Children’s Illustrated History Atlas

In 1497, Vasco da
Gama sailed from
Portugal to India.

Christopher In 1519, Ferdinand Death of Magellan
Columbus sailed Magellan sailed
from Spain to the from Spain to Ferdinand Magellan led
Caribbean in 1492. the Pacific. the first ever crossing
of the Pacific Ocean.
Vasco da When he reached Magellan being attacked
Gama Mactan Island in April

1521, he was killed in a
battle with local people.

Christopher Ferdinand
Columbus Magellan

Zheng He was a
Chinese admiral who
led seven voyages to
explore south Asia N
and east Africa. PA C I F I C OCEA
OTTOMAN
EMPIRE Zheng He
MING
PERSIAN EMPIRE
EMPIRE

MUGHAL
EMPIRE
THE PHILIPPINES

ARABIA

AFRICA Magellan’s death in the
Philippines didn’t stop his
crew from continuing their
T H E voyage of discovery.
SPICE
ISLANDS

Zheng He sailed Chinese
with fleets of junk ship
huge ships
called junks.

INDIAN OCEAN

The Victoria Nutmeg
The Victoria was the
only one of Magellan’s The spice routes Cloves Bpelapcpker
five ships to complete
the voyage. One of the main aims of European
explorers was to find new spices.
These included pepper from India 49
and nutmeg and cloves from the
Spice Islands. They could
be sold for great sums of
money back in Europe.

The Mughal Mughal founder
Empire
Babur had conquered and lost lands
In the 1520s, a ruler from central Asia called Babur in central Asia before he successfully
invaded India. His empire made scientific breakthroughs, founded the Mughal Empire. He
including new stargazing technology. The Mughals ruled wrote a book about his life called
most of India before it was taken over by Britain in 1857. the Baburnama, which described
his military conquests.

Babur in a scene from the Baburnama

Mountain to ocean

Over the centuries, the
Mughal Empire grew
from a small kingdom to
an empire reaching all the
Kabul way from the Himalayas

to the Indian Ocean.

Lahore SCALE

0 200 miles

Emperor Shah Jahan 0 200 kilometers
built one of the
biggest mosques in Jama Masjid H I M A L AYA S
India from 1644–1656. Delhi
Indus

Buland Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri

This is the highest Agra
gateway in the world.
It was built as an Jaipur Patna Gange
entrance to a Mughal Benares
palace in 1601. s

Dacca

Calcutta

N

Surat INDIA WE

Dhow Bombay Taj Mahal S
Arab and Indian traders
crossed the seas in ships The Taj Mahal—which means “crown
called dhows, which had of the palace”—was built by Mughal emperor
large triangular sails. Shah Jahan (1628–1658) to hold the tomb of
his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Mughal
buildings often had onion-shaped domes.

KEY (c.1700) Goa

Akbar’s empire ARABIAN SEA
Akbar (1556–1605)
made Babur’s empire
bigger by conquering
many lands.

Southern conquests Madras
Southern India
was conquered by
Emperor Aurangzeb
between the 1650s
and 1680s.

Mughal armies Turme ric
Mughal warriors fought
battles to gain land or Calicut Pondicherry
defend the empire.
Mughal war elephant BAY OF BENGAL
Elephants were used in
Mughal battles.

Portuguese ship Cochin

The Portuguese CEYLON Europeans in India Cinnamon
were the first Ginger
Europeans to sail In 1498, Portuguese explorer
to India. Other Vasco da Gama sailed to
Europeans followed. India, which was little known
in Europe. The spices he
Rise and fall brought back encouraged
many more Europeans to
The empire reached its largest size travel to India.
under the sixth Mughal emperor,
Aurangzeb (1658–1707). He took Cardamom
over many lands and ruled over
160 million people. These lands
were lost after his death.

51 Aurangzeb as a young man

The Ottoman Belgrade
Empire

Between 1300 and 1699, the Ottoman Turks conquered
a vast empire, which stretched from North Africa to the
Indian Ocean. At the empire’s height, more than 35 million
people lived under Ottoman rulers, called sultans.

T Y R R
S
KEY (c.1566) N H E N I A
WE E A
Goods coming N
into the empire S
Furs Tunis
Luxurious furs were
bought from icy Russia. Algiers TUNISIA Ottoman galley
Slaves ALGERIA Tripoli Ottoman warships, called
Slaves did many jobs, galleys, were rowed by
from paperwork to prisoners, who were
guarding the sultan. chained to benches.
Spices
Used to flavor food. Istanbul TRIPOLI
Incense
Burning incense In 1453, the Ottomans conquered Empire founder
released perfume. Constantinople. It was renamed
Silk Istanbul, which means “in the city.” The word “Ottoman” comes from the name of
Raw silk was made Istanbul’s Blue Mosque was built the first ruler, Osman I. He founded a small
into fine cloth. by Sultan Ahmed between state in northern Anatolia in the early 1300s.
1609 and 1616.

The Blu e Mosque

Osman I, ruled 1299–1324

HUNGARY Suleiman the Magnificent

Janissary warriors The most famous Ottoman ruler was
were Christian boys Suleiman the Magnificent. He ruled
taken as slaves, from 1520 to 1566.
converted to Islam, He fought battles but
and trained to also wrote laws to
be soldiers. keep the peace.

Bucharest

Janissary BLACK SEA
Sofia

Istanbul

ANATOLIA

Plate
Izmir
GREECE

CRETE Ottoman craft SYRIA
workers made C Y P R U S Damascus
ceramics decorated Baghdad
with flowers. Jerusalem

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Cairo

Woman Bedouins with camels PERSIAN
wearing veil Traveling Arabs, called GULF
The women of the Bedouins, crossed the
Ottoman Empire desert with their camels
covered their heads carrying goods to sell.
or faces with veils.

EGYPT

RED SEA Mecca

Coastal empire SCALE

The Ottoman Empire 0 250 miles
stretched along the
coasts of Europe, 0 250 kilometers 53
North Africa, and the
Middle East. It included
many cultures.

The Renaissance KEY
Beginning in the 1400s, there were big advances in art and (1430–1530)
science in Europe. Artists were inspired by ancient Greek SCOTLAND
and Roman works of art, which had been rediscovered. Borders
That is why this period is called the Renaissance, meaning The borders that
“rebirth.” New ideas were spread quickly thanks to the separated countries.
invention of the printing press in Germany. Printing press
The printing press was
used to print books,
which spread ideas
quickly. Presses were
set up in many cities.

In England, Erasmus was a
composers wrote famous Renaissance
music for the lute, a writer and thinker.
stringed instrument.
Lute Erasmus
The church divides ENGLAND Antwerp

In 1517 Martin Luther, a German London
priest, challenged many of the
teachings of the Catholic Church. Ghent
As a result, Luther’s followers
Martin iLduetahseirnd1e5fe2n1ding founded new Protestant churches. Paris
his

arth at the center New view of Earth AT L A N T I C FRANCE
OCEAN
Model universe with E The church taught that Earth
was the center of the universe.
But in the early 1500s, the

Polish astronomer Nicolas
Copernicus argued that
Earth and the other
planets moved
The astrolabe was used
by Portuguese explorers
around the sun. to find their way at sea.

In the 1400s, Madrid
Portuguese ships
set off to explore
the coast of Africa. Astrolabe

S PA I N
Lisbon

54 Portuguese

ship P O R T U G A L

N O R WAY N
WE
Stockholm
S

SWEDEN

DENMARK BALT I C S E A Jan van Eyck
Copenhagen
Northern Renaissance
artists, like Jan van Eyck

from the Netherlands,
painted in a new, lifelike
style. This portrait of a
married couple skillfully
uses light to make things
look realistic.
Arnolfini portrait, 1434
H O LY Dürer was
ROMAN an influential
EMPIRE Wittenberg German painter

and printmaker. Michelangelo’s David

Mainz Dürer Ancient Greek sculpture inspired
the Italian artist Michelangelo to
create beautiful new works of art.
In the early 1500s, he carved a
famous statue of David, a hero
from the Bible.

Worms Nuremberg

HUNGARY

Venice in Italy was
the most important
trading port in Europe.

Venice

Genoa

Trading ship
Florence

In 1436, Filippo
Brunelleschi built a
huge dome for Florence
Cathedral, inspired
Florence by an ancient OTTOMAN
Cathedral Roman dome. EMPIRE
Rome
Connected continent
Pope’s Naples
The Catholic Church, hat Much of Europe is close
headed by the Pope to the sea and linked
in Rome, began to by rivers. This meant
lose its great power I TA LY new ideas could spread
in the Renaissance. either by water or land.

SCALE 200 miles

0

0 200 kilometers 55

MEDITERRANEAN SEA

Slave ship N
WE
The voyage across the Atlantic was
called the Middle Passage. Slaves were S

kept chained below deck, crammed
together so the ship could carry as many

people as possible.

UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA

Slaves picking Slaves were forced Ships sailed to the
cotton to pick cotton United States with
without being paid. African slaves to
be sold in markets.
Slaves Ships sailed from the
Caribbean to Europe
MEXICO CUBA with sugar and rum.
Sugar and rum
JAMAICA SURINAME
HAITI

Slave market

In the Americas, slaves were
sold at public auctions in port
towns. They could be bought
and sold again by many
different owners.

The slave trade PERU Slaves worked in gold,
silver, and diamond
Slaves are people treated as property and forced to do mines in Brazil.
work. Slavery was carried out on a huge scale after
Europeans settled in the Americas. From the 16th to the Gold mines
19th centuries, Europeans took 12 million African slaves Diamond
across the Atlantic. In North America, slaves worked on
big farms called plantations. mines Silver
mines

BRAZIL

Ships sailed from North Goods such as tobacco B R I TA I N KEY (c.1740)
America to Britain with and cotton were taken Bristol
crops picked by slaves in to ports in Britain to be Trade route
the plantations. processed in factories. Slaves and goods were
moved on these routes.
Cotton Cotton
Fibers of cotton can be
Ships sailed from Lisbon S PA I N M E D I T E RSREAAN E A N woven into cloth.
Europe to Africa PORTUGAL Seville Tobacco
with factory-made Dried tobacco leaves
goods such as textiles for smoking.
and guns, which were Cocoa
traded for slaves. The cocoa bean is used
to make chocolate.
Textiles Captured slaves Arab traders captured Coffee
slaves to sell in North Coffee beans are used
ATLANTIC OCE African countries, to make the hot drink.
such as Egypt. Sugar
AN Sugar was shipped in
shapes called loaves.
SENEGAL MALI AFRICA Ships
Ships carried African BENIN Sailing ships carried
slaves to the sugar people and goods
plantations of Suriname. CSOLAASVT E across the Atlantic.

