Conflict Between India and Pakistan - An Encyclopedia

234 CHRONOLOGY

28 June (PDA) to constitute a committee for planning to remove a relic—a strand
the repeal of the 8th Amendment. of hair said to be from the Prophet
29 June Mohammad—and are threatening to
30 June A statement issued by an official blow up the building. The incident
July spokesperson of MEA on the swiftly worsens communal relations
October Pakistan High Commission press in Kashmir. A week later Indian
16 October release of June 18 blames security forces fire into a Muslim
Maharashtra Chief Minister Sharad crowd and kill about 40 separatists.
Pawar and terms the latter After month-long mediation, the
tendentious, provocative, and totally Srinagar gunmen surrender and the
contrary to all diplomatic norms. siege ends peacefully, in effect
strengthening the authority of the
The Supreme Court releases a Rao government.
detailed judgment on the
constitution petition challenging the 20–21 October Benazir visits Cyprus for the
dissolution of the National Assembly. Commonwealth Summit and makes
reference to Kashmir.
The Lahore High Court restores the
Punjab Assembly in its final verdict. 22 October In a meeting between India’s Finance
However, the Punjab governor again Minister Manmohan Singh and
dissolves the assembly on the advice Pakistan’s Foreign Minister Sardar
of C. M. Wattoo within minutes of Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari, it is
the announcement of the Lahore agreed to resume foreign
High Court judgment. secretary–level talks.

A joint session of parliament adopts 25 October India’s Foreign Secretary J. N. Dixit
a resolution advising the president to and Pakistan’s Foreign Secretary
put Punjab under federal rule. Shaharyar Khan fix dates for foreign
Punjab is placed under direct rule secretary–level talks at Islamabad
under Article 234 (i) of Pakistan’s between the first and third of
constitution through a proclamation January 1994.
order issued later that night.
In November the Hazratbal Shrine
A spokesperson for Pakistan’s made prospective Indo-Pakistan
president issues a handout stating talks December uncertain and less
that President Ghulam Ishaq Khan likely.
has not received, approved, or signed
any proclamation in pursuance of 1994 Although no progress is made in the
Article 234 of the constitution. 2 January first high-level talks on Kashmir
between India and Pakistan to be
Messages are exchanged between the held for 30 years, the fact that they
foreign secretaries of India and take place raises hopes of an eventual
Pakistan about the possibilities of agreement.
talks in Cyprus in October during
the Commonwealth Summit. 1–3 January Foreign secretary–level two-day talks
are held in Islamabad between J. N.
Benazir Bhutto returns to office. Dixit and Saharyar Khan. The main
issue is Kashmir. The talks fail.
Sixteen armed Kashmiri separatists
take over the Hazratbal Muslim 15–16 January Ministry–level talks take place
shrine in Srinagar. About 150 between India and Pakistan in New
pilgrims are inside. Ten thousand Delhi about combating drug
Indian troops surround the shrine trafficking and smuggling.
after a tip-off that the militants are

CHRONOLOGY 235

October Prime Minister Narasimha Rao 17 May India’s External Affairs Minister
reveals that he wants elections to be Pranab Mukerjee says that New Delhi
1995 held in Jammu-Kashmir early in is committed to resolving all its
9 April 1995. This state has been under disputes with Islamabad, including
19 April presidential rule for several years, but those over Kashmir, bilaterally and
4 May it is thought that India’s army and peacefully. He rules out third-
border security forces had gotten the country mediation in Kashmir. Yet
violence under control. This election another revered shrine is besieged by
plan, fraught with difficulties, is Indian troops soon after the burning
jeopardized, however, when of Charar Sharif.
insurgents take crates of electoral
rolls from a government building 24 July Former Pakistan Foreign Secretary
and burn them in a field. Delhi’s Shaharyar M. Khan and J. N. Dixit
election plan is to undercut the hard- (India’s foreign secretary until 1991)
line militant leaders wanting unity announce at a Wilton Park
with Pakistan or independence. The conference sponsored by the Foreign
release of one leader, Shabir Ahmed and Commonwealth Office in
Shah, called by Amnesty “one of the London, that a political solution of
longest serving prisoners of the Kashmir conflict has to be found,
conscience in India,” signals the one that also fulfills the aspirations of
change of policy. After being freed, he the Kashmiri people.
rejects the election plan.
1–19 December The Indian parliament extends
India’s prime minister sends a federal rule over Kashmir for another
message of felicitations to Prime six months. (The legislature had been
Minister Benazir Bhutto on her dismissed in 1990.) The Union
assumption of office in October 1993 government wants an election but
and offers to discuss all aspects of the electoral commission says the
Kashmir. India’s High Commissioner state is still too unstable.
to Pakistan S. K. Lambah tells The
Nation that India is ready for a 1996 Pakistani and Indian military officers
dialogue on Kashmir with Pakistan at 30 January meet on the cease-fire line dividing
any time, at any level, and without Kashmir to ease tension after armed
any conditions. clashes.

India’s Foreign Minister Pranab 7 April India’s Prime Minister Narasimha
Mukerjee says he is ready for talks Rao once again says India is
with Pakistan at “any place, any time” committed to holding a dialogue
but that the upcoming South Asian with Pakistan on all issues, including
summit is not the forum for such Kashmir without any preconditions,
bilateral discussions. but rules out third-party mediation.

Pakistan President Farooq Ahmad May Congress is defeated in the May
Khan Leghari rules out the third elections, and a coalition headed by
option of an independent Kashmir as H. D. Deve Gowda is formed.
the resolution of the issue because he
says it betrays the basic philosophy of 1997 Pakistan’s Foreign Secretary
the 1947 Partition Plan. India’s Prime 27 March Shamshad Ahmed takes a firm line
Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao says when in New Delhi for the first
that Kashmir issue can be resolved official talks with India in three years.
only in a “conducive and congenial He declares that Kashmir is the core
atmosphere between India and issue on the agenda.
Pakistan.”

236 CHRONOLOGY

28 March Shamshad Ahmed, due to hold talks 22 June he is willing to use his good offices to
with his Indian counterpart Salman find a solution of the festering 50-
31 March Haider during a groundbreaking 25 June year-old Kashmir dispute between
April four-day visit, arrives just hours after 17 September Pakistan and India.
28 April a street protest erupts in New Delhi
14 May over Pakistan’s assistance on Kashmir. November Pakistan and India reach an
23 May 1998 agreement to set up a mechanism for
Pakistan and India sit down at a sustained dialogue on issues between
negotiating table for the first time in the two countries. Both countries
three years, with the Kashmir dispute identify eight issues, including the
high on the agenda. problem of Jammu-Kashmir, to serve
as an agenda for future talks.
A two-hour session, the first official
talks since 1994, end in an upbeat A joint statement released at the
mood, with Shamshad Ahmed, who conclusion of the second round of
said earlier that Kashmir would be foreign secretary–level talks says that
the core issue of the negotiations, two sides agreed to set up working
saying, “The talks are very cordial groups to deal with all outstanding
and very meaningful and very issues at appropriate levels. The
purposeful. We are very hopeful.” problems of peace and security and
Jammu-Kashmir would, however, be
Pakistan and India complete four taken up at the secretary level.
days of talks aimed at reducing
tension and agree to meet again in India rejects Pakistan’s interpretation
Islamabad. “The two foreign that it has accepted Jammu-Kashmir
secretaries discussed all outstanding as a disputed territory after the
issues of concern to both sides in a second round of secretary–level talks
frank, cordial and constructive is concluded in Islamabad.
manner,” according to a joint
statement issued after the talks. On the second day of the third round
of foreign secretary–level talks, the
Another politically weak coalition two sides continue diplomatic efforts
takes office in India, led by Inder to“operationalize a mechanism” for
Kumar Gujral. future “structured dialogue” on all
outstanding issues.
Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan
asked India to acknowledge the The two sides hold two informal
existence of a bilateral dispute over sessions in which different matters
Kashmir, saying such a move is a key relating to the formation of a
to improving relations. mechanism of future talks come
under discussion. The discussions are
Addressing the extraordinary summit essentially on the issue of forming a
of the Economic Cooperation working group on Kashmir.
Organization (ECO), Prime Minister
Muhammad Nawaz Sharif says that Gujral’s administration collapses and
Pakistan favors a peaceful settlement is replaced in March by a BJP-led
of the Kashmir issue in accordance coalition headed by Atal Bihari
with the resolutions of the United Vajpayee.
Nations Security Council.
The American-based Kashmir Study
Secretary General of the United Group (KSG) proposes in its original
Nations Kofi Annan, in a meeting version the partition of Kashmir into
with Pakistan’s Foreign Minister three parts: (1) the Northern Areas
Gohar Ayub Khan, assures him that and Pakistani Kashmir to stay with

