLrCxiExhewosdArmmeaihaBoxskarvBPnttdmLmueooeorneoerSTounnoadeurErnbehWaCtlrtnohtcthci-urrpShTrTaSseoihfTieonoauoeaMfiaoiatnwtlvnnlKsporbodnevsotaqssonBeikreedbruttlrrGLereoBriBdu-aCdyWMhn-laermiypoorNyerayerooernummmeswrrYe-tcWcwyeTieepienoSnressptstveytBtoogtiPSomenleenrnoohrrrrioteStsBoMuahuataleCtltoimDehSsatnhNobClhttgnseEaauohwTeMacrmArfhSroeybhfsatlnhliodtmphyetldlStereHeeRtsoaBdoNswnfoiitvemglfieonelheCnsaiNwhrurenapoTLKduplmrOdhtGvdioennoenNNoWeuDrOyLeenItcgnnDoiseinoaamlxnlOdtpteitneLcPfrctoifoNohotcuHsyieooafnneauWrtslaWrrsKsgdotdotttvtieeheLisBfnhneagHtrimtordtrhnanheoBsWsttemctoroveoiorUnoeuSWdnPlgKktnSBtfeFThotiLaArtneieCoshritWeLnlggvudrfCbLTersaetoOahhEobCarhCswnernHotnhaSoNdaodknlymsaLKrehgoenyordiDyngnbnelgENuooa,ngFnraeaOowei'gnlsswdMnslsthksigpHmNbNeSoarenosasaaoCointwdsruoohkreut-srlnwiSeilttnnnecltIoehhpeggCiCTnaceaeLhsscHuhennaioFwsntantetynMwdDreneliewiore-oclrxeablYGnhivsscrutearthtgorhreorywaemaftetteouthShaTrent9
Barrow L 10
11
Wye 12
Severn
Exe
Tamar
Land’s End banks of the River Thames. It is the political and financial
Channel center of the country, as well as home to more than
Isles of Scilly Islands Alderney 8 million people. One of its
most popular attractions
0 km 50 100 ST PETER is the London Eye—
a giant ferris wheel,
13 Wales playing Scotland at PORT Sark 443 ft (135 m) high. 13
rugby in the Millennium GUERNSEY
Stadium, Cardiff 0 miles 50 100 (British Crown
Dependency)
MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY ST HELIER
Britain once controlled a world empire with
colonies in every continent. Many people— JERSEY
(British Crown
from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Dependency)
the Caribbean in particular—came here and Stonehenge in southern
England was built from
brought their cultures with them, as well about 3000 bce onward.
as settling into British life. Today, about
one in eight British people are from
14 an ethnic minority background. 14
15 15 The British Isles
BRITISH LANDMARKS Each pod is nearly entirely
Tourism is a major industry in Britain.Visitors come from all over the
world to see the many churches, castles, and ancient monuments, such see-through, giving the occupants
16 a view of the whole city beneath 16
as Stonehenge (above), and to admire the pretty villages. Many also them when it reaches the top.
come for the theaters, galleries, and shops in Britain’s vibrant cities.
51 A BCDE FGH I
BCDE FGH I 1 Europe
2
The Low Countries 3
The netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg are known as the 4
ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 5
Low Countries because the land is so flat and low-lying. In the case of Every year, around 30,000 sea-going ships and 110,000 barges call at 6
the Netherlands, much of the land is below sea level—Netherlands is Dutch the port of Rotterdam. Lying at the mouth of the River Rhine, this port 7
for “under lands.”The three countries are among the richest in Europe and, is the largest in the world and is where vast container ships from all 8
2 while farming still plays an important part, they all have strong, modern over the world load or unload their cargoes. The smaller barges help
economies based on manufacturing and trade. Luxembourg in particular is to transport goods farther inland. With the port’s advanced Vessel
known as a tax haven and is a major center for international finance. Their Traffic Service (VTS) it’s possible to track ships on a radar screen up
to 37 miles (60 km) off the coast and 25 miles (40 km) inland.
location at the mouth of the River Rhine and other major
European rivers places the three countries at the heart of
western European trade and politics—all three were
3 founder members of the European Economic
Community (now the European Union, or EU),
established in 1957.
Tulips were introduced
4 to the Netherlands from
Turkey in 1562. Black
tulips were the
most valuable.
Dutch tulips
lands
5 is i a n i l I s en)
6 Wa d de ne a nd
Schiermonnikoog
RECLAIMING THE LAND Land below sea F r Ameland
Over the centuries, the Dutch have reclaimed land from the level on main map (
sea. They did this by building huge dykes, or dams, to keep out t Terschelling Eemshaven
the sea, and then draining the surface water into canals. Windmills
originally pumped out the water, but electric pumps are now used. s enzee Dokkum Loppersum Delfzijl
Menaldum
W Vlieland d Winsum Zuidhorn Appingedam
e
Leeuwarden Groningen
Wad
Texel Harlingen Drachten Leek Haren
IJssel Zuidlaren
GERMANYSneekJoureAssenVlagtwedde
Borger
Heerenveen
Den Helder Wolvega Beilen
DUTCH PEOPLE Schagen I J s s e l m e e r Steenwijk Hoogeveen Emmen CROPS
The Dutch once ruled a vast empire Fertile soil and
7 in Indonesia, the Caribbean, and Opmeer Emmeloord Meppel Coevorden good irrigation
South America. As a result, many have helped the
Alkmaar Hoorn Staphorst Netherlands become
a major exporter of
nationalities now live here. Castricum N E T H E R L A N D S Hardenberg
Ethnic minorities make up
aaoanbfnoopdnurii-tnmD1sa5uortypmcehserccbhceaiontcoitkelgsoc,rfhotthiuhledn(eT’rSmdepH-.nGeaEojRhopAarlHiVvetyeEANNHGVoAeUaoGlLarsAEEHndee)waiMnZdaei-jeNkeZSrnlooTeoeEmrtRSdeaDrsmseAHneMhielevriemZAUrasmtuParmsunetrcsemhtlvateedBreaeZnanAerFdinlsmltAeAevmproeeeLllZVeardselanyEfeoadsowdsotsNoeaoerulndrndntespeetDZwieDroZeeRulnvliGtejepsEAosnhiTeoblteunmreenbrrDebgeleeonrngHeanHmDaEHaenkenssenbckgehaermegloedpne agricultural products,
8 with vegetables and
tomatoes forming
important crops. It is also
famous for its bulbs and
cut flowers, notably tulips.
SchoVulwSapGaeniorjedkreienenOgivDseseDneerlfoflatrkdOkreoeesRctheotrthtoeurGtdoaudmVWlaiejmrkeenndaNme’sd-eHr RBeeijrrgntWsoeOMagaaeslsEnlsbtoNsCicjAumhijrcenkghhieneenm(Rijn)R Winterswijk
as Ulft
9 0 km 25 50 75 9
50 10
0 miles 25 75 11
12
a th BeNveoloarndd- Tholen Breda Schijndel 13
Nieuw-Bergen 14
r Middelburg Roosendaal Tilburg 15
Oirschot Helmond Horst 16
Goes
N oS ePMoVpideedur(iOernnloOgkeseBestrletRakenneodnkeedeTF)snoZIeleberlphaaeeeorbrnLgruereeudtiegegreMAVKsBDaloiolerstusZuArieinstwnrsgOczrsgeiereeoGjeovknssne(tnheGbWg((deeBBueeenrnRmrstugtGtUet)graSsgSvcZBEeMehSETLu)reRneie/elnidrgBldUnlAtehRe--eBxUBiSNeuHeAeeXMSnzilvavkEaeeEelLellnllareLsaLceEtanhnSSsd)eleunSpKceE(AlaAhsKOpnsnaaeWvettlneemlwHwlarereievtbjnLehrTrsrseeepeorreeuepuelmntBvtk)aeealnTToriLlueeVoGHnrZ-menHeoeLalhenndemasolhrnhsetueodoBoltlvevegteenrinnRnBOigeereumgnpKeseGEitynyikeGBrenonredeolkSeeWihMoeomenaevEeracertShesunnttsrHtieRVceroKRhaeeeaenertrVlulmrseevkonenrnraldode
Scheldt
R
Ijzer
Scheld AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
The old architecture and picturesque canals make
Dender Liège Herstal Amsterdam one of the most visited cities in Europe.
B E L G I U MAth Occasionally the canals freeze over and city officials
Tournai Verviers Our may decide it’s safe for people to go skating. When
they do, men and women of all ages, from very old to
Seraing very young, take to the ice. Amsterdam is also home
to some great museums, including the Van Gogh
Hautes
Péruwelz Leuze-en-Hainaut Gembloux Éghezèe nne Fagn Museum, Rijksmuseum, and the Anne Frank House.
Mons La Louvière NamurMeuse Huy esBotrange
2277ft (694m)
Jemappes
Erquelinnes Binche Charleroi Malmédy
Thuin Gerpinnes Ciney e
G E R MANYamMarche-en-Famenne
Walcourt Dinant Ourthe Cyclists have their
Our own traffic lights –
Fag ne F Alzette
Rochefort Weiswampach
E this one is green
BELGIAN QUALITY Couvin C Bastogne se Hosingen for “go”.
Belgium is renowned for its beautiful historic buildings
and for its excellent food, especially chocolates. Belgians FR Recogne den n Sûre
13 have been making top-quality chocolates for more than A
100 years, and pralines, a type of filled chocolate, are Semois A r Diekirch
a speciality. Brussels even boasts a chocolate museum. Ettelbrück
Neufchâteau LUXEMBOURG
N Étalle Arlon Grevenmacher
Aubange LUXEMBOURG
Virton Pétange
Esch-sur-Alzette Dudelange
14 Luxembourg’s flag (top
left) is similar to that of
the Netherlands (below).
TRILINGUAL The Low Countries
The Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg lies
between Germany, CYCLING
The flatness of the land makes
France, and the Netherlands ideal for cycling,
Belgium. As a and more than half a million
result, the majority people cycle to school or work
15 of the people are each day. Lines of 20–100
trilingual—German children cycling together to
and French are school are common. Most of
widely spoken as is the roads have special cycle
Luxembourgish, the national lanes, and bicycles are often the
language. The capital, also quickest form of transportation
known as Luxembourg, to get around the crowded towns
has around 150 banks. and cities. The use of bicycles
also reduces car use and thus
cuts down the amount of
16 air pollution.
53 A BCDE FGH I
BCDE F GH I Europe
NUCLEAR POWER 1
France Three-quarters of France’s electricity is produced
by nuclear power plants (above), making the country 2
In direct contrast to its mainly rural landscape, France largely self-sufficient in energy and one of the main
producers of nuclear power in Europe. 3
is a modern nation with most people now living in towns and Hydroelectric plants are also
cities. While industry makes up the largest section of its economy, an important source of power.
tourism also plays a big part—France is the world’s most visited
2 country. A land of varied scenery, from gently rolling farmland
in the north to a stretch of dry, warm Mediterranean coast in the
south, France also shares two mountain ranges—the Pyrenees
and the Alps. Each of the 22 regions within France, which includes
the island of Corsica, has its own distinct
identity and culture. The tiny
3 countries of Andorra and
Monaco lie next to France.
Boules, the HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
France has Europe’s fastest train, the TGV – train à grande vitesse –
which travels at up to 186 mph (300 kph) during normal services.
4 national game of In 2007, a modified TGV even set a speed record for conventional
trains of 357.2 mph (574.8 kph). The TGV network 4
of Dover
Dunkerque
St-Omer Tourcoing
connects Paris with all the country’s major cities,
France, is still which makes it easier to commute or visit
relatives. It also extends to Germany,
played in village G IItaly, Belgium, Switzerland,
CThuannnneellStrait BEL
Calais
Uand through the Channel
sqtuhaerceosuanrtoruyn. d M5Boulogne-sur-Mer
6
7
O CA T L F R A N C E8
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C Poi
N
sCaAtaaofTCtohhhnnfhVoavreaoddaelciIntltrAvefeacUcFtawisTd-olaarcKIeewrtrgetAOidrronaoiiecoieNetpcnromhfhdbba.mitIoueTnnGhNuwdtsphdephteD,eiaeh,urtartnUyeimheemonvcieSciempaoa3-1soTsnintr0e9-aoRiat,o0o7bronaYnSkm0nuipegprpe,ieaceiiltajrcntrrosonaasasditdninfieousrtundechsrfcrdgitu,cealrelnhyfert.adsBn.iAagrenrdgitlzeMt olBanatORyA-dolÎoMrélencAercR-aonéPhMdlocnqaer’eDehyaiusToagladrPOlSsenLsnGxenieaaaarsottitascnuunheacrtaeMideRHCznseoeoassAcenBurhmoiNoCASlecnltaherfDr-anodGsmLTCrOdrGoeuaieotamnbeaRCauAtCaogrroeiaodRgbsgunIunuhsseAncaetrAlxnahenceMsnaslLANerscAaoenDDrennrgVBAaotOLtoeDEgsarPieiruoeLunmRgdaPrnlLLbmédeêoRooAorrMFamtgigiaoeAggnnLconriueeeCxsioGeseassATtausaBvtioxcCleeoluyaalunLrchGBlCoraoCouirnbauFlariumseiodvisGrglsAsTrceanlroeiLaameuurPa-nlRaisyulrAClmrulesalcoadioGeoaolllsor-dbihlerunnnasipmueieTécnntzxtiBrae-gUaeFuérstnexzsMTnMeairaelrnrFNoanrarMRSasnortniMArLo-ncotbFdampethAlnouinongCeengtguvdnlnldéuurelaeveeVieçIneesridoscnSrSTgoohnNnèthicynAr-etiîeÉeDeCmrerutidsgMiseleèoseAsoeAcinnPtnrhlMCnSuèTlteoeséaRayVaeMLrslromrPiagatmyariMluraaigneeovaerunâranrsSgTnecessBcLtuaoseoeA-oOrenDCnalivrlhslsreaSiVcl-ôgnantlVVeoPSie-meegnmanEor-inoeSllgoieoloranvGrenonSBueèPAnenutr-nlovnrdd-aieAAeecCurioxeeéneCbnumlr-v-ra-gibeaoBoGubeTM-auenntdébaPInogangarepr-nlnticuCon-BeeeHDBeeevÎyorhluylreiousea-elaènDqrsSennsracmuisAdaeçenCgee’oscvbanHnennoeénynrièeeylTreecM6CethG0sysoN7ooC7-LelP1C6CnB0Sndan7ai8atfoeLtaeekcgt83son.lnAiv-1(Mesief4(teidB4nntan1t5sfnul8nte(o8,è-se72r0nv5(eMtn7127rt0ias18e0mmoBbrfd88nMtd)l)m3e’atAmn)sOc)zNu rAcntwtaFANrcgcooehohnRoCamhogwweemdaEbOirieetolonNemsesRessn’n’CeemdoLmo-acgssmrhHnqiaaiiseFauredlfdgiakerCtruleSeyeeakec.gussfHhrnAtoeieufBcoerrEcirhaahotrnfnetiEsrile.amde’l.oaSsyeMv,sBmEsebnCaeoesassuset,mtniv-ateekarmnianolbwernt,Vienne
9 Saône 9
10
M a s s i f10 Ango sère 11
C e n t r a l11 12
Médoc l 13
SPP AyI Nr e n e e s M e d MONACO12 p 14
s
ne ITALYA
Lan Dauphin
s Rhône
Ro Côte
i t e r r a n e a n S e a0 km 50
100 150
0 miles 50 100 150 Monte Cinto
8878ft (2706m)
13 TOUR DE FRANCE
The Tour de France cycle Corsica
race was first held in 1903
and is the most important (Corse)
sporting event in France.
Every July, thousands of Ajaccio Monte Incudine
people line the route to 7008ft
support their favorite team Sartène (2136m)
or cheer on the winner. The
race covers about 2,500 miles Bonifacio Bonifacio
(4,000 km) and is divided into Strait of
14 20 or more daily stages.
15 VINEYARDS 15
HISTORIC HOMES The Romans first planted grape vines in 16
During the 15th and 16th centuries, French aristocrats built beautiful southern France about 2,000 years ago.
châteaux, such as Chenonceau (above), in the Loire Valley, Bordeaux,
Today, France is the world’s major
16 and other regions of France. These houses were elaborately decorated wine-producing country, selling
by the best artists and craftsmen. Today, most are state-owned and a range of wines for the home
open to the public. market and for export. The type
of wine produced depends on
the soil, location, and climate
where the vine is planted.
Wines from Burgundy,
Champagne, and the Rhône
valley are sold worldwide.
France
55
A BCDE FGH I
BCDE FGH I
1
Germany and the Alpine States Europe
Lying at the very heart of europe, Germany is 2
THE JOY OF UNIFICATION
one of the world’s wealthiest nations. It is also Europe’s After World War II, Germany was split, with 3
leading industrial power. To its south lie the Alpine states a US-backed capitalist state in the west
of Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. The and a Russian-backed state in the east. Built in
2 region is famed for its beautiful Alpine scenery, mountains, 1961, the Berlin Wall was 96 miles (155 km)
and lakes. German is the main language in all but Slovenia. long and was designed to stop East
However, each of the five countries has its own distinct Germans from leaving for a
history, culture, and national identity. Indeed, since 1815, better life in the West. The wall
Switzerland has been recognized as a neutral nation, and divided Berlin and separated
has stayed out of all the wars that have affected Europe. families, friends, and a
nation for 28 years. When
3 Germany was unified
(reunited) in 1990, the wall
was officially demolished.
D E N M A R K B a l t i c S e aWesterlandNorth FrisianSch
ENmoWdEra(deOiseltsnChtnFflrreoieesspliimBsapWcnrheLsDeeneIehsIemenbelaasnlruenvmleerndegr)rsenhnCHahuevoOlBxgerBaohlsnlyadaatHsnevsuduHensmuenbRNilmdeBReuEIeesntolrFrSzumwdsgleteemesaVishnbmhdngeoüguoe-rsearnderbHCgrneKsSutanotneicSnreelhncalgshrletSleeeWosNKsslwteiaDHonaKlpiuasrgEapedineuKeBnmneLtliulLenirüeOcnüslnUbhFebltnbdreteeueBeFeehldzerocmnrbShegtkibgamunazlureazrnMrngrwgPnbeueEuWcBdtlkBrtbeGWeSgliLgueltPelutüctcanaiehdshrbsrtndtwmcurwbehoriPgnaeigwemeersrWrrgrlulieRSeansNObtrtoDrneersaeeaWruMtglmWmnssToatiüuemüerircrtetnenBnitkietlMnsnzbeddiNrttroueozaegwrcluegckrhnPuirnNpGepnerizeunRlSibaPüfAausrogsWnwasmeEknnnoBbaleAiPaltdragleaznmadyBeasrgnaessnietwdwaObrnmaFadurlelükredrgniheedan-eFwinalodwe(Nordfriesische
IIsnlsaenlnd
4 s 4
5 GERMAN INDUSTRY )
5
With its coal and iron mines, the Ruhr Valley in Celebrations at the
was once the powerhouse of the German Brandenburg Gate marking
economy. Today’s industry ranges from NETHERLANDS the 10th anniversary of the
engineering to high-tech goods. Quality Ems fall of the Berlin Wall
Weser GENEVA
assembly and design make GinetrhmeRaDwhnioLüyDnARKreBtUsLlahuedrisetecB.BceXibevhklsofuAa.eleeblcnrdliTgrshlnnkuRddkroeogiohNurneElrerhgtBohsrfifisnaeeforseidiunnslmehcDsnWMRhnoeüeh(CiMlnrsütmKWentoSoSnlöiesiBnWocceilnslhelhoenoltLiisue)cNgneibnhrDpMfOgBeKneaABgupoPureosodaeheigpfmewnneuirbeenplOMrnelHnabtiHnalteleznemgipbaraaSrfeddsenrlgremtrMibuüaeezflFDddouamgcntrrirrkeGesddagWbpnüenha(DetrGoHHnkgetlMaOPizazrWfaedHsrlaKneufaslMmnealodfisnasrrrrleeuohidbesotsnLnnnutsrveHvadgaabrbeesegheedmeloahrnnnr)tcsrenhisMmFBeHuaadünlWGdniNHanföüGoeeCtrlrSPrNoSdLesttezefhicoitlecCeibnlEhhenrhSeslodiduregewatmabfheBnreuluenagrznrSuifraggWneutsuElefiBhsitunonstallHKrelsemtfSrabcrsotlhebebbnWnnewSeauHadrrcserBaegahtaHJHgillarBiemfMlgaodSeaBlaneclntafeldaMyhlaMrdrergönüe-eanbdNnunreuckePetbbPrhtGhDlbguerubHaoecesueeurLatkdtsgrrrDsieeawgnsZagdöndiaiiwpctbautOhzzemi(elicEnnTgrCkorehazrRLgLgueüiuaeEeMmbusdibbsaBwixenaetrBncoEingiPseghhtaenirszs.RrüF)unfDnLeyitenaüantLlrSuesdb)etpInSeberNsesreetdBnwenaafeHdaCtuetnlodotaFnzyerGntbeaetuenLndrbrbösgkeuebwZGfrnasiuetuöOtrrartddluiaetzr Geneva lies on the shores of
6fourth-largest car producer S a ale POLAND Lake Geneva, Europe’s largest 6
7FOOD AND DRINK Alpine lake. This orderly 7
The annual Munich (S Sa city is a global center 8
G E R M A N Y ItTGahleiearmnS,waanins,sdFsrRpenoeamchka,nsh.8Oktoberfest is Germany’s for banking and
biggest beer festival. finance. It is also
Entertainment includes a base for many
parades and music. international
organizations,
such as the
Red Cross.