Ships sailed from Ending slavery
Brazil to Europe
with coffee beans. Abolitionists like Sojourner
Truth, a former slave, were
people who campaigned to
end slavery. Britain banned
the selling of slaves in 1807,
but slavery continued in
the Americas until the
late 19th century.

Coffee Slaves in
Africa
West African rulers KONGO
raided other areas for
slaves, who they sold
to Europeans.

The Portuguese Triangle trade
shipped slaves from
West Africa to Brazil. The slave trade was
carried out across the
SCALE 1000 miles Atlantic in a triangle
between the continents
0 of Europe, Africa,
and the Americas.
0 1000 kilometers Sojourner Truth 57

4. Who delivered the
Gettysburg Address?

1. What was the
last battle of the
American Revolution?

3. When was the
Declaration of

Independence passed?
2. Who invented the

spinning jenny?

5. What did people You can find all
throw into Boston the answers and
Harbor in anger at more quizzes on

British taxes? pages 90–91.

6. In which British
county was the first

moving steam
engine built?

TOHFEINADGUESTRY1Stw7hptaaa5elogarn0rtawcdkiein–naiws1gnsy9stoafuh1Emarcu4ouchmeturonoanarpsdigneeIas1nsai,ldn7nimvie5areda0udak,ln.eninneN.degwPewtecwhroleioigpnmtAhlvheteamsanfc.onhetiudrionigcnoeahsrtstyh,baepleegregdagoaioppnnoelsectdohssrpa.ollanIesnvegetiounrypg,

8. Which country 7. Which French
gained independence prison was attacked
from Britain in 1901?
by a mob on
July 14, 1789?

The age 1756–1763 1770
of industry Seven Years’ War James Cook

Starting around 1750, the world began to At the end of this war, James Cook makes
change very quickly. People rose up against the British Empire grows. maps of the eastern
their rulers, and many countries became coast of Australia,
independent for the first time. The invention It takes land from the then claims Australia
of steam power led to new ways of making French Empire in Canada,
things and getting around. This Industrial for Britain.
Revolution completely changed America, and India.
how people lived and worked.
James Cook

1790
Australian revolt

Native Australian people
called aborigines begin
to fight back against the
newly arrived British.

Aboriginal 1800–1815
warrior Napoleonic Wars

1791–1804 The French ruler,
Haitian revolution Napoleon, tries to
conquer other countries
Slave workers on in Europe and fights
plantations in Haiti revolt, wars against other
European nations.
led by Toussaint
Louverture. Haiti becomes
the first black-ruled state

in the Americas.

1856 1848 1839–1842
Steel Communist Manifesto First Opium War

Henry Bessemer invents a Karl Marx and Friedrich Britain starts a war
process to create steel that is Engels write and publish against China to force
The Communist Manifesto, China to trade. In 1842,
strong enough to make describing their radical new Britain wins the war and
railroads, skyscrapers, ideas about how money should
be divided between people. takes Hong Kong.
and machines.
1868
Karl Marx Meiji Restoration

1857–1858 1861–1865 1867 Emperor Meiji takes
Indian Mutiny American Civil War Canadian control of Japan and
independence
India tries to become In the United States, North and modernizes how
independent from British South go to war over slavery. Canada becomes an the country is ruled.
rule but does not succeed. The North wins and slavery independent country and

is abolished. is no longer ruled by
Great Britain.

Emperor Meiji

1914 1913 1912
Outbreak of World War I Ottoman retreat Chinese Revolution

Archduke Franz Ferdinand is The Ottoman Empire Sun Yat-sen leads a
shot, which triggers a series loses the First Balkan revolution in China,
War, and most of its overthrowing the Manchu
of events leading to dynasty, which had ruled
World War I. lands in Europe.
for 276 years.

60

Warship

1770 1771 1775–1783
Slave trade First modern factory US independence

The slave trade reached Richard Arkwright builds the The United States approves
its peak in the 18th water frame, a spinning the Declaration of
century, with 80,000
slaves brought from machine that is powered by Independence on July 4,
water wheels. His invention 1776, breaking free from
West Africa to America Britain. The new nation is
every year. is quickly copied.
made of 13 colonies.

1789–1799 1776
Steam engine
French Revolution
People in Paris rebel. James Watt develops
They overthrow their king the first of his many steam
and queen.
FVriavneceL!a engines and introduces
the term “horsepower” to Early steam engine

show how powerful 1821–1832
his engines are. Greek War of
Independence
Napoleon 1803 1811–1828
Denmark bans Independent Greece becomes independent,
winning its freedom from the
slavery Americas
Ottoman Empire.
Denmark is the first Several American
European country to countries fight wars
against their Spanish
ban slavery.
rulers, winning
independence.

1831 Stephenson’s Rocket 1829 1822
First electrical Prize-winning Brazilian
1876 steam engine independence
motor Telephone invented
George Stephenson Brazil wins its independence
Michael Faraday, a Alexander Graham Bell designs the Rocket, which from Portugal. Pedro I
British physicist and invents the first telephone.
chemist, invents the first People are able to talk over wins a competition to becomes the founder and
power the Liverpool & first ruler of the empire
electric motor. long distances for the Manchester Railway.
first time. of Brazil.
First telephone 1876
Internal combustion 1893
Votes for women
engine invented
New Zealand is the first
Nikolaus Otto invents the country to give women
combustion engine, which can equal voting rights. The
be used to power cars, trucks, next country to do so will
be Australia, in 1903.
and motorcycles.

1904–1905 1903 Australian 1901
Russo-Japanese War First airplane flag Australian
independence
Japan defeats Russia with The Wright brothers
clever new tactics and weapons. successfully fly the first Australia becomes
Japan is seen as a world power independent and is no
powered airplane. longer under British rule.
for the first time.
The Wright 61
Communism grew brothers’ plane
in Russia after the
Russo-Japanese War

American Revolution

Before the United States was a country, there were 13 At midnight on April MASSACHUSETTS
British colonies in America. In 1775, they rose up against 18, 1775, Paul Revere
the British because they wanted to rule themselves. This rode out to warn NEW
type of change in government is called a revolution. The people that British HAMPSHIRE
colonies fought many battles with the British. In 1783, troops were coming.
peace was made, and the United States of America
ecame an independent country.

American war The colonists won two Saratoga Midnight Boston Tea
battles at Saratoga, October 17, ride Party
The fighting took place gaining them support
along the East Coast from the French, Dutch, 1777 Boston
of North America. and Spanish.
Most of the battles
were clustered in the N E W Y O R K M A S S A C H U S E T T S In anger at British
same areas. taxes on tea sold in
America, colonists
SCALE RHODE threw tea into
ISLAND Boston Harbor on
0 100 miles December 16, 1773.
CONNETICUT
0 100 kilometers
New York Approved on July 4,
1776, this document
P E N N S Y LVA N I A rejected British rule. AT L A
Philadelphia Declaration of
Independence NTIC OCEAN
MARYLAND NEW JERSEY

The British were On December 25, 1776,
defeated at the Washington’s army
battle of Yorktown. VIRGINIA Delaware crossed the Delaware to
They surrendered, river crossing surprise and defeat British
ending the war.
troops at Trenton.

DELAWARE

Yorktown Yorktown KEY
October 19,
New flag Important battles
1781 Key fights between
the Americans
On June 14, 1777, the and the British.
Americans flew a new flag.
The 13 stars and 13 stripes NORTH
represented the 13 CAROLINA

colonies. Since then, a SOUTH
new star has been added
for each new state. CAROLINA

There are now 50. George Washington

Camden A former farmer,
January 16, 1781

N Washington (1732–1799)
became leader of the American
GEORGIA army in 1775. After the war, he
WE
S Charleston June 28, helped set up the new US
1776 government and became the

first US president in 1789.

62 George Washington, in 1795

Palace of Versailles European revolution KEY

Louis XVI lived in splendor in the France is in Europe. At France before
huge Palace of Versailles, near the time of the the revolution
Paris. In October 1789, thousands revolution, it was Areas taken over by
of starving women marched from surrounded by revolutionary France
Paris to Versailles because bread countries still ruled Main sites of the
by kings and queens. revolution
prices were too high. People overthrew their
leaders across France.
E N G L IS H The French army
C H A N N EL invaded Belgium in Guillotine sites
1792, to fight an A machine called the
attack from Austria, guillotine was used to
French army Prussia, and Britain. behead many enemies
of the revolution.
Paris
SCALE
Strasbourg
0 200 miles
Versailles
0 200 kilometers
Execution of
Louis XVI A three-colored flag

Nantes Fall of On September 21, On February 15, 1794,
General Charette led the Bastille 1792, Louis XVI was France adopted a three-
thousands of people in On July 14, 1789, a overthrown. He was colored flag called the
the Vendée region Parisian mob attacked guillotined (beheaded) “tricolore.” The colors are
against the revolution the Bastille prison, which on January 21, 1793. sometimes said to stand for
in 1793. was a symbol of the liberty (freedom), equality
government’s power. (being treated the same), and
fraternity (brotherhood).
General Charette

Napoleon Bonaparte, in the 1800s Bordeaux

Napoleon Bonaparte N
WE
In 1799, a brilliant French army general
called Napoleon (1769–1821) overthrew S Marseille
the new government. He crowned himself
emperor of France in 1804. Napoleon French
conquered most of Europe, before being Revolution
defeated by Britain and Prussia in 1815.
In 1789, many people in France were starving. They rose up
against their king, Louis XVI, and his government. In 1792,
the French people set up a republic, which meant they could
choose how France was ruled. King Louis and thousands of
his supporters were killed.

The Industrial Industrial towns
Revolution
New towns sprang up
Britain changed a lot in the 18th century. New machines were across Britain, housing
invented, and modern factories opened for the first time, thousands of workers.
making cloth and other goods in huge amounts. People Many houses were built
moved from the countryside to perform factory work in smoky back-to-back, with no
new towns. This period was called the Industrial Revolution. outside space. Diseases
spread quickly in the
cramped streets, and living
conditions were very bad.

Newcastle upon Tyne, 1877

Glasgow Edinburgh N
lyde WE
C
S

Watt’s steam engine

In 1765, James Watt Newcastle Cotton-factory workers
developed a new steam Tyne The world’s first
engine in Glasgow. It was Factories
as powerful as the first steam-powered passenger
steam engine but used railroad was built across Factories were built to contain new
less fuel. County Durham in 1823. machines. Many of the factories made
cloth. People who used to make cloth
KEY (c.1760) John Kay invented Tees in their own homes now worked
a new cloth-machine Stockton and rent long hours inside busy, noisy
Textile factories part called a flying Darlington factories instead.
New factories in shuttle in 1733.
Lancashire and Yorkshire It made weaving Railway
made cloth. cloth much faster.