CHRONOLOGY 237

Pakistan, (2) Jammu and Ladakh Washington Post, says that his
remaining with India, and (3) the government is ready to settle the
Valley of Kashmir to be reconstituted Kashmir dispute with Pakistan
through a plebiscite as a sovereign basically according to the 1972 Simla
entity (but one without an Agreement.
international personality).
29 July The prime ministers of Pakistan and
India carries out five nuclear tests. India meet on the sidelines of the
May On May 3, three devices are SAARC Summit in Colombo. The
exploded, followed by two more on main subject of discussion is the
2 June May 13. On May 28 Pakistan carries resumption of dialogue on Kashmir.
4 June out five nuclear tests in the deserts of Following a directive of their prime
17 June Baluchistan in response to India’s ministers, the foreign secretaries of
tests earlier in the month. Both sets Pakistan and India meet twice on
of tests elicit widespread criticism. July 29 and 30, 1998, to overcome the
Soon after the tests, Indo-Pakistan procedural as well as substantive
relations swiftly deteriorate. India impediments to the resumption of
blames Pakistan of seeking to Pakistan–India talks, but they cannot
internationalize the Kashmir dispute, reach an agreement.
which it insists must be resolved
bilaterally. Pakistan also uses India’s 4 September Foreign Secretary Shamshad Ahmed
tests as a justification for unveiling and his Indian counterpart K.
its own nuclear prowess. Bilateral Raghunath hold several meetings in
talks are temporarily postponed Durban (during the Commonwealth
while the two countries volley Summit there) on the issue of the
criticism of each other and even resumption of talks. They arrive at
exchange shots across their “an understanding, in principle, to
boundaries. Kashmir remains a operationalise the mechanism for
potential flashpoint, with outside dialogue on all issues as per the
powers watching anxiously the agreed agenda.”
exchanges between the two nuclear
novitiates. 16–18 October The so-called composite dialogue
between India and Pakistan on the
Vajpayee and his Pakistani issue of peace and security, including
counterpart, Nawaz Sharif, meet in CBM and Jammu-Kashmir, is held in
Colombo at the annual summit Kashmir.
meeting of SAARC, though they fail
to make progress beyond agreeing to 5–13 November Talks between Vajpayee and Sharif
resume bilateral talks. resume in New Delhi; they tackle a
range of bilateral disagreements as
Japan’s foreign minister offers to host well as Kashmir, their main point of
an international conference involving contention. These bilateral issues
India and Pakistan in an attempt to include the construction of the
resolve their dispute over Kashmir. Wullar Barrage on the Jhelum River
in Kashmir, their entrenchments
India’s Prime Minister Atal Bihari along the inhospitable Siachen
Vajpayee announces his readiness to glacier, and the demarcation of
resume talks with Pakistan on all maritime boundaries around Sir
issues, including the core issue of Creek—all without any real progress
Kashmir, but refuses any third-party being made.
mediation.
1999 At the conclusion of the Lahore
India’s Prime Minister Atal Bihari February Summit, the Lahore Declaration
Vajpayee, in an interview with the

238 CHRONOLOGY

May–July holds that both India and Pakistan 12 May The supreme court of Pakistan
shall: 22 July endorses the legitimacy of the 1999
2000 • Intensify their efforts to resolve August military coup.
18 January 14 August
all issues, including that of Pakistan’s former Prime Minister
Jammu-Kashmir. 30 September Sharif is convicted of corruption,
• Refrain from intervention and sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment,
interference in each other’s 12 October and banned from holding public
internal affairs. 28 November office for 21 years.
• Intensify their composite and 10 December
integrated dialogue process for 2001 Flooding in India’s northeastern
an early and positive outcome of 25 January states, brought about by
the agreed bilateral agenda. exceptionally heavy monsoon rains,
• Take immediate steps to reduce claims over 300 lives and leaves 4.5
the risk of accidental or million homeless.
unauthorized use of nuclear
weapons. (They discussed Pakistan’s chief executive, General
concepts and doctrines with a Pervez Musharraf, announces that
view to elaborating measures for district elections will be held between
confidence building in the December 2000 and August 2001 as
nuclear and conventional fields, the first phase of a “return to
aimed at prevention of conflict.) democracy.”
• Reaffirm their commitment to
the goals and objectives of Renewed exceptional monsoon
SAARC and to concert their flooding after September 18 results in
efforts toward the realization of a death toll of 758 in India’s
the SAARC vision for the year northeastern state of West Bengal
2000 and beyond with a view to and makes 15 million homeless. In
promoting the welfare of the neighboring Bangladesh, at least 250
peoples of South Asia and to people die.
improve their quality of life
through accelerated economic India’s former Prime Minister P. V.
growth, social progress, and Narasimha Rao is sentenced to three
cultural development. years’ imprisonment on corruption
• Reaffirm their condemnation of charges relating to the bribery of
terrorism in all its forms and ministers to parliament in 1993.
manifestations and their
determination to combat this India’s government troops begin a
menace. unilateral cease-fire in their
• Agree to promote and protect all confrontation with Kashmiri
human rights and fundamental separatists for the duration of the
freedoms. Muslim holy month of Ramadan.

India and Pakistan fight a war along Pakistan’s former prime minister
a 2-kilometer (1.2-mile) front in Nawaz Sharif is unexpectedly
Kashmir at an altitude of over 10,000 pardoned, released from prison but
feet. This is their fourth war over sent into exile.
Kashmir.
A devastating earthquake strikes the
The trial begins of Pakistan’s former Kutch district of India’s
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on northwestern state of Gujerat,
charges relating to the alleged killing many thousands, destroying
hijacking in October 1999 of a plane
carrying General Pervez Musharraf.

CHRONOLOGY 239

25 February three towns, and leaving over half a 7 October President General Pervez Musharraf
13 March million people homeless. extends indefinitely his expiring
6 April December three-year term as army chief of staff
20 June India’s government announces a 21 December and reshuffles top military
14 July three-month extension of its 2002 commanders to consolidate his hold
unilateral cease-fire in the separatist January on power in the face of some vocal
16 July conflict in the northern state of 5 January domestic opposition to his support
Jammu-Kashmir. for the U.S. campaign in Afghanistan.
11 September 12 January
A sting operation by an Internet Terrorists, allegedly backed by
news service exposes a culture of February Pakistan, launch suicide attacks on
corruption among Indian India’s parliament, claiming 12 lives.
government officials over the
awarding of defense contracts, The Indian government withdraws
leading to the resignation of Defense its High Commission from Pakistan
Minister George Fernandes. for the first time since 1971. India
mobilizes its army against Pakistan’s
The Supreme Court of Pakistan sets armed forces.
aside convictions made in 1999 of
exiled former Prime Minister Benazir Pakistan and India twice pull back
Bhutto for corruption and orders a from the brink of war with the help
retrial. of British and American diplomacy.

