Children’s Illustrated History Atlas

Children’s Illustrated

H ISTORY

ATLAS

Authors Simon Adams, Peter Chrisp Contents
Senior editor Lizzie Davey
Project art editor Hoa Luc 4 How to use this book
6 World people
Map illustrator Jeongeun Park
Cartography Ed Merritt 8 The ancient world
Illustrator Molly Lattin
10 Timeline of the ancient world
Editorial Abhijit Dutta, Satu Fox, 12 The Stone Age
Roohi Sehgal, Kathleen Teece, Amina Youssef 14 Mesopotamia
15 The Indus Valley
Design Yamini Panwar, Nehal Verma 16 Ancient Egypt
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty 18 Ancient Greece
20 Ancient China
US Editor Liz Searcy 22 Ancient Rome
Picture researcher Sumita Khatwani 24 Religion
Jacket coordinator Francesca Young
Jacket designer Suzena Sengupta 26 The Middle Ages

Managing editor Laura Gilbert 28 Timeline of the Middle Ages
Managing art editor Diane Peyton Jones 30 The Vikings
Pre-production producer Dragana Puvacic 32 Ancient Japan
33 Ancient Korea
Producer Basia Ossowska 34 Indigenous people of
Design director Helen Senior
Publishing director Sarah Larter North America
36 African empires
First American Edition, 2018 38 The Silk Road
Published in the United States by DK Publishing 40 The Middle Ages
345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014

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42 The age of discovery 82 Independent world
84 The Cold War
44 Timeline of the age of discovery 86 The space age
46 Aztec and Maya civilizations 88 The world today
47 The Inca Empire
48 Voyages of discovery 90 Picture quiz
50 The Mughal Empire 92 Glossary
52 The Ottoman Empire 93 Index
54 The Renaissance 96 Credits
56 The slave trade
Smithsonian
58 The age of industry
This trademark is owned by the Smithsonian Institution and is registered
60 Timeline of the age of industry in the U.S Patent and Trademark Office.
62 The American Revolution
63 The French Revolution Consultant Dr. F. Robert van der Linden, Curator of Air Transportation and
64 The Industrial Revolution Special Purpose Aircraft, Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum
66 The Civil War Smithsonian Enterprises
68 Imperial world Product Development Manager
Kealy Gordon
70 The modern world Licensing Manager
Ellen Nanney
72 Timeline of the modern world Vice President, Consumer and Education Products
74 Inventions Brigid Ferraro
76 World War I Senior Vice President, Consumer and Education Products
78 New ideas Carol LeBlanc
80 World War II Established in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution—the world’s largest
museum and research complex–includes 19 museums and galleries
and the National Zoological Park. The total number of objects, works
of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated
at 154 million. The Smithsonian is a renowned research center,
dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in
the arts, sciences, and history.

How to use A map is a drawing that gives an overall view of a
this book place. The maps in this book show parts of the world
at different times in history. The countries and
territories these maps show often look very different
from how these same places appear today.

Outside areas Dates Picture features Important cities
Around the edges of many of the On the map, dates are shown Pictures with text highlight Capital cities are marked
maps are other land areas. These in bold, to help you find your special features, including with red outlines. Other
are shown in a cream color. way around the page. buildings and battles. cities are outlined in blue.

Ancient Rome Named after Emperor NORTH SEA
Hadrian, work on this
More than 2,000 years ago, ancient Rome was one of the wall began in 122 ce.
most powerful nations in the world. At first, Rome was ruled It marked the
by kings. It became a republic in 509 bce, which meant that northwest edge
it was ruled by members of Roman society. In 27 bce Rome of the empire.
became an empire, led by a ruler called an emperor. At its
Snapshots largest, in 117 ce, the Roman Empire was home to more This leader of the Hadrian’s The Appian Way leading out
These images add extra than 65 million people. Arverni tribe led Wall
information about an uprising Roman roads
historical events, people, Punic Wars against Roman Vercingetorix
and places. power in 52 bce. Pont du The Romans built many long, st
Key Between 264 and146 bce, The Romans built Gard link the towns and cities of the e
The key gives Rome fought three wars this lighthouse in paved roads helped soldiers mo
information about what is now Spain.
the picture symbols against the city of Carthage, around the empire.
on the map. in modern-day Tunisia. Rome
Date This was the most
Some of the keys have wanted control of the important gold
a date to show the time Mediterranean Sea. The mine in the
period of the map. If wars, known as the Punic Roman Empire.
the date includes “c.,”
it means “circa,” or Wars, ended in total Tower of
“around”—meaning the Roman victory. Hercules
date isn’t exact.
KEY (c.117 ce) Las Medulas Verona Arena
Compass
The compass always Empire border General Hannibal from Carthage The Romans built Rome
points to north (N) on the The edge of the aqueducts to transport
map and also shows the Roman Empire. ATLA N T I C O C E A N water from one place Mount
direction of south (S), Grain to another. Vesuvius
east (E), and west (W). Shipped to Rome from WN MEDITERRANEAN SEA
North Africa and Sicily. SE The city of Pom
4 Grapevines Carthaginians was destroyed
Vines were planted across The Carthaginians used the eruption o
the empire to grow grapes war elephants to fight volcano Moun
to make into wine. against the Roman Empire. Vesuvius in 79
Timber
Forests were stripped of Julius Caesar Theater at The Romans built this Const
wood all over the empire. Djemila amphitheater in what the ca
Roman baths One of ancient Rome’s most is now Tunisia. in 330
Public bathing brought well-known leaders, Julius aroun
the Romans together. Caesar conquered large amounts defen
Slaves of land for Rome. The empire
Many Romans owned began with his great-nephew, An important city
slaves. Some slaves had Augustus, who made himself the in Roman Libya.
to build Roman roads. first emperor.
Amphitheaters Leptis Magna
Open-air theaters
entertained Romans SCALE
across the empire.
Roman soldiers 0 200 miles
The army kept the peace
and defended the borders 0 200 kilometers
against enemy invasion.

US_022_023_Ancient_Rome.indd All Pages

Picture symbols Scale
You will find picture symbols without text The scale indicates the size of the
on some of the maps. Look at the key to country and the distances between
find out what each symbol means. different points on the map.

States at war The age 1756–1763 1770 1770 1771 1775–1783
of industry Seven Years’ War James Cook Slave trade First modern factory US independence
The five kingdoms each At the end of this war, James Cook makes The slave trade reached Richard Arkwright builds the The United States approves
battled to become the Starting around 1750, the world began to the British Empire grows. maps of the eastern its peak in the 18th
most powerful. They change very quickly. People rose up against It takes land from the coast of Australia, century, with 80,000 water frame, a spinning the Declaration of
were eventually united their rulers, and many countries became French Empire in Canada, then claims Australia slaves brought from machine that is powered by Independence on July 4,
into the huge empire independent for the first time. The invention West Africa to America water wheels. His invention 1776, breaking free from
of China. of steam power led to new ways of making America, and India. for Britain. Britain. The new nation is
things and getting around. This Industrial every year. is quickly copied.
These mini-maps show you Revolution completely changed made of 13 colonies.
where an area is in the world. how people lived and worked.
James Cook 1789–1799 1776
1790 Steam engine
Australian revolt French Revolution James Watt develops
Native Australian people People in Paris rebel. the first of his many steam
called aborigines begin They overthrow their king engines and introduces
to fight back against the and queen. the term “horsepower” to
newly arrived British. FVriavneceL!a show how powerful

Aboriginal his engines are. Early steam engine
warrior
1800–1815 Napoleon 1803 1811–1828 1821–1832
1791–1804 Napoleonic Wars Denmark bans Independent Greek War of
Haitian revolution Independence
The French ruler, slavery Americas Greece becomes independent,
Slave workers on Napoleon, tries to Denmark is the first Several American winning its freedom from the
plantations in Haiti revolt, conquer other countries European country to countries fight wars Ottoman Empire.
in Europe and fights against their Spanish
led by Toussaint wars against other ban slavery. rulers, winning
Louverture. Haiti becomes European nations. independence.
the first black-ruled state

in the Americas.

1856 1848 1839–1842 1831 1829 1822
Steel Communist Manifesto First Opium War First electrical Prize-winning Brazilian
Henry Bessemer invents a steam engine independence
process to create steel that is Karl Marx and Friedrich Britain starts a war motor George Stephenson Brazil wins its independence
strong enough to make Engels write and publish against China to force Michael Faraday, a designs the Rocket, which from Portugal. Pedro I
railroads, skyscrapers, The Communist Manifesto, China to trade. In 1842, British physicist and wins a competition to becomes the founder and
and machines. describing their radical new Britain wins the war and chemist, invents the first power the Liverpool & first ruler of the empire
ideas about how money should Manchester Railway.
be divided between people. takes Hong Kong. electric motor. Stephenson’s Rocket of Brazil.
1876
Karl Marx 1868 First telephone 1876 Internal combustion 1893
Meiji Restoration Telephone invented Votes for women
1857–1858 1861–1865 1867 engine invented New Zealand is the first
Indian Mutiny American Civil War Canadian Emperor Meiji takes Alexander Graham Bell Nikolaus Otto invents the country to give women
India tries to become In the United States, North and independence control of Japan and invents the first telephone. combustion engine, which can equal voting rights. The
independent from British South go to war over slavery. Canada becomes an People are able to talk over be used to power cars, trucks, next country to do so will
rule but does not succeed. The North wins and slavery independent country and modernizes how be Australia, in 1903.
is no longer ruled by the country is ruled. long distances for the and motorcycles.
is abolished. Great Britain. first time.