Shipbuilding This new loom, or Flying shuttle
Huge ships were built cloth-weaving machine,
to take factory goods sped up the making of Leeds
around the world. cloth. It was invented by
James Hargreaves in 1764.
Coal mines
Miners dug up coal Britain’s first major canal Spinning jenny
to power the new opened in 1761. It carried coal The Bridgewater
factories. from Lancashire to power Canal
factories in Manchester.
Manchester

Liverpool

British revolution Mersey People called Luddites SCALE 50 miles
Stoke-on-Trent attacked the machines
The Industrial Revolution that now did their jobs 0
began in Great Britain. Luddites between 1811 and 1813.
Later, it spread to Ironbridge 0 50 kilometers
Europe, the United Gr
States, and across Birmingham
the world.
Wye
T eat Ouse
Severn
Isambard Kingdom Brunel London
launched this huge new
steam-powered ship in Bristol hames
in 1837. It was designed to get
Bristol to the United States very fast.

SS Great Western

Iron bridge Richard Trevithick built Cotton-spinning frame
the first moving steam
The world’s first cast-iron bridge engine in Cornwall
opened in 1781. The impressive in 1804.
structure crosses the River Severn First moving
in Shropshire, in an industrial area steam engine
now known as Ironbridge.
In 1712, Thomas
First steam engine Newcomen built the ENGLISH CHANNEL
first steam engine. It
pumped water out
of mines.

A child textile-factory worker Child labor New inventions

Children as young as four worked in There were many new inventions in the
the new factories and coal mines. Industrial Revolution. New machines
Their work was often dangerous, and high-powered steam engines made
and many were killed. Laws were it faster to create products, such as
passed from the 1830s onward to cotton and wool cloth, iron
limit the hours and ages at which tools, machines,
children were allowed to work. and pottery.

65

The Civil War
In 1861, a war broke out in the United States that split the
country in two. Eleven states feared that the government Abraham Lincoln in 1860
would free African-American slaves, workers who were
owned by other people and not paid. These states left, or
seceded from, the United States to form the Confederacy.
The states that remained loyal to the United States were
known as the Union. The two sides fought for four years.

The Confederate flag President Lincoln ILLI

When the 11 Southern states left the Abraham Lincoln was elected
Union and set up the Confederacy, they president of the United States in
November 1860. He spoke out
created their own flag. The 13 stars KANSAS against slavery, causing 11 southern
stood for the Confederate states and states to leave the Union. Lincoln led
the Union to victory in 1865.
the states that supported them.

KEY (1861) MISSOURI

Union states The Confederate flag OKLAHOMA
Twenty-three states
remained in the Union. N
Confederate states WE
Eleven slave-owning
states left the Union to S
join the Confederacy.
Slave-owning ARKANSAS MISSIS
Union states
Some states stayed TEXAS
in the Union but
allowed slavery. SCALE 250 miles After a long battle, Siege of
Other territories the Confederate fort of Vicksburg
These territories did 0 Vicksburg surrendered
not get involved in on July 4, 1863. Its
the war. surrender cut the
Cotton fields Confederacy in two.
Slaves grew cotton
on plantations in 0 250 kilometers
the South.
Union ships Divided country LOUISIANA
These blocked other
ships from getting into The Civil War was fought GULF OF MEXICO
and out of the South. between the Southern
This made it hard to Confederate and the
buy and sell things in Northern Union states of
the Confederacy. the United States.
Conflicts
Places where the
Union and Confederate
armies fought.

66

M NEW YORK

I LCAHKI MICHIGAN The Gettysburg
Address
E
G In his speech on November
19, 1863, President Lincoln
A called the Civil War a NEW
struggle for all people to be JERSEY
N treated the same way. On April 14, 1865,
Lincoln was shot by
P E N N S Y LVA N I A slavery-supporter John
Wilkes Booth. He died
OHIO Assassination of the next day.
President Lincoln
The first major battle
INDIANA Washington DC of the war was fought
on July 21, 1861.
MARYLAND Union troops failed to
seize an important
INOIS WEST First Battle of railroad junction.
VIRGINIA Bull Run
Richmond

KENTUCKY VIRGINIA Siege of Union troops won the
Petersburg Confederate towns
TENNESSEE of Richmond and
Union troops won this General Lee General Robert E. Lee Petersburg between
big battle on April 7, NORTH surrendered on behalf June 9, 1864 and
1862. An important CAROLINA of the Confederates, March 25, 1865.
Confederate general, ending the war on
Albert Johnson, died April 9, 1865.
in the fight.
Battle of The war was started SOUTH
Shiloh by a Confederate CAROLINA
ALABAMA attack on Fort Sumter
in Charleston,
South Carolina,
April 12, 1863.

SSIPPI Capture of G E O R G I A Fort Sumter, ATLA N T I C OCEAN
Atlanta Charleston

Union general
William Sherman
seized Atlanta, an
important railroad General Sherman’s March to the Sea
hub, on September Union army destroyed
2, 1864. His troops buildings on its way The Emancipation
set parts of the city to the coast between Proclamation
on fire. November 15 and
December 21, 1864. On January 1,

FLORIDA 1863, President Lincoln
ordered all slaves in the
Confederacy to be freed.
In 1865, the 13th
Amendment to the US
Constitution freed every
slave in the Union.

Newly freed slaves 67

GREENLAND

ARCTIC OCEAN

ICELAND

DENMARK

CANADA THE
NETHERLANDS
NEWFOUNDLAND
AND LABRADOR BELGIUM

World fairs UNITED STATES The first underwater UK
OF AMERICA cable, used to send GERMANY
telegraph messages,
Imperial countries held big was laid under the FRANCE AUSTRO-
international exhibitions. Atlantic Ocean in 1866. SPAIN HUNGARIAN

PORTUGAL EMPIRE

These allowed each country
to show off its great empire, ITALY
along with its peoples and BRITISH Cable-laying
HONDURAS ships TUNIS
OTTOMAN
products, to the rest of the world. PUERTO RICO ALGERIA
EMPIRE
BRITISH
GUIANA RIO DE ORO FRENCH EGYPT
WEST AFRICA ANGLO-
DUTCH GUIANA GAMBIA EGYPTIAN
FRENCH GUIANA PORTUGESE SUDAN

GUINEA

SIERRA NIGERIA
LEONE

GOLD KAMERUN
COAST
FRENCH
TOGO CONGO
RIO
MUNI BELGIAN
CONGO

AT L A NTIC GERMAN ANGOLA
SOUTHWEST
AFRICA CAPE
Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1900 OCEAN COLONY

The imperial PORTUGESE
world EAST AFRICA

SOUTHERN OCEAN

By 1900, most of the world was controlled by a few
European nations. The part of the world ruled by each
nation was called its empire. Europeans called the
foreign countries they ruled their colonies.

tBhreitiSsphhisnoxldiinersEginypftr,o1n8t8o2f The Scramble for Africa KEY (1900)

A railroad that connected Between 1884 and 1885, the Ottoman
the two ends of the huge European nations met in Berlin, Empire
Russian Empire was built Germany, to divide up Africa between British
between 1891 themselves. By 1900, all but two Empire
and 1916. African countries—Liberia and French
Ethiopia—were European colonies. Empire
Trans-Siberian Danish
Railroad RUSSIAN EMPIRE Empire
Spanish
PERSIAN QING E MPIRE Empire
EMPIRE Portuguese
JAPAN Empire
Dutch
OMAN INDIA Hong Kong The British Empire gained Empire
Hong Kong in 1842 and German
ERITREA turned the island into a Empire
major business hub. Russian
BRITISH FRENCH PHILLIPPINE Empire
SOMALILAND INDOCHINA ISLANDS PA C I F I C OCEAN Japanese
ITALIAN BRITISH Empire
SOMALILAND MALAYA NORTH Italian
BRITISH BORNEO Empire
EAST INDIAN SUMATRA American
AFRICA BORNEO Empire
GERMAN NEW GUINEA Austro-Hungarian
EAST Empire
AFRICA Belgian
Empire
MADAGASCAR JAVA Persian
Empire
Queen VictorOCEAN PAPUA Qing
Empire
ia AUSTRALIAN Independent
COLONIES nations
Goldfields
The British Empire NEW ZEALAND People rushed to newly
discovered goldfields.
From 1837 to 1901, Queen Steamships
Victoria ruled the British Empire. These ships carried
By 1900, the empire ruled over 412 emigrants to the United
million people—almost a quarter of States and Canada.
They were also used
the world’s population at the time. for trading with
the colonies.

69

1. Who did Allied 2. When was
forces try to force out the TV invented?

of World War I 3. When did World
at Gallipoli? War II begin?

4. In which
country was the first

personal computer
invented?

6. When did the
Berlin Wall fall?

7. What is
the world’s newest

nation?

TWHOERLMDODERN1Boc9cetfoh1itmntaw4htn–eieengneadueonne.ewdaHd1d9uitnlo1mive4fesaigtnnahtwsnetdahdtrahtasovemeidinraaaghyzl,osiisontvthegoberrnenywee.mnwPoeertnltoodetpscshlhpetaonashocbaeslreovifeegnonygr. some
about
the first

You can find all
the answers and
more quizzes on

pages 90-91.

5. Which country was
Mussolini leader of ?

1914–1918 1917
Russia in revolt
World War I
A war that begins in Russia gets rid of
Europe in 1914 is fought its tsar (king) and
around the world for becomes the first
four years. More than communist country,
18 million people aiming for everyone
are killed. Gas mask used
The modern in WWI to be equal.
world
1939–1945 1936–1939
The world today has been shaped by two World War II Spanish Civil War
world wars, huge political changes, and
amazing new inventions. People have The biggest war in human The Spanish Army led
fought to create many different types of history breaks out in Europe by General Franco fights
government. The population continues in 1939 and soon spreads
to grow, and exciting new technology is still around the world. More than against the elected
being developed. 60 million people are killed. government, winning power

over the whole of Spain
in 1939.

WWII fighter
plane

1957 Flag of 1957 1953
Ghana gains Ghana EEC founded Everest is conquered
independence
Six European nations form the New Zealander Edmund
The Gold Coast becomes the European Economic Community Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
first black, British-ruled colony in (EEC), making it easier for them from Nepal become the first
people to climb Everest, the
Africa to gain independence, to trade (buy and sell) goods world’s highest mountain.
becoming the country of Ghana. with each other.