Rhine
BELGIUM
E
Main
BirkenKfealdiserslautWeronrms Ludwigshafen Erlangen Forchheim Bohemia
Mannheim Fürth
Merzig Heidelberg
Nuremberg
Neunkirchen
( S cB lhawcakr zFwoarleds) t Schwandorf
(DoDnaanu)u b e
kische Alb
C Z E C H I A9
10
A U S T R I A11
S W I T Z E R L A NAD l p I T AsL Y S L O V E N I A IA12
TtrSqfWmfaiihenWrurhpasiis0daertttkuIhdrSkwesSwttmzaStltwaauyhrtwWitrilpiesoeegstiar,Ansertw-thtsTrciwifaOnteemhoC tosve5n,rccHieerx0shaoeqlppntELdn,uxuaiotSawtednneahrcudttltiteeird.htwSyNsstyefeG(h’aiaaesNGreuLtsnaeLd1ceGcatehah0ernnuLencCâb.-0ncaeeFtdhèheekroevvlaveâünauaetcdexB8)ksl-B1aGF0eedMr0rrnneMfJetKaaoBtu(rBPüirnB2OdSELebToe4rlrtaBöPrmlanh6zfThieuhannar9aunfishBemsenritmSreneisdesauyiiignge)rmneoegcBenlr(1MKeenh4nblK4ASniane4dAEda,meu67t-hauleAietS9l8BRnNrepRlpr2(acmrrPggRafrlhhsshetNe)sfoWedhaiLurorZnennBfMeau1(Esüifere3rhnn3thirazhi9gi),iarS6(g0gan7ce2Zh5ie2rhg0RdLuB0mus7S5imLsea0osü8ttSepfegAS5kute)frtriileltmLoeeuanmafanuzntV-O)gcntseeSPhtZesVlircrlaitenRSülELcnnhsigWsceooNVnrSwghnoctiacgIrtwiacetdASeLhnwureerhiunyBwnrnnrtStnerzgLieehtnosäeiaoaKlhelrsbLlikinictennHoiuneokhoisgzmfCndaeScuoGreochaswiCFurUnnhLVtlnenörhlbsaaieIilAtNgukpAaenmrEbrntDspoedlzBSycbCbuGitnrUeKrno.uieH-MlanZcvgoUgWrhel(goseeTlANlrtsedHemnrlneMhEoiiaüneztserrazsBlseKNrrd(ieeDfdmnseBBnnIeTSMa,oenbmmbrnaSTnnKieenuvlniyapohnEanFrrisFdugvegtüugaezbIewreesfer)iNAlrnräsbnmrhnöneuine9Zuerani)7utcuioagB1mhbgrkaR8neessafptcnebvi4la(tB5g2zuamI0e9rnee86rrenf2ggM(intnmMaRR(eos1)Sreno3üubclPgS7shsna4utenAetswmrcsnarIanhin)lagsucdnhLpetzbahantHes(iu1Dn)Dni2GfomKog,da4rnhin6ostAa4Is1zDuhenu4Psflbbgt5)nPpeluüöel2(ooegTc3fhLtcnnPtkc7gkieea(k9IeanRneS1ln8ineeu3sninmFPnrare5zsdeagk)7odalsomzrrsrueTirnb)emofViGssulKNioLmtVlrorolJJögaiiepvncHUcWcBsaaekae(LharBDuluDnieAadEreokziLalblbnzcptnesIaaeKerJseeuunlPucnnbnAer)hboecrasklesenNtrejLogAji4LEKnnS4oJnai8tlubznae5ldsfygPtLerM(SZaTee1nswar3sonübb6WnWberfu7oCzKktuemrvoitzegenotr)llVulljnftčjePePsseeecbleöverhNerjSlBnlcHNetroFaahaGjgeiveegovsdtanuocrolhlAaVslKaMbtdlözaaTpPrbsMsceEšdedutrlhknsiuatolusMetolajuernornfrnisdnistbeteMTarolbrdV(ZuarWatarDicIssyhkkErIaEaiaraNSNvNcSnaeheeo)uNebsnioeAdtlaerNeckar 9
10
SLOVAKIA 11
12
FRANCE Mur HUNGARY
G
Rhône C R OAT
0 miles 50 100 independent in 1991. Although the population is only Gulf
2 million, the national culture is strong. The famous of Istra
13 Lipizzaner show horses are named after the Slovenian The opera ball 13 Germany and the Alpine States
farm where they were first bred. Venice
in Vienna
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Vienna is a city of Baroque
buildings, palaces, and
famous concert halls.
Grand balls with traditional
waltzes are still customary.
14 These are a reminder of when 14
the city was the center of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire,
which controlled large parts
of east and central Europe.
15 15
ALPS The high and graceful stride 16
The Alps run from southeast France and spread eastward through of the Lipizzaner horses makes
16 Switzerland and northern Italy into Austria and Slovenia. A them excel in competitions.
popular tourist destination, the Alps are famous for dramatic
scenery and winter sports.
57 A BCDE FGH I
Europe
BCDE FGH
Spain and Portugal Spanish families tend to
eat dinner late, at around
The countries of spain and portugal share an area of land 9 pm. So after school,
children eat a snack
called the Iberian Peninsula. In the north, this land is cut off from the called a merienda.
rest of Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains, while to the south, it is
separated from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. The region was once
rac1Euis4vtl9iideed2disedanobnmcfydeAuI,soncflohfadrtmaohalfuiecwiEcrpíuhaceri.ulooTelppt,hulePeer.oeMDfrrtcouuoamgroniadconrlssonvigtccueowitaltnrralhmetttthbherroeeierreA2osuses0whfnevrwtiheenidpcennesacirtr,n,eeiuwnkSnartnpuhthlbuloaleiyuecrnwdyih1dli,dns9ebbwhi7fynaoe0ecsgatbsrohst.etrnehuidtnteraoiMltnlh, oeoSSdFaraienssnCtPRtdet.aaraoiebrbaoUnCAexatirríetmaaavAO(alLeiLMudñaadCtaaureCraorsaocorhrsuuaGññOSaaa)aLCanlaltíriniBbaFceagetlilaoriñnraodozoleCshCVaoinlmLMatualbpodganoaofsotreCtleAaLousTraitrdncPueaiooPlrrnlaifevaeLiraarsaArPaovdiClalaéasOMn(GvCXitieLaiieájxbreodóVeabónniosnln)lrCadaCqivaeuicoclniisanCotttasaaaabmLVrlíaeinnaredse
2 They are now modern Marín Ourense
3 democracies and popular Astorga
4 tourist destinations. Vigo Ponteareas (Orense)
5 Xinzo de Limia Castilla-León
6 HARVESTING CORK MiMñoinho
7 Cork is made from the outer bark Ponte da Barca Bragança Benavente Palencia
8 of the evergreen cork oak tree. Embalse de Valladolid
9 Viana do Castelo Chaves
The bark is carefully stripped Ricobayo
58 off, flattened, laid out in sheets, Braga
and then left to dry. The cork Póvoa de Varzim Guimarães Zamora
is used for many products, Vila do Conde Vila Real Toro Duero
such as stoppers for wine
bottles, matting, and tiles. Matosinhos Douro Lamego Embalse Medina del Campo PSegovia
São João da Madeira de Almendra
Portugal is the world’s Porto (Oporto)
leading exporter of cork. SSalamanca
Vila Nova de Gaia
Ovar
Aveiro Albergaria-a-Velha
Ílhavo Viseu Ávila l
P O R T U G A LAlto da Torre Guarda Ciudad-Rodrigo Cen t r a
Covilhã
Figueira da Coimbra 6539ft (1993m) Béjar SiSerirsat deemGar edos
Serra da Estrela
Foz Talavera
Plasencia de la Reina
Leiria Castelo Branco Coria
LISBON Tomar Tagus Embalse de
Portugal’s capital city Embalse Valdecañas
Entroncamento Abrantes
de Alcántara Cáceres
is Lisbon, which is Caldas da Rainha
situated at the mouth Peniche Santarém Trujillo Herrera
of the River Tagus on Torres Vedras Portalegre del Duque
a series of steep hills Coruche
Extremadura
and valleys. In 1755, CaSsciAnatilsmraSaeBdtaaúíbaadB(LlLeaIISrSrBeBOirOAo)NAlcÉávceoErrsatdroemSaoSldze’rOrassaElvAalsmenBdaZraadlfearjajooz Mérida Villanueva de la Serena
two-thirds of the Don Benito
city was completely Guadiana Castuera los BarrosPuertollano
destroyed by an Villafranca de Pozoblanco
earthquake and tidal Setúbal Jerez de los Azuaga
wave but was rebuilt
with beautiful squares Tltsortrarcaenamelsstpssaoaanrrntedad attioaofuenparoiftsouptrrsue.blfFSaoaioonIispvrnSthfldaeihfHtvLitoironnmmhfeItirp1iNgshlemsaiao,b hhe1fGinnnloinl0ioosduynondh0ofsrgsuPditctnmhoosssagt,rlnaaArotainstlunnetlearlgpsgdairtaseniwSPkclolrotrão.hiniyutccSorahseastCp,vhauVtllawaaeraagfi.ciblcsraniweeegtolephan’eiestdsnutS-lscleecstssi.-aPnotcHdmrtioaaeelcelolrshaasveottwcneeinhafmysLlleeonieavonpãpedgoefgoeAteofrsofo,daiEsupslruhotlger,uo’snapderO’svFuAareyOiVrBaqoaelmuhljTevaão(GaeGonvrutdiorelleaffodoLedfCIaLlsCeesrlCCaoiSplCCsaaraateamtáiBLdnnebCdiaugaienairNFzzHazzobbe)aenCauarsraltávnleedeadLaSlerSdva(onSieSLeSzastAdeearivFavlbnogriiiretallaJilonjluabAaefrDca)alJoGlnaeogrirMFsbeUerrazHcobaGCOinlrdeaErutitaeqRarasrOemtrdmuserMaOleavoplaqenMoCunCrainaOvoaCóRaaG(iCrtsEsoFrroOuAcbuIePrndinBUenajeduoaanltCKealRtmÁeblgo)aCAaAqAlaiaíLnoronrun(MuotcrLdseodahclteoTaareaSiaaAlMndpnBAlRdatloauucoiíeRnnáaojcra)lauoíllaSadaneogctleea
and public buildings.
Many explorers have set
sail from Lisbon in their
quest to find new lands.
Costa de
A BCDE FGH
Spain and Portugal
I J K LMNO P
SPANISH CITIES 1
The majority of Spanish people live in
towns and cities. Madrid is the largest
Spanish city and the capital of Spain.
Tourists flock to Barcelona, capital
of Catalonia and a leading cultural,
economic, and industrial hub. Bilbao,
home to the magnificent Guggenheim
Museum, is the capital of the Basque
region and a busy port.
The Guggenheim, a modern art 2
museum in Bilbao 3
4
Santander Bermeo The Pamplona bull run 5
Laredo Zarautz is an annual fiesta that 6
Donostia/San Sebastián 7
Torrelavega Eibar Irun takes place in July. 8
9
Bilbao sque Coun Tolosa
ís Vasco) 59
try
Pamplona
P y F R A N C EReinosaTheBa FIESTAS
(P a In Spain, many towns hold their own fiestas,
r e n e e sBuLredAgrermoaDnasudSdEeaelVriBoLOiuotsrmoggroarLioaañ-dMGRoeAiariEraosnbnStjerdTaeoodaairorziaazTNouECnsdataaeelallavlhao-a(CLrIrairzrualaaEñrbrtarrao)aayuEldojesZaCaadJrbaeacaalgleoroHzsuMaeosnc3ta3Fe4rP8(LaLmeBlgréedaarMiiidrddVbooaiaanl)aLsztafórroaSnenT(ucàBaCrCadrdlV'aeaaUCeaggtetrllaulgarPasveeelelrlTnulBroeaeeñndrrèAgariSsaaa)NasbsDaaSOidtgeReMlsRRLl ai’pAHBnVolioallcelsruMpPcAaeaitrltaelBaaomnalBGreynnóólFsiaytsriandogodeelunePseeMsaarlLeaaC(slGrfooreusbrgotrneeallg) at or festivals, to celebrate a special event in their
Ibérico a Brava history or the birthday of their patron saint.
stema These fiestas differ from one region to another.
A I NGSiuearrdaadrreama Medinaceli Aragón Reus El Vendrell One of the most famous is held in Pamplona,
where the brave run with the bulls.
Daroca Alcañiz Tarragona
Minorca
Tortosa BI salleaarneds)s (Menorca)
Amposta Ciutadella Maó
HOLY WEEK
Guadalajara Sant Carles de la Ràpita a(Irsil c Easter in Spain is marked by
solemn celebrations, known as
Alcalá de Henares ciano as the Holy Week processions. These
TDOCoAaicluaeirGmñaddMneaiaoejtdulaAefzeMTDCoaLaRransrCzIeStaaDTToijMnmóloalalaormnpanartSoeenaa-doslLcdledcóouaeensAéloCMlCrlradiupameotnraozvncLCsoaahueRanocAdaalbJaavc(Ja2úel06ca62atm02rePb8mrAfae)tTTlíAmoeslBrVraXgurunaàeeVersltmljlnaiaavdetsla’sseeoíUOntxnódCVaaS(StuCaSaaGeaBurlOgcgarolelaoCunulerinjrndavraniataaics)tantioaaellVoinnardòVGesaollalefnPocladiane aCosta del Azahar processions vary according to the
a l e region, but generally, men wear
robes and hoods and carry heavy
Tagus B Pollença crosses to show penitence.
Sa Pobla
Ibiza
(Eivissa) Palma Manacor
Ibiza Felanitx
Llucmajor
(Eivissa) Majorca
Illa de
Cabrera (Mallorca)
0 km 200 400
Real Valdepeñas Ontinyent Alcoy Denia
Villanueva de los Infantes Villena 0 miles 200 400
Jumilla Benidorm Formentera
Hellín Elda
Segura Villajoyosa (La Vila Joíosa)
Beas de Segura Sant Joan d’Alacant
La Carolina Monóvar
Bailén Moratalla Cieza Alicante (Alicant)
Villacarrillo Elche a
n S e aMLSiGaniJrartsaoarétsennesamdUaabesdGauBCaadézitoxBiralcazoaHsuéscarMulaOrihuelaCosta Blanc
M u r c i a Murcia
Totana La Unión Flamenco dancing was
created by the gitanos
Lorca Cartagena (Romani people) of
Andalucía and dates back
Aguilas to the 15th century.
aMulhacén
e11,421ft (3481m)
e d i t e r r a nSierrada Mojácar
Nev a Berja
Adra Almería COASTAL RESORTS
Every year, millions of northern
MMotril Europeans head south for the beaches
of southern Spain and Portugal, or for
the Spanish Balearic Islands. They are
REGIONAL SPAIN attracted by the warm climate as well
There are 17 Spanish regions, each with its own
distinct cultures and traditions. For example, in as affordable hotels and restaurants.
the south is Andalucía, with flamenco dancing
and traces of Moorish influences.
IJ NO P
BCD FGH I
Italy Vatican City has a permanent 1 Europe
population of only about 2
The boot-shaped country of Italy stretches from the Andrea Bocelli
HOME OF OPERA 1,000 people, although more 4
mountainous north down to the Mediterranean Sea. For The idea of setting drama to than 3,000 come to work in 5
much of its history, Italy consisted of city-states—such as music originated in Italy during 6
Florence and Venice—and was united only in 1870. Regional the 16th century. Since then, the city-state each day. 7
2 differences in Italy are huge, as each region has its own Italian composers such as Rossini, 8
cuisine, customs, and dialect, and is geographically quite Verdi, and Puccini have made Carnival masks
distinct. As a result, many Italians identify themselves first opera the most popular musical
by region and then by country. The largest division, however, form in Italy. Many cities have
is between the rich north and the poorer south—a rugged their own opera houses.
region with several active volcanoes and the occasional
3 severe earthquake. The mainland of Italy includes two tiny
independent states—San Marino and Vatican City.
l p s4 Brenner Pass
A5
PaLsiMstt(17lSo4e5n18u,S7t70CS8ts77B.Mfuaa1-mltBafvnt()neP2oirRcge1onn8ilaoiv8rFcaPmdoianni)llo1(Geaii43er0lm,ae3(GP6rn221airL4AAo3msPeM6isfaagtoAn)9ptT(8romTusaS,tlp1tudnotR)reVe0a.iee-dhsr0srBeoôifnsoietnnrarnvAencnonìNae)sirSdStldnolairiWoviMvaCaoVaLarnagIasigarLtg(ieTMeaMouGskgreireeZligReealRPianhnoEieoonaMog)cRPageoaCinnLv(oGozizSaAaemnaeLnesoaoNtlkBolvPe’arLBDSCE(e)PLoaeoCmsooanmmrcrmgreiioMGlambbmaiaaiamaroaodrnvniVdoataVa)oyenvrEnAaodirCncoaoaaloOrVBpMLsiioMtcladeieklgerPozenallBaaninGGzlaaTdnsoraaseraosorepaldFvinnpaceDeaoeMatrooTRreAlraoe(yodsr1v4Pivt3am5gio7rB0iges4e8riroomfetdtCe)sGessheanFVimnCoooeocoogninnPnrgedoeitaeicrialtndeAoPaego(VGlUVUrdFeuudern’aliAnSifiurnceomloMeiTezf ipoaRne) fTzCazaIlocrRoAvOnisTeiAroiTesItAe CITY OF CANALS
COLOSSEUM FRANCE SLOVENIA The beautiful city of Venice is
One of Rome’s made up of 118 islands, 177 canals,
greatest sights is evere Po and 400 bridges. The only way to get
the Colosseum, around is to walk or take a boat: a vaporetto,
which opened motoscafo, or motonave. The most distinctive
in 80 ce. Deadly boat, however, is the gondola. Each year,
gladiatorial in the days before Ash Wednesday,Venice
combats and hosts a carnival when the city celebrates
animal fights were with fireworks and everyone wears
staged here before spectacular masks.
crowds of up to
A55,000 people. Modena
Gulf of Genoa Comacchio
MONACO Imperia
p6 Imola Ravenna
Ventimiglia San Remo La Spezia Carrara Bologna
Massa Faenza Forlì
Viareggio Pistoia
The oval-shaped Colosseum A(FrFleiorzerzneoznCeceA)espepnSeaannn sepolRcSriSomAANiMNnMPiaeMAsFaRAarInNoRMFoOIaaNlcroiOtntiamraa
stood at 620 ft (189 m) high. Ancona
e7 nLucca Prato
Pisa Arno
8 Umbrroc-hMea r cnh i g i a n i Ao
Livorno
ino
Cecina Siena FOOTBALL FANS
nT Italians are mad about
Piombino I ChiantiTuscany Civitanova football and fanatically
Marche follow the performance of
Archipelago ( T o s c a n a ) Lago Fermo teams such as Juventus,
Portoferraio Trasimeno AC Milan, Inter, and Roma.