General Pervez Musharraf, who had South Asian leaders conclude a
ruled as Pakistan’s chief executive summit overshadowed by a buildup
since his military coup in October of troops by India on Pakistani
1999, assumes the title of president. borders with no apparent easing of
tensions between these nuclear-
A three-day summit meeting in Agra, armed neighbors. Pakistan’s
India, begins between India’s Prime President Pervez Musharraf briefly
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and breaks the ice in Kathmandu at the
Pakistan’s president, General Pervez SAARC summit when he walks up to
Musharraf. Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari
Vajpayee to extend a hand of
This first top-level meeting between friendship—though no substantive
the two governments ends without talks ensue.
any agreement as to how to move
forward on the Kashmir dispute. In a landmark television broadcast,
Pakistan’s president, General Pervez
The Agra talks between General Musharraf, announces the banning
Pervez Musharraf and India’s Prime of several prominent Islamic militant
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee fail to organizations and offers his country
reach any positive conclusion. a choice between a progressive
Musharraf, at a breakfast meeting moderate Islamic society founded on
with senior journalists, says that law, tolerance, and modernity and
unless India acknowledges that the divisiveness and destructiveness
Kashmir is the main issue of of sectarian extremism. He rules out
contention between the two compromising over Pakistan as
countries, no progress can be made. wanted by India and invites Vajpayee
for talks.
Major terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center in New York and on the A videotape, handed to U.S. consular
Pentagon in Washington, D.C., come officials in Pakistan, confirms that a
to be widely known as 9/11.

240 CHRONOLOGY

27 February U.S. journalist, Daniel Pearl, who had 30 April India and Pakistan to resolve the
1 March been abducted in January, has been Kashmir issue and says his
15 March murdered by his kidnappers. 8 May government is ready for talks.
19 March 14 May Musharraf says that the Kashmir
A train full of Hindu activists is June issue should be solved according to
26 March halted at Godhrain, the western state the wishes of Kashmiris, and his
31 March of Gujarat, and attacked by arsonists, government is ready for talks with
leading to the deaths of 58 people, India to work out a durable solution.
the majority of them women and He says this during a conversation
children. The attack sparks a wave of with prime minister of Pakistani
sectarian violence across the state by Kashmir, Sikandar Hayat Khan, in
Hindus against the Muslim minority, Islamabad.
leading to at least 60 more deaths.
Reports prepared for the embassies
Hindu mobs continue a pogrom of EU countries claim that the death
against Muslims in Gujarat. The toll in communal violence in India’s
intervention of large numbers of western state of Gujarat has exceeded
troops begins to quell the violence in 2,000 and that the massacre of
the latter part of the month. Muslims is not spontaneous but a
long-prepared pogrom in which state
The Indian government deploys officials have connived.
37,000 paramilitary troops in
Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, to prevent A referendum in Pakistan in which
further Hindu rites at the former site 97.7 percent of voters endorsed the
of the Babri Masjid mosque, extension of the term of President
destroyed by Hindu militants in General Pervez Musharraf by
1992. The rites have been banned by another five years is strongly
India’s Supreme Court, pending the condemned by opposition parties,
resolution of legal disputes over the the independent Human Rights
site. Commission, and the domestic and
foreign press as a stage-managed and
In Pakistan five people die in a fraudulent exercise.
grenade attack on a Christian church
in the diplomatic quarter of A suicide bomber in Pakistan’s port
Islamabad, the capital. Among the city of Karachi sets off an explosion
dead are a U.S. diplomat and her that kills 17 people, including 11
daughter. It is thought that the attack French naval engineers working on a
is aimed by Islamic extremists both project to build submarines for
at Westerners and the government of Pakistan’s navy. The bombing is
President General Pervez Musharraf, blamed on Islamic extremists allied
in order to undermine his support to the Islamic militant al-Qaeda
for the so-called U.S. war against network.
terrorism.
An attack by Islamic militant
Indian’s Prime Minister Atal Bihari separatists on an Indian Army camp
Vajpayee, while speaking at a in Kashmir causes the death of 34
function in Himachal Pradesh, states people, mainly women and children,
that any talks with Pakistan will have and brings India and Pakistan close
to be held within the purview of the to war with its possible escalation.
Simla and Lahore Agreements.
In the fourth attack on foreign
Pakistan’s President Pervez targets in Pakistan since the
Musharraf renews a call for the beginning of the year, a car bomb
resumption of dialogue between explodes outside the U.S. consulate

CHRONOLOGY 241

15 July in Karachi, killing 13 people and 10 October Legislature elections are held to
16 August injuring more than 40. Pakistan’s National Assembly (the
25 October lower house of the bicameral federal
21 August Four men are convicted in an 21 November legislature), fulfilling a Supreme
8 October antiterrorist court in Karachi, the 12 December Court order to President General
capital of Sink province, Pakistan, of 29 December Pervez Musharraf to hold national
the abduction and murder in January elections within three years of the
of the U.S. journalist Daniel Pearl. October 1999 coup, when Musharraf
One of the convicts, said to be seized power. The pro-Musharraf
Islamic militant, is sentenced to Pakistan Muslim League–Qaid-i-
death, the others to life Azam (PML-QA) emerges as the
imprisonment. largest party with 118 seats in the
342-seat Assembly.
Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf
vows that Pakistan will never Presiding over a meeting of Pakistan’s
compromise on the Kashmiris’ right Kashmir Council, President
of determination and rejects polls in Musharraf says the Indian troops’
occupied Kashmir as a bid to role between the two countries,
legitimize India’s illegal occupation. including the Kashmir issue, can be
settled through bilateral dialogue.
In a tough speech at a flag-hoisting
ceremony on the country’s 55th After prolonged wrangling among
Independence Day, Musharraf says a Pakistan’s major political parties,
referendum on the Kashmiris’ the National Assembly that was
political destiny is the key to peace in elected in October convenes to
South Asia. “The struggle for self- choose a new prime minister,
determination of our Kashmiri electing Zafarullah Khan Jamali,
brothers is a sacred trust that can candidate of the PML-Q and an ally
never be compromised,” he says. of President Musharraf. Jamali’s
new cabinet is sworn in on
President Musharraf passes a series November 23.
of constitutional amendments that
ensure a continuing role for the The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the
military in government ahead of and leading party in India’s federal
despite elections scheduled for government, wins a landslide victory
October. in elections to the assembly in the
western state of Gujarat, the only
Elections begun in September to the major state still controlled by the BJP.
state assembly of Jammu-Kashmir In his campaign the controversial
are completed. The National Chief Minister Narendra Modi
Conference (JKNC) Party, exploits local Hindu sentiments that
traditionally the dominant political fueled severe anti-Muslim riots
force in Kashmir, loses power to a earlier in the year.
coalition of the People’s Democratic
Party (PDP) and Indira Congress In an interview with the Indian daily
party. newspaper, Asian Age, Pakistan’s
Foreign Minister Khurshid Mahmud
The new Chief Minister Mufti Hafiz Kasuri dismisses Indian’s stand that it
Mohammad Sayeed says that, to end would involve only elected
the separatist conflict that had representatives in the talks to restore
claimed at least 35,000 lives, he will peace in Kashmir. He says, “the talks
release some political prisoners and need not to be exclusive and can
seek negotiations with separatist involve all shades of opinion, in
groups. power or out of power.”