1957 1961 John F. Kennedy on 1962 1964–1975
Sputnik 1 flies JFK becomes a half-dollar coin Cuban missile crisis Vietnam War
around the world US president
The United States and the The United States fights
The USSR launches the At 43, John F. Kennedy USSR almost go to war after with South Vietnam against
first satellite made by becomes the youngest communist North Vietnam.
humans into space. It takes president in US history. He the USSR places nuclear
96.2 minutes to orbit is shot dead in 1963. missiles on the island of In 1975, North Vietnam
(travel around) Earth. wins control of all Vietnam.
Cuba, close to the
2016 United States.
Britain votes to
EU Flag 2012 2002 2001
leave the EU World population The Euro 9/11

A member of the above 7 billion Twelve members of a Islamic terrorist group
EU since 1973, Britain group of countries in al-Qaeda flies two planes
votes to leave the group. The total population of the Europe called the European into the Twin Towers in
world rises above 7 billion Union (EU) begin using the
72 same money—the Euro. New York City. Almost
for the first time. 3,000 people are killed.

Euro bill
and coins

1925 1928 1929
Black-and-white Penicillin Great Depression

TV developed Scottish scientist Alexander There is an economic
Fleming discovers a new slump from 1929–1939,
Scottish engineer John
Logie Baird makes the medicine called penicillin. It which means people
first working black-and- is used to cure infections and around the world lose
their jobs and don’t have
white TV. Color TV saves many lives.
follows in 1928. enough money.
Early TV
Nazi badge
1933 1932
Nazis come to power Roosevelt elected

Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party US president
comes to power in Germany.
The Nazis soon ban all other Franklin Roosevelt wins the
political parties—only the presidency and promises to
Nazi Party is allowed to exist. create more jobs so that
people can earn money.

President Roosevelt

1946 Flag of 1947 Flag of
First electronic India India and Pakistan Pakistan
become independent
computer
The British give up rule in India.
ENIAC, the world’s India and Pakistan become
first electronic computer, is
built in the United States. It independent. Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
is nicknamed “Great Brain.” and Burma (Myanmar) become

independent in 1948.

1950–1953 Tank used in 1949 1948
Korean War Korean war China becomes Israel is founded

A war breaks out in Korea communist A new state for Jews is created
as North Korea seeks to in the Middle East. Fighting
take over South Korea. After a lengthy civil war, the with the Palestinians who
The United States fights Communist Party led by already lived in the area turns
alongside South Korea. Chairman Mao Zedong into a war between Israel and
takes power in China. neighboring countries.

1969 1973 1982 CDs
Moon landing First PC designed CDs introduced

American astronaut The world’s first personal Technology companies
Neil Armstrong becomes computer (PC) is designed and Philips and Sony produce
the first person to walk developed by IBM in California.
the first compact disc
on the moon. It is much smaller than (CD), to store data such
earlier computers.
as music.

1994 1991 1989
Apartheid ends USSR breaks up Berlin Wall falls

South Africa ends its policy The Cold War between As communism ends in
of apartheid, which treated anti-communist and Eastern Europe, the Berlin
Wall dividing West Berlin and
white and black people communist countries ends communist East Berlin is
differently. Nelson Mandela when the communist USSR pulled down. The city is
becomes the new president. collapses. New states are reunited after 44 years apart.
created, including Russia.
Statue of Nelson Mandela 73
celebrating freedom

Inventions

The 20th century was a period of great technological
change. The world’s first airplane, first rocket, and
first satellite were all in the sky by 1957. Toward the
beginning of the 21st century, computers and cell phones
transformed the world. Today, new inventions
continue to improve human life.

NORTH Martin Cooper
AMERICA developed the
world’s first cell
First handheld phone in 1973.
cell phone It was about the
The world’s first First personal size of a brick.
personal computer computer First electronic ENIAC, the world’s
was designed and computer first electronic
developed by IBM in computer, was built
California in 1973. First integrated in Pennsylvania
in 1946.

circuit (microchip)

UNIVAC, an early computer In 1958, Jack Kilby
created a tiny electronic
circuit called a microchip.
This changed the way
technology was powered.

The computer revolution P SOUTH
AMERICA
The first computers, created in A
the 1940s, were huge machines
that worked slowly. Today’s Taking to the skies COICFEI
computers are small, fast, and can
do many different things. Modern Orville Wright was the first person C
computers have changed the to make a powered flight, above A
way we work, live, learn, and North Carolina in 1903. Thanks to
entertain ourselves. the development of powerful gas N
engines, he flew 120 feet (37 m) in
12 seconds on board the Flyer. ATLANTI C O C E A N

The Wright Flyer

74

Philips in the The V2 rocket
Netherlands and was developed in
Sony in Japan Germany in 1942. It
together developed was used to bomb
the CD in 1982. cities during WWII.

First First In 1957, Sputnik I
compact rocket became the first
disc (CD) human-made object to
EUROPE travel around Earth.

First human- ASIA
made satellite

In 1942, Jacques First airmail Sony
Cousteau of France service Walkman
developed the The Sony Walkman,
scuba, letting him developed by Sony
breathe underwater. in Japan in 1978,
was the world’s
AFRICA first portable
music player.

Frank Whittle A plane first carried
designed the first mail by air in India
jet engine in 1927. in 1911. It delivered
more than 6,000
Alexander Fleming letters its first flight.
discovered penicillin
in 1928, an antibiotic AUSTRALIA
medicine that kills germs.

First jet engine First New communications
WARWICKSHIRE antibiotic
The world’s first telephone voice message
London was sent by Alexander Graham Bell in
1876. Today’s cell phones are able to
Black-and-white First television send text messages, stream videos, take
television was photographs, and connect to the internet.
developed by John
Logie Baird in 1925. Bell’s early telephone

In 1959, the world’s First
first vehicle that could hovercraft
hover above the ground
and sea was launched.

75

World War I Germany and Britain N O R WAY
fight to a draw at SW
In June 1914, a war began in Europe that grew to the war’s biggest
become the First World War. The Central Powers, led by naval battle in 1916.
Germany, fought the Allies—Britain, France, Russia, and,
eventually, the United States. Millions of soldiers were GREAT Jutland D E N M A R K
killed in deadly battles on land and at sea. The Allies B R I TA I N
won the war in November 1918.

German zeppelins NETHERLANDS
(airships) dropped
bombs on cities London GERMANY
in Britain.

Ypres, 1915 BELGIUM Pilots fought
Passchendaele, 1917 “dogfights”
N The Somme, 1916 high above the
W battlefields.

E Paris Marne,
S 1914
Verdun, Dogfights
1916
LUXEMBOURG

Caporetto,
S W I T Z E R L A N D 1917

Franz Ferdinand in 1914 FRANCE

War begins S PA I N I T A L Y Isonzo,
1915–1917
Austria-Hungary declared P O R T U G A L
war on Serbia after a Serb Rome
shot an Austrian prince,
Franz Ferdinand, in June 1914.
European countries joined the
two sides, and war broke out
across Europe in August 1914.

ATLANTIC OCEAN

MOROCCO

Western front TUNISIA

WESTERN The fighting in western Europe turned
SAHARA into a stalemate, which meant neither
side could win. Both sides dug trenches
76 ALGERIA to defend the ground they had gained.

Soldiers lived in these muddy trenches L I B YA
while being fired on by the enemy.

SCALE Women at war

0 250 miles Women weren’t allowed
to fight in the war, but
0 250 kilometers they still carried out
important jobs. They
EDEN
worked on farms to grow
Revolutions in Two revolutions in crops and in factories to
St. Petersburg Russia in 1917
overthrew the make explosives and bullets
tsar (ruler). for the troops.

Moscow

Russia launched deadly KEY
attacks against German
and Austro-Hungarian Central Powers
forces on the eastern front Countries in central
in 1916. Europe joined together.

Tannenberg, Allies
1914 Britain, France, and
Russia teamed up
Brusilov as allies.
offensive
Neutrals
RUSSIA Countries not in the war
were called neutral.
AUSTRIA-
HUNGARY Battle sites
Soldiers fought each
other across Europe.

MONTENEGRO

ROMANIA BLACK SEA

SERBIA BULGARIA The Allied leaders in June 1919
Constantinople
War ends
ALBANIA THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE In late 1918, most of the Central Powers
Gallipoli Allied forces had stopped fighting. Germany fought
on with exhausted troops in western
tried to force the Europe. A ceasefire ended the war on
Ottoman Empire November 11, 1918, and a peace
out of the war in agreement was signed in June 1919.
GREECE 1915 at Gallipoli.

MEDITERRANEAN SEA In 1916, the Arabs rose Jerusalem Europe at war
in revolt against their
Ottoman rulers, with Most of the fighting in
help from the British. World War I happened
in Europe, though
EGYPT Arab Revolt many other countries 77
were affected. America
joined the Allies in 1917.

KEY

Communism
Communists believe
that everything should
be shared equally.
Many communist
states have appeared
since 1945.

The fascist Nazi Party
ruled Germany from
1933 to 1945, when
they lost World War II.

The Spanish Civil War GENRazMi fAlaNgY Eastern
was a conflict between Europe
supporters of the fascist (various)
General Franco
UNITED STATES (1892–1975) and Spanish SPAIN
OF AMERICA believers in democracy. It Civil War ITALY
lasted from 1936 to 1939.

Mussolini

People in the United States Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)
choose their own government was the fascist leader of Italy
People began Anti-nuclear Ballot box by casting ballots. This is from 1922 to 1943. He made
protesting against movement it illegal to oppose his rule.
called democracy.
governments using
deadly nuclear weapons
in the 1960s. Cuba A T L A N T I C O C E A N

PA C I F I C O C EAN Fascism

Fascists believe in obedience to a
powerful leader. The Nazi Party in
Germany was a fascist party led by
Adolf Hitler (1899–1945). The
Nazis believed that Germans were
better than all other people.

New ideas Adolf Hitler at a Nazi event in 1927

People have often come up with new ideas about society,
especially during the early 20th century. Communists believe
in rule by a single party, while democrats think that people
should have the right to choose their own leaders. Fascists
want all-powerful leaders, called dictators. Many people
have fought to change the way they are governed.

Vladimir Lenin
(1870–1924) seized
power during the Russian
Revolution of 1917 and
set up the world’s first
communist state.

Joseph Stalin Russia
(1878–1953) became
leader of communist Vladimir Karl Marx in 1875
Russia after 1924 and Lenin
ruled until his death. Karl Marx

Stalinism Karl Marx (1818–1883) was
a German political thinker. He
UNION OF SOVIET Mongolia thought that people could develop
SOCIALIST REPUBLICS a society in which wealth is
owned by the whole community
North rather than by individuals. This is
Korea called communism.

China

INDIA Mao More than 70 million
Laos Chinese people died from
famine or execution during
Vietnam Mao Zedong’s rule.

Cambodia

I N EDAI A N
O C N

Green politicians want to
protect the environment.
The first Green Party was
formed in Australia in 1972.

Green politics

Nonviolence

In India, Mahatma Gandhi Communism in China
(1869–1948) wanted to free
the country from British rule. The Chinese Communist Party’s Mao
He sought to achieve this Zedong (1893–1976) won power in
change through peaceful 1949 after a war with other political
activities, such as refusing to groups in China. He believed in
buy British goods. Gandhi’s revolution and got rid of his political
work helped force the British opponents. Mao’s sayings were
out of India in 1947. collected in the Little Red Book.