Emperor Meiji

1914 1913 1912 1904–1905 1903 Australian 1901
Outbreak of World War I Ottoman retreat Chinese Revolution Russo-Japanese War First airplane flag Australian
The Ottoman Empire Japan defeats Russia with The Wright brothers independence
Archduke Franz Ferdinand is loses the First Balkan Sun Yat-sen leads a clever new tactics and weapons. successfully fly the first Australia becomes
shot, which triggers a series War, and most of its revolution in China, Japan is seen as a world power powered airplane. independent and is no
overthrowing the Manchu longer under British rule.
of events leading to lands in Europe. dynasty, which had ruled for the first time.
World War I.
for 276 years. Communism grew
in Russia after the
60 Russo-Japanese War The Wright 61
Warship brothers’ plane

TimelinesUS_060_061_Industry_timeline.indd All Pages 27/02/2018 14:44

This famous Each chapter starts with a timeline spread. The timelines
amphitheater was built show you events in different parts of the world in the order
in 80 ce to hold gladiator that they happened.
fights and other sports.

This impressive ThPeoamtpereyof Colosseum
theater was
t of Rome used by the Romulus and How years are numbered
traight roads to leaders of Remus
empire. These Rome, who Each year is given a number to help people keep track of what happened
ove quickly made up the (and happens) when. These numbers are called dates. Here are some things
ruling Senate. that are useful to know about historical dates.
This theater in
Verona, Italy, Rome was ce and bce
is still in said to have been
use today. founded by twins You will see that some dates have “ce” or “bce” after them. ce means
who were raised “Common Era” and bce means “Before the Common Era.” ce is used for
by a wolf. dates after the year 1 bce, and bce for dates before 1 ce. In this book, if a
date doesn’t have ce or bce after it, it is ce.
A massive wall was
built around Rome in
271 ce, called the
Aurelian Wall.

Emperor Constantine B L A C K SEA The years after 1 ce go from small to
the Great ordered this big, so the number of each year is
column to be built one greater than the year before.
in 330 ce.
1 bce 1 ce
Constantinople Column of 10,000 bce 2000 ce
Constantine

mpeii The years leading up to
d by 1 bce go from big to small.
of the
nt Centuries
9 ce.
A century is a period of 100 years. Historians often talk about periods of
tantinople became These warships traveled time using centuries, for example, “the 18th century.” The years covered by
apital of the empire all around the a century are the 100 leading up to it. So the 18th century covers the
0 ce. Walls were built Mediterranean Sea. years 1700–1799. Here are some examples.
nd the city to help
nd it against attacks.

Galley warship Cleopatra ruled Egypt In 74 ce, a Jewish
until 30 bce, when it was revolt against Roman
conquered by Rome. rule ended when all
the Jewish troops and
Masada civilians in the Masada Century Time covered Century Time covered
hill fort fort killed themselves.
14th century 1300–1399 CE 18th century 1700–1799 CE
Cleopatra 23 15th century 1400–1499 CE 19th century 1800–1899 CE
16th century 1500–1599 CE 20th century 1900–1999 CE
Close-up map 27/02/2018 14:43 17th century 1600–1699 CE 21st century 2000–2099 CE
These maps show extra details of
interesting areas that would be too Page numbers 5
small to show on the main maps. The color of the circle matches
the chapter color and tells you
which chapter you are in.

World people Fire maker

The human story began in Africa six million years ago, Homo erectus (upright
when apes began to walk upright on two legs. Over man) was the first hominin
time, humanlike apes, called hominins, grew bigger to leave Africa, 1.8 million
and more intelligent. Our species, Homo sapiens, years ago. They were the
appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago. Around same height as we are,
120,000 years ago, some of them left Africa to but their faces were more
apelike. They made stone
spread all over the world. axes and learned to
control fire.

Homo erectus

In Europe, Neanderthals Modern humans hunted Modern humans
lived alongside modern mammoths, a type of wore bead and
humans, people who woolly elephant. shell jewelry.
looked like us.
Woolly
mammoth

Early crafts Homo erectus lived
40,000 in warm areas of
years ago southern Asia.

Neanderthal Bone hut

Home sapiens used 100,000 90,000
mammoth bones to years ago years ago
build huts. Modern Homo
humans erectus
120,000 Some people left
years ago Africa on foot, 70,000
looking for new years ago
sources of food.

65,000
years ago

INDIAN OCEAN

Australian
people

Cave painting To reach Australia,
people had to travel by
Modern humans in Europe, boat, but the journey
Asia, and Australia began to was a shorter one than
make art 35,000 years ago. They it is today because sea
painted pictures of the animals levels were lower.
6 they hunted on the walls of caves.

Close cousins KEY

Our closest hominin relatives were Early journeys
the Neanderthals. Their brains were The first humans
as big as ours, and they dressed in traveled mostly
fur clothes and buried their dead. on foot.
When they died out 39,000 years
ago, we became the only type of Later journeys
human left in the world. Much later, humans
used boats to travel
Neanderthal (Homo neanderthalensis) around the Pacific.

16,000
years ago

During the Ice Age, Asia ATLANTIC OCEAN
and America were linked
by land. People may have Easter Island statue 15,000
walked to America or years ago
followed the coast by boat.

PA C I F I C O C E A N

People used large
sailing canoes to
transport themselves,
animals, and food.

Polynesian
sailing canoe

Ocean voyages

By 1300, people had
crossed the Pacific Ocean
to settle on the ocean’s
widely scattered islands,
such as Easter Island.

7

2. Where were
Egyptian pharaohs of
the New Kingdom

buried?

1. What was
the world’s first
big town called?

3. What did Greek You can find all
soldiers hide inside to the answers and
more quizzes on
invade the city
of Troy? pages 90-91.

4. Which river
ran through
ancient Egypt?

7. Which people were
kept out by the Great

Wall of China?

8. Which volcano
destroyed the Roman

city of Pompeii?

TWHOERLANDCIENT1Hy0EOetuv,oa0vmerefn0soartran0utmigsamolbBlee.yeCm,,TgtcEhhapite—eniiryesef6sesase,a0rvtsmnit0ullldieacnhdglCgaeaEinnissndgvAswrilsuelesawnysgitrteeiieanrsdntaaounArtondsoudiwaanennrdacsrsifoieaanunrngmntdledRlcaol1ientm2iade,dess0...e0r0s

5. Which tribal
leader revolted
against the Romans

in 52 bce?

6. Which area’s name
means “the land

between two rivers”?

The ancient 35,000 years ago
world First art

For most of the past, people lived as hunter-gatherers. People in Europe and
They moved around, hunted animals, and gathered wild Asia make the first works
plants. After the last Ice Age—a long period of cold
weather—ended about 11,500 years ago, people of art—cave paintings
learned how to farm. Planting crops and raising animals and carvings of animals
meant people had to settle down in one place. The
number of people grew, and villages became towns. and people.
Soon states and empires were also created.
5000 BCE
First metal tools

People in Europe and
western Asia begin to make

tools, such as axes, from
copper instead of stone.

4000 BCE
World’s first city

Villages at Uruk in Sumer
(southern Iraq) join

together to create the
world’s first city.

2613–2503 BCE 2500 BCE Bronze Age spear
Great Pyramids built Indus cities

Egyptian pharaohs build huge The Indus, or Harappan,
pyramid tombs at Giza. people build cities in the
Indus Valley of northwest

India. They also grow
cotton for cloth.

2500 BCE c.2300 BCE
First recorded war First empire

The first recorded war in King Sargon of Akkad
history is fought, between conquers Mesopotamia
and creates the world’s
the Sumerian cities of
Lagash and Umma. first empire.

Pyramids at Giza

117 CE 221–210 CE Terra-cotta army
Roman Empire China’s first

The Roman Empire reaches its emperor
largest size under Emperor
China is united under
Trajan. It stretches from Spain the First Emperor. When
in the west to Iraq in the east. he dies, he is buried in a

10 tomb protected by a
terra-cotta (clay) army.

14,000–9,000 years ago 13,000 BCE
The climate warms Pottery invented

The world gets warmer; sea levels The Jomon people of
rise; and forests spread. Many big Japan make the world’s
animals, such as mammoths, die out. oldest known pottery.