242 CHRONOLOGY

2003 Leaders of the separatist National 12 August way to resolve the long-standing
12 January Socialist Council of Nagaland–Isaac 25 August dispute over Kashmir.
10 February Muivah (NSCNIM) announce that,
25 February following a breakthrough in peace 19 September Pervez Musharraf orders a cease-fire
26 February talks with the government, they are 23 September along the border of Indian Kashmir
confident that their guerrilla war for 22 October and Pakistani Kashmir.
March independence, which had started
in1954, is effectively over. 23 October Two bombs concealed in taxis
18 April 23 November explode in southern Bombay
An agreement is signed by the Bodo (Mumbai), killing at least 23 people
Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF), the and injuring more than 150. The
state government of Assam, and the victims include both Hindus and
government to end the BLTF’s 20- Muslims, but suspicion falls
year separatist insurgency and pave principally on Islamic militant
the way for the creation of a groups. On August 31, police in New
Bodoland Territorial Council. Delhi, the capital, claim to have foiled
a major terrorist attack in the city.
Elections are held for Pakistan’s
Senate (the upper house of the A court discharges India’s Deputy
bicameral federal legislature) by the Prime Minister L. K. Advani, from a
legislatures of the four provinces. long-delayed case arising from the
The leading party is the ruling destruction in December 1992 of the
Pakistan Muslim League–Qaid-i- Babri mosque in Ayodhya in the
Azam (PML-QA) with 31 seats. northern state of Uttar Pradesh.

State assembly elections are held in At the UN General Assembly, New
Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, York, Musharraf renews his call for a
Nagaland, and Tripura in northeast cease-fire along the LoC.
India and produce a modest revival
for the opposition Congress (I) party, India’s Minister for External Affairs
which in Himachal Pradesh replaces Yashwant Singh proposes a set of 12
one of only two remaining state confidence-building measures,
administrations of the leading federal including the start of two new bus
governing party, the Bharatiya Janata services between Srinagar and
Party (BJP). Muzaffarabad and between
Khokarapar (Sindh) and Munabao
In Pakistan police arrest Khaled (Barmer, Rajasathan). Pakistan’s
Sheikh Mohammad, alleged to be the response is positive but sets
chief of operations of the Islamist al- conditions on some of the proposals.
Qaeda network (and suspected of Pakistan also suggests an additional
being the planner of the September confidence-building measure: to
11, 2001, attacks on the United provide medical treatment to
States) in the city of Rawalpindi. disabled Kashmiris, widows, and rape
Mohammad is thought to have been victims and 100 scholarships for
handed over to the United States Kashmiri graduates. Pakistan stresses
after interrogation. the need for bilateral dialogue.

During a visit to the northern state of India unveils a plan to move toward
Jammu-Kashmir, Indian Prime “normal” relations with Pakistan,
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee makes including an offer to talk to Islamic
a surprise offer of dialogue with separatist leaders in Kashmir.
Pakistan, saying that this is the only
On the eve of Id ul Fitr, Pakistan’s
Prime Minister Zafarullah Jamali

CHRONOLOGY 243

announces a cease-fire offer to The 12th summit meeting of SAARC
India along the International is held in Islamabad, Pakistan’s
Border (IB) and the Line of capital. Talks are held between Indian
Control (LoC). India proposes that and Pakistani officials, culminating in
the extension of the cease-fire a meeting between Vajpayee and
along the Actual Ground Position Musharraf and a joint statement on
Line 9 (AGPL) in Jammu-Kashmir January 6 committing the two
begin at midnight. governments to beginning a
composite dialogue in February.
A cease-fire comes into effect at
25 November midnight between Indian and India’s Home Affairs Minister L. A.
17 December Pakistani forces on either side of the Advani holds his first talks with the
24 December LoC in Kashmir. The agreement moderate faction of the Kashmir
does not affect India’s operations umbrella separate organization, the
2004 against separatist militants within All-Parties Hurriyat Conference
1 January Kashmir and Jammu. (APHC).

Musharraf suggests that he may be 4–6 January Vajpayee and Musharraf hold their
willing to back down on the first direct talks for more than two
plebiscite demand for Kashmir. This years on January 5. In a joint press
provokes a furious response from statement, Delhi agrees to
Pakistan’s hard-line Islamists. unconditionally resume the dialogue
process with Islamabad after a gap of
President General Pervez Musharraf two and a half years and claims that
announces several concessions in the“resumption of the composite
his Legal Framework Order (LFO) dialogue will lead to peaceful
of constitutional matters, resistance settlement of all bilateral issues,
to which has paralyzed the including Jammu and Kashmir, to
legislature for over a year. The most the satisfaction of both sides.” As an
important is that he will step down apparent quid pro quo, President
as Army chief of staff by the end of Musharraf reassures Prime Minister
2004. On the following day, Vajpayee that “we will not permit any
Musharraf survives an assassination territory under Pakistan’s control to
attempt in Rawalpindi that kills 17 be used to support terrorism in any
people. manner.”

Direct air links between India and 13 January India and Pakistan proposes
Pakistan are resumed on January 1 discussions to improve bus services
after a halt of more than two years, and study technical aspects for the
with a Pakistan International Airlines starting of the Muzaffarabad–
(PIA) flight from the city of Lahore Srinagar bus service.
to New Delhi. The first Indian
Airlines flight from New Delhi to 19–21 January India and Pakistan discuss the 450-
Lahore follows on January 9. The megawatt power project on the
Samijhanta Express train resumes its Chenab River in Baglihar during the
service on January 15 between meeting of Indus Water
Lahore and Attari in Punjab. It is commissioners held in Islamabad.
reported that the number of
passengers taking the resumed air or 22 January Representatives of the All-Parties
train services at first is only Hurriyat Conference (AHPC) and
moderate, largely because of the the Indian Deputy Prime Minister
strict visa requirements imposed by L. K. Advani meet and agree to find
both countries. an “honourable and durable
solution” to the Kashmir problem

244 CHRONOLOGY

through dialogue emanating from Lahore that there is no question of
this first meeting. Pakistan’s accepting the LoC as the
solution to resolve the Kashmir issue.
5 February Pakistan will never place Kashmir He says there is no question of any
issue in the deep freezer and only sellout on Kashmir.
discuss trade, travel, and other May–June
matters with India, says Shaikh The foreign secretaries of the two
Rashid, minister for information, May countries meet for talks on the first
while speaking at Pakistan’s embassy 15 May two of an eight-point agenda:
in Washington, D.C., to mark 17 May 1. Peace and security issues, and
Kashmir Solidarity Day. 20 May 2. Kashmir.
21–22 June
16–18 February Talks are held in Islamabad to agree In late May, experts meet for talks on
on a schedule for negotiations to nuclear confidence-building
begin in April. measures, and in June they meet for
talks on drug trafficking and
17–18 February At a meeting of foreign secretaries in smuggling.
Murree, India and Pakistan reach “a
broad understanding on the In India’s general election, BJP is
modalities and the time-frame for defeated, and Congress forms a
commencing the composite coalition government.
dialogue.”
Pakistani Prime Minister Mir
20 February The first flag meeting between Indian Zafarullah Khan Jamali, while
and Pakistani army units in over talking to news reporters in
three years takes place in the Chorbat Islamabad, says that the change of
La sector organized by the Kargil- the government in India will not
based 9th Mountain Division (India). halt the peace process because the
people from both countries need to
9–10 March At a meeting of transport and resolve issues through composite
communications officials in dialogue.
Islamabad, India and Pakistan agree
to set up the Munabao–Khokarapar Addressing the United Nations
bus service, but it is agreed this can Security Council, Pakistan’s Foreign
take sometime. No date is given for Minister Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri
the second round of talks on the says that the United Nations
subject. Military Observer Group
(UNMOGIP) in Jammu-Kashmir
13 March Addressing the India Today Conclave can help in promoting a just and
2004 via satellite from Islamabad, peaceful resolution of the Kashmir
Pakistan’s President Musharraf says, issue.
that if there is no progress by August
in the talks with India on Kashmir, Addressing a press conference in
he will no longer be a party to the New Delhi, India’s incoming Prime
process. General Musharraf says he Minister Manmohan Singh pledges
had made his position clear to India to push forward the dialogue with
and the United States. “We have to Pakistan and to hold talks with all
move forward on Kashmir. We have parties over Kashmir.
to resolve it,” General Musharraf says
in comments broadcast on state At a meeting of water and power
television. secretaries held in Delhi, India and
Pakistan discuss the construction of a
16 April Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf 450-megawatt power project on the
tells a meeting of legislators in Chenab in Baglihar.