79

World War II Europe and the
Far East
In 1939, a war broke out in Europe that spread across the
world. Bombs were dropped on cities by planes, and The fighting mainly took
millions of soldiers were killed in battle. Both Germany, place in Europe and the
led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, and Japan Far East, although many
conquered huge empires. They were defeated in 1945 by other parts of the world
a group of countries called the Allies. were also involved.

German U-boats Leningrad
(submarines) 1941–1944
attacked Allied Barbarossa
ships in the Atlantic.

In 1940, N O R WAY
Britain’s Royal
Air Force beat GREAT SWEDEN In June 1941,
German planes B R I TA I N the Axis powers
in a battle in almost knocked
the sky. Russia out of
the war with
a huge attack.

ANTIC OCEAN Battle of GERMANY Kursk,
Britain
German refugee children in 1938 Spitfire Blitzkrieg western
FRANCE Russia
British and POLAND
American planes Germany took
regularly bombed Poland by surprise
Children at war German cities. with a “blitzkrieg,”

Anti-Jewish laws forced Jewish ATL German leader I TA LY or lightning war. Russia won the
children in Germany to escape Hitler took over biggest ever tank
to other countries, becoming France in 1940.
refugees. Other children battle against
left their homes in cities to Germany at Kursk
escape bombing. between July and
S PA I N August 1943.

Monte Cassino, TURKEY
Italy, 1944

D-day Jews in Germany N EM E D I T E R R A N E A N S E A
were forced to W El Alamein,
The largest ever invasion from wear yellow stars
the sea took place on June 6, 1944. bearing the word S Egypt, 1942
American, British, and Canadian troops “Jude”—
crossed the English Channel and landed German for Jew.
on the French coast to free France from

German rule.

The Holocaust

The Nazis killed Jewish people just
because they were Jewish. During the
Holocaust, Jews were sent to camps to
80 be killed. More than six million died.

KEY (1942) SCALE SOVIET UNION

Axis countries 0 1000 miles
Germany, Italy, and
Japan formed a group 0 1000 kilometers
in 1940.
The Allies Hiroshima J A PA N The Japanese
Britain, France, America dropped attack on Pearl
Russia, and the United the world’s first Harbor in
States teamed up. atomic bomb on December 1941
Neutrals Hiroshima, Japan, brought America
Some countries didn’t in 1945. into the war.
fight on either side.
Battle sites CHINA The Japanese suffered
Brave fighting a major defeat at the
took place on Okinawa, Iwo Jima, hands of the US Navy Midway Pearl
distant battlefields. 1945 1945 at Midway in 1942. Harbor

German troops Leyte Gulf, America won PA C I F I C O C E A N
surrounded the city Philippines against Japan
of Stalingrad from in the largest
1942 to 1943 but WWII naval
were defeated by battle in 1944.
the Russians.

Stalingrad

Guadalcanal N
1942–1943

SCALE Coral Sea, WE
1942
0 500 miles S
0 500 kilometers
Pearl Harbor 81
Soldiers’ graves in France
On December 7, 1941, Japanese
planes bombed US Navy ships based
at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack
took the United States by surprise

and led it to join the war on
the Allies’ side.

The cost of war

World War II was the deadliest
war in human history. More than
38 million civilians and 22
million troops lost their lives.
Another 25 million people were
killed by disease and lack of food.

Independent GREENLAND
world
ARCTIC OC
In 1945, most of the world’s nations were colonies, which
meant they were ruled by other countries. Since then, most NETHERLANDS
colonies have become independent. Some countries gained BELGIUM
their freedom peacefully, while others had to fight for it.
There are now 195 independent nations in the world. ENGLAND

ALASKA

KEY (1945) OCEAN FRANCE
SPAIN
BELIZE Country name, UNITED STATES AT L A N T IC PORTUGAL
1981 with date of OF AMERICA
independence BELIZE MOROCCO ALGERIA
Britain and 1981 1956 1962
colonies
France and C WESTERN SAHARA
colonies OCEAN 1976
Denmark and Nelson Mandela
colonies BAHAMAS MAURITANIA MALI
Spain and 1973 1960 SENEGAL 1960
colonies 1960
Portugal and JAMAICA CAPE VERDE N
colonies 1962 1975 THE GAMBIA 1
The Netherlands 1965
and colonies GUYANA
Norway and PA C I F I 1966 GUINEA-BISSAU
colonies 1974
Belgium and SURINAME GUINEA
colonies 1975 1958
Japan and
colonies SIERRA LEONE
Italy and 1961
colonies
The United States FRENCH COTE D’IVOIRE
and colonies GUIANA 1960
Australia and
colonies 1975 BURKINA FASO
Independent 1960
nations
GHANA
82 1957

TOGO
1960

BENIN
1960

EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
1968

CAMEROON
1960

South Africa

South African laws used to keep
white and black people separate in a
system called apartheid. Black people
were treated as less important. Nelson
Mandela led people against these laws.
Apartheid finally ended in 1991.

CEAN NORWAY Vietnam

The French colony of French Polynesia Vietnam became independent from France
in 1954 but was divided into Northern and
Southern halves with different governments.

A war led the country to be united
under the North’s leadership
in 1976.

Colonies today

Britain, New Zealand, the United
States, Norway, the Netherlands,
France, Denmark, and Australia
still have colonies. Most of these
are small islands or areas with very
few people. Around seven million
people live in colonies today.

DENMARK

ITALY CYPRUS NORTH KOREA
1945
1960 SYRIA JAPAN
1946 SOUTH KOREA
TUNISIA LEBANON PAKISTAN 1945
1956 1943 JORDAN 1947
BANGLADESH
KUWAIT 1947
1961
CENTRAL 1946 MYANMAR PA C I F I C O C E A N
AFRICAN UAE 1948
LIBYA REPUBLIC QATAR 1971 INDIA LAOS TAIWAN
1951 1971 1947 1953 1945
1960

NIGER CHAD SUDAN OMAN VIETNAM PHILIPPINES
1960 1960 1956 YEMEN 1954 1946

NIGERIA SOUTH 1967 ERITREA SRI LANKA CAMBODIA WEST PAPUA
1960 DJIBOUTI 1967 1948 1953 1962
MALAYA PAPUA
1977 1957 1975

SUDAN SOMALIA BRUNEI
1956 UGANDA 1960 1984

CONGO KENYA 1962
1960 1963
MALAYSIA
RWANDA 1963
BURUNDI 1962
1962 INDONESIA
TANZANIA 1949
1961 MALAWI INDIAN EAST TIMOR
1964
ANGOLA MOZAMBIQUE 1975 FIJI
1975 1964 1970
OCEAN SOLOMON ISLANDS
AUSTRALIA 1978

GABON MADAGASCAR India gains independence
1960 1960
In 1947, Britain decided to
BOTSWANA SWAZILAND give up its Indian empire. The
1966 1968 land was split into two new
countries, India and Pakistan.
LESOTHO Jawaharlal Nehru (pictured) was
1966 the first Indian prime minister.

ZIMBABWE
1980

DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF
CONGO
1960

ZAMBIA
1980

SOUTHERN OCEAN

83

The Cold War The Space Race

After World War II, two superpowers had different ideas America and the
USSR raced each
other to get into
about how to run the world. The communist USSR wanted space. The United
everybody to be equal. The capitalist United States thought it States won when

was more important for people to be free. There was a Cold Neil Armstrong
became the first
War, with America and the USSR taking opposite sides in person on the

struggles around the world between 1947 and 1991. moon in 1969.

ARCTIC OCEAN NATO flag The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
Radar stations along was an alliance led by
the Distance Early the United States, set up
Warning (DEW) line in 1949.
would warn of a
USSR bomber attack. DEW line

KEY NORTH AMERICA AT L A
In 1959 US President
NATO NTIC OCEANIntercontinentalEisenhower and the
Countries that were CIFIC OCEAN ballistic missiles Eisenhower and USSR’s Secretary
part of NATO— Khrushchev meet Khrushchev met to try
a capitalist group led Intercontinental to reduce the tension.
by the United States. missiles could carry America and the USSR
nuclear warheads to almost went to war when
Warsaw Pact destroy cities thousands the USSR placed nuclear
Communist countries of miles away. weapons in Cuba in 1962.
that were part of the
Warsaw Pact— Cuban Missile
an agreement with Crisis
the USSR.
The United States
Non-NATO and funded rebels fighting Nicaraguan
Warsaw Pact PA the radical government Revolution
Countries that did of Nicaragua between
not take part in the 1978 and 1979.
Cold War.

Conflicts
Foreign civil wars where
the United States and
the USSR supported
different sides.

Uprisings The hydrogen bomb First hydrogen bomb test, 1952
Revolts against
governments in The first nuclear bomb was
communist countries created during World War II. This
in Europe.
Spies atomic bomb was the most
Places where powerful weapon in history.
spies operated. During the Cold War, both sides

84 developed an even more
destructive nuclear bomb, called

the hydrogen bomb.

The divided city

After World War II, the German capital
of Berlin was divided in two. The
Berlin From 1948 to Western half was controlled by the
blockade 1949, the USSR

tried to block food United States, Britain, and In 1955 the Warsaw Pact
from getting into France, while the USSR had the was set up as a military
West Berlin. Supplies Eastern half. The city became alliance between the USSR
were dropped in the center of the Cold War. and six communist countries
in Eastern Europe.
by planes.
EAST Warsaw Pact
Berlin wall BERLIN The USSR’s first The USSR tested
intercontinental missile its first nuclear
was launched in 1957. bomb in 1949.
WEST
BERLIN

In 1961 East Berlin built a wall ASIA R-7
around the West to prevent Semyorka
Easterners from escaping there.

In 1961, Yuri Gagarin from First Lightning
the USSR became the first
man in space.

Yuri Gagarin China became a

The Iron communist state in 1949 An attempt by
Curtain under Mao Zedong. communist North

Korean War Korea to take over
South Korea was
EUROPE stopped by
American-led
USSR and US soldiers Chinese troops between
helped different sides Civil War 1950 and 1953.
in Afghanistan between
The two sides of the 1979 and 1989. Afghan War
Cold War faced
each other across Between 1964 and 1975,
an “Iron Curtain” US troops failed to help
dividing Europe. South Vietnam beat
Vietnam War Communist North Vietnam.

AFRICA

The United States and Angolan War The end of the Cold War
the USSR supported
opposing sides in this In 1989, communist governments
war between 1975 in Europe began to lose control.
and 2002.
The Berlin Wall was pulled down
in this year, and Germany was
united in 1990. The USSR
itself collapsed in 1991.
The Cold War was over.