Woolly Jomon pot
mammoth

6500 BCE 7000 BCE 10,000 BCE
Earliest silk making First cloth woven Farming begins

Silk begins to be spun in China. People in the Fertile In the Fertile Crescent,
Silk is a fine fabric made from the Crescent learn to weave stretching from Egypt to
cloth from the fibers of a Iraq, people begin to plant
cocoons of the silk moth. wheat and barley and raise
plant called flax. animals for meat and milk.
Silk worms

3300 BCE 3100 BCE
Writing invented Egypt united

Egyptians invent the world’s first Egypt becomes a single
writing system, hieroglyphs. kingdom under the rule of

Egyptian hieroglyphs a pharaoh, perhaps
called Narmer.
3000 BCE 3000 BCE
Bronze Age begins South American South
farming begins American
Mesopotamians mix tin and potatoes
copper to make bronze, a harder Farming starts in the
Andes mountains of South
metal. Soon after, bronze is America, where people grow
also made in China. crops including potatoes.

c.1200 BCE c.1200 BCE c.1000–500 BCE
Iron Age begins First American Farming spreads in Africa

The Bronze Age ends, and the civilizations Farming people move from Nigeria to
Iron Age begins when people settle across much of Africa. They grow
in Anatolia (modern Turkey) The Olmecs of Mesoamerica
and the people of Chavin de yams, millet, and sorghum.
start making iron. Huantar in Peru live in the first In 400 bce, they begin making iron tools.

American civilizations.

King Sargon

334–323 BCE c.500–336 BCE
Alexander Ancient Greece
the Great
Greek civilization is at its peak.
After uniting Greece, The Greeks create beautiful art
Alexander the Great of
Macedonia conquers an and architecture and invent
empire stretching from science, philosophy, theater,
history writing, and politics.
Egypt to India.

Stonehenge Settling down

Farming people worked together to Farming began in Asia
create huge monuments called megaliths, and then moved into
meaning “great stones.” Some were tombs to Europe. People settled
bury the dead. Others, such as Stonehenge in down in different places
Britain, were places for religious ceremonies. and started a variety
of cultures.

Orkney

SEA
TH
Polished flint axes
Newgrange In 10,000 bce, Britain Funnelbeaker
NOR was connected to In Denmark and
Early trade AT L A N TI Europe. Later, Sweden, people
around 6500 bce, made pots with
After people settled down Carnac rising sea levels funnel-shaped tops,
as farmers, they began to flooded this area, called funnelbeakers.
make things to trade, such cutting Britain off.
as pots. The most prized
objects for trading were Salisbury
polished stone axes, which
people started making SEA In central Europe,
around 4000 bce. They C people decorated
were traded across pots by scratching
long distances. In southern Europe, lines in the clay.
people decorated pots
Carnac with cockleshells.
stones Cardium is the Latin
name for a cockle.

Linear
pottery

Cardium pottery

T Y RR
SE
The Stone Age WN H E N I
SE A
The earliest period of our history is called the Stone Age A N
because people used tools made from stone. They hunted
wild animals and gathered wild plants. Later, starting around SCALE Malta
10,000 bce, people in East Asia began to plant crops and
keep animals. Farming then spread west across Europe. 0 200 miles

0 200 kilometers

Amber sculpture of a hor Corded-ware pot from northern Germany
se
Comb pottery
MED In Russia, people
decorated their
pots by dragging
combs across them.

This horse was carved Decorated objects
from amber, which is
fossilized tree resin. Stone Age people invented pots to
Amber from the coast cook and store food. In different
of the Baltic Sea was parts of Europe, people decorated
traded across Europe. pots in different ways, making
patterns with cords (strings), shells,
When farming P I A N or combs. They also made art out
people entered S E A of materials such as amber.
Europe from Asia A S
around 6000 bce, C KEY
they brought herds
of cattle with them. Fertile Crescent
An area with rich soil
The first farmers in Europe Bull for growing plants.
lived in small villages,
which would usually
have five to eight
wooden longhouses.

Wooden EA At Göbekli Tepe, Monoliths
longhouse S people built a stone circle Stone structures called
BLACK for ceremonies around monoliths were built
9000 bce. They used across Europe.
massive carved stones.
Jericho
World’s first Göbekli Tepe
town World’s oldest Farming allowed people to settle
Çatalhöyük temple down in villages, which later grew into
towns. One of the oldest is Jericho, which
dates from 9600 bce. It was defended by

a high stone wall.

I T Çatalhöyük, founded Farmers harvested Women
S around 7500 bce, is wheat with curved harvesting
the world’s oldest tools called sickles,
large town. It was which had blades wheat
five-times bigger made of stone.
EE RA R A N E than Jericho.

A N Jericho

13

Mesopotamia Writing

Mesopotamia means “the land between the two rivers.” Mesopotamians invented one
It existed around the rivers Tigris and Euphrates in the of the first writing systems. It is called
Middle East. It was here, around 3300 bce, that the world’s cuneiform, which means “wedge shaped.”
first cities were built. Mesopotamian cities were ruled by It was written by pushing a sharp reed into
kings, who waged war with each other using trained armies. a soft clay tablet. Cuneiform was used for
The Mesopotamians invented bronze making and writing. 3,200 years across western Asia.

KEY (3300 bce) SCALE

Goods coming into 0 100 miles
Mesopotamia
Timber 0 100 kilometers Assyrian Nineveh
Wood was brought in These warriors were warrior
from other countries. the first fighters in
Copper Mesopotamia to use Cuneiform writing
This metal was used to iron weapons.
make tools and statues.
Assur

Tin Tigris PERSIA
This metal was mixed Euphr
with copper to make ates A S S Y R I A
bronze, a stronger
metal. The gateway to AKKAD
Babylon, built Armies went to
Code of laws around 575 bce. war in carts pulled
by wild donkeys
King Hammurabi of Babylon W called onagers.
had a set of his laws carved
into stone. The king is shown Ishtar Gate
worshipping the god of justice
at the top of the stone. N Babylon War cart Ziggurat Each city had its
E Umma Lagash own special god,
King Hammurabi worshipped in a tall
Uruk stepped temple
14 called a ziggurat.

S Mesopotamian SUMER

farmers grew crops Ur
beside the rivers,
especially barley. Farming Persian boat

Trading boats made PERSIAN
of reeds sailed the
Persian Gulf. GULF

Shamash, god Between rivers
of justice
Mesopotamia stretched
along a fertile area
between the Tigris and
Euphrates, which made
it a good place to farm.

Indus Valley Indus seal

The land around the Indus River was the birthplace The people of the Indus
of another of the first civilizations. Beginning around Valley invented a type of
2600 bce, people here built carefully planned cities. writing with around 300
This was the largest early civilization, bigger than picture signs, which we
Egypt and Mesopotamia put together. There is no still cannot understand.
evidence left of how the people of the Indus Valley It was used on carved
were ruled. stone seals, where the
signs appeared above
pictures of animals.

Ruins of
Mohenjo-Daro

The biggest Indus city was
Mohenjo-Daro. Every house had its
own water supply, toilet, and bath.

Harappa

Indus

Indus boat

Mohenjo-Daro Indus traders traveled
by boat, taking goods
KEY (2600 bce) Carnelian along the rivers. THAR DESERT
A red stone called
Goods coming into carnelian was used Elephants were N
the Indus area to make beads hunted for their WE
Silver for jewelry. ivory tusks.
This metal was used to S
make jewelry. Asian elephant
Copper Dholavira SCALE
This metal was used to
make pots and knives. 0 100 miles
Lapis lazuli
This blue stone from Coastal people Lothal 0 100 kilometers
Afghanistan was used collected oysters Pearls
to make jewelry. to get the pearls River network
Tin sometimes
This metal was mixed found inside. The Indus civilization
with copper to make grew up around small
bronze. A R A rivers that flowed into
Cotton growing S E the large Indus River,
Cotton fibers were B I A N which ended at the
woven into cloth. A Arabian Sea.
15

Ancient Egypt Hieroglyphs

Around 3000 bce, the people who lived along the Nile The Egyptians invented
River created one of the world’s earliest civilizations, hieroglyphs, the world’s first
ancient Egypt. Kings known as pharaohs ruled Egypt writing system. Hieroglyphs
for over 3,000 years. It was the most stable and were pictures that stood for
longest-lasting civilization in the ancient world. things and ideas. They were
carved in stone or written on
a type of paper called papyrus.

Fertile Nile Hieroglyphs carved in stone KEY (3000 –
1000 bce)
Egypt lies along the Nile MEDITERRANEAN SEA
River, which flows Egyptian border
through the desert of The dotted line shows
northeast Africa into the the edge of Egypt.
Mediterranean Sea. Wheat
This was the main crop
The Sphinx, a statue of a Sphinx at Giza grown along the Nile.
lion with a human head, Giza Mud houses
guards the pyramids. People lived in houses
Memphis made of mud bricks.
Pyramids of Giza
SCALE
From 2650 to 1800 bce,
pharaohs were buried in huge stone 0 250 miles
tombs called pyramids. The Great 0 250 kilometers
Pyramid is the only survivor of the
seven wonders of the ancient world. Plowing Farmers grew wheat
and other crops next
to the river.