CHRONOLOGY 245

23 June At a meeting of senior officials of the 10–11 August During a meeting of home interior
July Indian BSF and Pakistani Rangers in secretaries in Islamabad, terrorism
Khokhropar, India and Pakistan and drug trafficking are discussed.
28–29 July discuss drug trafficking preventive The two sides are unable to agree on
5–6 August measures, patroling on the a definition of terrorism. They agree
9 August borderline, and complete observation to strengthen cooperation in tackling
of international laws regarding drug trafficking by:
border security. • Increasing contacts between

In July, secretaries of the two narcotics control authorities, and
countries meet for talks on the six • Designating officials in the High
remaining issues:
3. Wullar Barrage Commissions to liaise on drug
4. Friendly exchanges control issues.
5. Siachen glacier
6. Sir Creek 15 August India’s Prime Minister Manmohan
7. Terrorism and drug trafficking Singh, in his first Independence Day
8. Economic and commercial address, says that India wants a
purposive bilateral dialogue with
cooperation Pakistan to resolve all outstanding
issues.
In August, the foreign ministers of
the two countries meet to review 5–6 September During a meeting of foreign
progress. ministers in Delhi, an India–Pakistan
joint statement is signed. India and
President Musharraf insists that Pakistan review the status of the
Kashmir lay at the heart of composite dialogue. The two sides
India–Pakistan confrontation and agree on 13 points, indicating a road
warns that, if there is no movement map for the peace process, including
toward its resolution, everything will the following Kashmir specific ones:
slide back to square one. • Meetings between railway

At a meeting of water and power authorities on the
secretaries, participants have a Munnabao–Khokhrapar rail
dialogue in Delhi about the Wullar link,
Barrage. The two sides confirm their • A meeting on all issues related to
wish to resolve the issue within the the commencement of bus
provisions of the Indus Waters service between Srinagar and
Treaty. Muzaffarabad,
• Adding a new category of tourist
A meeting of defense secretaries is visa in the visa regime between
held in Delhi about the Siachen the two countries and to
glacier. The two sides discuss ways of promote group tourism.
disengaging and redeploying troops
from the Siachen glacier and state They also recognize the importance
that talks will continue. of the availability and access to
energy resources in the region
India and Pakistan carry out an around South Asia. The ministers of
exchange of six prisoners of war at petroleum and gas can meet to
the Wagai border post. Pakistan discuss the issue in its many
hands over two prisoners arrested dimensions.
during the Kargil conflict, and India
releases four, including one arrested It is also agreed that the two foreign
during the Kargil conflict. secretaries will meet in December
2004 to discuss overall progress, as
well as the subjects of peace and
security, including CBMs and

246 CHRONOLOGY

Jammu-Kashmir, in the composite November A scheduled meeting between the
dialogue. They will also work out a December petroleum ministers of India and
schedule of meetings on other Pakistan is held about the proposed
subjects, that is, Siachen, Wullar Indo-Iran gas pipeline.
Barrage–Tulbul Navigation Project,
Sir Creek, terrorism and drug A scheduled meeting between foreign
trafficking, economic and secretaries is held to discuss overall
commercial cooperation, and the progress, as well as issues of peace
promotion of friendly exchanges in and security, including CBMs and
various fields. Jammu-Kashmir, under the
composite dialogue.
24 September A meeting between Prime Minister
Manmohan Singh and President India’s Cabinet Committee on
Musharraf takes place in New York 2005 Security proposes seven CBMs on
on the sidelines of the UN General 16 April Jammu-Kashmir:
Assembly. This is their first meeting 1. Reviving traditional
since Manmohan Singh took office
in May. communication and bus links;
2. Allowing relatives on either side
In a joint statement both leaders
agree that CBMs between the two to meet at several points on the
governments should be LoC, including Poonch,
implemented, keeping in mind Mendhar, Suchetgarh, Uri, and
practical possibilities. They also Tangdar;
address the issue of Jammu-Kashmir 3. Promoting and developing
and are “agreed that possible options international trade across the
for a peaceful, negotiated settlement LoC;
of the issue should be explored in a 4. Creating a mechanism for
sincere spirit and purposeful permitting pilgrims on both
manner.” The possibility of a gas sides to visit Sikh and Hindu
pipeline via Pakistan to India is also temples and Muslim shrines;
discussed. 5. Promoting cultural interaction
and cooperation;
25 October In Islamabad, Musharraf proposes 6. Joint promotion of tourism in
that: the area; and
• Pakistan will no longer insist on 18 April 7. Exploring cooperation on issues
June–August such as the management of
a plebiscite in Kashmir. environment and forestry
• Since India will not accept a resources.

religion-based solution, a India and Pakistan agree on the
solution can be formulated in following CBMs:
geographical terms. • The opening of trade across the
• Kashmir can be divided into
seven regions, five with India LoC,
and two with Pakistan. • Operationalizing the
• A three-stage process should be
employed to secure a solution: Jammu–Rawalakot route,
First, identify the region at stake. • Opening the Karachi and
Second, demilitarize it. Third,
change its status. Mumbai consulates by the end of
• With regard to status, various the year, and
options can be examined, • Taking steps to arrange for
including “ideas for joint control, meetings of divided families
UN mandates, condominiums along the LoC.
and so on.”
Muslim separatist leaders from
Kashmir cross the cease-fire line and

CHRONOLOGY 247

August enter Muzaffarabad on June 2. They 15 September September the Indian government
5 September get a great welcome. clears for release 50 people detained
November previously in Jammu-Kashmir for
India and Pakistan agree on August 28 December links with militant groups.
30 to free hundreds of civilians held 2006
in each other’s jails and to provide India’s Manmohan Singh and
better consular access to prisoners. Pakistan’s President Pervez
Many are fishermen and others who Musharraf meet at the UN’s World
strayed across poorly marked borders Summit and agree not to allow acts
and are accused of spying. of terrorism to forestall their peace
process. They announce that they are
During talks held in New Delhi, after committed “to ensure a peaceful
successfully concluding an settlement of all pending issues,
understanding on prenotification of including Jammu-Kashmir, to the
missile tests and on nuclear satisfaction of both sides.” Musharraf
confidence-building measures, the says, “our nations must not be
governments of India and Pakistan trapped by hate and history.” Singh,
agree to a number of conventional in a meeting with President George
CBMs, including the holding of Bush immediately beforehand,
cease-fires on their mutual borders. accused Pakistan of aiding terrorists.
Both sides agree to: Musharraf’s spokesperson is reported
1. Uphold the ongoing cease-fires; on India TV as saying that Pakistan
2. Implement the 1991 agreement still controlled “the flow of terror”
into Indian-administered Kashmir.
between the two countries on air
space violations in letter and K. Natwar Singh resigns as foreign
spirit; minister at the beginning of
3. Upgrade the existing hotline November to combat accusations of
between the respective DGMOs corruption. His portfolio is taken
by the end of September 2005; over by Prime Minister Manmohan
4. Not develop any new posts or Singh.
defense works along the LoC;
5. Hold monthly flag meetings The two countries agree to withdraw
between local commanders at troops from their positions on the
Kargil/Olding, Uri/Chakotie, Siachen glacier, but India’s defense
Naushera/Sadabad, and the minister says that Pakistan does not
Jammu/Sialkot sectors; and agree with an Indian proposal that
6. Promptly return people each army should mark its military
inadvertently crossing the LoC position before leaving.
and work out a comprehensive
framework to that end. At the beginning of the year Pakistan
lifts a 40-year ban on Indian films, in
The two sides also agree to report on a move that it says would lead to
progress to the respective foreign joint film productions and greater
secretaries, who will decide on the cultural cooperation. The ban dated
date and venue of the next expert- back to 1965. Since then cinema
level meeting on conventional audiences in Pakistan had shrunk.
CBMs. From 1,300 cinemas in the 1970s
Pakistan had only 270 in 2005. In the
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh 1970s Pakistan produced 300 films a
holds talks in Delhi with a delegation year; in 2005 it made only 18.
led by Chairman Mirmawaiz Omar However, for many years Pakistanis
Farooq of the moderate faction of had watched the latest Indian films
the Kashmiri separatist group, the put out by cable networks.
All-Parties Hurriyat Conference. In