Isola Perugia Ascoli Italian teams frequently win
d’Elba Grosseto Foligno Piceno major European competitions,
and the national team has won
T o Orbetello Lago di Todi Giulianova the World Cup four times – in
scano Bolsena 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006.
Terni Teramo
Viterbo
Corsica L’Aquila Pescara
(Corse) Civitavecchia Chieti Ortona
(to France)
Sardinia9 Strait of Bonifacio Tivoli eAvezzano Termoli
Isola Asinara zz ensnei n o
la Maddalena VATICAN CITY ROME L Campobasso San Severo
(ROMA) Isernia
(Sardegna) Olive harvesters A pApber u
Porto Torres Tempio Pausania gather olives in nets Anzio Adri 9
Olbia 10
Sassari Latina s
nooltur
V
Y t i cMacomer
Manfredonia
Foggia
aAlghero
Ozieri Terracina Barletta
Gaeta Campania Molfetta
Golfo di
NuoroSiniscola Isole Gaeta Caserta Vesuvius Cerignola
Ponziane Benevento
Naples Andria
Bitonto
(Napoli)
SPunta La Marmora
4190ft (1277m) anto Bari
Avellino
Torre del Greco
e a10
Oristano 6017ft (1834m) AltamuraOf
tranto
Salerno
Battipaglia Appennino Lucano Puglia
Isola Gulf of Potenza
Villacidro di Capri Salerno Tyrr S Matera Brindisi
Iglesias Taranto
Agropoli Sala
Cagliari Consilina Lecce
Manduria
Carbonia Quartu Sapri
Sant’ Elena
Lauria Gallipoli Maglie
11 11
OLIVE HARVEST e a h e n Castrovillari Golfo di
Italy is a big producer of olive oil, producing around 330,000 tons, Taranto
which is second only to Spain in Europe. The oil is produced by ian Strait of O
first pressing the fruits of the olive tree between steel or stone Rossano
rollers, then squeezing oil from the pulp using a press. Olive
trees flourish in the fertile soils and the mild, frost-free climate Cosenza La Cirò Marina
of southern Italy. Sila
Isola Amantea Crotone
Stromboli
Isole Eolie Lamezia Catanzaro 12
VATICAN CITY Isola Lipari
This tiny state in Rome is the
center of the Roman Catholic Trapani
Church and home to the Pope.
As well as St Peter’s Basilica and
the surrounding buildings
and gardens, the Vatican boasts
Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel.
The state has its own flag,
S i c i l y I oSneiaa n13
Palermo Isola Vulcano Palmi
Marsala Alcamo Cefalù Messina Siderno
Castelvetrano Mount Etna SMtreasistionfa Reggio 0 km 50 100
10,958ftSimeto di Calabria
13
( S i c i l i a ) (3340m) 0 miles 50 100
postage stamps, and coins.
Catania
Caltanissetta
Agrigento
HOME LIFE
Isola di Strait Gela Family life is important
Pantelleria Vittoria in Italy, and most
M e dSwiss guards, in their red, yellow, and of S i c i l y Ragusa Siracusa people live at home
i t eblue striped costumes, stand at the Modica until they marry. This
r r a14 gates into Vatican City. is partly due to lack of
n e a n S e aRENAISSANCE ITALY Pozzallo cheap housing. Lunch 14
(pranzo) is often the
Florence (below) sits on either side of the Arno River. During the Malta Channel main meal of the day.
15th century, a new movement in art and architecture known as the Gozo
MALTA
Renaissance, or rebirth, began in Italy. Painters and sculptors such as Isole VALLETTA
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael created beautiful works Pelagie Malta
of art using improved techniques of perspective and realism. Many of
15 these can still be seen in the galleries and churches of Florence.
Italy
BCDE FGH I
Central Europe FAMILYFARMS 1 Europe
Four countries lie at the heart of central Europe— Poland has one of the largest agricultural sectors
in Europe, with more than 12 percent of the
Poland, Czechia (until 2016, the Czech Republic), Slovakia, workforce employed on the land. Most farms are
and Hungary. The region is composed of wide plains still small, family-run businesses, growing grains,
broken by gentle hills and the Carpathian mountain sugar beet, and potatoes. Large numbers of pigs
and other animals are also kept.
2 range in the south. In the late 1980s, these countries 2
broke away from decades of communist rule and, as
new democracies, began to modernize. EU-members
since 2004, they have seen a rise in living standards,
despite the global economic crisis of 2008 hitting their TRADITIONAL TRADES 3
growing economies. The countries of central Europe are
heavily industrialized.Vast coal mines,
3 steel works (above), and engineering
works dominate the urban landscape.
Although some of these sites are old
and poorly equipped, these countries
GOLDEN PRAGUE are trying to update machinery and
Prague, the capital of Czechia, is introduce measures to improve standards
one of Europe’s most charming and of environmental pollution.
beautiful cities. Unlike many other
central European cities, it escaped
serious damage in both World Wars,
and contains many fine historic
buildings, soaring church spires,
B a l t i c S e a4 Władysławowo Gulf of 4
Danzig
and grand squares.
Ustka Wejherowo Rumia Vistula Lagoon KALININGRAD
Lębork Gdynia
Sławno (to Russian Federation)
Pomeranian Koszalin Słupsk Gdańsk Braniewo Bartoszyce Gołdap
Tczew
Bytów Elbląg Lidzbark Suwałki
Warmiński
Bay Kołobrzeg Wisîa Kętrzyn Giżycko
Kościerzyna ry
Świnoujście Białogard Szczecinek Malbork Dobre Miasto Ełk Augustów
Zalew Biskupiec
Świdwin Chojnice Jezioro Grajewo Kużnica
Szczeciński Nowogard Człuchów Sokółka
Goleniów Olsztyn Śniardwy
Szczecin
a z u5
Ostróda Pisz BELARUS 5
Kwidzyń
Iława Szczytno g
MStargard Szczeciński
Świecie Grudziądz Nidzica
SiPyrzrSŚayłw)ucebieGibceoodKrzzrioónswnCohMSWOoTuirsdęlzezidreccczzizhlaayknóPńnrOoowzskokbeapicozePozrninlłsaiWakkińaiłczCBGhynodidegzzioenżsWozrŻcznzeCiNśnhnMoetieałoćmSgoKIżilnlaeonocKonwKoinułTLrojoioapcwrnNłuoasokńwWwi yłoDBKRrcwuoyłótpadnrinwPnCoSMiciłieeeoaacrkczhpokPacwrnuóieswPMczłkokłaińówswOkasMtraoW(PzW˘ıęuokOAłAwtaŁsuRiRtoesWSrkcóSmZkywAAasżzWakWŁóAuwk) óZwNaBmuSariBbeewirdeóllwsckeMSŁPiaieoępmddBylziBaiayasitrkałyzyicłeazscetPPoookddllaasskki a 6
Oder (Od
GERMANY
P O L A N D6 RELIGION
The Roman Catholic
Church is very strong
throughout central
Europe. Attending
mass on Sunday and
observing religious
LoPv(RPoZDRsZAgiěLAcoieeGičrHbzílnoUAeelBrnT)eESeoucŻzaPclrpaenogGLrsodoułaSaóvětbńwabrsuwkari(eao1aLSdcJd65nee02yěe25lgž6mekNtfna)tnOoeKHiidwcanerraraáaGl(GOSldóoóedłeLrolrvaaucWgsé)bóŚaiiwwnKLłbęiaeddrZsnzRzązaynbiicewWkcoarohizcwWzryioncKiBe-ecOKKralŚłzęskoalletpąiożsrgwsnPólpkzoeliOweoReslypzsGekbowKlinliKlewuiłBokcSPeibzicWeałbuecBrRbochLaiykZaeriudatakdlgbuzotnoCilńómeiminhcwrKisezoeCkcaorzztęóZoŁsaJwótwęSwoTPddkcririiioeeźzchySerrtbeontjcrKóuTMaikMiwKeewornióweaiaarmeawzcilaclccGhoshaeekkMróowsWóizówwjiaóeeywicwłccżSKkeoyTKkaianpaaGmlrrDawoRóżniąeyraaolbansrkdbsrniOŚaooraokww-zsMmGtaeiaręagioTrteSwaowaalerRnkPonicyedrluoikznocWłSPwiyamotsswanykikelTiayiożaroztLywmLoeRnwuażaaaWasbJdaWzjazslółrkiyoLoownńdsulłaaPLabKwuowrebdaaZellsaaslnCssmkkkyhsiiaeotałśmwć holidays, such as
7 Warta 7
8 Wisî Christmas and Easter,
Part of Prague’s colourful are important features
history is preserved in buildings
around the Old Town Square. of family life.
Ústí nad Labem
Teplice
8
Chomutov
Karlovy Vary Most
Cheb Kladno
Tachov Mariánské Lázně Kolín Elbe Pardubice Wodzisław Śląski FrHýdaJaveŻískořot-rrvMyzTBęísyibteceilheksy-kZod-rBóiaj łaWielicLzikmaanNToowawrany óSwąDcęzbicaKrRoPszrnezoesSzmaónyowśkl UKRAINE
Plzeň Rokycany Zábřeh Opava
Bohemia
C Z E C H I A Carpathian M9B Ostrava
oh Humpolec Olomouc
S L O V A K I A ountainsA U S T R I AKlatovy 9
G
Strakonice
emian Písek Tábor Prostějov Přerov Poprad FOLK CULTURE
Traditional folk culture is still
ERM Jihlava Moravia Zakopane MRtyssy 8199ft preserved in Slovakia, and is
Brno Otrokovice Tatra seen as an essential part of
Fores České Budějovice Třebíč LaborecZlín BytčaŽilina (2499m) Bardejov regional identity. Throughout
the year, especially during the
AN MoravaL Vá Martin Prešov Snina summer months, folk festivals
h Trenčín
Y t Znojmo Ružomberok Poprad Vranov nad Topl’ou
Hodonín Banská Bystrica Rožňava Michalovce
Český Krumlov
Košice
Piešťany are held in many towns. The
10 Danube Malacky Trnava Nitra Zvolen SlovenskLéuRčeundeochriÓe zd Sátoraljaújhely Záhony people dress up in their 10
Encs
twBuodcaitpieesst–wBausdoancoen A11 Pezinok Nitra colourful regional folk costumes,
play traditional instruments,
BRATISLAVA Senec Galanta Levice Ipel’ Miskolc Kisvárda and sing and dance.
Fehérgyarmat
Šurany Ipoly Kékes Nyíregyháza
MoSsoonpmroangyCasroórvnáarGyőDTranaiuttbtaelbe áAnKoyl lafáörolEvdsoztergom
3326ft Eger Nagykálló
Tisza
Vác (1014m) Be Hajdúhadház
Gyöngyös Debrecen ROMANI
BUDAPEST Püspökladány
RitvheeornrDitghahent ulbebafetn,bkaanonfdkt.Pheest H U N G A R YH uGPnrlgeaaairnti a n12
SLSOzZoVaEmlNabIeAagMtehuNrresalzyLgeeKKygneköCtsiarezmnltlhdeizeönSBsVlmdyazeKaöésalzkkkppeooFrBséosnafvnmleaáyythorónédrSvDzáeukrnszaáúrdjváKrToePocsalsnkNkasaegmykéőStrzöes gedRábaSzolnok rettyó Berettyóújfalu
Mezőtúr
Tiszakécske Gyomaendrőd
Békéscsaba
Hódmezővásárhely 12
Makó
INDUSTRIAL LIFE C Csurgó M e c s e k Baja
Czechia is central Europe’s
most industrialized country, R O Barcs Pécs SERBIA
with a large car manufacturing
sector. It is renowned for its ATI Siklós Danube LANDSCAPE OF SLOVAKIA
centuries-old glass industry Slovakia is divided between a fertile, lowland south and a more
13 and also produces some of A Drava rugged, mountainous north. The country is far more rural than
the world’s best-known beers. its industrial neighbour, Czechia. Most Slovaks live in small
Pilsner lager, for example, towns and mountain villages. The Tatra Mountains in the north 13
originated in the town of Plzen, are popular with skiers and hikers, who bring in much-needed
while Budweiser beer has been 0 km 50 100 tourist income.
brewed at Cˇ eské Budeˇ jovice for
more than a century. 0 miles 50 100
14 14
HOT SPRINGS 15 Central Europe
A land of fertile plains,
Hungary is also famous
for its numerous hot
springs. In the capital city
of Budapest, there are more
than 100 hot springs. The
15 warm waters rise naturally
from the ground, and spas
and baths are centred on
these springs. They are as
popular today as they were
centuries ago, when the
Romans used the hot springs
on the Buda side of the city.
16 Széchenyi baths in 16
Budapest has outdoor
pools open all year.
63 A BCDE FGH I
BCDE FGH I
Southeast Europe 1 Europe
Until 1991, croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,
Montenegro, and Macedonia were all part of Yugoslavia.
Ethnic tensions between the Serbs and other peoples in THE ADRIATIC
Yugoslavia caused a series of bloody wars that broke up The long Adriatic coastline of Croatia is one 2
2 the country. Peace was eventually restored in 1999, but all of the most beautiful in Europe. The wooded
five countries have suffered intense economic problems as hillsides, pretty beaches, such as Markarska
a result. So, too, has Albania since its communist government (right), islands, and historic towns
such as Dubrovnik attract
tourists from all over Europe.
The archipelago is also
collapsed. The six nations do, however, have huge potential, popular for sailing holidays.
with considerable agricultural and mineral resources. In the
north, the Danube River is an important trading route for
3 both Croatia and Serbia, while Croatia has a flourishing
3
tourist industry along its beautiful Adriatic coast. The Dalmatian GROWING FOOD
The most fertile area in
dog is named this region lies along the
SPORTING ACHIEVEMENT River Danube in northern
Croatia is a great sporting nation. Serbia and eastern Croatia.
Former skier Janica Kostelic has won Here, vegetables, fruit,
four Olympic gold medals (three in 2002 after the coastal corn, and cereals are
and one in 2006), making her one of the grown, as well as grapes
most successful female Alpine skiers of for wine-making. Most
region of4 farms are small-scale 4
family businesses growing
all time. Other popular sports are football Dalmatia in a wide range of crops.
(soccer), tennis, and basketball.
OVENIADrava Čakovec Croatia, its first
known home.
Janica Kostelic
5 VaraždinKvarner 5
SL Sava Koprivnica DIFFERENT SCRIPTS
Križevci Croatian and Serbian languages are very similar
rbas but the people of Croatia, a predominantly
BosH YSamobor
Sesvete
C R O A T I A U N G A R6 Bjelovar
7
Hc EBROZ ES NGIOAV&I N A S E R B I A N I A8
Poreč IOs tpLraoaštiiCjnarjikCvreeDOnsRuitKcoiPgZajkrieaakgkdaarOSegnuKjloŠilnipbGaeonKsipkaTiZćrroloAgCvKiGraBanzocRiinBsnaGEiPhnlUeBBiasnntokćSaraciisiUnnSaNnjjnpaaosPlvkiT6(riat1KB2ri9jo7leDa1gj6Sud3lfuniatmsčovLbaj)riaikvacvnaLaFoJuKEaIKokjDcHzuaeGEatErirRanaTRNRAardCaoiEKCšvSvEkVoPBnIaRGaPnJoiUkPAjsaOiBacSSpVnBLKlMausIOIVkAvDDNakKSaoSigolreAZnanANoGlbravaesvvorAkoGjeinajtannridiScaVsctPliZakdaašaiosakitaožviaBčBnSekiardoagooAcosMadavROnoiĐćDsdBAsiakBBIrrDiSkiRičTjJeSčrTZeokŠaČlEuarVRvivavoekKiozVMRIomnbOCrlŽokranTaaOuegocninpkaSvBaiaotccisiinjmtcaeDBiajrlabjroMiiVonrLSouiroratevkrzŠVomUoonVavVvžiasciToGbaikFrclacSBBojbruaaoaeerjapatbarvcvočnoočosSkgjlkaoRbiaavauArMPadamroPniaKliZžSaaaNnaeSneunlđmngTaoombeeajaneivvlImžoonadkuiaBvdČcetSeSanSeaMitirarmjcaBičSceaačAnelaeravKaeadadjnKstkZddikaatB(kPrreaaBejeaainnMEnrEzPngioecoLdaOuPjuvavvalžaGaaajGoalnecnjnaRRivkčnaaAAeVcvDDroJ)šaEagPORaRcoosourdžBdmtsahieosnraoileaaaBndvnooCaCsxCrcnaDkyatiavharnnainodlulslbiiwc.ecsMwS(srccBeciiraottroriehgpuibrpatnuiRtaztssnoiri.nynms,egawarbnerNoitmetehgaionRintswMoRilcnmyioratiEhmgapnaatCasznatiyennrsreidcnllriicpt,naTisza6
Rovinj a 7
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Pula
Adriatic Ve l e b it OMA
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Duna)
a MVoerlaivkaa
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t
Kruševac Aleksinac Knjaževac
ea
S
Bra č Makarska l Foča Drina Kraljevo
Vis
p s tva
Hvar Mostar Kopaonik
Korčula
9 Metković IbarPljevljaPrijepolje 9
10
Ploče Nere 11
12
Sjenica Prokuplje Niš 13
Novi Pazar 14
Bijelo Polje Ba B U L G A R I Aoutlakianns 15
n 16
Mljet MONTENEGROTrebinje MPirot
Dubrovnik Nikšić Berane Mitrovicë/ Podujevë/Podujevo
Mitrovica Leskovac Južna MoravaVlasotince
DUBROVNIK North
The medieval walled city of Albanian Pejë/Peć Vushtrri/Vučitrn Surdulica
Dubrovnik, at the very southern Fushë Kosovë/ PRISTINA
tip of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, Kotor Cetinje
is one of the architectural gems
of Europe. In 1991, Serb troops K O S O V OPODGORICA
shelled the city, causing immense AlpsBajram Kosovo Polje (PRISHTINË)
damage.The city was restored after Gjeravicë/Đeravica
the end of the war. Other historic Curri 8720ft (2658m) Vranje
cities damaged during the fighting,
notably Sarajevo and Mostar, in Lake Scutari Gjakovë/Đakovica (disputed) Bujanovac
Bosnia and Herzegovina, have Bar umi i Drinit Rahovec Ferizaj/ Gjilan/Gnjilane
also been restored. PrizrenUroševac Preševo
Shkodër
L Kukës
cTetovo
Kumanovo
Lezhë SKOPJE
11
Laç Peshkopi Kočani
Gostivar Štip Bregal ni a
Kičevo
Krujë Burrel Debar Veles
Durrës TIRANA Black Drin MACEDONIA Radoviš
(TIRANË)
Kavajë Prilep Kavadarci Strumica
Lu mi i Shkubinit
Struga
GREAT LAKES Lushnjë Elbasan Ohrid Crna R eka Vardar
Macedonia contains Gevgelija
12 Strait of Otranto Lake Bitola
Ohrid
two huge lakes—Ohrid and Kuçovë
Fier Lake
Prespa. The latter has clear Berat Lu smi i Pogradec Prespa
water, fed by underground Lumi Devollit
Vlorë A L B A N I A
streams, and is a popular Korçë E E C E 0 km
tourist spot. Both lakes
have substantial fish stocks, Lu
especially of trout and eel, Tepelenë mi i V joisëO s um 50 100
which are used to make it GR
13 local dishes. 0 miles 50 100
Gjirokastër
Sarandë The shell of an impressive
Konispol temple still stands at
Apollonia, Albania.