Sailing south Egyptian boats sailed
south using the wind,
which usually blows LOWER EGYPT
from north to south.
The current carried
them north again.

N Nile Rive Egyptian ships sailed
WE r across the Red Sea,
Merchant ship
S bringing back
Temple of Hathor, perfume from
Tutankhamun the goddess of joy southern Arabia.
and motherhood.
During the period called the New
Kingdom, between 1550 and 1069 bce, Temple of Hathor Dendera SEA
pharaohs were buried in underground Valley of the Kings Thebes RED
tombs in the Valley of the Kings. The
pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb is the Valley of the Kings
only one that has been found with all its
treasure still inside. Temple built by Queen Edfu
Hatshepsut, who ruled
as pharaoh.

Temple of Horus,
the god of kingship.

Temple of Horus

Mask of Tutankhamun UPPER EGYPT Lake Nasser Sekhmet, goddess of war
Pharaoh Ramses II’s
17 temple to himself,
carved out of the rock.

Ramses statues Egyptian gods
Abu Simbel
The Egyptians worshipped
hundreds of gods, who were
shown as different animals.
This statue is of Sekhmet, the
lion-headed goddess of war.

KEY A D R I AT I C Many cities
SEA
ATHENS City-states Ancient Greece was
Individual Greek cities NAPLES a collection of city-states.
ruled themselves and PAESTUM The Greeks traveled and
had their own armies. founded cities all over
the Mediterranean.
Merchant routes
Greek merchants sailed SCALE
the seas, carrying goods
such as olive oil. 0 50 miles
0 50 kilometers
Sea battles
Warships were rowed
into battle, using
battering rams to
sink enemy ships.

Greek games
Athletic contests were
held in religious centers,
such as Olympia.

Far and wide N
WE
The Greeks founded settlements all
around the Mediterranean and the S
Black Sea. The best surviving Greek
temples are not in Greece but in Italy.
This one is in Sicily.

IONIAN SEA

SYRACUSE The Olympic Games

Temple of Segesta, built c.420 bce The Greeks invented athletic competitions.
The most famous was held at Olympia
Ancient Greece during a festival in honor of Zeus, king
of the gods. Athletes came from all over
The ancient Greeks were some of the most creative people the Greek world.
in history. They invented theater, sports, politics, science, and
the writing of history. Their beautiful art and architecture Wrestling in the Greek Olympics
is still copied today. Ancient Greek civilization was at its
height between 500 and 300 bce.

Theater at Epidaurus Maritsa BLACK SEA

Plays were staged in open-air
theaters in ancient Greece. The theater
at Epidaurus seated 14,000 spectators.

THRACE

Trojan horse The Persians tried
and failed to
MOUNT According to legend, conquer Greece in
O LY M P U S the city of Troy was the 400s bce.
MACEDONIA captured and destroyed
by Greeks hiding inside Persian warrior
a wooden horse.

AEGEAN PERSIAN EMPIRE
SEA
DELPHI THEBES
GREECE ATHENS

OLYMPIA EPIDAURUS The agora was the Athens was
SPARTA marketplace where protected by
pottery and other a strong wall
goods were sold. with many gates.

Spartan
warrior

The Spartans Agora The Parthenon is a
were the most marble temple dedicated
feared warriors to Athena, the goddess
in Greece. of wisdom and crafts.
It is still standing today.
N E A N

D I T E R RA Parthenon
S EA City walls
E CRETE
M Pirate ship Assembly The assembly was where
Athenian citizens met to
Crete was a base make big decisions about
for pirates, who the city. People voted
attacked and robbed using clay discs.
merchant ships.

19

Ancient China Kingdoms at war

Beginning in 475 bce, China was divided into several The many warring states
kingdoms, which were always at war with each other. This each battled to become
era, called the Warring States period, ended in 221 bce, the most powerful. They
when the king of Qin conquered all his rivals. He ruled as were eventually united
China’s First Emperor. Qin, pronounced “Chin,” gave its name into the huge empire
to all of China. of China.

First Emperor of China The First Emperor built
a road 500 miles (800
Ying Zheng, known as the km) long, from
First Emperor, ruled China Xianyang to Mongolia.
harshly from 221–210 bce.
He forced everybody in the The Straight
country to work for him. Road
People had to build roads,
canals, a great wall, and a

huge tomb for him.

The First Emperor N
WE
diers
S

Terra-cotta army Xianyang

Terra-cotta sol In 210 bce, the First QIN Epang palace
Emperor was buried The capital of China
was the city of Xianyang.
beneath a human-made The First Emperor built
mountain. Nearby, a palace here.
an army of more
than 7,000 life-size
terra-cotta (clay)
warriors was
also buried.

Chariot
Government officials
traveled around in
horse-drawn chariots.

20

XIONGNU YA N
The Great Wall protected
China from raids by a
group of northern tribes
called the Xiongnu.

Northern warrior

In 262 bce, Qin and A surviving section of the wall
Zhao armies fought a
great battle at The Great Wall of China
Changping. Qin won.
The warring states had built walls to
Battle of SEA protect themselves from each other.
Changping OW The First Emperor had these walls
knocked down and built a
ZHAO continuous one in the north. This
was the Great Wall of China.
QI
Chinese coins
Foxtail millet
Yellow
iver
YELL
WEI R By the Yellow River,
farmers grew a type
of grain called
foxtail millet.

HAN By the Yangtze River, Coins
farmers grew rice.
CHU Southern Chinese The First Emperor introduced new
Yangtze Ri people ate rice as standard coins. They were round
part of every meal. with a hole in the middle, so they
could be strung together. The hole
Planting rice stood for the earth, thought to be
square, beneath the circle of the sky.
SCALE
ver KEY (c.221 bce)
0 125 miles
0 125 kilometers Great Wall
The Great Wall
stretched across the
north of China.

State borders
These are the borders
that divided the
warring states.

Empire border 21
This line shows the
edge of the empire.

Ancient Rome Named after Emperor NORTH SEA
Hadrian, work on this
More than 2,000 years ago, ancient Rome was one of the wall began in 122 ce.
most powerful nations in the world. At first, Rome was ruled It marked the
by kings. It became a republic in 509 bce, which meant that northwest edge
it was ruled by members of Roman society. In 27 bce Rome of the empire.
became an empire, led by a ruler called an emperor. At its
largest, in 117 ce, the Roman Empire was home to more This leader of the Hadrian’s
than 65 million people. Arverni tribe led Wall
an uprising
Punic Wars against Roman Vercingetorix
power in 52 bce. Pont du
Between 264 and146 bce, The Romans built Gard
Rome fought three wars this lighthouse in
what is now Spain.
against the city of Carthage,
in modern-day Tunisia. Rome This was the most
important gold
wanted control of the mine in the
Mediterranean Sea. The Roman Empire.
wars, known as the Punic
Tower of
Wars, ended in total Hercules
Roman victory.

KEY (c.117 ce) General Hannibal from Carthage Las Medulas

Empire border ATLA N T I C O C E A N The Romans built
The edge of the aqueducts to transport
Roman Empire. WN water from one place
Grain SE to another.
Shipped to Rome from
North Africa and Sicily. MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Grapevines
Vines were planted across Carthaginians
the empire to grow grapes The Carthaginians used
to make into wine. war elephants to fight
Timber against the Roman Empire.
Forests were stripped of
wood all over the empire. Julius Caesar
Roman baths
Public bathing brought One of ancient Rome’s most
the Romans together. well-known leaders, Julius
Slaves Caesar conquered large amounts
Many Romans owned of land for Rome. The empire
slaves. Some slaves had began with his great-nephew,
to build Roman roads. Augustus, who made himself the
Amphitheaters first emperor.
Open-air theaters
entertained Romans
across the empire.
Roman soldiers
The army kept the peace
and defended the borders
against enemy invasion.

This famous
amphitheater was built
in 80 ce to hold gladiator
fights and other sports.

This impressive ThPeoamtpereyof Colosseum
theater was
The Appian Way leading out of Rome used by the Romulus and
leaders of Remus
Roman roads Rome, who
made up the A massive wall was
The Romans built many long, straight roads to ruling Senate. built around Rome in
link the towns and cities of the empire. These 271 ce, called the
paved roads helped soldiers move quickly Rome was Aurelian Wall.
said to have been
around the empire. founded by twins
who were raised
This theater in by a wolf.
Verona, Italy,
is still in
use today.

Verona Arena Emperor Constantine B L A C K SEA

the Great ordered this
column to be built
in 330 ce.