248 CHRONOLOGY

India and Pakistan also agree to Manmohan Singh and pro-Indian
resume, after 40 years, a second Kashmiri political leaders at the end
cross-border train service, this one of May, are boycotted by separatists.
between Munabao, India, and Singh admits some abuses by India’s
Khakrapar. security forces and says steps will be
taken to stop them.
18–19 January Two days of talks between India’s
Foreign Secretary Shyam Saran and A tenth round of the two-year-long
his Pakistani counterpart, Rikaza 24 May talks between India and Pakistan
Mohammad Khan, renew a about withdrawing troops from the
commitment to carry forward the Siachen glacier break down. About
peace process. A few days earlier, 7,000 Indian and 4,000 Pakistani
President Musharraf said he is troops are still deployed in the area.
disappointed by the lack of progress.
There was not much response from Talks in May make progress on the
India to his ideas for resolving the long-running demarcation issue
Kashmir issue. He also accuses India involving Sir Creek, a narrow strip of
of fomenting insurgency in estuary marshland separating India’s
Baluchistan. Gujerat state and Pakistan’s Sindh
province—the scene of armed
3 February India announces that it has clashes in 1965. A joint survey of the
completed tests and is ready to Rann of Kutch/Sir Creek is planned.
deploy its latest nuclear-tipped 11 July
missile, the Agni III (Fire), which can Seven bombs rip through the cars of
carry a one-ton conventional or packed rush-hour commuter trains
nuclear warhead. and stations in Mumbai, killing 200
people and injuring over 700. The
March Ministers from both countries meet blasts come within hours of one
in a third round of trade talks in another, and no organization claims
Islamabad and pledge to develop immediate responsibility for what is
links in banking, freight transport, obviously a well-planned operation.
and soft commodity goods, such as Prime Minister Manmohan Singh
tea and rice. says, “No one can make India
kneel . . . The wheels of our economy
It is also agreed that there will be will move on.” Suspicions rest on
moves to open branches of banks in Pakistan-based Kashmiri groups
both countries more speedily. operating in India, especially on the
relatively sophisticated, Lashkar-e-
1 May Twenty-two Hindu villagers are Toiba, which quickly denies
killed in a predawn massacre in involvement. Pakistan’s President
Indian Kashmir in the mountainous 2007 Musharraf condemns the attacks as
Doda district. The same day 13 9 March “despicable” and offers to help any
Hindu shepherds are found dead in investigation India wants to carry
Udhampur district. These incidents out.
are the worst outbreaks of communal
violence in three years, taking place President Musharraf suspends
two days before India’s Prime Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudry, chief
Minister Manmohan Singh is to justice of Pakistan’s Supreme Court
meet leaders of the All Parties for an unspecified misuse of
Hurriyat conference, consisting of 26 authority. Chaudry appeals.
Kashmiri separatist parties.
Chief Justice Chaudry addresses the
Talks in and about Kashmir, 6 May largest of a series of rallies in his
scheduled to be held between

CHRONOLOGY 249

2 July support. He criticizes states “which November stand for election while still army
are based on dictatorships.” chief.
20 July 15 December
August Pakistan’s Supreme Court dismisses 27 December Former Prime Minister Benazir
23 September evidence against Chief Justice Bhutto returns from exile. Dozens of
10 September Chaudry submitted by General people die in a suicide bomb
October Musharraf’s government as targeting her homecoming parade in
scandalous and bans intelligence Karachi.
officers from court.
Musharraf declares emergency rule
Chief Justice Chaudry is reinstated by while still awaiting the Supreme
the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Court ruling on whether he is
Charges against him are quashed. eligible to run for reelection. Chief
Justice Chaudhry is dismissed, and
India and Pakistan celebrate their Bhutto is briefly placed under house
60th anniversaries since arrest.
independence with mutual
statements of congratulation. A new Supreme Court, staffed with
pro-Musharraf judges, dismisses
The legality of the exiled leader challenges to Musharraf’s reelection.
Nawaz Sharif’s decision to return to Pakistan’s chief election
Pakistan is upheld by Pakistan’s commissioner announces that
Supreme Court. general elections are to be held on
January 8, 2008. Nawaz Sharif
Former Prime Minister Sharif is sent returns from exile again. Musharraf
back into exile (in Saudi Arabia) only resigns from his Army post and is
four hours after his aircraft lands in sworn in for a second term as
Islamabad. president.

Musharraf wins most of the votes in Pakistan’s state of emergency is lifted.
presidential election. The Pakistani
Supreme Court rules that no winner Benazir Bhutto is assassinated at an
can be formally announced until it election campaign rally in
rules on Musharraf’s eligibility to Rawalpindi.



POLITICAL LEADERS AND Appendices
SENIOR OFFICE HOLDERS
1978–1988 Mohammand Zia-ul–Haq
India 1988–1993 Gulam Ishaq Khan
President 1993 Farooq Ahmed Leghari
1950–1962 Rajendra Prasad 1997–2001 Mohammed Rafiq Tarar
1962–1967 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 2001–2008 Pervez Musharraf
1967–1969 Zakir Husain
1969 Varahagiri Venkatagiri (acting) Prime Minister
1969 Mohammed Hidayatullah (acting) 1947–1951 Liaquat Ali Khan
1969–19674 Varahagiri Venkatagiri 1951–1953 Khawaja Nazimuddin
1974–1977 Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed 1953–1955 Mohammad Ali
1977 B. D. Jatti (acting) 1955–1956 (Chaudri) Mohamad Ali
1977–1982 Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 1956–1957 Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy
1982–1987 Giani Zail Singh 1957 Ismail Chundrigar
1987–1992 Ramaswami Venkataraman 1957–1958 Malik Feroz Khan Noon
1992–1997 Shankar Dayal Sharma 1958 Mohammad Ayub Khan
1997–2002 K. R. Narayanan 1958–1973 No Prime Minister
2002–2007 A. P. J. Abdul Kalam 1973–1977 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
2007–Present Pratibha Patil 1977–1985 No Prime Minister
1985–1988 Muhammad Khan Junejo
Prime Minister 1988 Mohammad Aslam Khan Khattak
1947–1964 Jawaharlal Nehru 1988–1990 Benazir Bhutto
1964 Gulzari Lal Nanda (acting) 1990 Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
1964–1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri 1990–1993 Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif
1966 Gulzari Lal Nanda (acting) 1993–1996 Benazir Bhutto
1966–1977 Indira Gandhi 1996–1997 Malik Meraj Khalid
1977–1979 Moraji Ranchhodji Desai 1997–1999 Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif
1979–1980 Charan Singh 2002–2004 Zafarullah Khan Jamali
1980–1984 Indira Gandhi 2004 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain
1984–1989 Rajiv Gandhi 2004–2007 Shaukat Aziz
1989–1990 Vishwanath Pratap (“V. P.”) Singh 2007–2008 Muhammad Mian Soomro
1990–1991 Chandra Shekhar 2008–Present Yousaf Raza Gillani
1991–1996 P. V. Narasimha Rao
1996 Atal Bihari Vajpayee TASHKENT DECLARATION
1996–1997 Deve Gowda The Tashkent Declaration was signed in the Uzbekistan
1997–1998 Inder Kumar Gujral Government House in the presence of Alexsei Kosygin,
1998–2004 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Andrei Gromyko, Marshal Malinovsky, and Madame
2004–Present Manmohan Singh Yadgardinova, president of the Uzbekistan Soviet Re-
public. At the request of President Ayub Khan and of
President Pakistan
1956–1958 251
1958–1969 Iskander Mirza
1969–1971 Mohammad Ayub Khan
1971–1973 Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
1973–1978 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Fazal Elahi Chawdry