Close enemies The fall of the Berlin Wall 85

The United States and the
USSR faced each other
across the Arctic Circle. At
their closest, the countries
were separated by only
2.4 miles (3.8 km).

The space age Landing on the surface
of a comet
The first human-made object left Earth in 1957—a tiny
spacecraft called Sputnik. The Space Age had begun! A
human flew in space for the first time in 1961, and people
first walked on the moon in 1969. People have continued to
explore space, finding out more and more about what exists
beyond our world.

The Rosetta mission

On November 12, 2014, a spacecraft landed
on a comet for the first time. Unfortunately,
it landed in the shadow of a cliff and could
not recharge its batteries, which were
powered by the sun. After two days, its
power ran out, and it went silent.

Man on the moon In 1959, the Luna The first-ever satellite
2 became the first was launched into space
On July 20, 1969, American Neil spacecraft to by Russia on October 4,
Armstrong became the first person to reach the moon. 1957. It was 23 in
walk on the moon. Along with Buzz (58 cm) wide.
Aldrin, he spent about 150 minutes Luna 2
er
walking around and collecting Sputnik 1
rock samples.

Venus Ea
Jupit
The sun rth
Mercury Mars

Mariner 10 Venera 9 Salyut 1 Viking 2 Pioneer 10
The Mariner 10 In 1975, Venera 9 The first space station The American Viking 2 Pioneer 10 became
traveled from Venus sent photographs of was launched into space spent 1,316 days on the the first spacecraft
to Mercury between the surface of Venus by the Russians on surface of Mars, from to leave the solar
1974 and 1975. to Earth. April 19, 1971. It stayed 1976 to 1980. system, in 1983.
there for 175 days.
86

International Space Station

Launched in 1998, the International
Space Station is the largest human-
made body orbiting (circling) Earth. It is
used for experiments in space and can
test computer systems and equipment
needed for missions to Mars.

ThSepaIcneteSrtnaattiioonnal A satellite above Earth

Satellites

Sputnik I was the first satellite sent
into space, in 1957. Today, satellites
are used to transmit signals for TV
programs and telephone calls. They
also gather data about weather and
locations for digital maps.

The American Galileo Cassini Cassini was launched in
became the first craft to 1997 and spent 13 years
fly all the way around circling Saturn. It burned
Jupiter, in 1995. up in 2017.

Galileo
n
Satur
Ur anus eptune
N

Our solar system The American Voyager 2 Voyager 2
was the first space
Our solar system is made up of the eight planets probe to visit outer 87
that circle our sun. The image above shows them planets Uranus and
closer together than they really are. Neptune, in 1986 and
1989, respectively.

The world today ARC

Slightly fewer than eight billion people are alive in 2018, GREENLAND
living in 195 countries. That number is expected to grow to (DENMARK)
11.2 billion by the year 2100. China is the world’s
most populous nation, with around 8,800 Chinese
babies born every day.

ALASKA ICELAND
(UNITED STATES)

CANADA

NORTH AMERICA

UNITED STATES ALGERIA
MOROCCO

WESTERN SAHARA
(DISPUTED)
BAHAMAS
HAITI
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITANIA

HAWAII MEXICO BELIZE CUBA PUERTO RICO SENEGAL
ST KITTS & NEVIS CAPE
ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
DOMINICA
(UNITED STATES) ST LUCIA VERDE
GUATEMALA

Uniting the world EL SALVADOR HONDURAS JAMAICA BARBADOS MALI
NICARAGUA GRENADA ST VINCENT &
The United Nations (UN), set COSTA RICA VENEZUELA THE GAMBIA
up in 1945, is an organization PANAMA THE GRENADINES GUINEA-BISSAU

TRINIDAD GUINEA
& TOBAGO BURKINA FASO

that works to keep peace GALÁPAGOS COLOMBIA FRENCH SIERRA LEONE
around the world. Almost ISLANDS GUIANA LIBERIA
every country today is a GUYANA
member of the UN. PA C I F I C (ECUADOR) ECUADOR CÔTE D’IVOIRE
GHANA
OCEAN SURINAME TOGO

SOUTH BENIN
AMERICA CAMEROON
PERU EQUATORIAL GUINEA
BRAZIL

BOLIVIA

World cities CHILE PARAGUAY SÃO TOMÉ
& PRÍNCIPE
In 2009, for the first time in
GABON

history, more people lived
in towns and cities than
in the countryside. URUGUAY OCEAN
This trend is likely to
ARGENTINA AT L A N T I C

continue as the world’s
population grows.
FALKLAND ISLANDS
(UNITED KINGDOM)

88 New York City World’s newest nation

New nations are still forming. The
world’s newest nation is South Sudan,
which broke away from Sudan in 2011

after a long fight for independence.

CTIC OCEAN KEY (2018) BELGIUM ESTONIA
NETHERLANDS
SVALBARD Countries LUXEMBOURG LATVIA
(NORWAY) These colors DENMARK LITHUANIA
show the
NORWAY territories of IRELAND BELARUS
SWEDEN different countries. UNITED
GERMANY POLAND
FINLAND RUSSIAN FEDERATION KINGDOM

CZECH
REPUBLIC
SLOVAKIA MOLDOVA

LIECHTENSTEIN AUSTRIA HUNGARY ROMANIA

PORTUGAL FRANCE SAN CROATIA SERBIA
SWITZERLAND MARINO KOSOVO

ANDORRA SLOVENIA BULGARIA
MONACO ITALY MACEDONIA

SPAIN VATICAN CITY GREECE

MALTA ALBANIA
BOSNIA & MONTENEGRO

HERZEGOVINA

UKRAINE KAZAKHSTAN ASIA
GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN
EUROPE MONGOLIA

ARMENIA TURKMENISTAN NORTH
KOREA
KYRGYZSTAN

TURKEY TAJIKISTAN CHINA
CYPRUS
JAPAN
TUNISIA LEBANON SYRIA AZERBAIJAN
ISRAEL IRAQ IRAN NEPAL BANGLADESH

AFRICA KUWAIT BHUTAN SOUTH
QATAR KOREA
LIBYA EGYPT JORDAN LAOS TAIWAN
BAHRAIN OMAN
NIGER CHAD SUDAN INDIA
SAUDI MYANMAR
ARABIA (BURMA)

YEMEN U.A.E. PAKISTAN VIETNAM PALAU

THAILAND PHILIPPINES MARSHALL
ISLANDS
NIGERIA AFGHANISTAN CAMBODIA

SOUTH ETHIOPIA ERITREA SRI BRUNEI MICRONESIA
SUDAN DJIBOUTI LANKA MALAYSIA NAURU
KIRIBATI
UGANDA KENYA SOMALIA CENTRAL SINGAPORE INDONESIA
DEMOCRATIC AFRICAN
RWANDA REPUBLIC MALDIVES
REPUBLIC
OF THE BURUNDI PAPUA SOLOMON
NEW ISLANDS
CONGO TANZANIA MALAWI TUVALU
GUINEA
CONGO SEYCHELLES INDIAN OCEAN
COMOROS
ANGOLA ZAMBIA EAST TIMOR SAMOA
FIJI
VANUATU

NAMIBIA MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS NEW
CALEDONIA
AUSTRALIA TONGA

SOUTH MOZAMBIQUE AUSTRALASIA
AFRICA SWAZILAND & OCEANIA

BOTSWANA ZIMBABWE

LESOTHO NEW
ZEALAND

Disappearing islands S O U T H E R N OCEAN

Not many of the 1,156 islands that
make up the Marshall Islands rise more
than 7 ft (2 m) above sea level. Some are
in danger of disappearing due to rising
sea levels caused by global warming.
The Marshall Islands 89

A N TA R C T I C A

Atlas picture quiz

This civilization was 2 This country got its
ruled by pharaohs. name from Qin, one
of its states.
1
3

10 N The Olympic Games were on 4
9 created by the people in 5
This empire was this civilization. This empire was
founded by Osman I. home to more than
ame the civilizati 65 million people.

Here are some
of the civilizations that

appear in this atlas.
Can you name them?
Look at the clues to
help you. The answers

are on page 91.

This empire was created These kingdoms and
in the 1520s. city-states became
one country.

The rulers of these kingdoms
grew wealthy by trading

8 7 6gold, ivory, and slaves.

This empire was Divine emperors
ruled this country.
90 located in South America.

91 Answers: Page 8–9 The ancient world: 1. Jericho, 2. Valley of the Kings, 3. A wooden horse, 4. Nile, 5. Vercingetorix, 6. Mesopotamia, 7. The Xiongnu, 8. Mount Vesuvius. Page 26–27 The Middle Ages:
1. Buddhism, 2. Sahara, 3. Japan, 4. North America, 5. 1337, 6. The Mongols, 7. North America, 8. Black Death. Page 42–43 The age of discovery: 1. Inca Empire, 2. Emperor Shah Jahan, 3. Constantinople, 4. Sāo
Gabriel, 5. El Castillo, 6. India, 7. Pacal of Palenque, 8. 12 million. Page 58 – 59 The age of industry: 1. Yorktown, 2. James Hargreaves, 3. July 4, 1776, 4. Abraham Lincoln, 5. Tea, 6. Cornwall, 7. Bastille, 8. Australia.
Page 70–71 The modern world: 1. Ottoman Empire, 2. 1926, 3. 1939, 4. US, 5. Italy, 6. 1989, 7. South Sudan. Page 90 Name the civilization: 1. Egyptian (pages 16–17), 2. Greek (pages 18–19), 3. Chinese (pages
20–21), 4. Roman (pages 22–23), 5. Korean (pages 32–33), 6. Japanese (pages 32–33), 7. African (pages 36–37), 8. Inca (pages 46–47), 9. Mughal (pages 50–51), 10. Ottoman (page 52–53). Page 91 Find the fact: 1.
Around six million years ago (page 6), 2. China (page 11), 3. Stonehenge (page 12), 4. Hieroglyphs (page 16), 5. The Spartans (page 19), 6. A terra-cotta army (page 20), 7. To hold gladiator fights and other sports (page 23),
8. The Vikings (page 30), 9. Japan (page 33), 10. The Inuit (page 34), 11. Rat fleas (page 41), 12. 1492 (page 45), 13. Machu Picchu (page 47), 14. The Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan, built it in memory of his favorite wife
(page 51), 15. Michelangelo (page 55), 16. 12 million (page 56), 17. July 4, 1776 (page 61), 18. It abolished slavery in the United States (page 67), 19. The first telephone (page 75), 20. A yellow star with the word “Jude”
written on it (page 80), 21. Nelson Mandela (page 82), 22. The hydrogen bomb (page 84), 23. Neil Armstrong (page 86).