Lake Prespa Corfu
(Kérkyra)
LIFE IN ALBANIA
Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Most Eel
14 people are ethnic Albanian, with a sizeable Greek minority
in the south of the country. Loyalty to one’s family or clan An Albanian
is more important than national identity, and married sons family
often live with their parents and look after them in old age.
APOLLONIA Southeast Europe
About 8 miles (13 km) outside
the city of Fier, Albania, lie the
ruins of an ancient city called
15 Apollonia. Founded in
588 BCE by Greeks from
Corinth, it is one of 30 cities
named after the Greek god
Apollo. Austrian archaeologists
began excavating the site
during World War I, and French
archaeologists continued the
digging in the 1930s. However,
much of the city still remains
buried in the surrounding hills.
DE FGH I
BCDE F HI
Bulgaria and Greece 1 Europe
For more than four centuries Bulgaria and Greece were ruled by the 2
Ottoman Turks. Bulgaria gained independence in 1908, while southern Greece 3
became independent in 1832 and was joined by northern Greece in 1913. After 4
World War II, Bulgaria became a communist state. Both states are now democracies 5
2 and members of the European Union (EU). Bulgaria remains relatively poor. 6
Greece’s economy is struggling, despite the billions of euros lent by the EU since
2010. That’s when it was discovered that seemingly wealthy Greece had a huge 8
national deficit (meaning it had spent a lot more than it had collected in taxes).
Although they border each other, Bulgaria and Greece are
quite different; the Greek mainland is mountainous
3 with only one-third of the land suitable for First held in Athens ARCHITECTURE
cultivation. By contrast, Bulgaria is more fertile in 1896, the modern Bulgaria contains many fine
with a strong agricultural tradition. Tourism is an old churches, monasteries, and
important source of income to both countries, Olympic Games mosques, despite the damage done to the
with visitors flocking to the Black Sea resorts in were staged there country during World War II. Rila Monastery (above)
Bulgaria, to the Greek mainland was founded by a hermit monk who took to the mountains
again in 2004. in search of solitude in 927 CE. After a fire in 1833, Rila was
4 to see the ancient ruins, and to rebuilt and the magnificent church now boasts three great
domes, a museum, and 1,200 frescoes.
the Greek islands in search
of sandy beaches.
Bregovo Da(DnuubneGavl)avinTisuttarakan Silistra
BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE
Wheat, corn, and other Vidin Alfatar
Dulovo
cereals grow in the fertile Danube R O M A N I ADimovo
5 river valley in the north of the Danube Ruse Zavet Tervel
Lom (Dunav)
country. Tobacco (right) grows in D u n a v s k a R a v n i n aBelogradchik Razgrad Karapelit Durankulak
the Maritsa river valley in the Miziya
southeast, while grapes for Boychinovtsi Gulyantsi Dobrich
the wine industry flourish on the Vinishte Borovan Pleven Polsko Gara Khitrino Kavarna
slopes of the Balkan Mountains. Tru˘ mbesh Dralfa Suvorovo
The festival of Kukerov Den, with Montana Vratsa Telish Pavlikeni Dolna Oryakhovitsa VaZVrlnaatranniePnysaksiu˘ tZsialiv
traditional processions, celebrates Lukovit Lovech Shumen
the start of the agricultural year. BBerkovitsa
6 Iskŭr Roman
a l kDragoman Sevlievo Veliko Veselinovo Dolni Chiflik
7 Lyulyakovo
Tu˘ rnovo
8 Trams provide an efficient way for people Gabrovo
to get around Bulgaria’s capital, Sofia. a n B l a c kSlivnitsa
SERBIA Mikre Troyan Luda Kamchiya
B UMLo uGn At a iRn sI A E Y S e aatttTmMoMtBhCahorhpbfhuoIaaeeaoToatuulenihcgsrYunytrsssettaeoeeetpmdLartpsthc7oioaprIotaeeoFo7erlwnuannoutElFpmaprbidptsnnaleoPLtelóslbstnmAiioepTarrrocrlh,cayreumouiknalene.oasnicrelkvpMnývaarkkadleeinaettissRkiosctuooiaeihonsniannpftltm,oicyioeotathasfra...eAlMlrAiAdleaCxíaPKáEonyGldDuýriksaeOBatniesalntaNnMrigtoOdTsIooráiIAsuPlz˘ueonevvngorLgt(noraPSSarcveiOiaSOKkhtndFarialsFiIkncKlYohIíásaYAAS(snD2lMai)Kam99utiIzrScu52srmyoptik95esSNamvtrnam6ŭaslauSlioófiniarrt)n(tinrmvSTdasdaiiéaháiysarIraseónrPYknesNZksauas˘skiíaDéazcrkishalraotooKánrrronmoudidAKVNísdazktlloeéiiaehiDsssl)inttupinoorkerságsaetptrsTiaadhtKMáasBvoroásCeDPlATzhuaiAAlohermodlvánrpyadvoXsiektoitádlÁínrasnooaivrKvtedvThhigiirhanarsarSKKkMsdaMKaouea˘oczorvarimdiaomtSsaSnaTzotDcrSohnalhteiáuiSpd˘dairnplkoylagelFíAeiKimltérvoslshaZreóevedaaxgtnsrAeagrminarOScodaddvhraSnrireolsKooaelsitaúunYirpflágnadoríoamalibdBbatooBllyuaTrruog˘MrvanAoSasoyrlkevtooodseBtsurgTLtGicpftKPsihhBlaAehroarreeTnsasoieesNntmskonspe8lad2atGiiwkytloecrn4oehRaZUaexraglescsaltvocaAlpukszhpreGolvGooooaianhwovrugkvrEtaeeauenoebercnrdkehetyet.abtwBrShdsysCrieaenEi1ittnv,wc3etoweetomflnhrhvtroheleieidlmnednl.inoatnhned
Tundzha
Rh TURK
S
KastoríaAliákmonas Véroia C h a l k i d Arnaía Samothráki
Kastaneá Samothráki
IA Neápoli Epanomí ikí Ierissós
ALBAN9
10
G R E E C E11
12
otGDMiarmaCGttAshhronsralyeRoroceeoaoveZhcgdkErnrtleeImeoeáeyaeEhodlcavkdcKfaneetasfneyeahreir.nilrnonrnIasTaiScbSdtemlntenihraaeyLhlsaaeonenaIAoe2ffor.sfdtde,isafTNl.ni0dranor(or0eD,nebuyf0wtdiSeorhsislhfleso,atite(wslnsKenud)oéc,fSrhtCatkoierdoyenLrárfaeIrug)ifkoAíumnPmtmaíexpCPinoaoáííxtrrK(osgfKLaiVAueaKeLefarff(eaaPagksKlflrKliáopokllééKdLiolnsáZákrveianótkKxkedíiIióáánaosoyizeak)loirKáúiayrtaúínsanr)GaÁrNinttLaPohareieóntoúsocasrtahncoohaaGsúióPnnKrKrýeáiriyrAvaZgpenmaoaTMnicPsLráhfiPáhiáéiásénlámsotetrrísimcóaroopshavKeoKíoKaiKáaaa9toRArKo5ldzleaNT7fTaeáínA0mritýránfístptrckfapíÓinh(pnea2áGlXaAanaal9yLkaVvïy1mókííaaasog7letnpmiómosiLolnokvsi)sí(NdoéaaDKGToniesóoutrrmtrrmílCíopfoikLénosKoLooiáatrifaklAhtiirCntAóóoMiTgeAÁtsosclsrrVAhShíhrraór)aíitigngoCCGegoóNnlróLoaritoviraotláemSáuomhoslóornsaofoilstaipnsAsfaúnoLaVl(ttlPiiríPíCnhiíívgcdoplPiehoaiiiriaLanoianMaroElaláaaNSkueraKtikímíéAtáMaeuldóeyraSssÝiláaEsrSpsóátóP)íádMrpknnennóoAPrííPlndiaraNodaofaLokiarytuassAláaonrhsliovdioAvorlaoásritartú(gvosíKhiVTnréíroAseaKiáióírHoSr(aMKkrliýAáaereEtIirmaoeoTKhSSrtrtNanHuiýékoíarrtE(oKmlýÍstiíÉéSisNhsofaruAaiovoórADsvbkyTsnK)oéorrzaKioéáseiaSsatpýra)SíkyatrMýýChisnortrýnooooyrPosssiícnsTnÁPalíennaáÁEsEÁodrrAdnofsrmgsdsoneitsToorrtsosíáúípntsLpsi(ooaoíKssmr(lNayiLLnáMÁkéePxoslsnvoýsCásbtoaksdoihsrosse)ásínoaso)ssPIklCoKahMmarííloáyalosPtriináSlíítnáTmimhAoésogrsamLtShéaáróomnsAiLosreisMAkipogaísíoraíinaPA e g ean 9
10
i 11
12
n
d
u
(
s
P
M s SnpoSrpáodresa)des
ín
o
d
u
o
nt
s)
a
i
n
s
I Sea
o
ni GREEK WEDDING
About 98 per cent of Greeks
(I follow the Greek Orthodox
religion, and weddings follow
an the rites of the Orthodox
Church. At the ceremony it
óni is traditional for the best man
I to place wreaths of orange
blossom, linked by a silk
a ribbon, on the heads of
the bride and the
s groom (above).
N
l
i
an P
siá
d (ePleol
)
s
po
opó
nn
nni
ós
es Dodecanese (D
sos
e
)
Ionian S Messíni Spárti Mirtó Paroikiá Náxos Kálymnos
Pýlos Kalámata Geráki o Sífnos Kástro Amorgós Kos Kos
Amorgós
ea Koróni Gýtheio Pelagos Pláka Chóra Íos Floúda odeká
Areópoli Mílos Thíra Akrotírio Astypálaia
Geroliménas Lakonikós Kólpos Daimoniá NísyTroílsos
13 CORINTH CANAL Folégandros ni 13
The Corinth Canal Neápoli s a )
Rhodes
was built to provide Karavás Santorini Anáfi Sýrna Chálki (Ródos)
a shortcut for ships Kýthira Rhodes Líndos
travelling between the
SKýthira (Ródos)
Aegean and Ionian e a o f C r e t ePotamós Kattavía
Seas. Dug through
solid limestone, the Antikýthira
steep-sided canal was (Kritikó Pélagos) Saría
14 begun in 1882 by the
French and completed e d i t e r r a n e a n50 100
in 1893 by the Greeks. D Kárpathos 14
15 15
M Crete
Chaniá (Kríti) Kásos Kárpathos ATHENS Bulgaria and Greece
Kíssamos Pánormos Irákleio The capital city of
Óri
Lefká Neápoli Siteía Greece is dominated by the
Kántanos
Parthenon, a temple built in
Chóra Sfakíon Spíli Zarós i k t í Ágios Nikólaos 447–438 BCE on a rocky hill known as
Tympáki
Mýrtos Ierápetra the Acropolis. Modern-day Athens is
a sprawling city where the large number
0 km S e aGávdos of cars cause serious air pollution.
0 miles
50 100
EARTHQUAKES 16
The idyllic landscape of the Greek
Islands, such as Santorini (left), can
be rocked by earthquakes. This is
because the islands and mainland
of Greece, as well as Bulgaria, sit
16 on a plate boundary. There is now
a Greek Seismic Code that outlines
regulations on all new buildings.
67 A BCDE FGH I
Europe
BCDE FGH
Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania
Throughout much of the last century, Ukraine and Moldova
Pripet P r i p e t B E L A R U
formed part of the Soviet Union (USSR), while Romania was ruled
for 20 years by the communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In 1989, Marshes S
Ceausescu was overthrown, while Ukraine and Moldova became
2 independent in 1991. Today, the three countries are still struggling O Kovel’ Styr Sarny
to fully transform themselves into modern democracies, although LA ND luch Prut
Bug S Olevs’k Ovruch
Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy
ipeoRncnrooo2mggn0aroa1esnm4saisawin.cIjdhoatenioinnsdielaRdeflrsunotosvhmsiaeriaotrEhneaUgemniinorienenpnx2otoea0wdfl0eep7Utrr.hfokuOnbrlaiulcneitnmedteeiags’nstheshCbidaoorvntiremescR,sehhulaonisngwoshilpeaolde,iggnaythnih,ntddeeseidurplae,ndencyYaHvPoorriovdZohkovkLva’vivChSeorkvaoLln’ZuoothlosrDc’akhudibvno Kivertsi Korosten’
Rivne Malyn
Novohrad- Radomyshl’
Volyns’kyy
Shepetivka Zhytomyr
Kremenets’ Izyaslav
Polonne
3 where a large part of the population consists of Russians Berdychiv
Sambir Khodoriv Zbarazh
left behind after the USSR break-up. Boryslav Berezhany Ternopil’ Starokostyantyniv Kozyatyn
Stryy
U K R4 SLOVAKIA
MOLDOVA5
RCSwrcecogeresufioIiabmpnTtitmfhlihetYtduau—ceasiaLirn(n—ayolIwmseilFlalafdeyiEfittnrxah)hotidcnoawoimhn,swftaahromisntttehles.ofdpaiopsncnraueiaeyctnnsyionetcddliwintomteenitradedieefnlsuw,libsgnlha.uhnbaaMtiihdudlsddueit1iltiocfdno19frhiewg2ynrs,tngehnsOs.tradeȘaimlAeSuleașStVdiulMyvnaManoCrihgaeaUrhriarezieBdtihaeivNMrheZeohuagorlkroăveaDeușKdctehBihDj-uOaeosiavltayNșenCaMadBaavoKirNrrKeșonăaaBlasolH6ăui7msuos6trhd2yrafyitHţa(aoC2Ivv0eh6ra1CleRamnhăr)KooSdnruaPFă-KitFăvmucokhlerţitdtvi’aisam’ciyinlve’aeansk’nliki’venytsMDyyPs’Daa’kto-orsșhacr’Bayboklnoahyivinoty-oiUPi oșnPadgZonihhl’dimes’VnikeliyirS’nyyosnnrB’koDkyăacnataliesţCsiVytăeRralyăîbsrnaoșicţiahLTHyyupanKlo’yacoBvshytaeoynlttnvsa’s’k
HUNGAR Y Transn i s t r i a
Someș
Siret
rpathian Mountains
FOLK CUSTOMS Salonta Beiuș Cluj-Napoca Topliţa Bicaz Iași Dubăsari
Despite years of communist rule, folk Roman CHIȘINĂU
customs thrived in the rural areas of Curtici Arad Transy lvan i a Piatra-Neamţ
Romania and Ukraine. In Ukraine, Mureș
singers perform dumas, historical Lipova Munţii Turda Târgu Mureș Bacău Hîncești Tighina
epics that tell of slavery under Apuseni Mediaș Miercurea-Ciuc
the Turks. One of the traditional Cristuru Vaslui Tiraspol
DevAalba Iulia Secuiesc
R O M A N I Ainstruments is a bandura (left),Jimbolia Târgu Ocna Basarabeasca
a stringed instrument that
sounds like a harpsichord.
TimișoTaOimrriaaDBvrioţoacObșaţOeetrlușaSo-RevTRoaLvueCșuerșuargniMțliaTonuaoHfâjataPrrtgțeuDetCuagrFnorJiuașliSHibauaitenorșuB(eCiiDTvănhâuiaealrnmRediăaașâWRCrptoVeSiomnoauaâ)șirbraislanlouacbiiyrelncuiiPaualgldSiCvelta8VMaae3Vaârto4cșraile6fdnntcufdohtailave(ile2aia5TnZ4auâ4inmmrFAg)năAilogceBăevxulrTaiafașpintttșeSudesaiBrnCiGraaâaimiaSușMPB(fproBâligiUnoUzvniiaiCuCltReIuUaOâHșlFRomlGtUtomSAEienrăhciȘnzţRrișeaTŢciaBiacţuăIoEtea)unnrnBSizdgiâCTăăhrrBăueleGalriăădaTTreielalaccașuhFţieciiHriBtgeâahșrbMMtișoaioCeădlvRadcaaehiggnEnCuifdiOlBooiLCzaornaeiLTileIrcahAaszuou-drcStmrllauYîtuacrSdslaea-dnyiRLlnazypKuţaouianziilhleiigmyaaș
DRACULA’S CASTLE SERBIA
Situated in Transylvania, Bran Castle is a favorite tourist
destination. This is where author Bram Stoker’s fictional
7 blood-drinking Count Dracula lived.
The story is probably based on a
15th-century Romanian prince,
Vlad Dracula, who reigned for Jiu
less than 10 years but caused Olt
more than 50,000 deaths.
BULGARIA Mangalia
8 The word
Transylvania
means “land
EASTER BREAD
In Romania, Easter is
beyond the celebrated with a meal
of roast lamb served
forests.” with a bread called cozonac.
9 This is made by pounding
nuts, raisins, and even
cocoa, into the dough.
68 A B C D E F G H
Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania
I J K LMNO P
INDUSTRY IN THE UKRAINE Liquid iron ore
Ukraine is the world’s tenth largest
Desna 1
Horodnya Shostka steel producer, and also has a big 2
Shchors vehicle and space industry. Most of 3
the heavy industry, however, is situated 4
Chernihiv Krolevets’ 5
in the east, an area badly affected 6
by Ukrainian-Russian tensions, and 7
exports have been severely damaged 8
9
since the fallout with Russia.
69
Hlukhiv
Kyyivs’ke Dnieper Konotop RUS 0 km 50 100
Vodoskhovyshche Nizhyn Bakhmach Sumy SIA 0 miles 50 100
Oster Nosivka
Romny
KIEV Desna N FEDERATION
(KYYIV) Brovary Pryluky Psel Lebedyn
Boyarka
LowlandYahotyn Pyryatyn
Vasyl’kiv Hrebinka Okhtyrka Zolochiv Kharkiv Oskol HOLIDAYS BY THE SEA
Derhachi In the days of the Russian
Fastiv Kanivs’ke Lubny Myrhorod empire, aristocracy and artists
Lyubotyn flocked to the Black Sea resorts of
Vodoskhovyshche the Crimea, especiallyYalta; the
A I N EBila Tserkva famous authors Leo Tolstoy and
Poltava Merefa Kup’’yans’k Anton Chekhov holidayed here.
During the Soviet era, it was the
KryUUvlHeymaoOnraMzoTinvedaVakr’ylKolia’Pasln’hieseOrVhcroyhylvaeABsevnoVkkurkohmsSaobaaNhhzunapnozrdyoevyZarsynlsniad’eyvkkankamBasuC’’k’hCyhZahehnyKroDkhakaIyvmnnartDhy’iis’npuoOOyyVlalrreylonodKVentdkzsorkds’eHhad’ysKkmzo-olaDaoseernnKknbnyrihdkcyirzNvophPinerhdvyu’roie’myozytyyyvssevaa’nhoekstRc’eysmnkhDVNik’aehckohnoidhiakspotkusorkMkookyphdvazooserv’hrlykz’DasDhhnnyceinZnhptPsaeris’oak’ppServryoulnodroPeOniophzle’krnherirkyaozthkKvdhrioSsDvoPr’yvlkoaoeoavVnelmeovoDstshIl’’azn’yokyyMotKuYonavmoaanreHeksskKsnhtt’oi’rkysaayker’akilmkvinivykitkDneayaonvnkaeiuvcSkhatRaaLyueykbSvZAshsyioymz’akleohKcTvnSvthronKrteaooeaarerssverrnaniooyzossbidvdLn’iklkouo’yasn’hnykaeLntuss’c’khk nation’s top holiday destination.
After 1991, it began attracting
foreign visitors, but tourism
has declined since Russia
annexed Crimea in 2014.