252 APPENDICES

President Shastri, Kosygin opened the proceedings and restored. Both governments shall observe the
was a witness of the Tashkent Declaration of January 10, Vienna Convention of 1961 on diplomatic
1966, the text of which is as follows: intercourse.

The Prime Minister of India and the President of (6) The Prime Minister of India and the
Pakistan, having met at Tashkent and having President of Pakistan have agreed to consider
discussed the existing relations between India and measures towards the restoration of economic and
Pakistan, hereby declare their firm resolve to trade relations, communications, as well as cultural
restore normal and peaceful relations between exchanges between India and Pakistan, and to take
their countries and to promote understanding and measures to implement the existing agreements
friendly relations between their peoples. They between India and Pakistan.
consider the attachment of these objectives of vital
importance for the welfare of the 600.000.000 (7) The Prime Minister of India and the
people of India and Pakistan. President of Pakistan have agreed that they will
give instructions to their respective authorities to
(1) The Prime Minister of India and the carry out the repatriation of prisoners of war.
President of Pakistan agree that both sides will
exert all efforts to create good-neighbourly (8) The Prime Minister of India and the
relations between India and Pakistan in accordance President of Pakistan have agreed that both sides
with UN Charter. will continue the discussions of questions
relating to the problems of refugees and evictions
They reaffirm their obligation under the of illegal immigrants. They also agreed that both
Charter not to have recourse to force and to settle sides will create conditions which will prevent
their disputes through peaceful means. They the exodus of people. They further agreed to
considered that the interests of peace in their discuss the return of property and assets taken
region and particularly in the Indo-Pakistan sub- over by either side in connection with the
continent and indeed the interest of the peoples conflict.
of India and Pakistan were not served by the
continuance of tension between the two (9) The Prime Minister of India and the
countries. President of Pakistan have agreed that the sides will
continue meetings both at the highest and at other
It was against this background that Jammu levels on matters of direct concern to both
and Kashmir were discussed, and each of the sides countries. Both sides have recognized the need to
set forth its respective position. set up joint Indo-Pakistan bodies which will report
to their governments in order to decide what
(2) The Prime Minister of India and the further steps should be taken.
President of Pakistan have agreed that all armed
personnel of the two countries must be withdrawn The Prime Minister of India and the
not later than February 25 1966, to the position President of Pakistan record their feelings of deep
they held prior to August 2, 1965, and both sides appreciation and gratitude to the leaders of the
shall observe the cease-fire terms on the cease-fire Soviet Union, the Soviet Government and
line. personally to the Chairman of the Council of
Ministers of the U.S.S.R., for their constructive,
(3) The Prime Minister of India and the friendly, and noble part in bringing about this
President of Pakistan have agreed that relations present meeting, which has resulted in mutually
between India and Pakistan shall be based on the satisfactory results.
principle of non-interference in the internal affairs
of each other. They also express to the government and the
friendly people of Uzbekistan their sincere
(4) The Prime Minister of India and the gratitude for the overwhelming reception and
President of Pakistan have agreed that both sides generous hospitality.
will discourage any proposals directed against the
other country, and will encourage proposals which They invite the Chairman of the Council of
promotes the development of friendly relations Ministers of the U.S.S.R. to witness this
between the two countries. declaration.

(5) The Prime Minister of India and the (In the Indian document of the Tashkent Declara-
President of Pakistan have agreed that the High tion, the relevant paragraphs began “The Prime Minister
Commissioner of India to Pakistan will return to of India and the President of Pakistan” as above; in the
his post, and that the normal functioning of Pakistani document these paragraphs began, “ The Presi-
diplomatic relations of both countries will be dent of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India.”)

Ahimsa Nonviolence. Glossary
Akali Dal Ruling party in the state of Punjab (closely
Maharaja Great king.
associated with Sikhs) until May 1987 when Maharajadhiraja Great king over other kings.
president’s rule was imposed. Millat Minority religious enclave.
Ayurveda Traditional Indian medicines. Mleccha Foreigner, barbarian.
Mohajir Muslim migrants from India to Pakistan.
Babri Mosque Known to Hindus as the
Ramjanmabhoomi temple, a mosque built on the Nadu Local community.
site in the state of Uttar Pradesh that is believed to
be the birthplace of Lord Rama. Dispute over this Panch Sheel (or Panch Shila) Five principles (of
site has led to recurrent violence between Hindus peaceful coexistence).
and Moslems.
Pir Sufi master.
Bandh Protest through a general strike or closure. Raja King; chief.
Brahman Member of a priestly caste.
Sabha Council of elders.
Dalit Oppressed (untouchable), literally meaning Samsara Transmigration.
rained on or trampled. Sati Widow sacrifice; widow immolation.
Satyagraha Truth force; nonviolent protest.
Desh bachao Phrase that means save the motherland, a Satyagrahin Person engaging in satyagraha.
slogan utilized by Rajiv Gandhi as a theme of Scheduled castes List of untouchable or harijan castes
national unity for the December 1984
parliamentary elections. and tribes drawn up under the 1935 Government
of India Act and subsequently revised. Legislative
Dharmashastra Code of behavior. seats, as well as government posts and places in
Doordarshan India’s state television network. educational institutions, are reserved for members
Durbar Celebratory royal ceremony or court. of these castes.
Sharia Code of Muslim conduct.
Gurdwara Sikh shrine. Shiv Sena Militant nativist communal organization
Guru Teacher. founded in Bombay (Mumbai) in 1966 to agitate
against southern Indian immigrants to the state of
Hajj Pilgrimage to Mecca Maharastra.
Harijan Children of god; Mohandas Gandhi’s name Shuddi Reconversion to Hinduism.
Suba Mughal province.
for untouchables. Swadeshi Indigenous, literally “own country.”
Hartal Strike, including closing shops and businesses. Swaraj Independence.
Hindutva Hindu-ness.
Thagi (or I) Dacoity, professional criminality. In India
Jati Caste or subcaste unit that defines acceptable or Burma, this term refers to a member of a band
interactions in marriage, dining and other caste- of armed robbers.
related practices.
I Learned Muslim men.
Jihad Holy war.

Khilafat Caliphate.
Kisan Peasant.
Kshatra Power.

Madrassas Muslim school or college.
Mahajanapada Great community.