Rome Constantinople Column of
Mount Constantine
Vesuvius

The city of Pompeii
was destroyed by
the eruption of the
volcano Mount
Vesuvius in 79 ce.

Theater at The Romans built this Constantinople became These warships traveled
Djemila amphitheater in what the capital of the empire all around the
is now Tunisia. in 330 ce. Walls were built Mediterranean Sea.
around the city to help
defend it against attacks. Cleopatra ruled Egypt
until 30 bce, when it was
An important city conquered by Rome.
in Roman Libya.

Galley warship In 74 ce, a Jewish
revolt against Roman
Leptis Magna Masada rule ended when all
hill fort the Jewish troops and
SCALE civilians in the Masada
fort killed themselves.
0 200 miles
23
0 200 kilometers Cleopatra

Judaism Islam

The faith of the Jewish people, Muslims worship a single God,
called Judaism, was the first called Allah. Every year, millions
religion that worshipped one God. of Muslims travel to their holy
Jews believe that God chose them city of Mecca in a special journey
as a special holy people and gave
them a set of laws to follow. called the Hajj.

Torah reading in a synagogue

The Cross Christianity began Sikhism comes Sikhism
in Jerusalem, from northern Nankana Sahib
Christianity where Jesus died. India, where Guru
Christianity Nanak was born.
Christians believe in Jerusalem
one God but also
Judaism
worship Jesus Christ
as the Son of God. Judaism began in Lumbini
Jesus was a Jew ancient Israel, the Hinduism
who died 2,000 Jewish homeland.
years ago, when Mecca Buddhism
he was nailed to Hinduism began
a cross. Mecca, where the Islam in ancient India.
prophet Muhammad Its sacred texts,
was born around the Vedas, were
570 ce, is the holiest written down
city in Islam. around 1200 bce.

Buddhism began
in northeast India,
where the Buddha
was born in 563 bce.

INDIAN OCEAN African religious mask

World religions Smaller religions

A religion is a set of beliefs about how to live a good Alongside the major religions,
life and what happens after death. In the past, there there are still many smaller
were hundreds of different religions. Then, people began ones. In some parts of
to follow larger, organized religions. Today, most people Africa, people believe in
belong to only a few world religions. powerful spirits. They try
to get the help of the
spirits by dancing while
wearing masks.

Sikhism

Sikhism was founded 500 years
ago by an Indian teacher called
Guru Nanak. He taught that
there is one God, who can be
worshipped anywhere, and
that all humans are equal.

Guru Nanak, founder of Sikhism Statue of the Hindu god Ganesh

ASIA Shinto Shinto is an Hinduism
Taoism Buddhism ancient Japanese
religion. Its Hinduism, the ancient religion of
World of faiths followers worship India, is practiced in many different
gods and spirits of ways. Hindus worship hundreds of
The world’s major the natural world. gods. One of the most popular is
religions all began Ganesh, who has an elephant’s head.
in Asia and the Middle Taoism is an ancient
East, then spread Chinese religion that KEY
to the rest of the world. began in the fourth
century bce. Its Islam
followers try to live in A crescent moon and star.
balance with nature. Buddhism
A wheel with eight
IFIC OCEAN spokes.
PA C Taoism
This symbol shows two
opposites in balance.
Christianity
The cross on which
Jesus died.
Shinto
A torii, or sacred
gateway.
Judaism
The star of David, who
was a Jewish king.
Sikhism
A khanda (set of swords).
Hinduism
A symbol for “om,” a
sacred sound.

Buddhism

Buddhism was founded in northeast India
2,500 years ago by a teacher called the
Buddha (left). Unlike other religions, it is
not based on a belief in gods. The goal of
Buddhism is to find true wisdom.
25

1. Which religion did
Indian monks spread
to China along the

Silk Road?
3. Which country

has the world’s oldest
royal family?

2. Which desert
did traders have to
cross to reach Mali?

4. Where did Leif
Erikson sail in
1000 ce?

8. Which disease
killed up to two-

thirds of all
Europeans?

7. On which
continent would you
find totem poles?

TAHGEESMIDDLE You can find all
the answers and
6TMai0hmnanie0dndaEpd–dgum1elnrec4rooaiif5Aopditchdg0eeee.ernfndRsrt,orehrabmleiliesgsltc,i6igoaow0irunoye0s.uwre–Nse1aibetb4suwlu5ivieile0lkdstriiyncabnegregiomidtsswu,opksnmeoundercostnhtwaahanapenntsp,wacetaiseoeanmntrrdhletdped.les more quizzes on

pages 90-91.
6. Who conquered
the biggest continuous

land empire in
history?

5. When did
the Hundred Years’

War begin?

The Middle 250–950 Maya writing
Ages Maya civilization carved on bone

Many new kingdoms and empires arose during The Maya civilization, 700
the Middle Ages. After the fall of the Roman a collection of competing First American towns
Empire, several kingdoms appeared in Europe
sharing a strong belief in Christianity. A new cities in Mesoamerica, The first towns are built in
world religion also emerged during is at its height. North America, in the eastern
the Middle Ages: Islam. woodlands, by people known
711–721
Muslim Spain as the Mound Builders.

A North African Muslim army
invades and conquers Spain.
The Muslims then move into
France but are defeated at the

Battle of Poitiers in 732.

762
Baghdad

Caliph al-Mansur founds
Baghdad as a new capital

of the Islamic Empire,
beginning the “Golden

Age” of Islam.

1066 William the
Norman Conquest Conqueror

The Normans, under William leading
the Conqueror, conquer his men
England. To control their

English subjects, they later
build many castles.

1095–1099 1200–1350 1206–1294
First Crusade Mali Empire Mongol conquests

The First Crusade is a holy Growth of the Mali Empire, The Mongols of East Asia conquer
war fought by European which conquers Ghana. The an empire stretching from eastern
armies against the Muslims capital, Timbuktu, is famed for Europe to the Pacific Ocean. It is
who rule the Holy Land. The its wealth and the learning of
crusaders capture Jerusalem, the biggest continuous land
and start Christian kingdoms. its Islamic scholars. empire in history.

1440–1473 1420–1446
Benin Empire Dome of Florence

founded The Italian architect Filippo
Brunelleschi builds the dome
Reign of Oba (king) of the cathedral in Florence.
Ewuare the Great,
founder of the Benin Dome of
Empire of West Africa. Florence
Cathedral
28 Queen Mother
of Benin

c.500–600 622–632 618–907
First West African Birth of Islam Tang dynasty

State In Arabia, Muhammad, Under the Tang dynasty, the
the founder of Islam, Chinese conquer a great empire,
Rise of the Kingdom of Ghana, unites the previously including much of Central Asia.
the first known state in West divided Arab tribes
Africa. Its wealth comes from Chang’an, the capital, is the
gold, traded across the Sahara under his rule. world’s biggest city.

with North Africa. 632–690 Tang dynasty,
Arab conquests model of a
Flag of 668 polo player
Korea Korea unified The Arabs conquer the
Persian Empire and
King Munmu of Silla North Africa.
unites Korea, which was
previously divided into

separate kingdoms.

789 Viking axe 800
First Viking raid and shield Carolingian Empire

The Vikings stage their Pope Leo III crowns the Frankish
first attack on Britain, (French) king, Charlemagne, as
beginning more than emperor. Charlemagne unites
a century of raiding. much of western Europe in his

1050 Carolingian Empire.
Printing invented
1000 Statue of 10th century
Printing, with moveable clay Vikings reach Leif Erikson Arabic numerals
type, is invented in China. Earlier in Norway
Chinese books were printed using America Arabic numerals (1,2,3, etc.)
are first used in Europe.
carved wooden blocks. Leif Erikson, a Viking Invented in India, they are
explorer, sails to North
c.1270 named after the Arabs who
First paper America, which he introduced them to Europe.
calls Vinland.
People in Italy begin
to make paper, at first 1280 1289
from rags. Paper is much Polynesians settle First eyeglasses
cheaper than parchment,
which is made from New Zealand Eyeglasses are invented
in Italy and are used to
animal skin. Polynesian sailors discover
and settle New Zealand. help with reading.
1347–1352 After centuries of travel, it is
Black Death Maori man from the last place the Polynesians
New Zealand discover in the Pacific Ocean.
A terrible plague called the Black
Death spreads from Asia across 1337 1315–1317
Europe. It kills between a third Hundred Years’ Great Famine
and two-thirds of the population.
War begins Cold, wet weather across
Rat fleas spread northern Europe causes the
the Black Death Beginning of the Great Famine. Crops fail, and at
across Europe. Hundred Years’ War, least a tenth of the population
a series of wars between
England and France starves to death.
that went on for over
29
a hundred years.

The Vikings
From the 8th to the 11th centuries ce, the Vikings set off
from Scandinavia to attack, trade, and settle in new lands. A rebuilt longhouse in Iceland
They sailed along the rivers of Russia to the Black Sea, and
out into the North Sea and North Atlantic. They settled in
the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland and became the
first Europeans to reach America. In Britain, they conquered
an area that the English called the Danelaw.