Pivdenny
B lOOcdahZeahksocivavtnkeKvePhreyMsHrStsaoyonlkan’eolaD(CaDyThnnsiaiyevipppulreryorun)LpkyanKso’akkhwoKVvaokdkalohsoNkvhosao’vkvoaytnsrhocyhidtesY’kaekyMmMeivoTlkiolPtaokorcymhpmaaoonklrs’s’k’kMarBiuerpdoyl’anGsu’lkf of Novoazovs’k
Taganrog
Illichivs’k Kalanchak Armyans’k Heniches’k S e a o f
Black Karkinits’ka Zatoka Krasnoperekops’k Azov PEOPLE OF ROMANIA
Rozdol’ne Dzhankoy Romanians speak Romanian—a language closely related
to French, Italian, and Spanish. The country also has
S e aChornomors’ke Krasnohvardiys’ke Zatoka Kerch Children of sizeable Hungarian and Roma minorities, which have
Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy Syvash the Maramures both been discriminated against
Crimea Lenine region of in recent years. Most Hungarian
Yevpatoriya Saky (Kryms’kyy Pivostriv) Transylvania. speakers live in the region of
Romania known as Transylvania.
SevaBasSktihomcphfoyeslra’orapyolK’ rymYs'akAlitlHauoshryta Feodosiya Kerch
Strait
(the Ukrainian territory of Crimea
was annexed by Russia in 2014)
Alupka
RICH SOILS OF MOLDOVA
Moldova consists of partially wooded
plains intercut with rivers and streams.
About 75 percent of the land is rich
in chernozem (black) soil, which is
very fertile. Wine and sunflower
production are important here.
Fruit and vegetables, such
as pumpkins (left), also
grow well.
I J K LMN P
BCDE F I
Baltic States & Belarus 1 Europe
The three baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and SINGING REVOLUTION
Estonia is known for its
Lithuania, all share a stretch of coast on the Baltic Sea classical music tradition— 2
lined with sandy beaches. Belarus lies between Poland, most notably its choirs.
Ukraine, and the Russian Federation. Following This love of music was
2 independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, all these most powerful when people
countries faced problems such as price increases, food raised their voices during the
shortages, and pollution. However, the Baltic States Singing Revolution in 1988
(right), part of their move
toward independence.
have reformed into hi-tech societies and economies
and have been EU members since 2004. Belarus has
kept close links with Russia and has been the slowest
3 to reform. This mainly rural country has stayed isolated B a lSt ieca Hiiumaa Kärdla 3
Vormsi
from the rest of Europe and, with few natural Paldiski TALLINN Gulf The Estonian flag waved
resources, remains one of its poorest nations.
Emmaste Haapsalu Keila Maardu Loksa of F at a pre-independence
Risti rally in 1988
Saaremaa Väinameri i n l
Orissaare Raasiku a nd
Aegviidu Kunda
KlSitTcWrtbnuoaooAeqroibisEuttLrpfhthbeauLs-eltė,rpKrIeieeTNotTrddrdsaeope(Nlaclsswewlteeioti.nORfrnnarlAteovnul)gLelH.elrscaDltifd,assuataThvllocllnLGaeOeabnidapruWeewdoiigptPlobiNadanāāfilbiņdvntjclhiaaiPeiSgnlteodlksSigue,sua,nstlKoDaagdnuėuatrKsabruiUezldSsemaīMglmadatasaužeEseziVKekreaisaEBnninrtdUMogsagpucaJvSāēriezlaeälnsiselärigTbErKeaazeuelvsrraiseTsJuRKsūKakoEoMrauojlnmakrmlēgeakraussasGrlrraaeaRgugssiRlRSgSfuaIaahGlouanlcfuAkgASKruraiiīunsvhtaanižuiCABVAērVulnaPosuuirliärKjtmsdLatnEriasrliinzuhuieePnetkuLSrräguaitshraiUn-RuiNuScuūleiōal-njulJimeeGdaVSMnaimamagaPōuleikuäjilastrapaeniknuRRüeVVTaōPlMiaōpanlajr(lul1gaig3aAvSdn01nuuaaEa4pe8udm3mmerfiäta)PgjORōiōgaTtlievPkaVapukpōäuearTärumaPVKaraōntolauniRhmRnätauupKlLPaksiaasnev-klkJealoePaärvLseertaivepkeueNsNarvBNaaRaarNSeryvsivalealarravvmoaiäre
r Väin
4 Pä 4
5
L A T V I A E S T O N I A5 Ven
Priekulė Gargždai Telšiai Papilė Iecava Jaunpiebalga AlūksneRUSSIAN FEDERATION
Gulbene
Nida
Zelenogradsk
Courland
Lagoon
Kaliningrad
Fdraboyrmos aotdhf bepauenabdrlilcy6 Ž emaičių Joniškis Bauska Gaizina Kalns
Pionerskiy 1020ft (311m)
Primorsk Šilalė Šiauliai Aizkraukle Madona 6
Šilutė Au Pļaviņas Balvi Viļaka
Mamonovo k
umasKelmėšt Pakruojis Biržai Viesīte Jēkabpils Lubāns Rugāji
Radviliškis
Neman
Tauragė Skaudvilė Pasvalys Varakļāni
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B E L A R U SP O L A N D VawkavyskOrlya
Bahushewsk Lyozna 9
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U K R A I N E12
for farming. The Baltic sold in the markets.
States, particulary Latvia Byval’ki
(left), have large dairy farms. r Dnepr)
Belarus is a major producer of flax, (DnyaDprnio/epe
which is used to make linen and
other products. Potatoes (used to
make vodka), sugar beet, and other
root crops are also grown here.
13 13
GYMNASTICS
The former Soviet Union worked
0 km 50 100 its young athletes and gymnasts
0 miles 50 100 extremely hard in order to win
Olympic medals and thus national
glory. Many of the most famous
gymnasts of the era came from
Belarus, notably Olga Korbut and
Svetlana Boginskaya (right), who
won three gold, one silver, and
one bronze Olympic medals.
Baltic States & Belarus14LITHUANIAN COSTUME 14
In some Lithuanian villages people wear
71 traditional folk costumes for festive occasions.
Women’s clothing is generally colorful
(left) and might include a white linen shirt,
a skirt, and an apron. The decoration and
style of the costume shows which region
of Lithuania the wearer comes from.
15 Ferns thriving by a 15
lake in a Latvian forest
FORESTS AND LAKES
All four countries are low-lying with
many moors, bogs, unspoiled lakes,
and fir and pine forests. Forestry
is an important industry,
especially in Estonia
and Latvia, providing
wood pulp for paper
16 making, and timber for 16
furniture and houses.
A BCDE FGH I
BCDE FGH I
European Russia ST PETERSBURG 1 Europe
Once Russia’s capital, St Petersburg 2
Separated from asian russia (see pp.78–79) by the Ural was built in the 18th century by Tsar 3
Peter the Great as a “Window on the 4
Mountains, European Russia takes up about one-third of the West.”Today, it is a popular tourist 5
European landmass. The climate and landscape range from cold destination, full of grand palaces and
extravagant architecture (left). The city 8
spreads over some 40 islands, linked
by a network of canals and rivers.
desert and frozen tundra in the north to the warm coast of the
2 Black Sea in the southwest. Forests and grassy steppes cover vast
areas, and Europe’s two largest lakes, the Ladoga and the Onega,
lie here. Life for most Russians changed considerably after the
collapse of communism in 1991, since when the country has been
through enormous economic and political changes. More than
110 million people—three-quarters of the total Russian population—
3 live in European Russia, most of them in cities. The
huge capital, Moscow, is famous for its onion- NORW
domed churches and the medieval Kremlin, 0 km 150 300
K( Kaa r
residence of the Russian president. 0 miles 150 300
AY
Sleeping Beauty is F I N L AND Zapolyarnyy The Church of the Savior on
performed here Polyarnyy Spilled Blood marks the spot N o v a y a
5 by dancers from Nikel’ where Tsar Alexander II was Z e m l y a
the Kirov Ballet. murdered in 1881.
Murmashi Severomorsk Proliv Karskiye OssktorryoaevMSoerae)
nts
Monchegorsk Murmansk B ar e a Ostrov Vorota
S e
Olenegorsk
Apatity Kolguyev Vaygach
Kandalaksha Pechorskoye
Zelenoborskiy Pomorskiy Proliv More
alozemel’skaya Tundra
Ozero Kola Peninsula Bol’shezemel’skaya Tundra
Topozero
(Kol’skiy Poluostrov)
Kem’
Belomorsk (BWelohyiet e Sea Nar’yan-Mar Promyshlennyy Severnyy
More) Vorkuta
Nadvoitsy PechoraM
Pechora
Segezha Severodvinsk Archangel (Arkhangel’sk) Timanskiy Kryazh Usinsk Usa
GuOlNfIPoAfeFtrinolGdanavdVtocyrhebitKonsraoglpSionroS(tSaaLavaLainnlgaakokttdVe-PPaoeelOSktutlehooeronybrevasutrbsvrigu)PrgKeotMrnOLodeazondkapeveoegvzagohad’aysekgorsONknyeaPgSnlaadevosienmtssakkNiyovorndvinsk Mezen’ Inta
(Ural’skiye Gory)
6 BALLET Pinega Pechora
Russia is famous for its Dvina
ballet companies, such
as the Bolshoi Ballet of Northe
Moscow and the Kirov
Ballet of St Petersburg. Ukhta
Most of the ballets LATVIA EST Nizhniy Odes
performed are Pskov Luga Kirishi Oneg Yarega
classics, such
as Swan Lake Tikhvin Konosha Mikun’ Yemva EDUCATION
7 or Sleeping Beauty. Children go
Developed in Sol’tsy Velikiy Novgorod Belozersk Vel’sk Kotlas Koryazhma Syktyvkar to school here
Europe in the Luza from the age
19th century, Ostrov Porkhov Babayevo Cherepovets Sukhona of 6 through to
ballet became 15, or 17. After
Opochka Uglovka Borovichi Sokol a decline due to
Vologda lack of money after
Valday the fall of communism, these days
Russia’s free state education is
a popular form of Velikiye Luki RUSSIAN FEDERATION ntains good and Russia’s literacy rate
Rybinsk Kama is high, at 98 percent. Lately more
entertainment in Tver’ Vyatk private schools have opened, too.
the 20th century. Zapadnaya Dvina Torzhok
8 Rzhev Yaroslavl’ Solikamsk
BELARUS Kostroma Kirov Kirovo-Chepetsk
Smolensk Zelenograd Kineshma Uren’ Zuyevka Berezniki
MOSCOW (MOSKVA) Elektrostal’ Ivanovo Yaransk
Pochinok Podol’sk a Glazov Krasnokamsk Chusovoy
Vladimir
Nolinsk
KlinZthseyRlBoerszylnaaovnBlg’seoklrKSgstukoarrrsoKykdSyaShlRhOeueGcoAtbOYgshsseulëkaseerkbkoëoiklLnikeslnsliohitiponns’KeMatYnsiLVlTktelGiTeeBsSfuoromkroryeoNvelirarivraarmoizopoorsiDkovvnuoookgonKvkevaMlmsheoRzkiboilhoycyosTvhsKakmaMkurDIzamlonroiasziknvvanbBenlhoSsyPasoraaaa’kkzlesrvyaomhnlsMvoiheonzKvyKouasksuvkarkazomnmUeCVyStlhsos’aShNNkyelK’raisDbaSroinakrazoyniKatvsmhzknnoaogrysninsvaCvytaoBkairnhKsryoarsya’kuholvptagdakrNyoaNeivdzvYooVKshTvokoundoyosoebKhSclkyk’hhkasayahreazamaembrnvat-sioalsOktniokskirUh’lyBasaceSruahaolerzBlI’sKuO-zuINklluhgeurAmatuOekeslkrb’envkumretsbstylerakauaNetuCn’brzeyhgrhfea’tsSvynSeBSkakasikytiUrrkolByesaaaykavkfrvmyseltSaPkmaiaitsbisteCaayKkhakrmyhumneaBg’klenuloryretsk
9 Don Cas 9
Industrial smog 10
casts a haze UKRAINE Ural Mou 11
over Moscow. 12
13
10 14
15
Orsk RURAL LIFE
Rural life became extremely
tough after the collapse of large,
state-run farms in the 1990s, and
many people lived in poverty. Since
then, private-owned, small-scale
11 Novoshakhtinsk Kamensk-Shakhtinskiy KH STAN Novotroitsk farms have become more common
12 Volzhskiy and productive. Grains—mainly
13 SAeSzatoaovrTof maRginaosknsartyooagv-na-DoNnouvocheVrkoalgsoskdonsk Z A THE TATARS wheat and barley—and sunflower
Volgograd K A oil are the top agricultural exports.
POLLUTION Icons, common
The communists Akhtubinsk in the Russian
invested heavily in Volga Russia’s largest ethnic minority, the Tatars (below), Orthodox
industry, but their NoTvSuooarcpoThsisekishiMyoKsrarKkeyatissksklonopvoEloK’dbdrrauossrpkNoCSthetSkaveaivnirlPn’rksyonSekavposZEetsoimtilPmkigllosr’oytoogavskrrnasshidkkklai dKAnuymsytarCDaaekspphrieaasnnsi’opnian Sea are an Islamic people descended from the Mongols. Church, are
outdated methods Their largest population lives in the Tatarstan religious images
of production are still Republic, midway between Moscow and the Urals. painted on
affecting the environment. wooden panels.
Rivers such as the Volga Black Sea (1586,45V210mlGaf)t dEiOkaRvGkCIaNAzaal’uchBcuikyanGasMrkousakzKknshhyaayscaKhvakyDsuaperliratybseknt
are badly polluted, and
many cities are covered
in a permanent and
poisonous smog. Chest
infections and other
diseases related to air
pollution are common.
14 A Z E R B . European Russia
The title tsar, or czar,
once used for Russian rulers,
means “emperor” and comes from
15 the ancient Roman title “Caesar.”
MOSCOW METRO THE RUSSIAN CHURCH
Not many underground railways can
claim to be tourist attractions, but The main religion in Russia is the
Russian Orthodox Church. Under
Moscow’s metro can. Built in the 1930s, communism, all religion was banned,
many of its stations are decorated with and churches and monasteries were
beautiful chandeliers, mosaics, paintings, left to decay. Today, many of these
and sculptures. One of the busiest, most historic buildings have been restored,
16 efficient metros in the world, it is used 16
by more than 7 million people daily. and many Russians attend church
services regularly.
73 A BCDE FGH I
Asia
ASIA The vast continent of Asia is dominated by two giant nations—China
and India, each with more than a billion people and a rich and colorful
history. Both are being transformed by rapid economic growth, and so
are many other Asian countries, listed below in order of size.Yet in some
regions of central Asia life has barely changed in a thousand years.
China Iran Afghanistan Iraq Philippines Nepal
3,705,407 sq miles 636,368 sq miles 251,826 sq miles 169,234 sq miles 115,830 sq miles 56,827 sq miles
9,596,960 sq km 652,230 sq km 438,317 sq km 300,000 sq km 147,181 sq km
1,373,541,000 1,648,195 sq km 33,332,000 38,146,000 102,624,000 29,034,000
Beijing Kabul Baghdad Manila Kathmandu
Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, 82,801,600 Arabic, Kurdish, Turkic Filipino, English, Tagalog, Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri
Hsiang, Min, Hakka, Kan Pashto, Tajik, Dari, Farsi, languages, Armenian, Assyrian Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon,
Tehran Uzbek, Turkmen many other local languages
Farsi, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki,
Mazandarani, Kurdish, Turkmen,
Arabic, Balochi
India Mongolia Yemen Japan Laos Bangladesh
1,269,212 sq miles 603,905 sq miles 203,848 sq miles 145,913 sq miles 91,428 sq miles 55,598 sq miles
3,287,263 sq km 1,564,116 sq km 527,968 sq km 377,915 sq km 236,800 sq km 143,998 sq km
1,266,884,000 3,031,000 27,393,000 126,702,000 7,019,000 156,187,000
New Delhi Ulaanbaatar Sanaak Tokyo Vientiane Dhaka
Hindi, English, Urdu, Khalkha Mongolian, Arabic Japanese, Korean, Chinese Lao, Mon-Khmer,Yao, Bengali, Urdu, Chakma,
Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Kazakh, Chinese, Russian Vietnamese, Chinese, French Marma (Magh), Garo, Khasi,
Bihari, Gujarati, Kannada. Santhali, Tripura, Mru
Kazakhstan Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
1,052,084 sq miles 307,372 sq miles 198,116 sq miles 127,880 sq miles 77,201 sq miles 55,251 sq miles
2,724,900sq km 796,095 sq km 513,120 sq km 331,210 sq km 199,951 sq km 143,100 sq km
18,360,000 201,956,000 68,201,000 95,261,000 5,728,000 8,331,000
Astana Islamabad Bangkok Hanoi Bishkek Dushanbe
Thai, Chinese, Malay, Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, Kyrgyz, Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Uzbek, Russian
Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Tatar, Ukrainian
German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur Urdu, Balochi, Brahui Yao, Jarai
Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan Malaysia Syria North Korea
829,995 sq miles 46,540 sq miles
2,149,690 sq km 302,533 sq miles 188,455 sq miles 127,354 sq miles 71,498 sq miles 120,538 sq km
28,160,000 783,562 sq km 488,100 sq km 329,847 sq km 185,180 sq km 25,115,000
Riyadh 80,275,000 5,291,000 30,950,000 17,185,000 Pyongyang
Arabic Ankara Ashgabat Kuala Lumpur Damascus Korean
Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Turkmen, Uzbek, Russian, Bahasa Malaysia, Malay, Arabic, French, Kurdish,
Indonesia Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Kazakh, Tatar Chinese, Tamil, English Armenian, Circassian, Turkic South Korea
735,354 sq miles Georgian, Ladino languages, Assyrian, Aramaic 38,502 sq miles
1,904,569 sq km (Judaeo-Spanish) 99,720 sq km
258,316,000 Uzbekistan Oman Cambodia 50,924,000
Jakarta Myanmar Seoul
Javanese, Sundanese, (Burma) 172,741 sq miles 119,498 sq miles 69,898 sq miles Korean
447,400 sq km 309,500 sq km 181,035 sq km
Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia, 261,227 sq miles 29,474,000 3,355,000 15,957,000
Dutch 676,578 sq km Tashkent Muscat Phnom Penh
56,890,000 Uzbek, Russian, Tajik,
Nay Pyi Taw Kazakh Arabic, Balochi, Farsi, Hindi, Khmer, French, Chinese,
Burmese, Shan, Karen, Punjabi Vietnamese, Cham
Rakhine (Arakanese), Chin,
Yangbye, Kachin, Mon
74
Asia
Jordan Sri Lanka
34,495 sq miles 25,332 sq miles
89,342 sq km 65,610 sq km
8,185,000 22,235,000
Amman Colombo
Arabic Sinhala, Tamil,
Sinhala-Tamil, English
Azerbaijan Bhutan Israel Qatar
33,436 sq miles 14,824 sq miles 8,019 sq miles 4,473 sq miles
86,600 sq km 38,394 sq km 20,770 sq km 11,586 sq km
9,873,000 750,100 8,175,000 2,258,000
Baku Thimphu Jerusalem Doha
Azerbaijani, Russian Dzongkha, Nepali, Hebrew, Arabic,Yiddish, Arabic
Assamese German, Russian, Polish,
Romanian, Persian
United Arab Taiwan Kuwait Lebanon Bahrain Seychelles
Emirates
13,892 sq miles 6,880 sq miles 4,015 sq miles 286 sq miles 176 sq miles
32,278 sq miles 35,980 sq km 17,818 sq km 10,400 sq km 741 sq km 455 sq km
83,600 sq km 23,465,000 2,833,000 6,238,000 1,379,000 93,200
5,927,000 Taipei Kuwait City Beirut Manama Victoria
Abu Dhabi Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Arabic, English Arabic, French, Armenian, Arabic French Creole, English,
Arabic, Farsi, Indian and Chinese, Hakka Chinese Assyrian French
Pakistani languages, English
Georgia Armenia East Timor Brunei Singapore Maldives
26,911 sq miles 11,484 sq miles 5,743 sq miles 2,226 sq miles 269 sq miles 115 sq miles
29,743 sq km 14,874 sq km 5,765 sq km 697 sq km 298 sq km
69,700 sq km 3,051,000 1,261,000 436,600 5,782,000 393,000
Yerevan Dili Bandar Seri Begawan Singapore Malé
4,928,000 Tetum (Portuguese/ Malay, English, Chinese Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, Dhivehi (Maldivian),
Armenian, Azeri, Russian Austronesian), Bahasa English Sinhala, Tamil, Arabic
T’bilisi Indonesia, Portuguese
Georgian, Russian, Azeri,
Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian,
Abkhazian
75
Asia
BCDE FGH
Turkey and the Caucasus
Turkey lies in both asia and Europe—separated
ISTANBUL
by the Bosphorus—and was once part of the powerful The different faces of Turkey
can be seen in its former
capital, Istanbul, which lies on
Ottoman Empire. Although the population is 99 percent both sides of the Bosphorus
Muslim, modern Turkey is a country with no official waterway. Churches, mosques,
and ancient buildings in both
2 religion. Western Turkey is relatively industrialized, with European and Islamic styles sit
a tourist industry along the Mediterranean coast that side by side with modern shops
brings in considerable income. Many farmers and and offices. Bridges link the two
herders in the center and parts of the city. In 1923, Ankara
became the new capital.