23. Who was the 22. During the Cold 21. Who led the 20. During World
first person to walk War, what nuclear movement against War II, what were
Jewish people forced
on the moon? weapon did the apartheid in
US develop? South Africa? to wear?

16. How many African 17. On what date 18. What did 19. What did Alexander
slaves were taken did America declare the 13th Graham Bell invent?
across the Atlantic?
independence? Amendment do?

15. The famous 14. Why was the 13. What famous 12. In what year
sculpture of David Taj Mahal built? town in the Andes did Christopher
was carved by which did the Incas build? Columbus reach
Renaissance artist? the Americas?

Find the fact 9. Which country 10. Who are the 11. What caused the
has the world’s native people of spread of the
All of the answers to oldest royal family? Black Death?
these questions appear the Arctic?
somewhere in this book.
You can check if you are 6. What was the 5. Who were the 4. What writing
correct at the bottom First Emperor’s most feared warriors system was used
tomb protected by? in ancient Greece? by the ancient
of this page.
Egyptians?
7. What was
the Colosseum 1. When did 2. Which country 3. What famous
apes begin to invented silk monument was
used for? walk upright? making? built in Britain

8. Who were the during the
first Europeans to Stone Age?
reach America?

Glossary

agriculture Christian holy revolution

Growing crops and raising Someone who follows the Something or somewhere Sudden change that happens
livestock for food religious teachings of Jesus sacred to a religion when a government or ruling
Christ, who lived in the Middle power is overthrown, often
ally East 2,000 years ago independence quickly and by force

Country that supports another civilization Freedom from outside control, slave
country and might agree to such as when a country or
trade deals or to fight Society where people have area is no longer ruled by Person who is forced to work
alongside it in a war built a complex city or country another country for or serve another person or
family. Slaves are considered
ancient colony Jew the property of their owners
and forced to obey them
Very old Area of land or island Follower of the religion
belonging to a Judaism. Jews worship one society
army different country God and their holy books
are the Hebrew Bible (Old Organized group of people
Organized group of soldiers conquer Testament) and the Talmud with a shared culture

artifact Act of one country taking over Muslim spy
another country
Human-made object, generally Someone whose religion Person who gathers
of historic or cultural interest, culture is Islam. Muslims believe information in secret. In war,
such as a painting or a vase in one God, and they each side uses spies to find out
Way of life and beliefs of the follow the teachings of the the other’s secrets
astronaut people of a region or country Prophet Muhammad
technology
Someone who is trained to democracy native
travel and work in a spacecraft Using scientific knowledge to
System of government Person linked to a place by create machinery and devices,
bce where people outside the birth, or who is descended such as computers
government have a say in from the original inhabitants
Before Common Era, or all the how the country is run, of an area territory
years before year 1 usually by voting
Nazi Area of land that belongs to a
beliefs dictator particular country or state
Member, or follower, of the
Set of views that people hold Ruler with total power Nazi Party (National Socialists) trade route
about the world, life, and in Germany, led by Adolf Hitler
the afterlife emperor Route traveled by merchants
peasant carrying goods from one
Buddhist Ruler of an empire country to another
A poor person whose way of
Member of a religion called empire life is dependent on farming traditional
Buddhism, which follows the
teachings of the Buddha, who Large area with different persecution When something has been
lived in India about 2,500 peoples, ruled by a king/ done in the same way for a
years ago queen or emperor/emperess Bad treatment of people long time
because of their beliefs
capitalism government tribe
Renaissance
Political or economic system Group of people who run Group of people who share
where individuals own a country A focus on art and learning in the same culture and history. It
property and companies, Europe that began in the 15th usually refers to people who
instead of the government Hindu century, linked to a renewed live together in traditional
owning them interest in the ancient cultures communities, far from cities
Member of the Indian religion of Greece and Rome and towns
ce Hinduism. Hindus worship
many gods and believe that
Common Era, or all the years when people die they are
after year 1 born again

92

Index

9/11 72 Austria-Hungary 68, 76–77 carnelian 15 Delaware River 62
Axis Powers 80–81 Carolingian Empire 29 democracy 78
A Aztec civilization 45, 46 Carthaginians 22 Denmark 12, 61
Cartier, Jacques 45 Dias, Bartolomeu 45
abolitionists 57 B Caspian Sea 39 disease 29, 41, 64, 81
Abu Simbel 17 castles Dürer, Albrecht 55
Afghanistan 85 Babur, Emperor 50
Africa Babylon 14 Europe 40 E
Baekje Kingdom 32 Japan 33
early man 6 Baghdad 28 Çatalhöyük 13 Easter Island 29, 72
empires 36–37 Baird, John Logie 73, 75 cathedrals 40 EEC (European Economic Community) 72
exploration of 45, 49, 54 Baltic Sea 13 Catholic Church 45, 54, 55 Egypt 45, 53, 69
farming 11 Bastille, fall of the 63 cave paintings 6, 10
Ottoman Empire 52–53 Becket, Thomas 40 CDs 73, 74 ancient 10, 11, 16–17, 23
Romans 22–23 Bedouins 53 cell phones 74 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 84
Scramble for Africa 69 Belgium 63, 76 Central Powers 76–77 El Alamein, Battle of 80
slave trade 44, 45, 56–57, 61 Bell, Alexander Graham 61, 75 Chang’an 29 El Castillo (Chichen Itza) 46
age of discovery 42–57 Benin Empire 28, 36 Changping, Battle of 21 electric motors 61
age of industry 58–69 Berlin 69, 73, 85 Charette, General 63 elephants 15, 22, 50–51
Ahmed I, Sultan 45 Berlin Wall 73, 85 Charles IV, Emperor 41 Elizabeth I, Queen 45
Ainu people 33 Bessemer, Henry 60 Chavin de Huantar 11 Emancipation Proclamation 67
airmail 75 Black Death 29, 41 Chichen Itza 46 Engels, Friedrich 60
Akbar, Emperor 51 Black Sea 18, 19, 30 child labor 65 England see Britain
Akkad 10, 14 blitzkrieg 80 Chimú people 47 Epidaurus 19
Aksum 37 Blue Mosque (Istanbul) 45, 52 China Erasmus 54
Aldrin, Buzz 86 Bonaparte, Napoleon 60, 63 ancient 10, 20–21, 29 Eric the Red 30
Alexander the Great 11 Booth, John Wilkes 67 Chinese Civil War 85 Ethiopia 36, 69
Allied Powers 76–77, 80–81 Boston Tea Party 62 Chinese Revolution 60 EU (European Union) 72
Alvaro, King of Kongo 37 Brazil 45, 56–57 communism 73, 79, 85 Euphrates River 14
amphitheaters 22, 23 Opium Wars 60 the Euro 72
ancient history 8–23 independence 61 population 88 Europe
Andes 47 Bridgewater Canal 64 Silk Road 38, 39
Angola 85 Britain Christianity 24, 36, 37, 39, 40 imperial world 68–69
antibiotics 75 church, division of 44, 45, 54 Middle Ages 40–41
Apache 35 Battle of Britain 80 cities Renaissance 54–55
apartheid 73, 82 British Empire 60, 69 first 14 Roman Empire 22–23
Appian Way 23 Church of England 44 Greek city-states 18 Stone Age 12–13
aqueducts 22 explorers and settlers 45, 48 Cleopatra, Queen 23 Vikings 30–31
Arab conquests 29 Industrial Revolution 64–65 climate change 11, 89 World War I 76–77
Arab Revolt 77 Middle Ages 40 coal mining 64–65 World War II 80–81
Arab traders 57 Norman Conquest 28 Cold War 73, 84–85 Ewuare the Great 28
Arabian Sea 15, 39 Renaissance 54 colonies 82–83 Exposition Universelle 68
Arctic 34 Romans 22 Colosseum (Rome) 23 Ezana, King of Axum 37
Arkwright, Richard 61 slave trade 57 Columbus, Christopher 45, 48, 49
Armstrong, Neil 84, 86 Spanish Armada 45 communism 60, 72, 73, 78, 79, 84–85 F
art Stone Age 12 computers 73, 74
cave paintings 6, 10 Vikings 29, 31 Confederates 66–67 factories 64–65 93
Renaissance 54–55 votes to leave EU 72 Constantine the Great 23 Faraday, Michael 61
Asia World War II 80 Constantinople 23, 45, 52 farming
Silk Road 38–39 Bronze Age 10–11 Cook, James 60
voyages of discovery 48–49 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 65 Cooper, Martin 74 ancient 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21
world religions 24–25 Brunelleschi, Filippo 28, 55 Copernicus, Nicolas 45, 54 Incas 47
Assyria 14 Buddhism 24, 25, 32, 33, 39 Cortes, Hernan 45 medieval Europe 41
astrolabes 54 Buland Darwaza (Fatehpur Sikri) 50 cotton 56, 57, 64 North America 35
Atahualpa, Emperor 47 Bulguksa Temple (Gyeongju) 32 Cousteau, Jacques 75 United States 56
Athens 19 Bull Run, First Battle of 67 Crete 19 fascism 78
Atlanta, capture of 67 the Crusades 28 Fleming, Alexander 73, 75
Atlantic Ocean 30, 45, 56–57, 68 C Cuban Missile Crisis 72, 84 flight 61, 74
atomic bomb 81 cuneiform writing 14 Florence 28, 45, 55
Augustus, Emperor 22 Cabot, John 45, 48 flying shuttle 64
Aurangzeb, Emperor 51 Cabral, Pedro 45 D Fort Sumter, attack on 67
Australia 6, 60 Caesar, Julius 22 France
Green politics 79 camels 36, 39, 53 D-day 80 colonies 45, 60, 68–69, 83
independence 61 Canada 45, 60 da Gama, Vasco 44, 48, 49, 51 French Revolution 61, 63
revolt 60 canals 64 David (Michelangelo) 45, 55 Middle Ages 40
Canterbury 40 Romans 22
Caribbean 45, 48, 49, 56 World War I 76
World War II 80, 81