Longhouse

GREENLAND A typical Viking home was a ICELAND
Eric the Red longhouse. It had one big shared
room with a fire in the middle for
KEY (890–1050) warmth, cooking, and light. People
slept on benches around the sides.
Viking homelands Animals lived in a separate area
The areas in Scandinavia at one end of the house.
the Vikings came from.
Gains abroad Eric the Red founded
The areas that were taken the first Viking settlement
by the Vikings. in Greenland in 985 ce.
Viking voyages
The Vikings went on many N
voyages in their longships. WE
Battles and raids
The Vikings fought other S
people across Europe.
Settlements AT L A N T IC
Places where the Vikings
settled down and
had families.

Leif Erikson sailed OCEAN
to North America
around 1000 ce. He
named the place
he found Vinland.

SCALE Leif Erikson The Oseberg Ship Longships
VINLAND
0 Voyages were made in
500 miles double-ended oak ships, with
single square sails. Ships were
0 500 kilometers so important to the Vikings
that rulers were buried in
Across the sea them. This beautiful ship was
found in a grave in Norway.
The Vikings sailed all
around Europe and the
Mediterranean, across
Russia, the North Sea,
30 and the North Atlantic.

Lindisfarne Jewelry Silver ba Silver necklace

The first Viking attacks, shown The Vikings loved jewelry, Solid
carved into this stone, were raids especially silver arm rings, ngle
on monasteries on Britain’s coast, which were worn by both
such as Lindisfarne and Iona. Go
men and women.

silver bangle

Combs made from ld ring
deer antlers are A silver hammer was
found in many the sign of Thor,
Viking areas. god of thunder.

Crafts SCANDINAVIA

BA LT I C S E A RUSSIA

Orkney Vikings sailed down
SCOTLAND Russia’s rivers, lifting and
dragging their ships over
Lindisfarne the land between rivers.
DANELAW
Iona Carrying a ship
IRELAND
Vikings sold furs,
ivory, and slaves Dnieper
to Muslim Arabs,
who paid with silver.
WESSEX Viking helmet
English kingdoms, Rhine
including Wessex, Silver
tried to hold back
the Vikings. K
A
A C
L E

B
S

Constantinople
BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Viking warriors Viking axe

Blacksmiths made metal helmets 31
to protect the heads of Viking
warriors. Vikings fought using

swords, spears, and battle-axes.

Bulguksa Temple Coastal kingdoms

The kingdom of Silla started Korea is an area of
following the Buddhist religion in land that sticks out
527 ce. The Bulguksa Temple was from Asia into the Pacific
built in Gyeongju, the royal capital, Ocean. It traded a lot
in 751–774 ce. Bulguksa means with nearby China.
“temple of the land
of Buddha.” KEY (500 ce)

Bulguksa Temple Goguryeo sold Gold Goods leaving
luxuries such as the empire
Silla crown fur, gold, and Goguryeo
silver to China. The kingdom that
In the Silla capital, Gyeongju, Korea is named after.
kings were buried in tombs
covered with mounds of Furs Baekje
rocks. The tombs contained Known for its statues
rich treasures, such as gold and jewelry.
crowns decorated with antler
or tree shapes. Gaya
A small group
of independent cities.

Silver Silla
The most powerful
N Korean kingdom.
WE
Goguryeo men hunted
S deer on horseback
using bows.
Pyongyang Hunter on
horseback SEA OF JAP
YELLOW SEA
AN

Baekje sculptors
made smiling statues
of the Buddha.

Ancient Korea Buddha Tomb of Gyeongju
statues King Suro Kings of Gaya
By the first century bce, there were three competing kingdoms were buried
in Korea. Goguryeo was a large kingdom in the north; Baekje Gwangju beneath big
was in the southwest; and Silla was in the southeast. There mounds of earth.
was also a group of independent cities in the south called
Gaya. Silla conquered the other kingdoms in 668 ce, but SCALE
modern Korea took its name from the kingdom of Goguryeo.
0 100 miles

0 100 kilometers

Ancient Japan
Between the fourth and sixth centuries ce, Japan’s
many small territories were united into one country The native people
under an emperor. Japan’s emperors said they were of Hokkaido are
descended from the goddess of the sun. Japan used called the Ainu.
Chinese writing and began to follow Buddhism, which
mixed with the local religion of Shinto. kkaido

SEA Ainu PA
people
Ho
God-like emperor N CIFIC OCEAN
E
Japan has the world’s oldest
royal family. It has reigned for WS
at least 1,500 years and
continues up to the present Samurai warriors
day. The emperors were wore elaborate
thought to be like gods, so only suits of armor.
they could rule the country.
Samurai
OF JA PA N armor

Emperor Kanmu (ruled 781-806 ce) The Todai-ji Temple Honshu The Japanese
in Nara has a 49 ft traditional religion,
Island state (15 m) tall statue Shinto, is based
of the Buddha. on the worship of
Japan lies off the east spirits called kami.
coast of Asia. It is made
up of four main islands: Shinto shrine
Honshu, Hokkaido,
Shikoku, and Kyushu. Kinkaku-ji is a famous Mount Fuji Edo
Buddhist temple Mount Fuji is a
SCALE built in 1397. holy mountain,
worshipped as
0 50 miles Kyoto a Shinto spirit.
0 50 kilometers Todai-ji buddha
Kinkaku-ji Nara

Himeji

K Shikoku

yushu Himeji castle

Wealthy Japanese noblemen 33
lived in castles, where they
had their own followings of
warriors called samurai. This
castle in Himeji was originally
built in the 1330s.

The Athabascan F O R T
people of the E A
subarctic lived in E A U
big log cabins. S
B

Log cabin

Inuit

Athabascan The Inuit lived in igloos,
homes made from blocks
of snow, which were cozy Igloo
in winter.
Inuit hunter carrying a kayak
In the northwestern Totem Chipewyan
Inuit forests, people carved pole The plains were home
totem poles decorated to huge herds of
The Inuit, the people of the icy with spirit beings Blackfoot buffalo. When the
Arctic, lived by catching fish and and animals. Spanish brought horses
hunting seals, whales, and to the Americas, people
walruses. The Inuit chased these PA C I F IC OC began to hunt buffalo
animals in light sealskin boats on horseback.
called kayaks. EAN

Homes For ceremonies, the Chinook Salish
Salish people wore
People in different areas had headdresses with Hunting buffalo
different kinds of homes. bird faces.
This photograph, taken in
1876, shows a Paiute village Paiute Crow
in the Great Basin area. Shoshone Cheyenne
These huts, made from sticks,
are called wickiups.

Indigenous people Wickiup shelter
of North America Wickiups were made
from sticks. They were
Before Europeans settled in North America, it was home to easy to build quickly.
hundreds of groups of indigenous (native) people. North America
can be divided into ten different regions, called cultural areas. In Comanche
each area, people shared similar ways of life. In some places, they Apache
farmed, while in others they lived by hunting.
N
WE

S

BAFFIN Varied landscape KEY (1500)
B
North America has many Indigenous peoples
AY different habitats, with Some of the groups
BAY snow in the north and who lived across
grasslands in the center. North America.
Native peoples lived in Arctic
all these areas. This is the coldest
region, where no
SCALE 500 miles trees grow.
Subarctic
0 Trees grew in the
subarctic, but it was
0 500 kilometers still cold and snowy.
Plains
HUDSON In the cold subarctic, This region was home to
Cree snowshoes helped flat, treeless grasslands.
people cross the soft Eastern woodlands
Ojibwa winter snow. These areas had
Snowshoes thick forests.
Southwest
AT L A N TI OCEAN The hottest, driest
C region.
Southeast
Mi’kmaq A hot, wet region with
Iroquois forests and swamps.
Great Basin
Huron The Great Basin had
mountains, river valleys,
Sioux Miami Farmers In the eastern woodlands, and open plains.
farmers grew squashes Northwest coast
and corn. A forested region with
mild, wet weather.
Huron hair Huron warriors shaved Plateau
their heads, leaving hair An area surrounded by
at the top and back. high mountain ranges.
California
War bonnets Home to grasslands,
wooded hills, and
Shawnee Cherokee river valleys.

Choctaw Apache women

Natchez On the plains, warriors Seminole The Apache lived in the hot,
wore war bonnets made dry Southwest. An Apache
from eagle feathers. woman or girl would spend
her time gathering wild
Apache girl plants for food, including
prickly pears, roots, and

seeds. This Apache girl was
photographed in 1905.