3 east, however, struggle LGARIA
4 to make a living in the BU Edirne
arid environment.
To the northeast CE Kırklareli İnebolu Sinop
lie the Caucasus phorbuulsBoğazı) Gerze
countries of Georgia, B l a c kG R E E Cide e Dağları
Azerbaijan, and Çayi (İstBaons Zonguldak Bartın Ca Bafra
Armenia. Once Ergene Kür Kastamonu
part of the USSR, Çorlu Istanbul Devrek Merzifon Samsun Ünye
they are now Karabük Kargı nik Dağları
independent. Tekirdağ Çorum Ordu
Sea of Marmara İzmit Adapazarı Kızıl Irmak
(Marmara Denizi) Çerkeş
Bandırma Yalova İznik Gölü
Bolu Gerede
Çankırı
Çanakkale Simav Çayı Bursa Bilecik Tokat
Dardanelles Bozüyük Eskişehir ANKARA Kalecik Alaca Yıldızeli Zara
(Çanakkale Sorgun
Boğazı) Balıkesir Kırıkkale Sivas
Edremit
Ayvalık Kütahya Polatlı
T U R KAkhisar
5 Simav Hirfanli Şarkışla
TURKISH FOOD Baraji
Turkey is self-sufficient in food Gediz Kulu Boğazlıyan
and grows specialized crops
Manisa Gediz Nehri Uşak Afyon Bünyan
6 such as eggplants, peppers, figs,
and dates. A typical Turkish meal Menemen Cihanbeyli Lake Tuz Nevşehir İncesu Gürün
might consist of spiced lamb, often
grilled on a skewer with onion Izmir Akşehir (Tuz Gölü) Kayseri
and tomato to make a shish kebab.
This would be served with rice Alaşehir Aksaray
or cracked wheat. AÖdemiş
n a t o l i aAydın
Nazilli Denizli Dinar Beyşehir Göksun G ü n e y
Gölü
Söke Büyükmenderes Nehri BurduBr urdurİsparta Konya Niğde
GREECE Milas Tavas Gölü DuEraenğğlltiaar Tı i)arnsuss Kahramanmaraş
Muğla
T
Bodrum a u r u Karaman o Ceyhan Gaziantep
Marmaris Dalaman Antalya
sM Adana Osmaniye
Manavgat ( T o r o s Kilis
Fethiye Mersin İskenderun
Antalya Alanya Mut (İçel)
7 Kaş Finike Körfezi Silifke Antakya Kırıkhan
M e d i t Anamur
e r r a n e a n S e a TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
NORTHERN CYPRUS
(recognized only by Turkey)
EPHESUS
CYPRUS
Tourism is one of Turkey’s major
8 industries. As well as beach resorts,
the country has many ancient sites.
One of these is the old Greek city of
Ephesus, which lies 35 miles (56 km)
south of modern-day Izmir on the
Aegean coast. The city was famous for its FATHER OF THE TURKS
Temple of Artemis, which was considered Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938),
one of the seven wonders of the world. founder of the modern Turkish
state, became its first president
in 1923. He introduced many
reforms, including more equality
Visitors to Ephesus for women and better education
9
admiring the remains for all. He also declared that Islam was
of the Library of Celsus no longer to be the official religion.
76 A B C D E F H
Turkey and the Caucasus
I J K LMNO P
0 km 100 200 200 OIL FROM AZERBAIJAN 1
0 miles 100 Many years ago, caravans of camels
carried vessels loaded with oil from
Baku to nearby countries. By the end of
the 19th century, the city was known
as the“black gold”capital of the world.
Today, Azerbaijan produces and exports
oil as well as natural gas.
A C a u c aR U S S I A N 2
3
Gagra p ’ k h a EngMurei stia F E D 4
Kazbek 5
Gudauta z e t ’ i s ER 6
16,558ft (5047m) 7
Sokhumi u A T 8
South
Ochamchire Kutaisi Ossetia s I O
Samtredia N
Gori
G E O R G I APoti
TBILISI Zaqatala Xacmaz
A Z E R B A I J A N MaosrdifafentoetiseNhdsutrTcieonuntrtaothiBrgbhkeAibepeb’sedfrylllaaeoati.irchonrsaekedtS e a ARMENIA(ERGFuieürpfaGmhatrihTNDüraierteşyehhoasesruabKğin)nezuemoKanEhrazrinaOcdafARenşinzkaeilTzeePBraDcHzaaaKatnorouÇğpİbPomslarapuaushilirreiENnıtrliezruAASrracutrhvmıkianarHmaoışrLaKsAaaenrğAsGDrskiyAohursağa1Y(lB6smutA,üesM8Ebyi5rrküoR4taiurkhf’tiaynEekê(taT5rVıA1szD3arCı7AaaltrmkêaıaN))taSeVuvaaAcnnrNtaaaRadAsxuhSczsZıaseLovEvttiaurcaaRnhnvBsaiAKuIJrAa GGoärNKisnaacgraoäbrnaXkohM-aŞnrYäikenkeäagivntlädaeçixrAİemravCsQiişraluibuacKuraSiyäzän
Patnos
G asus
N
Sumqayıt
Şamaxı BAKU
ehri (BAKI)
Qazimämmäd
Äli-Bayramı
n
a
Biläsuvar i
Csp
a
Länkäran
a
e
S
E YKeban Erciş Muradiye IRAN Caucasus Mountains
Baraji block cold air from
Bingöl Van the north.
Hekimhan Elâzığ Muş Tatvan Lake Van
(Van Gölü)
D Mo ağlatuyaDiyTarobarkıro sla r Bitlis Gevaş CAUCASUS
The towering Caucasus Mountains
Adıyaman Silvan Siirt protect Armenia, Georgia, and
Batman Azerbaijan from the cold northerly
K u winds. As a result, farmers can take
Şırnak rd advantage of this mild climate to
Atatürk Silverek grow citrus fruit, tobacco, and tea.
I Walnuts and hazelnuts are valuable
Baraji Viranşehir Mardin i st an export crops.
PEOPLE OF TURKEY
Şanlıurfa Nusaybin R A Q The Turks, who make up about 70 percent of the population Vines and fruit
of 80 million, are a diverse group with a shared sense of grow in the valleys.
Ceylanpınar national identity. The largest minority in Turkey—about
15 million people—are the Kurds (below), who speak their
SYRIA CARPET MARKET own language but have no homeland. They live in eastern
Turkey is world-famous for its Turkey, as well as in neighboring Iraq and Iran.
Turkish carpets, knotted-pile carpets, known as
made in centers kilims, woven by skilled craftworkers.
such as Malatya Each region of Turkey produces
and Kayseri carpets with different designs
and colors. Every worker
incorporates into the designs
symbols that tell the maker’s
own family history or origins.
9
77I J K L M N O P
Asia
BCDE FGH
Russia and Kazakhstan
The russian federation is the biggest country in the world, almost
0 km 400 800
twice as big as either the US or China. It extends halfway around the
world, crosses two continents, and spans 11 time zones. The vast region 0 miles 400 800
of Siberia alone is larger than Canada. Kazakhstan lies to its south Franz Josef
Land
2 and is a large but sparsely populated country. From 1917 to 1991, North Cape
both countries were part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Nordkapp)
A
(USSR), the world’s first communist state. When the USSR FINLAND Baren RCTIC
collapsed, Russia, Kazakhstan, and the 13 other Murmansk S e a ts
member republics gained independence. Today, Gulf Kandalaksha
Kola ovaya
Russia and Kazakhstan are both ruled by of Finland
elected presidents. Both countries have LAT. EST. Peninsula Zemlya
WSheiat
3 a lot of fertile land, huge mineral deposits, Saint Petersburg e eMao r e )
and many other natural resources. (Sankt-Peterburg) Lake S
However, Russia still has a very low Lagoda Petrozavodsk N ( KKaar srkao Ostrov Belyy
BELARUS Pskov Lake Onega Severodvinsk ye Dikson
Velikiy Novgorod Ostrov
Arkhangel’sk Kolguyev
life expectancy rate compared to Smolensk Cherepovets Severnaya Pechora Nar’yan-Mar Peninsula
other industrialized countries. Vel’sk Dvina
MOSCOW Tver’ Yamal
4 Vologda Guba
(MOSKVA) Yaroslavl’ Kotlas Vorkuta
Lake Baikal is up to Ukhta
6,365 ft (1,940 m) UKRAINE Bryansk s Talnakh
Tula Kineshma n Noril’sk
Ryazan’ Vladimir Ob’ ya
Syktyvkar i Salekhard Igarka
Belgorod a a
Obs
Nizhniy Novgorod Nadymk
Voronezh Tambov Kirov t
Moun
Penza Kazan’ Glazov Solikamsk Nyagan’ West Taz
Ul’yanovsk Izhevsk Perm’ Serov Yenisey
Rostov-na-Donu
Syr D U Z B E K I S T A NSochKirE1a8Vl’,Nbs5or1Snua0lstofglta’d(co5vh6arg4iro2krmpa)odlS’ aArasttoravkTUhorOaal’lny’rsea’knSttSabMitmueaUrrarglgaNirlntaaaitmboCeaghrkoeerzslnkhUynfyaye
Khanty-Mansiysk
deep and contains5 Volga Siberian
mforreoesfhtwhthaaentew2ro0srulpdpe’prsclyen. t R U S S I A N6 U Yekaterinburg
C a uGcEOaRsGuIAs ral Surgut Nizhnevartovsk
Kazakh man Black Sea Tyumen’ Tobol’sk
hunting with Chelyabinsk Plain
K A Z A K H S T A Na trained golden T obol Ishim Ishim Irtysh
eagle
7
TMKKhAauezZsamAlakimKhanHjssotot.rmaraTCinvthahUyeedaoLloyreirTcetfdswhUeppAKaebehReelariraatoEoroezhclppsufakoohllknoe,uenehfdhgcweitnehehophr.nedaobiKnoaguztakhsAZERBAIJAVNlaGdrMiokaaznvkkhyayazcAFhokkrZUPttahA-lasSaaltthauntyyeeauvraorcauzthu(eeAnnkAkStoreyAaauClkbhEtiemonlksbbZakaehr)oarAsyaalNglAyoarvaoOlR’kZsKruakhszdykaeznlziynykslyaokKzrAodgtkaabTKsanehsoamesSrttaUiaarAKrtaunSpaSahnaulcT’zyhUaAauPsncPNaktKhe’dvih-AantKlssrorkaoadmpgaaOtreaepvnlnNmpulSoenodhodsgvayaBvkrsooakNrSrsseonkimbvaTieouroysRklmkZiudyzdsrynkeKKareernGtamososvrkanesBkAoreolbyuZkSvaaahtKpaokrraeysadlzkknnyaylyOb’
TURKMENISCTAaNs p i a n S ea KuS
live in rural areas, Kyzyl Kum Kentau Balkhash Ayaguz Altai M14o,7u83nftt (4506m)
retaining a strong Turkistan Ozero
loyalty to their clans Karatau Lake Zaysan NA ains
and families, the city Arys’ Shu Balkhash
of Almaty and the new, Taldykorgan
modern capital of Astana Shymkent
are growing quickly, due KirTghairzaRzange Tekeli CHI
KYRGYZS
to wealth generated Almaty
by oil and gas. (Alma-Ata)
Coal miners in Siberia TAN
8
NATURAL WEALTH
Siberia contains around a quarter of the
world’s natural gas reserves and has vast
deposits of oil, as well as abundant minerals
such as coal and precious metals including
9 gold. However, many of these resources are
inaccessible or in remote places, and the extreme
winters make it difficult to extract them.
78 A B C D E F G H
Russia and Kazakhstan
I J K LMNO P
TAIGA FOREST Nenets man 1
Russia’s forests cover more than guiding a sledge 2
two-fifths of the country’s territory. and reindeer 3
The taiga forest type extends 4
across the Urals to cover much Bering Strait 5
of Siberia. This type of forest is 6
formed by small, widely spaced Chukchi 7
trees, with large areas of poorly 8
drained marsh grasses.
EkSveyKvahatraepbeskt iy Anadyrskiy
Zaliv
Ostrov N East Siberian Pevek Anadyr’
New Siberian adyr ’
O C E AKomsomolets Islands
Severnaya Ostrov Oktyabr’skoy
Zemlya Revolyutsii
An
eya
digirka
Khr
Yan a
V e r k h o y a nLsena
Anabar
Kotuy
Olenëk Ostrov Sea
KolymaNovaya Sibir'
Ostrov Kotel’nyy Kolymskoye Nagor’yAmbarchik
Koryakskoye Nagor’ye
Ostrov Ostrov Bol’shoy Alaz Cherskiy
Bol’shevik Lyakhovskiy
Bering NATIVE PEOPLES
PeninsuOlzaero Laptev e Sea During the winter months, temperatures
Sea in Siberia regularly drop to below –45°F
Taymyr In (–43°C). The native people who live here,
Ust’-Olenëk such as the Nenets people of theYamal
T aymyr Tiksi Kazach’ye Ossora Ostrov Karaginskiy Peninsula region, have adapted well
SeveroK-Shiebtairskaya Nizmennost' to their environment and survive by
Adeybcheat Ch Zaliv Ust’-Kamchatsk herding reindeer, hunting, and fishing.
Shelikhova Vulkan
RUSSIAN LANGUAGE
er s k o gSuosuman Atka Klyucheyskaya Sopka Russian is the official language
15,381ft (4688m)
Plato Atlasovo of the Russian Federation,
Putorana Olenëk kiy Magadan Mil’kovo but many of the 152 other
Kamchatka nationalities inside the
Khrebet Peninsula federation speak their
Central Siberian Okhotsk Petropavlovsk- own language as
Aldan well. The Russian
Kamchatskiy language uses the
Sea of OkhotskPervyy Kuril'skiy Proliv Cyrillic alphabet,
Nyurba Vilyuy Yakutsk Khrebet Dzhugdzhur which was devised
Uplands by Greek missionaries.
ANizhnyaya Tunguska
S I B E R IChunya Amga (Okhotskoye Ostrov
Suntar Aldan More) Paramushir
( S Mirnyy R ’ ) Olëkminsk Shantarskiye
Ostrova
IBI
FEDERATION
Olëkma Ostrov Sakhalin (KuKriul’rsikliyIes lOastnrodvsa)
Lena Bodaybo Neryungri Ostrov
Urup
Angara Ust’-Ilimsk Amur OLD CUSTOMS
The communists tried to
Kansk Ust’-Kut Vitim t Tynda Komsomol’sk- Khrebet Sikhote-Alin’ Ostrov Iturup impose a Russian national
Skovorodino na-Amure Ussuri Kuril’sk culture on the native peoples
e of Siberia, but many of their
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk customs survived in remote
Bratsk b Amur Svobodnyy
La PSterraoiut se(administered by areas. Today, traditional
e costume, music, and
Russian Federation,
Lake Baikal r dance are all flourishing
Sea of claimed by Japan) throughout Siberia.
h Japan Russian dancer
in traditional dress
Easte Tulun (Ozero vyy K Khabarovsk
Sayan Baykal)
Yablo hilka Birobidzhan Khor
r n SUaysaol’ye-SiAbnirgskaorsyke no ChitOaloSvyBalnangaoyaveshcheCnsHk Bikin
NA
ns Irkutsk Ulan-Ude Krasnokamensk I
Kyakhta Zabaykal’sk (East Sea)
MONGOLIA Ussuriysk JAPAN
Vladivostok Nakhodka
Trans-Siberian Siberian tiger
Railway train
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY SIBERIAN WILDLIFE 9
The longest railway in the world Siberia is home to a huge
runs 5,772 miles (9,289 km) from range of wildlife, including
Moscow’sYaroslavl Station in the the rare Siberian tiger
west, across Siberia to the Pacific (the biggest tiger in the
port of Vladivostok in the east. The world), wolves, reindeer,
railway was started in 1891 and and black and brown bears.
took 14 years to finish. Trains take The Baikal seal—found
eight days to complete the journey only in Lake Baikal—is the
and cross eight time zones. world’s only freshwater seal.
79I J K L M N O P
BCD G HI
SYRIAN MARKET
The Near East Damascus is one of the oldest The map on 1 Asia
inhabited cities in the world. Cyprus’s flag is 2
Israel, jordan, syria, and lebanon are the countries At its center is a massive souk copper-colored
(bazaar), full of stalls and because Cyprus
collectively known as the Near East. This is a land that is small shops selling everything means “island
dominated by desert but also has fertile coastal plains. Lack from carpets, textiles, and
of water is a constant problem here, although Israel has jewelery to household goods of copper.”
2 introduced computerized irrigation systems to extend the and fresh produce.
land suitable for agriculture. The creation of the Jewish state
of Israel in 1948, in what was previously Arab-dominated DAILY LIFE 3
Palestine, has led to almost continuous conflict in the region. Even during war or conflicts,
Lately, the devastating civil war in Syria has added more people try to continue to live Tigris
tension in the whole Near and Middle East region. Al Mālikīyah
as normally as possible,
3 although it might be difficult to
LEBANON REBUILT get food or go to school. These
Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, Palestinian boys enjoy a game
was once the commercial and of football in the street.
banking center of the Arab world,
but was devastated by the civil war 0 km 50 100 Al Qāmishlī 4
that ravaged the country from 1975 0 miles 50
to the early 1990s. Today, Beirut has BaNlíakhrh
4 regained some of its former glory. z
But Lebanon remains unstable, and
is still dominated by its two powerful AQ
T U R K E Y100 IR
neighbors—Syria and Israel. Ra’s al ‘Ayn
Al H¸ asakah
CYPRUS Jarābulus Euphr At Tall al Abyad¸ ‘AbJadbaall ‘Azī Al Jazīrah
Cyprus became independent from
Britain in 1960. However, conflict ates Ash Shadādah 5
between Greeks and Turks caused 6
‘Afrīn A‘zāz Manbij Aş Şuwār 7
Turkey to invade the island in 1974. BuşAalyrMahanāșif 8
Since then, Cyprus has been split Al Bāb
between a Turkish Cypriot north
Aleppo (H¸alab) Lake Assad Ar Raqqah
and a Greek Cypriot south. Most (Buh¸ayrat al Asad)
Cypriots make a living from farming
grapes, citrus fruit, and olives, H¸ ārim Sabkhat As Sabkhah TibnīEuphrates
al Jabbūl At
but tourism makes up a big Idlib Abū ad¸ D¸ uhūr Madīnat
part of the economy. ath Thawrah
Arīhā
Jabal Bishrī Dayr
az Zawr
Woman making a lace-item Ma‘arrat Al Mayādīn Subaykhān
to sell to tourists an Nu‘mān
Latakia SJāi bh¸āi Y RIA Al ‘Ashārah Abū H¸ ardān
S
(Al Lādhiqīyah) l As Sukhnah
Jablah l
7 Agialoúsa as H¸ amāh Abū Kamāl
(Yenierenköy) īya
n h
TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Bāniyās Salamīyah
Kerÿneia NORTHERN CYPRUS a
Lápithos T¸ art¸ūs Maz_yāf H¸imș (Homs)
(Lapta) (Girne) (recognized only by Turkey) e
Kythréa Al Qușayr
CYPRUSPóli(sGüMzeóTlryfruoortuN)ó IdCoOsSILAárnDae(kDkaéeğleirima eBSnoalviskee(A()rFGAeamarimgezmniaamgóaucğshtuoas)ast)os n Ar Rāmī
Tudmur (Palmyra)
a Q
Tall Kalakh A
r R
a I
ter Qoubaïyât
Se El Mina
Sovereign (to UK) i Tripoli Al Bāridah
Páfos Base Area Sab‘ Ābār
Batroûn
(to UK)
LEBANON Baalbek
8 d L iJbeabne l
Lebanon
Limassol e
Akrotírion (Lemesós) M Jabal a¸tT¸ anf
2533ft (772m)
BEIRUT el LítaniJoûnié Rayak A¸t T¸ anf
Zahlé
Anti- Syria
(BEYROUTH) Dūmā ANCIENT CITY OF PETRA
Temples and tombs were
9 Damoûr Qat¸ anā DAMASCUS 9
LAND OF REFUGEES cut out of the rock to form 10
The frequent wars between Israel and its Saïda Nahr Mount (DIMASHQ) n the spectacular city of Petra,
Arab neighbors, and conflicts in the Gaza Bent t
Strip and West Bank, led to a huge number Hermon in modern-day Jordan.
of Palestinian refugees fleeing Israel to Soûr 9232ft (2814m) Petra was built by the
seek shelter in neighboring countries. In
addition, from 2011, the civil war in Syria En Nâqoûra Jbaïl HGeoilgahnts Al Qunayt¸irah Nabataeans, an Arab tribe
added almost 5 million new refugees ending of the 4th century BCE.