Franco, General Francisco 78 Hundred Years’ War 29, 40 Khrushchev, Nikita 84 monoliths 12–13
Franz Ferdinand, Prince hunter-gatherers 10 Kilby, Jack 74 moon landings 73, 84, 86
hydrogen bomb 84 Kongo 37 Mughal Empire 44, 50–51
60, 76 Korea Muhammad, the Prophet 24, 29
Fuji, Mount 33 I mummies 47
ancient 29, 32 Mumtaz Mahal 44, 51
G IBM 73, 74 Korean War 73, 85 Munmu of Silla 29
Ice Age 7, 10 Kursk, Battle of 80 Muslim conquests 28
Gagarin, Yuri 85 Iceland 30 Kyoto 33 Mussolini, Benito 78
Gallipoli 77 imperialism 68–69, 90 Lebanon 38
Gandhi, Mahatma 79 Inca Empire 44, 47 Lee, General Robert E. 67 N
Gaya 32 independence movements 82–83 Leif Erikson 29, 30
Germany India Lenin, Vladimir 79 Nanak, Guru 24, 25
Leyte Gulf, Battle of 81 Napoleonic Wars 60
Cold War 85 exploration of 44, 49 Liberia 69 Nara 33
Middle Ages 40–41 independence 73, 79, 83 Libya 23 NATO 84
Nazi Party 73, 78 Indian Mutiny 60 Lincoln, Abraham 66, 67 Nazca people 47
Renaissance 54–55 Indus Valley civilization 10, 15 Lindisfarne 31 Nazi Party 73, 78, 80
World War I 76–77 Mughal Empire 44, 50–51 llamas 44, 47 Neanderthals 6, 7
World War II 80 Indian Ocean 38, 39 Louis XVI, King 63 Nehru, Jawaharlal 83
Ghana Indus Valley 10, 15 Luddites 65 Neptune 87
independence 72 Industrial Revolution 64–65 lutes 54 Netherlands 55
Kingdom of 28, 29 internal combustion engines 61 Luther, Martin 45, 54 New York City 72, 88
Glasgow 64 International Space Station 87 New Zealand 61
global warming 89 Inuit 34 M Newcastle upon Tyne 64
Göbekli Tepe 13 inventions Newcomen, Thomas 65
gods and goddesses Industrial Revolution 60–61 Macedonia 11, 19 Newfoundland 45
Aztec, Maya, and Inca 46–47 modern 74–75 Machu Picchu 47 Nicaragua 84
Egyptian 17 Iron Age 11 Magellan, Ferdinand 44, 49 Nigeria 11
Viking 31 Iron Curtain 85 Mali Empire 28, 36 Nile River 16–17
see also religions Ironbridge 65 mammoths 6, 11 nonviolence movement 79
Goguryeo Kingdom 32 Ishtar Gate (Babylon) 14 Manchester 64 Norman Conquest 28
Great Depression 73 Islam 24, 29, 36 Mandela, Nelson 73, 82 North America
Great Famine 29 Golden Age 28 Mao Zedong 73, 79, 85
Great Wall of China 21 Israel 73 maps, 15th century 48 exploration of 45, 48
SS Great Western 65 Istanbul 45, 52 Mars 86 indigenous people 34–35
Great Zimbabwe 37 Italy Marshall Islands 89 Mound Builders 28
Greece fascism 78 Marx, Karl 60, 79 slave trade 44, 45, 56–57, 61
ancient 11, 18–19 Renaissance 55 Masada 23 Vikings 29, 30
Greek War of Independence 61 Romans 22–23 Maya civilization 28, 46 see also Canada; United States
Greenland 30 Mecca 24 Norway 29, 30
Gutenberg, Johannes 44 JKL Mediterranean Sea 18–19, 22–23, Notre Dame (Paris) 40
Gyeongju 32 nuclear weapons 78, 84–85
Jama Masjid (Delhi) 50 30, 38, 41
H Jamestown 45 megaliths 12 OP
Janissaries 53 Meiji Restoration 60
Hadrian’s Wall 22 Japan 60, 61 Mercury 86 Olmecs 11, 46
Haitian revolution 60 Mesoamerica 46 Olympic Games 19
Hammurabi, King 14 ancient 33 Mesopotamia 10, 14 Opium War, First 60
Hannibal 22 World War II 80, 81 Mexico 45, 46 Osman I, Sultan 52
Hanseatic League 41 Jericho 13 Michelangelo 45, 55 Otto, Nikolaus 61
Hargreaves, James 64 Jerusalem 24, 28 microchips 74 Ottoman Empire 44, 45, 52–53, 60, 69, 77
Hatshepsut, Queen 17 Jesus Christ 24 Middle Ages 26–41 Pacal, King 46
Henry VIII, King 44 jet engines 75 Middle East Pacific Ocean 7, 49
hieroglyphs 11, 16 jewelry 6, 15, 31 Paiute 34
Himeji castle 33 Jewish Revolt 23 Mesopotamian civilization 14 Pakistan 73, 83
Hinduism 24, 25 Jews 23, 24, 80 Ottoman Empire 52–53 Palenque 46
Hiroshima 81 Joan of Arc 40 world religions 24–25 paper 29
Hispaniola 45 Johnson, General Albert 67 Midway, Battle of 81 Paris 40, 61, 63, 68
Hitler, Adolf 73, 78, 80 Judaism 24 migrations 6–7 Parthenon (Athens) 19
Holocaust 80 Jupiter 86 missionaries 39 Pearl Harbor 81
Holy Roman Empire 41 Jutland, Battle of 76 Modern World 70–89 pearls 15
Homo erectus 6 Kanem-Bomu Empire 36 Mohenjo-Daro 15 Pedro I, Emperor 61
Homo sapiens 6 Kanmu, Emperor 33 monasteries 31 penicillin 73, 75
Hong Kong 60, 69 Kay, John 64 Mongol conquests 28, 41 Persian Empire 19, 29
hovercraft 75 Kennedy, John F. 72 Mongolia 20, 21

94

Persian Gulf 14 Segesta 18 T V
Peru 47 Serbia 76
Petersburg, Siege of 67 serfs 41 Taj Mahal (Agra) 44, 51 V2 rocket 75
pharaohs 16 Seven Years’ War 60 Tang Dynasty 29 Valley of the Kings 17
Philippines 49, 81 Severn River 65 Taoism 25 van Eyck, Jan 55
Philips 73, 75 Shah Jahan, Emperor 44, 50, 51 telegraphs 68 Venice 55
pilgrimages 40 Sherman, General William 67 telephones 61, 75 Venus 86
pirates 19 Shiloh, Battle of 67 television 73, 75 Vercingetorix 22
Pizarro, Francisco 44 Shinto 25, 33 temples Verona 23
plantations 56, 57 shipbuilding 64–65 Versailles, Palace of 63
Poland 41, 81 ships Aztec and Maya 46 Vesuvius, Mount 23
Polo, Marco 38 Egyptian 17 Vicksburg, Battle of 66
Polynesian voyages 7, 29 ancient Greek 18–19 Greek 18, 19 Victoria, Queen 69
Pompeii 23 Arab dhows 39, 51 Japanese 33 Vienna, Siege of 44
Popes 44, 55 cable-laying 68 Korean 32 Vietnam
population 72, 88 Chinese junks 39, 49 Mesopotamian 14
Portugal Egyptian 16, 17 Tenochtitlan 46 independence 83
Hanseatic 41 terraces 47 Vietnam War 72, 85
slavery 45, 57 Inuit kayaks 34 Terra-cotta army 10, 20 Vikings 29, 30–31
voyages of discovery 37, 44, 48–49, Ottoman galleys 52 Teutonic Knights 41 Vinland 29, 30
51, 54 Polynesian sailing canoes 7 textiles 11, 61, 64–65 voyages of discovery 44–45, 489
pottery 11, 12, 13 Roman 23, 38 theaters, Greek 18
printing 29, 44, 54 slave 56–57 Tigris River 14 W
Protestantism 45, 54 Viking longships 30–31 Timbuktu 28, 36
Punic Wars 22 voyages of discovery 48–49, 54 totem poles 34 Warring States period 20, 21
Pyramids of Giza 10, 16 Sicily 18 towns, early 13, 28 warriors
Sikhism 24, 25 trade
R Silk Road 38–39 early 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 Aztec 46
Silla Kingdom 32 Middle Ages 31, 32, 36–37, 41 Huron 35
railroads 61, 64 slavery 22, 44, 45, 56–57, 60, 61, 66–67 Ottoman Empire 52–53 Mongol 41
Ramses II, Pharaoh 17 snowshoes 35 Silk Road 38–39 Mughal 50–51, 51
Red Sea 38 solar system 45, 54, 86–87 slaves 44, 45, 56–57 Plains 35
religions 24–25 Sony 73, 75 spice 49, 51 Samurai 33
Renaissance 54–55 South Africa 73, 82 triangular 57 Viking 31
Revere, Paul 62 South America 11, 47, 56, 61 Trans-Siberian Railroad 69 Xiongnu 21
Rocket 61 South Sudan 88 trench warfare 76 Warsaw Pact 84, 85
Roman Empire 10, 22–23 space age 86–87 Trenton, Battle of 62 Washington, George 62
Rome Space Race 84, 85 Trevithick, Richard 65 Watt, James 61, 64
Spain tribal religions 24 Wessex 31
ancient 22–23 Muslim conquests 28 Troy 19 Whittle, Frank 75
Catholic Church 55 Romans 22 Truth, Sojourner 57 William the Conqueror 28
Romulus and Remus 23 Spanish Armada 45 Tunisia 23 women
Roosevelt, Franklin 73 Spanish Civil War 72, 78 Tutankhamun 17 votes for 61
Rosetta spacecraft 86 voyages of discovery 44, 45, 48–49 World War I 77
Russia Sparta 19 U world fairs 68
Russian Empire 69 Sphinx 16, 69 World War I 60, 76–77
Russian Revolution 72, 77 spice trade 49, 51 Union states 66–67 World War II 72, 75, 80–81
Stone Age 13 spinning jenny 64 United Kingdom see Britain Wright Brothers 61, 74
Vikings 30, 31 Sputnik 1 72, 75, 86, 87 United Nations 88 writing 11, 14, 15, 46
World War I 77 Stalin, Joseph 79 United States
see also USSR Stalingrad, Battle of 81 XYZ
Russo-Japanese War 61 steam engines 61, 64, 65 Civil War 60, 66–67
steel 60 Cold War 84–85 Xianyang 20
S Stephenson, George 61 Declaration of Independence 61, 62 Yangtze River 21
Stockton and Darlington Railway 64 Revolution 61, 62 Yellow River 21
Sahara Desert 29, 36 Stone Age 6, 12–13 space exploration 86–87 Ying Zheng, Emperor 10, 20
Salish people 34 Stonehenge (Britain) 12 World War II 81 Yorktown, Battle of 62
Sankore Madrassa mosque (Timbuktu) 36 Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan 44, 53 Uranus 87 Zheng He 49
Sapa Inca 47 Sumer 10 Uruk 10, 14 ziggurats 14
Saratoga, Battles of 62 Sun Yat-sen 60 USSR
Sargon, King 10–11 Suriname 57 Cold War 84–85 95
satellites 74, 75, 86, 87 Sweden 12 collapse of 73
Saturn 87 foundation of 79
scuba diving 75 space exploration 86–87
sea levels, rising 12, 89 World War II 80–81
seals, stone 15 see also Russia

Credits

Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following Collector (cl). 32 Alamy Stock Photo: JeongHyeon Noh Belgium (cb). Dreamstime.com: Gail Benson/
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