35

African empires Timbuktu

Since around 100 ce, powerful kingdoms have risen and The city of Timbuktu in West
fallen in the land south of the huge Sahara Desert in Africa was famous for being
Africa. These kingdoms struggled to gain land and rich. Gold was mined from
control of trade routes. Trading made rulers rich, local goldfields and traded for
especially through selling gold, ivory, and slaves. In other goods. Timbuktu was
addition to rich monarchs, there were many ordinary also a center of learning.
farmers in the forests and grasslands below the Sahara. There were three mosques
where people could study.
Sankore Madrassa Mosque
was built in the 14th century.

Sankore Madrassa Mosque

Islam African powers

North African traders crossed the Sahara Desert on camels The great African
to trade with Mali. They brought their religion, Islam, empires and kingdoms
with them. In the ninth century, the people of Mali were to the south of
became Muslims. The Great Mosque of Djenné is the Sahara Desert,
the largest mud-brick building in the world. which stretches across
North Africa.
AT L A S MO U N TA I N S Merchants crossed the
SAHARA Sahara on camels, SCALE
carrying dates and
other goods to trade. 0 500 miles
DESERT
0 500 kilometers

Merchant and Nile River
camels

Gold

Timbuktu

RNiivgeerr Gao The Kanem-Bornu
Benin was the capital Empire had a big army,
city of a rich kingdom. Djenné with riders and horses
Metalworkers here made who both wore armor.
beautiful brass or bronze
sculptures of their rulers. Gold was dug Benin city Horseman Ethiopian Christians Church of Bet
out of the made churches by Abba Libanos
ground in Mali. carving them out of
rocky hillsides.
Benin bronze

KEY (c.1400) ATLANTIC OCEAN N E CONGO Crafts
W BASIN
Trade routes Great Zimbabwe
S African craft
Mali Empire workers were skilled
This empire lasted from at making iron tools
1230 to 1670. to trade.
Kingdom of Zimbabwe
This kingdom lasted These mysterious stone ruins are part of
from 1220 to 1450. Great Zimbabwe. This city is said to have
Kingdom of Benin been home to 18,000 people in the 11th
This kingdom lasted to 15th centuries. Great Zimbabwe grew
from 1180 to 1897. rich from trading in iron, copper, salt,
Bunyoro-Kitara gold, and ivory (elephant tusk).
Empire
This empire lasted from DRAKENSBE RG
the 1500s to 1894. INDIAN OCEAN
Ethiopian Empire King Ezana’s Stela
This empire lasted from Aksum
1137 to 1974.
Kingdom of Kongo The earliest African kingdom was
This kingdom lasted Aksum in Ethiopia, which lasted
from 1390 to 1974. from around 100 ce to 940 ce.
Kanem-Bornu Empire Aksum’s riches came from
This empire lasted from trading goods by sea with Egypt
the 800s to 1900. and Arabia. Early kings of Aksum
Farming built tall stone grave markers,
Farmers grew
vegetables, such as yams, called stelae. King Ezana had this
or grains, such as millet. one put up in the fourth century.

King of Kongo

In the 1480s, West African kings
began trading with Europeans,
such as the Portuguese. The kings
of Kongo became Christians and
even took Portuguese names.
This picture shows King Alvaro

meeting Dutch visitors.

37 King Alvaro of Kongo in 1642

The Silk Road East to west

The trade route that allowed merchants to travel from The Silk Road began in
east to west from Asia to Europe was known as the Silk China. It stretched
Road. This road was first set up around 200 BCE and lasted through the mountains
until sea routes across the Indian Ocean replaced it in the and deserts of central
1500s CE. In addition to goods for trading, new ideas, Asia to the eastern
religions, and inventions traveled along the Silk Road. Mediterranean Sea.

Marco Polo Horses were used
to pull carts where
In 1271 the young the roads were
Italian Marco Polo good enough.
traveled along the
Silk Road to China Horses and carts BLACK SEA
with his father and
uncle, who were both
merchants. He wrote
a best-selling account
of his travels when he
returned home 24

years later.

Roman M E D I T
merchant ship
Marco Polo E ERAR A
S N E A N
Caravanserais
Transporting goods by
Merchants traveling along the sea was quicker and
Silk Road stopped off in cheaper, but also
more dangerous.
caravanserais, or inns. Here
they could eat and sleep and KEY (220 CE )

let their animals rest. Main trade route
This was the path that most
travelers and merchants
followed on their journeys
between east and west.
Roman glassware RED SEA
A historic caravanserai in Lebanon Gold Jade
ek silver coin Silver Porcelain
West to east Glassware Paper
Cotton Gunpowder
Europe sent glassware, silver, gold, and Grapes Tea
cotton east to China. Horses from the Figs Sugar
Ferghana Valley in central Asia were Walnuts Spices
much valued in China and traveled Ferghana Silk
along the Silk Road to get there. horses Salt

Gre

East to west

China sent silk, porcelain, jade,
tea, and spices west along the Silk
Road toward Europe. Among the
many inventions that traveled
west were paper and gunpowder.

SCALE Chinese porcelain Chicnloetsheinsiglk

0 500 miles Chinese tea leaves

0 500 kilometers

Missionaries traveled to
Asia in 781 CE to spread
the Christian religion.

CASPIAN SEA Christian
missionaries

Camel trains Buddhist monks
spread their religion
Trains (groups) of from India to China in
two-humped camels the first century CE.
transported travelers Buddhist monks
and goods along
the Silk Road. 39

A

Arab dhow SEA Huge fleets of ships
These traditional Arab RABIAN called junks sailed
sailing ships carried N across the Indian Ocean.
goods across the Indian WE O I N D IA Chinese junk
Ocean and into the C E A N
Persian Gulf. S

N

The Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, Europe was made up of many
kingdoms. This was a period when noblemen lived in Notre Dame, France, founded in 1163
castles and fought in wars, riding into battle as knights on
horseback. The Christian Church was rich and powerful,
building great cathedrals across Europe.

Cathedrals around Europe

The biggest buildings in medieval Europe
were cathedrals. These were big churches where
archbishops based their power. Some cathedrals SCOTLAND

held the body parts of saints, called relics. IRELAND
People traveled on long journeys, called
pilgrimages, to visit these relics.
ENGLAND

Stained glass image of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc Canterbury Cathedral Canterbury
contained the bones of Cathedral
European castles From 1337 to 1453, England the saint Thomas Becket.
and France fought a war, later 100 Years’ War
Kings and nobles built hundreds of called the Hundred Years’ War. France and England FRANCE
castles across Europe. They used them Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, fought for over 100
as bases to fight wars against each helped lead the French to victory. years in this war,
other and to rule over the local people. from 1337–1453.
ATLAN T I C O C E A N

WN Avignon
SE
PORTUGAL ARAGON
CASTILE

Ca

EMIRATE OF
GRANADA
stle iHn oGheernmzaonllyern

SCALE Power struggles

0 200 miles The countries of
0 200 kilometers medieval Europe fought
over land but shared a
N O R WAY strong belief in the
Christian religion.

Bergen Peasants farming, late 15th century

SWEDEN The Teutonic Knights Peasants in the Middle Ages
were a brotherhood
of Christian warriors. Most people lived as poor peasants, farming
the land for the rich. Many were serfs, who
Hanseatic Teutonic were not free. They worked for a lord in
ship Knight exchange for land to grow their own food on.
The Hanseatic League
Bremen was a group of trading In the 13th century, KEY (c.1400)
towns in Germany, the Mongols from
Emperor Poland, and Scandinavia Asia conquered VENICE City-states
Charles IV that controlled sea trade. a huge empire. Some powerful cities
H O LY became tiny countries
ROMAN Charles IV was the in their own right.
EMPIRE head of the Holy
Roman Empire Borders
from 1346–1378. These lines show the
borders between
POLAND countries.

KHANATE Mongol
OF THE warrior
GOLDEN
HORDE Cogs
Merchant ships called
cogs carried the Black
Death to Europe’s
ports

VENICE HUNGARY Black Death
The plague spread in
GENOA BLACK SEA these regions, carried
by rat fleas.

FLORENCE BYZANTINE
EMPIRE

Rome SERBIA OTTOMAN
EMPIRE

SICILY Black Death

MEDITERRANEAN SEA In the 1340s, the Black Death, a
deadly disease carried by rat fleas,
arrived in Europe. It spread quickly Black Death burial scene, 1349 41
across the whole continent and killed
between a third and two-thirds of
Europe’s population.

1. Which South
American empire
made its leaders into

mummies?

2. Who built India’s
Jama Masjid?

3. What was
Istanbul called before

the Ottomans
renamed it?

4. What was the
name of Vasco da

Gama’s ship?

You can find all
the answers and
more quizzes on

pages 90-91.

8. How many slaves
did Europeans capture
and take across the

Atlantic?

7. Which
Mesoamerican king
was buried wearing

a jade mask?

TOHFEDAISGCEOVERY

1Itnc4hpai5veetnhio0ldwiepz–aoal11errt74tlitdo55foln00bosssyue,orlsEilfhsuathihprseo.edspTlAaehavmaereonyesus.crniobNcdneaeqgstwhuaaenensrcwdteioedocnaerttlpxhdifpte.iuclogriedrreedeaaAtsfraircoasne,

6. Where is the
highest gateway in

the world?