Nahariya Tsefat Lake As Suwaydā’ Muqāt¸ The remains of the city
10 up in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, and Iraq. Mifraz TiberiasTiberias are situated in a valley
While some refugees are permanently Hefa Irbid Dar‘ā
settled, the majority live in huge, poorly surrounded by cliffs with
equipped camps with only basic facilities (Tveria) Ar Ramthā Jabal ad Durúz only one narrow entrance.
and little chance of work or education. 5899ft (1798m)
D e s e rHaifa Petra is Jordan’s most
11 (Hefa) Nazareth Jordan famous historic site.
12 Hadera Jenīn Al Mafraq Aş Şafāwī
Netanya Nablus Az Zarqā’ ARABIA
Tel Aviv-Yafo WEST As Salt¸ Wāh¸at al Azraq
Petah Tikva SAUDI
Holon AMMAN (‘AMMĀN)
Rehovot Wādī as Sīr
BANK Jericho Ma’dabā 11
JERUSALEM Al ‘Umarī
Ashdod Bethlehem Dead
Ashkelon Hebron Sea J O R D A N
Al Mazra‘ah
GAZA STRIP
(under Palestinian Gaza
administration)
Al Karak
Khān Yūnis ‘Arad
Rafah Be’er Sheva Al ‘Aynā Ar¸d aş Şaw 12
Al H¸ isā
I S R A E L At¸ T¸ afīlah Bāyir
Negev Wādī al 'ArabahSappir Ash Shawbak wān
Ash Sharāhūz
Refugees living in EGYPT Mitspe Ramon Petra Al Jafr Qā‘ al Jafr
crowded conditions Be’ēr Menuha
13 near Amman, Jordan Gharandal Ma‘ān ARABIA 13
Ra’s an Naqb
The Dome of
Al Quwayrah the Rock
THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Elat Al ‘Aqabah SAUDI Western
Much of Jordan is hot, dry desert, with little land Al Mudawwarah Wall
available for agriculture. Water is scarce and control
14 of the River Jordan, which forms a border with Israel, Gulf of Aqaba GH 14
is an important issue in peace talks. The desert is Jordanian desert 15
home to nomadic tribes of Bedouin, who live in large police officer patrolling
tents woven from camel hair. Modern Bedouin use the borders; most are 16
cars and trucks for transport. Jordan has few natural from Bedouin families. I
resources other than phosphates, which it exports for
use as fertilizer, and some limited oil reserves.
15 JERUSALEM The Near East
The old city of Jerusalem is
16 sacred to three of the world’s
A
81 B major religions: Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam, each
with their own holy sites and
separate districts. Both Israelis
and Palestinians claim
Jerusalem as their capital. As
a result, the city is a frequent
source of conflict. The Dome of
the Rock, sacred to Muslims,
and the Western Wall, sacred to
Jews, stand next to each other.
EF
BCDE FG H I
DESERT WARS
The Middle East Most international 1 Asia
boundaries in the 2
The middle east is home to the world’s oldest civilizations, Middle East were drawn 3
by the former European 4
which grew up in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of colonial powers, and have 5
present-day Iraq more than 6,000 years ago. The world’s first often caused conflict. Iraq 6
towns and cities were built here. Since then, many powerful empires and Iran fought a bitter 7
2 have dominated the region, all leaving a wealth of buildings and eight-year war along their 8
monuments behind them. Today, the Middle East is at the center common border from 1980. Since then,
of the Islamic world. The population of every country is Arab further conflicts between Iraq and international
and speaks Arabic, except Iran, where half the population are forces, as well as against the so-called “Islamic
Farsi-speaking Persians. State” terrorist organization, have caused much
suffering here.
OIL PRODUCTION THE IRANIANS
3 The Middle East is the world’s major About half the total population of Iran
are Persians, who live in the center and
oil producer—Saudi Arabia alone north of the country. Large numbers
produces more than 12 percent of of Azeris live in the northwest, while
the world’s supply. Oil has Kurds live in the west and Baluchis
brought great wealth to the in the southeast. The official language
region, in particular to Saudi of Iran is Farsi, but many other
Arabia and the Gulf States. languages are also spoken.
4
AR E MENIA AZERBAIJAN The Persian
language is written
MMaowAsTlşutiUilnl)KDRZKāiaöKrkrpkyhOMErāūōKürYcāAūkhhkmreūvbhīyoī-leyyheSMaAqAaqZrseā.SzguhlTaeayhmZbSarāanīnznMjīāyaīnaānhnQdeAahaRrjzdevsaīhbntīRel ahsi-nChyAteraaĀKSbsimTcuepsEhocQrHailhioplRalSātehAā-n-yryeNīDe amASāeGvlmabondonrg1rā8zān,6Sn0h6ftāKB(h5Mo6or7aūj1npymdaTūp)mreUdehyRDKSMaāMbgazEeshvhNāhrIaSdTA
5 N ROLE OF WOMEN
Family life is important
Sarakhs throughout the Muslim
world. The role of women
SYRIA(Al varies from country to
country—traditionally,
I R A Q I R A N6 Dasht-e Kavīr women stay at home
and look after the family,
but some now work. In
Qorveh Hamadān public, many cover their
Qom head with a hijab, or
‘Annah Bākhtarān whole body with a burqa.
Buh¸ayrat ath Tharthār Ba‘qūbah Eslāmābād Arāk Kāshān A
Ar Ruţbah Al Baghdādī BAGHDAD Z a g r(oKsuhhā Bīrjand FG H A N I S TA N
Ar Ramādī
RRaAafKzhnA¸āaazsrhaNbhSaaajlmaā’fAāwn aANhTlāiugHşp¸riiihrslīArlyaa(ratAheRhslAaABwlBlaKd¸JaşaaūrKtshHataurryhaāwAanw’)Dalry‘etAazlm(KfHA¸ūāaUĀLlmrbWaKAmhāUhēAdWrvāIATnā-YyzTeM)ZāogKurSKāohnozsar)ethdrarū-EeinNnşáfĪz’saīandhSKāhMhnŞivearāhfāsārtzīsAzhPIraAdrYhlanSraakaāī(zārrDnjndtaeehni
RDA N Buh¸ayrat ar
T¸ urayf
7 Gulf of AEqabGaY P TTabūk Judayyidat Hāmir an DashtN-eeLhbandān
8
JO ‘Ar‘ar Zarand
ūt
Al Jawf Sakākah
Bīd) Kermān Noşratābād PA
An Nafūd
au Māhān Zāhedān
Jebel ash Shifā Bāft Bam Fahraj Mīrjāveh KISTAN
Nişab KUWAIT Bandar-e Būshehr Moh¸ammadābād Rīgān
l Bā¸tin P
Wādī a Al Warī’ah
e Rūd-e Mand Bandar-e
‘Abbās
Taymā’ H¸ ā’il rsia n Bandar-e Kangān Bandar-e Qeshm Hāmūn-e
Al ’Ulā Gul Gāvbandī Khamīr Jaz Mūrīān
f
Al Wajh Buraydah A Bandar-e L(SeDntDurgbaueiahbtyoayf)iHSorhmaurzjah(t(oAsOhmShaGnār)iquaMlhf)akorafn
A r a b i9 Az Zilfī Ad Dammān
Wādī al H¸ am¸d W‘UāndīaayrzRahimaShhaqrā’ Al Majma‘ah BAHRAIN
Dahnā’ MANAMA QATAR Coast 9
d a n 10
(AL MANĀMAH) DOHA Om 11
(AD DAWH¸ AH) 12
Medina Al Hufūf Tropic of Cancer 13
(Al Madīnah) ABU DHABI 14
Yanbu‘al Bah¸ r RIYADH Al H¸ aja Şuh¸ ār MUSCAT
Tropic of Cancer (AR RIYĀD¸ )
a n UNITED ARAB (MASQAT¸ )
EMIRATES
H¸ arrat Raha¸t (ABŪ Z¸ ABY) r al GhaArbrīRustāq
Red Şūr
P e n A r a b i a n10 Z¸ alim
Wādī Bīshah Ramlat
Jabal ¸Tuwayq Āl Wahībah
i n s u l aMecca (Makkah)
Laylā Al Ghābah
S e aJedda
S A U D I A R A B I A(Jiddah)
Turabah Jazīrat
Maşīrah
At¸ T¸ ā’if
Sea Al Līth ī Khalīj
Duqm Maşīrah
Al Bāh¸ah Qal ‘at Bīshah As Sulayyil al K h āl
Tathlīth Şawqirah
Ar yQ ar te r)
O M A N11
R( Eumbp‘t u
Abhā Khamīs
Mushayt
Sanāw
Najrān
Şabyā Thamarit Juzur al
Wuday‘ah H¸ alānīyāt
Y E M E N12 Jīzān Şa‘dah Ramlat Da ah r a h Şalālah
SANA Al M Damqawt
Hodeida (ŞAN‘Ā’) hm l a t aHy¸ (anH¸darSdaahym’rūanamwauttT) aArlīmMAsuhkSahliShl¸aāryh¸ūt
(Al Hudaydah) a sRSaamb ‘ a t A WEALTH OF FISH
The Arabian Sea, south
Zabīd of Yemen and Oman, is rich
in fish, providing a valuable
source of both income and food
13 ISLAM Bab el Ta‘izz Shuqrah G u l f o f A d e n Socotra for local people. The fishermen use
The Islamic religion began Mandeb
in the 7th century in the holy cities Aden (‘Adan) (Suqutrā) traditional sailboats equipped with outboard motors
of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. (to Yemen) for greater speed, landing large catches of sardines,
Minarets, the tall thin towers of mosques,
dominate the skyline of every town and city tuna, anchovies, cuttlefish, cod, and other fish.
in the region. From these, devout
Muslims are summoned to pray
five times a day. Muslims are 0 km 150 300
also required to make a Hajj, 0 miles 150 300
or pilgrimage, to Mecca (above)
at least once in their lifetime.
The Qur’an, the book of WATER 15 The Middle East
sacred writings of Islam Much of the Middle East is
covered with a hot desert. Water MIDDLE EASTERN FOOD
15 Saudi Arabia is the is scarce although there are some A typical Middle Eastern meal consists of pita bread,
only country in the world oases where animals can be bulgur wheat, lentils, spiced meat—usually lamb or
to be named after its royal watered and crops irrigated. On goat—fruit, and hummus made from chickpeas. Most
family—the house the coastline, desalination plants, Muslims do not drink alcohol, preferring water, mint
such as this one in Oman, tea, or coffee from Yemen, producer of some of the
16 of Al Saud. remove salt from seawater to world’s finest coffee beans.
make it suitable for domestic
consumption and agriculture.
16
83 A BCDE FGH I
Asia
BCDE FGH
Central Asia Ustyurt Aral KA Z AK
Plateau Sea
The five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts n d H S
in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east. Mo’ynoq l a T A
The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other
natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture w N
2 is limited. The four northern nations were
once part of the Soviet Union and are o Chimboy
now independent nations. Afghanistan is Taxtako’pir
a landlocked country and three-quarters Sarygamyș Nukus
Köli
Takhiatosh
Köneürgenc‚
T u r an Kyzyl Kum
L
of its land is inaccessible terrain. It was GaplangUycr‚taPglaantoGsyumy Gurbansoltan Eje U Z B E K I S T A NGubadag Uchquduq
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979,
prompting a continuous series of civil Dașoguz Urganch
3 wars. The 2001 invasion by American
and other Western forces overthrew Türkmenbașy Xiva To’rtko’l Zarafshon
Türkmenbașy Gazojak
Üngüz Lebap
the fundamentalist Islamic regime Aylagy Balkanabat Angyrsyndaky Amu Darya
and led to democratic presidential Garagum
elections, but Afghanistan is still Derweze
unstable. Wrecked by more than Hazar Gazli
Bereket T U R K M E N I S T A N G’ijduvon
Serdar Buxoro
4 30 years of warfare, it is one of Kopetd a g GGeeorks-TheBipaeharlyAbadAaSn HGAGBAaTr Seýdi Kogon
the poorest and most deprived C a s p i a n Magtymguly a g Galkynyș
nations on Earth. u m Türkmenabat
Sea Saýat
Gora Chapan (AŞGABAT) BayramalGy aragKume lCi af nalAAmtaymdeyrraýat
9478ft (2889m) Uzboyy
One of the world’s largest Kaka Tejen Mary
5 gold mines is at Muruntau
Murgab Murgap
in the Kyzyl Kum desert Sarahs Andkhvoy
in Uzbekistan.
Garabil
Belentligi
6 FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bālā Murghāb DaryMaīmanah
Despite the horrors of recent years, the Afghans still Serhetabat
7 celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid ul-Fitr, Torkestan
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Towraghoudī
8 People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal ā - ye Morghāb
9 together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in Ghōrīān Selseleh-ye Safīd Kūh Harīrūd
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Herāt
84 A
An Afghan man carries bread with AFGHAN
which to break the Ramadan fast.
Children in Kabul, LIFE EXPECTANCY Shīndand
Afghanistan, made As a result of war, drought, and poverty,
homeless by war people in Afghanistan can expect to live an
average of only 51 years, one of the lowest life
expectancy rates in the world. Infant mortality Farāh Rūd
is extremely high. Health services have almost Farāh Dilārām
completely collapsed and few trained doctors
and nurses are available to help the sick. Dasht-e Khāsh Gereshk
Many children have been orphaned or Hāmūn-e Lashkar Gāh
made homeless, and few have been Şāberī Kandahār
able to go to school. Chakhānsūr o w
Kūchnay
Zaranj Mā r g Darwāshā
Dasht-e
Rēgestān
Daryā-ye Dīshū
Helmand
Chāgai Hills
PAKISTAN
BCDE FGH
Central Asia
I J K LMNO P
Aral Sea today ARAL SEA ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER
The inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan
and Kazakhstan, was once a vast, thriving A man in front of 1
his home, called 2
freshwater lake full of fish. Over the years, 3
the rivers flowing into it were diverted a yurt, in western 4
or drained to provide irrigation for Pamir, Tajikistan 5
crops. The sea has now shrunk to 6
less than one-tenth of its original 7
size, reducing the numbers of fish, 8
9
and leaving former fishing villages and
rusting ships stranded inland. 85
K Y R G YT Z iS TeA Nn S h a nNaONvuAqoLartyioonydtsgaahrakro’lJKizofnM(vTfir’1zioslhol0iaohwlema0’ixyngTnGknteghemAYou(aoeqT)fralSAlOiianyssrHwStga6oHalK2iyynSOKmEoeEali’NNm.lleTsTa)lBiqekKCAohhbnGuoiogrSisrj1dnaic(art44nahMe4,gnc7g8reni0ae2deqn5stemfahntos)eNfs1QLshaCh9eaomr6Fndhi0anei’ansqsakrtpiskngoTnhoKaagg’nollol’wiaaRnsnarnnTaggaKAeshhan-riKdaOzuK-iBmBjsDoahyIRznASlrhtaHaalZKanKlE-hgAAKrebebaKKedtëkMK-HAeoBNmrlatdaTiSlonryoy-knkTcTmhoyoaAkN
Tyup Dzhergalan MOUNTAIN LIFE
Ozero Issyk- Karakol The two small eastern republics of
Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu
Kadzhi-Say Jengish Chokusu/ Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
Tömür Feng very mountainous and are subject
24,406ft
to earthquakes and landslides.
Only about six per cent of Tajikistan
Kara-Say (7439m) can be used for growing crops,
whereas Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
Karakol u a
K oksha a l - T
Chatyr-Tash
Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta Sary-Tash LOCAL WEALTH
Samarqand U˘ roteppa Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
Khaydarkan Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable
Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
T A J I K I S T A NP aKoQsoanrshiBQoKDuy˘itesrougnbnGhoovi ns tseDapUrpaSRHaAnNgBNDeEoanragkhKaru˘alobSurQkhaolb’aikhumBartQ2a4nu,5ll9a0i fGItsm(h7ou4˘i9dli5aSmro)amQonaírSoMakru˘ulirkgho ol bC world’s sixth largest producer—
as well as fruit and vegetables.
H
The three countries are also
mTermiz Jarqo’rg’on g INA rich in mineral deposits, such
Moskva Khorugh Pa Dzhelandy Range as gold, mercury, sulphur, and
Feyz_ābād
iĀqchah Qizilrabot uranium, and have reserves
Du˘ stí Farkhor mir of coal, oil, and natural gas.
rBalkh
Kunduz Harvesting cotton
in Uzbekistan
Tāloqān
sKhulm THE TAJIKS
Shibirghān Mazār-e Ishkoshim Baroghil Pass The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian
in origin and speak Tajik, which is related to
Khānābād 12,392ft (3777m)
K u s hSharīf Farsi. The minority Uzbeks are made up mainly
d uPul-e Khumrī of descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to
Baghlān
Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
oH i nMu tension between the two groups. Civil war
ntains KahCmhaārdrīkār between the government and Islamic rebels
Barīkowt_ in the east of the country during the 1990s
Kūh-e BDāabryāā-ye KABUL Mah¸mūd-e Rāqī
(KĀBOL) Asadābād
Mehtar Lām led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians,
who had moved into the country when it
Maīdān Shahr Jalālābād was part of the Soviet Union.
ISTAN Khyber Pass
3543ft (1080m)
Gardēz
Ghaznī STAN
Tajik horsemen
Khōst in Pamir, Tajikistan
andāb
Daryā-ye Argh
PAKI
Zarghūn
Shahr
Qalāt Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century
Islamic religious school in
Samarqand, Uzbekistan
Spīn Būldak THE SILK ROAD
The Silk Road is the ancient trading route that brought
silks and other fine goods from China through central
Asia and the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built
along its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),
0 km 100 200 an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
0 miles 100 200 Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.
I J K LMNO P
Asia
(claimed
by India)
BCDE F Hindu Kush HK2 28,251ft
oram(86R1a1nmg)e
Indian Subcontinent Indus Karak
Khyber Pass Mingāora
3543ft
S2 (1080m) Mardān
AN
P A K I S T A N3
aInesghibf1wvsonuaan.oeoa7erdehrrbtvddtmaitwaipcoebeshaloboat.tmie,qshmlynlnWelrtoyuiyehctnooaam,aiehcennnftmktyaoiepeyllemcenapetanrslmidddnoeonmotsaiognnoyosfwifneupfsteremreosdeialshotreottegheehotefif.nmhterlniaTepoenufsavtrhaento,pnstihcemoeldahtyoatelyepnoseihifuvdnlpnfdBhnieenerneoeaeaiicwtni,cp-iyvsrtnPnifeitouegsiaweodftorlprkstafhnasaohfoibhtBeiorsulAenvyfostioewpadpeaesnnftnrsrnihegnmmtgact,a.yhi.oaastsa.HbTaouepultTn,ynirhrreonoeeweadayeatwntngnlhorktcdsiIihddeeornoeiiavloaifnsmddsHfennwea’iarsapsirs,rmientlpedeenoeaxrtlspah,uyilasGatswto,iārotdyhan,re—InaldCmTeiunCatrohrnBbaāsalagttMslauuaikcbrHāhcniiloRsl satnnāCgtQnNehiKanuaāAmwleeaaLttFJnānSaātbhaGctrsokihkbāHāāTānDrhobaApebāarudNaSKriāGbIkihSKaSrTāhuTRzakahiiknrKpguaPuhr reārnsKRhPFahJoDJSāhaoaātwawiMīindsmsraeagrhaaluymPoslBprālāPledtaauurWerbtāthhleeJrānjaraāhāuudwhLeGtBalOuauanhljmBkptroIhāāīuRSkrtirrjLnāeāaJAndawNCeaMiGaprahEHALuualWpuAajBnrAJrbirdalAdKānwmyDDmhīaDndgāareErimwainnārilLtrhānuahāsHliaalIare
Range
Indus
IRAN Sulaimān S
KRīartnhgear
Indus
self-sufficient in food. All but Nepal and Bhutan Pasni Hyderābād Mīrpur Khās
were once ruled by the British, whose legacy can be seen
Karāchi Sind Pāli Beāwar
Rājasthān
in the common language of English, in some architecture,
Mtho ue tIhnsdu Sujāwal Udaipur Kota
4 the vast railway system, and in sport—most notably cricket. Tropic of Cancer s of Rann of Kachchh Pālanpur
Gulf of GāndhīdhāmG u j arāt
MONSOON Kachchh Jāmnagar Ahmadābād VindRhaytalāRmang
From May/June to September, e
warm, moist southerly winds Godhra
Rājkot Indore
I Nand the Bay of Bengal across the
sweep up from the Indian Ocean Porbandar Vadodara
subcontinent. Once these winds Bhāvnagar Sātpura Range
5 meet dry land, moisture falls as Gulf of Sūrat Bhusāwal
monsoon rainfall. Although this
irrigates the land and replenishes 0 km 150 300 Khambhāt Damān Manmād
Aurangābād
the water supply, it can also Nāshik
cause severe flooding. PMuanGheoādārvāasrih
0 miles 150 300 Kalyān aD e
Mumbai t r Nānded
(Bombay) Western
6 Arabian Bārāmati
7 Solāpur
8 Sea Gulbarga
FAMILY LIFE IN PAKISTAN
Pakistanis have strong ties to their extended families, and often many SRI LANKA Kolhāpur Rāichūr
generations live and work together in family-run businesses. Smaller In 1983, civil war erupted in Sri Lanka Belgaum Karnātaka
family units, however, are becoming more common in urban areas. between the Buddhist majority Sinhalese, Gadag
Although some women hold prominent positions in public and who dominate the government, and the Panaji Ghats
commercial life, such as Benazir Bhutto who was prime minister twice Hindu minority Tamils, who wanted to
before she was assassinated in December 2007, most women do not establish their own independent state in Hubli Dāvangere
work outside the home. the north of the island. The civil war, which
ended in 2009 when the government defeated Udupi Shimoga
9 School child, the Tamil Tigers, has cost many lives and Mangalore
Sri Lanka disrupted the island’s economy.Yet Sri Lanka Bangalore
still has one of the highest literacy rates in Kāsaragod Mysore
the world and high levels of health care.
Kannur (Cannanore) Kerala Erode
Kozhikode (Calicut)
Coimbatore Tamil
Ernākulam
Kochi (Cochin)
Kollam (Quilon)
Thiruvananthapuram
(Trivandrum)
Nāgercoil
86 A B C F GH
Indian Subcontinent
(A"line of
control"
was agreed J K L MNO P
between
India and
Pakistan
in 1972) THE HIMALAYAS
The highest chain of mountains
AKSAI CHIN in the world, the Himalayas have Bhutanese 1
eight peaks that are more than people
(administered by China, 3
claimed by India) 4
5
26,247 ft (8,000 m) high. Everest, the
Jammu world’s highest mountain at 29,029 ft 8
(8,848 m), is on the border of Nepal 9
and DEMCHOK/ and Tibet. Mountaineers come from
Kashmír DÊMQOG far and wide to scale these massive peaks. 87
i (administered
by China, claimed
by India)
Yamuna m ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
aUttarakhand
(claimed by China)
N E P A L l C a y a sMeerut BHUTAN
Hidden
away in the
Himalayas,
the people
of Bhutan are
devoutly Buddhist
and have little contact
with the outside world.
A minority of the population are
Nepalese Hindus who came to the country in
the first half of the last century. Most Bhutanese
live in the fertile river valleys of the center and
south of the country. Traditional dress—the kira
for women and the gho for men—is widely worn.
H I N A The name Bhutan meansBShhiĀGvopgwpBuJSrāahraaāilārlgeinaoisrlrLilPyurUJcaMatkdKMAtbaneadāalsurolhnhlarwpywphauuāāKrrrbPFaVSA˙āaraāidaTNlzCyrdHāāPhāāegbooMnnpstkāaauhhdAGrsJaPaiRNroA2āam6ārnD,t5nanDn4saUCk5pchhafuhthhJrea(nhh8piad0nGaLā9BBuppb1aahirmrrryulāBaik)āaatrkdWtphitnauhaeaprsgnM2uāt9ardo,RD0BrurG2naĀeai9tnnjfntEgssa(vhg8āej8arapPn4eDJlhs8uatasBmSairbom)hrAnjliialalNiilngpTGguRJuBHeraLrKHIisnMABshgUK2ooPD4uuprn,HTSl7eauBlE8gyUnKAD3raaSlfatahrinNHMHg(ig7esra5Aatie5CoG4lgKnomuhA)mAwāsCDBillsrālhaiaaabhhiSymmrtāiuaatlpcatguhiJtgIaromaarorKrhhpnoāhhgtāīml a Tropic of Cancer
es (MBYUARNMMA )A R
Ganges
D I A cDour“anLgtaronynd’”sioonffftDihczieaoTlnhlgauknhngadu,earthgee.c
Bilāspur Rāurkela Kharagpur Kolkata Ganges
Korba (Calcutta)
Nāgpur Chhattīsg the f Bengal
arth Mouths of
Gondia Raipur Sambalpur Bāleshwar RELIGION
Od haM)aahānPadui riCuBthtaucbkaneshwar Bay o
c Cahandnrapur Ori
( i s
s s
Jagdalpur Brahmapur Two of the world’s great
Nizāmābād religions—Hinduism and
Buddhism—began in India
T eHlWaynadgrKeaaarnnārgīabmaālndageaordnrāvarGi RhāajathsmundVVriiyszāiaknhaagparaatmnamG more than 2,500 years ago. Most
Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are
Krishna Muslim, most Indians and Nepalese
PrAanddeshrha E a s t Vijayawāda are Hindu, and most Sri Lankans
Kurnool
Chīrāla and Bhutanese are Buddhist.
Hindus bathe
Ongole in the Ganges
River, which is
considered sacred.
Tādpatri Kāvali North
Cuddapah Nellore Andaman
Chennai Middle
Andaman
(Madras) Port
Vellore Kānchīpuram Blair Andaman
South Islands
Andaman (to India)
Salem Pondicherry
Little Andaman
Nādu
Tiruchchirāppalli BOLLYWOOD
More films are produced in Mumbai (Bombay),
Palk Strait TEA IN SRI LANKA India—more than 1,000 a year—than in the
Madurai Jaffna Sri Lanka is the world’s largest Car Nicobar A whole of the US, turning “Bollywood,”as it is
exporter of tea. The plantations
are located mainly in the center Nicobar Islands n known, into a major cultural center. Famous for
their musical routines and glamorous stars,
Mannar SRI LANKA of the island and employ (to India) d
women to pick the delicate,
Tuticorin Trincomalee green shoots of the bushes. Katchall aSme Bollywood films generally had historical and
Island n social themes. Today, these have expanded
to include more contemporary stories as
Little Nicobar Great the films have found a fan base in the
Gulf of a
Mannar a
Puttalam Indira Point Nicobar large Indian diaspora across the world.
Batticaloa
Negombo Kandy INDIAN OCEAN
COLOMBO
Kalutara SRI JAYEWARDENAPURA K MNO P
Galle KOTTE
Matara
Asia
BCDE FGH
Western China and Mongolia
China is a land of great geographical diversity and
DESERT LANDS
amazing landscapes. More than 90 percent of the population The cold, rocky Gobi Desert
are Han Chinese—descendents of people who settled here (right) stretches for more than
380,000 sq miles (1,000,000 sq km)
through Mongolia and northeast
more than 5,000 years ago. This region includes western China, China. Many dinosaur bones and
2 Mongolia, and Tibet. Mongolia gained its independence from eggs have been found here, making
it one of the richest dinosaur
China in 1911 and is now an independent democracy. Tibet fossil regions in the world. Uvs Hövsgöl
is currently governed by China. Compared with eastern China, Nuur Nuur
this region is sparsely populated and characterized by vast NAl Ulaangom Mörön
deserts, remote mountains, and extreme temperatures.
A Altay t a i Ölgiy Hyargas Halban
THE MONGOLIANS Har Us Nuur
Most of the people living H S T Ulungur Nuur
in Mongolia are Khalkh Hu M Hovd H
Mongols. About 70 percent K Har Nuur a n
M O N3 A o unt g a Tsetserleg
Z y
A n Nuruu
K
of Mongols now live in urban
areas, but some still lead Karamay a i Altay Bayanhongor
traditional lives as nomadic orohoro B Gurbantünggüt ns
herders. They live in large felt Yining
tents, called yurts. Smoke from ShKanuytSuhnihezi Shamo Jimsar Aj Bogd Uul
the central iron stove escapes Fukang 12,474ft (3802m)
4 through a chimney in the roof. Ürümqi Qitai
T i e n S h a nKYRGYZSTAN Turpan Atas Bogd G
8842ft
Kashi (2695m)
Jengish Chokusu/Tömür Feng Turpan Hami
24,419ft (7443m) Pendi
K Bosten Hu
Korla uruk ta Xingxingxia
g
TA J I K I S Tarim He T a r i m B a s i n
GANSU
w5ClilstaTmaanahenr0hHnnoedape,de0rggdyIiaudvN0uunCercsis0adaaEoaeh.utgguSTndceipmneehEahsea.eolaaeoyWTvlsrwftlrrmehaeterlRerodceeebyaartIrtiaTewloadtsrwpdeeralIlsheshsNrmhtmscoeahsiaG.tnerrbteotIeapnepsrtCnsehietyasnadohtmreitmestpihCfnsaCbolneaehdeoohronss,iflsintescnpraeei,psaAetk.F, G(HaDd.EmTMiAnCciNlsHaNteiOmrKeeed/dDbbrÊyayMCmInhQdiO(K2n(bi88aac2G6yY,Il),21aIe51inm1mndfteg)iaSYdiA)shCeaKaHcrchSHIhAeNZoePnIaRGtignsauahndtMraoaXnog(AbCiyanyhNKudTciInmSnuQaAEdainn,IiiacriBCskPl)atarHeDaimlrAhIeNmeadedaLbXpsyuMt(erIPQaraNlitanTkgtJaezTIYIaaaunnBnmAuggcraoELNohGCNafTazGogêoTaGnyoiguzbzAhêXaeêilGngttay)CazuRrêoSinunilogiGnqNTgySiaaaCNanhnmoggnTyaCzoGngaêoDnogLigtaninhamgunMagAqxlHausmNaêaeraniandzgghoStQqoahukanGuaQBonignlgumdlIgArDBhuaRhaPaNdraUaaRnmNAnygSĀDGhBCEaQheHSuPMnHYaNASHdiaeuLnaeakllswQLnoHihinAansaughSaomaahdjndIuaroninmSSDihauhQloaaaninnnangqhHênaui
5 Ka
PA
MabsoilInnenggtiootnrliasgaid,nnmigtkieoshnneovaaeolrrmeali K u n l u n S h a nC H I N6
rKRa Ika oSn gT A A ’ n y êSmh a
notes at once. i m a l a s7
I n
ndus
ND
I
A
H
ee n Jinsha
Jiang
Hen
g
d
y a8 u
a
Mount Everest n
29,029ft (8848m)
(claimed by China) S hMaYnA(BNUMRMAAR)
I N D I ABHUTAN
9 Chinese symbols, MONASTERIES IN MONGOLIA
whose strokes Under communism, Mongolians were forbidden
88 have to be to practice their traditional Buddhist faith, which
written in a was viewed as superstitious and unscientific. Since
certain order the democratic government was set up in 1990,
AB some monasteries have reopened. Many people,
however, no longer follow any religion.
GH
Western China and Mongolia
I J K LMNO P
RU 0 km 200 400
Mohe 0 miles 200 400 1
Tahe SSA. mFuEr D(Heilon 2
3
A rgun (Ergun He) . Fuyuan 4
5
ATION Ergun e Jagdaqi g Jiang) 6
7
Manzhouli Yakeshi g
E R Ran Yichun
ng)
D i Bei’an Hegang
RUSSIAN F E n
L
nga Nancha
Hulun Buir gan HEILONGJIANG Jiamusi
(Hailar)
Sühbaatar Hulun tH iKnhgi Qiqihar Tonghe Jixi Lake
Nur
Selenga Darhan ol Grea uria Khanka
Onon G Choybalsan Shangzhi
(Da Harbin Mudanjiang
Bulgan Erdenet ULAN BATOR Menengiyn
(ULAANBAATAR) Tal Hulingol h
c
Öndörhaan Songyuann Yanji S e a o f
Japan
Dzuunmod Kerulen A M Changchun Jilin
a ( E a s t S e a ) FESTIVAL OF NAADAM
Tongliao Siping JILIN
Baruun-Urt I
Liaoyuan
GOLIA Xi Ujimqin Qi L
O Each July, people all over Mongolia
celebrate the sports festival of Naadam.
u) Three sports—wrestling (above), archery,
and horse riding—are the focus of the
q Baishan festivities. The skills needed to take part in
Saynshand N ( NEEree nRi hXoMiltiUnoMhlnaogntOoQl NaZHbiEz(BJEinI ing)C(UhlaifnehnadgL)IAONINGG OROERATH these activities are those that would have helped
i e people survive the traditional nomadic lifestyle.
h
i Liao H
b o NK
rte
Dalandzadgad G es
D
o b iGovĩ Altayn Nuruu
han I N
Dalain Hob Lang S Hohhot PEOPLE OF TIBET
Baotou Most Tibetans live in the
(llHouwanRgivHeer) valleys of the Tibetan plateau,
rai Shan Ye all of China high in the Himalayas and
surrounded by the world’s
Wuhai Mu Us SHANXI tallest mountains. Tibetans
(Haibowan) have their own language
Yab Tengger Shadi and culture. Recently,
Shamo Yinchuan
A NINGXIA Great W many Han Chinese have
Tongxin settled in this region.
Xining Lanzhou
Pingliang
Henan GANSU SHAANXI Tibetan village
children
Luqu Tianshui GREAT WALL OF CHINA
About 2,200 years ago, approximately Buddhist prayer flags
Zhugqu 300,000 slaves began to build China’s
enormous Great Wall. Originally built
SICHUAN Wenxian to protect China’s northern borders, it
is the longest human-made structure
ever built and stretches from central
Asia to theYellow Sea, a distance of
3,980 miles (6,400 km).
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE BUDDHIST TIBET 8
As well as modern medicine, many Many Tibetans are devout Buddhists. Their religious leader, 9
Chinese still use alternative remedies. the Dalai Lama, used to live in Lhasa. In 1951, however,
Traditional medicine is based on Tibet became part of China and the government restricted the
the belief that health is achieved by people’s religious freedom and lifestyle. This has resulted in
balancing a person’s mind and body— tension between the Tibetans and the Chinese government.
their yin and yang. Any imbalance The Dalai Lama now lives in exile in India.
is treated with medicines made from
dried plant materials (left). Some
animals, including Asiatic bears, are
now endangered due to the demand
for parts used in traditional medicine.
89I J K L M N O P
Asia
BCDE FG H
Eastern China and Korea
China has a large population of almost 1.4 billion, with
NEW YEAR CELEBRATIONS
two-thirds living in eastern China. For thousands of years, Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is the
powerful emperors ruled China. During this period, Chinese country’s most important festival. It is usually held in January
civilization was very advanced, but much of the population or February. Good-luck messages decorate buildings and there
2 lived in poverty. In 1949, after a communist revolution,
the People’s Republic of China was established. Food, are feasts, fireworks, fairs, and processions.
education, and health care became available to People wear red clothes for good luck and
more people, but there was also a loss of freedom. give gifts of coins to symbolize wealth.
Today, Chinese people have more freedom, but Chinese New
the government still has tight control over their Year parade
lives. The Korean peninsula is divided politically
3 into north and south, and political tensions NINGXIA
continue to exist between the two governments.
Since 1949, Taiwan has been in dispute with
China over who governs the mountainous
island of Taiwan.
4 HONG KONG Bayan Tongchuan
5 For 100 years, Hong Kong was a British
6 colony. Then, in 1997, it was returned to Har QIN Xianyang
7 China. These small islands are some of han Baoji Xi’an
8 the most densely populated parts S GHAI GANSU
9 of the world. Most people live and
work in high-rise buildings. It has Hanzhong S H A A N X I
90 a prosperous economy at the heart
of global finance and the people Hongyuan
there have one of the world’s
highest life expectancies. Yalon Guangyuan
Skyline of Hong Kong with
a Chinese junk in the foreground g Jiang S I C H UA N Mianyang Wanyuan
TIBET
Luhuo Nanchong
Chengdu Sichuan Wanzhou
Pendi
H C H ILitang
Jinsha Jiang Jiang Ya’an Neijiang
Lichuan
engduan Shan Leshan
Chongqing
Zigong
SMALL FAMILIES CHONGQING
China’s population grows by millions each
year. In 1979, to try to control the rising Xichanga ngtze (C )
population, the government brought in ng Jiang
Zhongdian ha Tongzi
policies to stop parents from having
more than one child. As a result, many Zunyi Huaihua
Chinese children do not have brothers
and sisters, but this might change as a Zhoatong G U I Z H O U
two-child policy was introduced in 2016. Y Guiyang
M Panzhihua Kaili
AB Dali Anshun Duyun
Y Salween
Baoshan Guanling Dushan
A
YUNNAN Kunming Xingxi
(B
N
U
M W u l i a nMgekSonhg a n Yuxi Bose Liuzhou
G UA N G X I
RM Kaiyuan
Gejiu Wenshan
A
A
R Tropic of Cancer
)
PADDY FIELDS Nanning
Rice forms the basis
of most Chinese meals. Jinghong V I E T N A M Qinzhou
It grows in paddy fields in
the southeast of the country.
During the growing season,
fields are flooded so farmers can LAOS Beihai
grow more rice more quickly. In f Tonkin
the drier regions, wheat is grown
and used to make noodles, buns, and 0 km 150 300 300 Danzhou
150 Dongfang
dumplings. Rice or wheat is combined 0 miles Gulf o
with local vegetables, meats, and spices
to create regional dishes.
HAINAN
CDE FG
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