5. What is the
name of the pyramid

at the center of
Chichen Itza?

1452
Portuguese
enslave Africans

The Portuguese begin to use
African slave labor in their
sugar plantations in Madeira.

The age 1497–1498
of discovery Portuguese
reach India
In the 1450s, big changes began that would bring the Middle
Ages to an end. European ships set off on voyages of exploration The Portuguese
around the world. There were scientific discoveries and new ideas, explorer Vasco da
which were shared across the continent in printed books. Europeans Gama sails to India
became the most powerful people in the world, yet they were
divided because of religious differences. and back.

The Incas used 1525 1520–1566 Vasco da
llamas to carry Inca Empire Suleiman the Gama’s ship
things for them. Magnificent
The Inca Empire of 1519–1522
Peru is at its height. Reign of Suleiman the World voyage
Magnificent, the most
famous Ottoman sultan. Ferdinand Magellan leads a
Spanish expedition in the first
crossing of the Pacific. One of
his ships sails on to make the
first voyage around the world.

1529 1532 1534
Siege of Vienna Conquest of Church of
England founded
Suleiman the Magnificent lays the Incas
siege to Vienna, capital of In England King Henry VIII
Austria, but is not able to Spaniards, led by argues with the Pope and
Francisco Pizarro, declares himself head of
capture the city. The Ottoman conquer the South the new Church of England.
advance into Europe is stopped. American Inca Empire.

1631–1648 King Henry VIII 1619
Taj Mahal African slaves in
Taj Mahal North America
The Mughal emperor
Shah Jahan builds the The first African slaves are
Taj Mahal, in memory brought to North America

of his favorite wife, by the English.
Mumtaz Mahal.

44

1453 A book printed 1455 1488
Ottomans capture by Gutenberg First European Portuguese sail
printed book around Africa
Constantinople
Johannes Gutenberg, inventor of the The Portuguese explorer
Ottoman Turks capture printing press, creates the first Bartolomeu Dias sails around the
Constantinople, rename it printed book in Europe. The southern tip of Africa, which he
names the “Cape of Good Hope.”
Istanbul, and make it invention spreads, and by 1500, 20 Europeans can now sail to India.
their capital. million books have been printed.
1492
1497 1493 Christopher Columbus reaches
English reach Spanish found Columbus
Newfoundland the Americas
Hispaniola
John Cabot, an Italian, The Italian Christopher Columbus
leads an English voyage Columbus founds the first sails from Spain across the
European settlement in the Atlantic and reaches the
to Newfoundland in
North America. Americas, La Isabela on Americas, which Europeans did
Hispaniola in the Caribbean. not know about before.

1500 1501–1504 1510
Portuguese Michelangelo’s Transatlantic
reach Brazil slave trade
David
Pedro Cabral leads a fleet The Spanish take
from Portugal to India, In Florence, the Italian 50 African slaves
artist Michelangelo to Hispaniola, beginning
reaching Brazil on the way, carves his famous the transatlantic
which he claims for Portugal. sculpture of David.
slave trade.
1519–1521 1517
Spaniards conquer The church divides 1516–1517
Rise of the
the Aztecs In Germany, Martin Luther Ottoman Empire
challenges the teachings of
A group of Spaniards led by the church, leading to a later Ottoman Turks conquer
Hernan Cortes conquers the split between Protestants Arabia, Syria, and Egypt.

Aztec Empire of Mexico. and Catholics.

1534–1542 1543
French
Earth moving Copernicus says
reach Canada around the Sun the earth moves
around the sun
The French explorer
Jacques Cartier makes Polish astronomer Nicolas
three voyages to Canada, Copernicus argues that
which he claims for France.
the earth goes around the
sun rather than the other

way around.

1609–1616 1607 1588
Blue Mosque English settle in
North America Spanish Armada Queen Elizabeth I
The Ottoman sultan, defeated of England
Ahmed I, builds the Blue The English found
Jamestown in Virginia, During a war with Protestant
Mosque in Istanbul. beginning their settlement England, Catholic Spain

of North America. sends an armada (fleet of
ships) to invade England,
but it is defeated.

Aztec and Maya
civilizations
Mesoamerica (meaning “middle America”) was home to the
Maya. They lived in many cities ruled by kings who fought Carved Maya writing
each other. Their civilization was at its height between 300 Writing
and 900 ce. Later, in the 16th century, the Aztecs of Mexico
conquered a great empire. Both peoples built cities with The Maya were the only American
tall, pyramid-shaped temples. people to invent a complete writing
system, with signs standing for sounds
Tlacopan N and ideas. Maya writing was carved onto
WE monuments and written in books made
of fig tree bark.
S GULF OF MEX
Chichen Itza

Aztec warriors wore ICO
colorful costumes,
Tetzcoco dressing as eagles The Olmecs, an earlier
Tenochtitlan Cholula and jaguars. civilization, carved huge

stone heads starting El Castillo

around 900 bce. A stepped pyramid,
El Castillo, is at the
At their Great Temple Great Temple center of the Maya
in Tenochtitlan, the at Tenochtitlan city of Chichen Itza,
Aztecs killed prisoners built around 600 ce.
as sacrifices (offerings) Aztec warrior
to the gods. Olmec heads Palenque Tikal

KEY Bonompak Yaxchilan

Aztec Empire Tehuantepec
The greatest extent
of the Aztec Empire.

Maya region Maya kings were seen Copan
The area under as living gods. King Pacal
the influence of of Palenque was buried Maya king
Maya cities. beneath a pyramid-shaped
Goods coming in temple, wearing a jade mask.
Conquered people
had to send gifts Between continents PA C I F I C O C EAN
to their Aztec rulers.
Cocoa The Aztecs and Maya SCALE
Cocoa beans were lived in Mesoamerica,
used to make a hot which lies between North 0 100 miles
chocolate drink. and South America.
Feathers “Meso” means “middle.” 0 100 kilometers
Colorful feathers were
of great value.

The Incas conquered Ruins of Machu Picchu
the Chimu people
in the 1470s. The The town of Machu Picchu was built
Chimu were skilled 1.6 miles (2.7 km) above sea level,
at working in gold.
high in the Andes Mountains.

Chimu
gold
Chan Chan

Emperor Atahualpa Nazca people Machu Picchu Inca walls used huge
made huge Cuzco blocks carved into
Inca emperor drawings in different shapes, which
the desert. Cuzco walls TiLtiackaeca fit tightly together.
Emperors, called Sapa Incas,
were said to be descended from Nazca
the sun god. They were seen as carvings
living gods. When Inca emperors
died, their bodies were preserved Nazca
as mummies.

PA C I F I C O C E AN

Terraces Llamas were kept Llamas
for wool, meat,
The Incas solved dung (which was
the problem of burned as fuel),
growing food on and to carry loads.
steep mountainsides
Inca terraces by building flat, raised The Inca improved N
strips of earth called old roads and WE
terraces. They grew built new ones
potatoes, quinoa, to make a network S
and other crops. 24,800 miles
(39,900 km) long. SCALE
Inca Empire
High empire 0 250 miles
The 16th-century Inca Empire, in the high Andes 0 250 kilometers
Mountains of Peru, was the biggest and best The Inca Empire ran for
organized empire in America. The emperor was at the 2,500 miles (4,000 km) 47
top of Inca society. Under him were thousands down the west coast of
of officials, then millions of ordinary people who South America. Much
worked as farmers, soldiers, and builders. of it was high up in the
Andes mountain range.

Voyages of ARCTIC
discovery O

In the 15th century, an age of discovery began, with CEAN
explorers setting off on long sea journeys. The earliest
voyages were made by the Chinese in the early 1400s. John Cabot sailed John Cabot, like
Later, European explorers searching for a new sea route the Matthew to Columbus, hoped
to Asia found America instead. North America. to get to Asia by
sailing west in 1497.
ENGLAND

KEY The Matthew John Cabot

Zheng He’s seven Hoping to reach Asia, S PA I N
voyages, 1405–1433. Columbus sailed the Santa PORTUGAL
Maria to the Caribbean.
Christopher Columbus’s
voyage, 1492. NORTH The Santa
AMERICA Maria
Vasco da Gama’s
voyage, 1497–1498.

John Cabot’s voyage,
1497.

Ferdinand Magellan’s
voyage, 1519–1521.

15th-century map Mapping the world ATLANTIC OCEAN
SOUTH
This map shows what Europeans AMERICA
thought the world looked like in
1491. Europe is on the left and
Asia is on the right. There is no
America because Europeans
had not discovered it yet.

São GabrielPA C I F I C O CEAN
Vasco da Gama sailed
to India and back in
the São Gabriel.

48 S O U T H E R N O C E A N