253

254 GLOSSARY

Unionist Party An intercommunal party of Muslim, order of the status, the varna are Brahmin,
Hindu, and Sikh landlords that dominated Punjab Ksahatriya, and Shudra. Dalits fall below these
politics in the 1930s. It defeated both Congress and categories.
the Muslim League in the 1935 elections.
Zamindar Landholder.
Varna Caste, specifically the four broad hierarchical
categories of the Hindu caste system. In descending

Abdullah, Sheikh Mohammad. Flames of the Chinar: An Bibliography
Autobiography. Translated by Khuswant Singh.
New York: Viking, 1993 Anderson, Walter K., and Shridhar Damla. The
Brotherhood in Saffron: The Rashtriya
Adamec, L. W., and F. A. Clements. Conflict in Swayamsevak and Hindu Revivalism. Boulder, CO:
Afghanistan: An Encyclopaedia. Roots of Modern Westview Press, 1987
Conflict. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003
Anthony, Ian. “Arms Exports to Southern Asia: Policies
Advani, L. K. Ram Janmabhoomi: Honour People’s of Technology Transfer and Denial in the Supplier
Sentiments. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Countries.” In Eric Arnett, ed. Military Capacity
1989 and the Risk of War. China, India, Pakistan and
Iran. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997
Advani, L. K. Ayodhya Before and After. New Delhi:
Janadhikar Samiti, 1992 Ayres, Alyssa, and Philip Oldengurg, eds. India
Briefing: Take off at Last? Armonk, NY: M. E.
Ahmad, Ishtiaq, and A. Bashir. India and Pakistan: Sharpe, 2005
Charting a Path to Peace. Islamabad, Pakistan:
Islamabad Society for Tolerance and Education, Ayub, Mohammed. “South-West Asia after the Taliban.”
2004 In Ramesh Thakur and Oddny Wiggen, eds. South
Asia in the World: Problem-Solving Perspectives on
Ahmed, Mushtaq. The United Nations and Pakistan. Security, Sustainable Development, and Good
Karachi, Pak.: Institute of International Affairs, Governance. Tokyo: United Nations University
1955 Press, 2004

Ahmed, Samina. “Post-Taliban Afghanistan and South Azad, Abul Kalam. India Wins Freedom. New York:
Asian Security.” In Ramesh Thakur and Oddny Longman, 1959
Wiggen, eds. South Asia in the World: Problem-
Solving Perspectives on Security, Sustainable Aziz, Sartaj. “South Asia: Melting Pot of Global
Development, and Good Governance. Tokyo: United Faultlines.” In Ramesh Thakur and Oddny
Nations University Press, 2004 Wiggen, eds. South Asia in the World: Problem-
Solving Perspectives on Security, Sustainable
Ahsan, Aitzaz. The Indus Saga and the Making of Development, and Good Governance. Tokyo: United
Pakistan. Lahore, Pak.: Nehr Ghar Publications, Nations University Press, 2004
1996
Bahadur, Lal. The Muslim League: Its History, Activities
Akbar, M. J. Nehru: The Making of India. New York: and Achievements Lahore, Pak.: Book Traders,
Viking, 1989 1979

Akram, A. I. “Security and Stability in South Asia.” In Bajpai, K. Shankar. “Untangling India and Pakistan.”
Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The Security of South Asia: Foreign Affairs (May–June 2003)
American and Asian Perspectives. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1987 Bajpai, Kanti. “India-US Foreign Policy Concerns:
Cooperation and Conflict.” In Gary K. Bertsch,
Ali, Chaudhri Muhammed. The Emergence of Pakistan. Seema Gahlaut, and Anupam Srivastava, eds.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1967 Engaging India: US Strategic Relations with the
World’s Largest Democracy. New York: Routledge,
Ali, S. Mahmud. Cold War in the High Himalayas: The 1999
USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s. New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 1999 Bandyopodhyaya, J. The Making of India’s Foreign Policy,
2nd ed. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Ltd., 1979
Ali, Tariq. An Indian Dynasty: The Story of the
Nehru–Gandhi Family. New York: Putnam, 1985 255

Ambrose, Stephen E. Nixon: The Triumph of a Politician.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990

Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections
on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed.
London: Verso, 1991

256 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barnds, William J. “The United States and South Asia: Burke, S. M., and Ziring L. Pakistan’s Foreign Policy and
Policy and Process.” In Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The Historical Analysis, 2nd ed. Karachi, Pak.: Oxford
Security of South Asia: American and Asian University Press, 1990
Perspectives. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
1987 Burki, Shahid Javed. Pakistan Under Bhutto 1971–1977.
New York: Macmillan, 1980
Barton, Sir William. India’s North-West Frontier.
London: John Murray, 1939 Buzan, Barry. “A Framework for Regional Security
Analysis.” In Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi, eds.
Basham, A. L. The Wonder That Was India. New York: South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers. New
Macmillan, 1951 York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986

Baxter, Craig. The Jana Sangh: A Biography of an Indian Callard, K. Pakistan: A Political Study. London: Allen &
Political Party. New York: Oxford University Press, Unwin, 1957
1971
Caroe, O. The Pathans. New York: Oxford University
Beckett, F. Clem Attlee: A Biography. London: Richard Press, 1958
Cohen Books, 1997
Caroe, O. “The Geography and Ethnics of India’s
Best, Antony, J. M. Hanimaki, J. A. Maiolo, and K. E. Northern Frontiers.” The Geographical Journal
Schulze. International History of the Twentieth (1960)
Century. New York: Routledge, 2004
Cashman, Richard. Patrons, Players and the Crowd: The
Bhambhri, C. P. Globalization: India, Nation, State and Phenomenon of Indian Cricket. Mumbai: Orient
Democracy. New Delhi: Shipra Publishing, 2005 Longmans, 1980

Bharatiyajanat Party. White Paper on Ayodhya and the Chambers, Michael R. South Asia in 2020: Future
Rama Temple Movement. New Delhi: Author, 1993 Strategic Balance and Alliances. Carlisle Barracks,
PA: U.S. Army War College, 2002
Bhutto, Benazir. Daughter of the East: An Autobiography.
London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988 Chandhur, Nirad C. The Continent of Circe: Being an
Essay on the Peoples of India. London: Chatto and
Birdwood, Lord. A Continent Decides. London: Hale, Windus, 1965
1953
Chandra, Ramesh. Scientist to President: President
Black, Conrad. Richard Milhous Nixon: The Invincible A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. New Delhi: Gyan, 2002
Quest. London: Quercus Publishing, 2007
Chari, P. R. “Security Aspects of Indian Foreign Policy.”
Black, E. The Diplomacy of Economic Development. In Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The Security of South Asia:
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961 American and Asian Perspectives. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press, 1987
Bose, Sugata, and Jalal Ayesha, eds. Modern South Asia
Delhi. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Chaturvedi, S. K., S. K. Sharma, and Kumar
Madhrendra. Encyclopaedia of SAARC. New Delhi:
Bose, Sugata, and Jalal Ayesha, eds. Nationalism, Pragun Publications, 2006
Democracy and Development: State and Politics in
India. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 Cheema, Zafar Iqbal. “Pakistan’s Nuclear Policies:
Attitudes and Posture.” In P. R. Chari, Pervaiz Iqbal
Bose, Sumantra. The Challenge in Kashmir: Democracy Cheema, and Iftekharuzzaman, eds. Nuclear Non-
Self-Determination and a Just Peace. Thousand proliferation in India and Pakistan: South Asian
Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997 Perspectives. New Delhi: Monohar, 1996

Brass, Paul. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Theory and Chopra, V. D. Genesis of Indo-Pakistan Conflict of
Comparison. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Kashmir. New Delhi: Patriot, 1990
Publications, 1991
Choudhry, G. W. Pakistan’s Relations with India
Brass, Paul. The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in 1947–1966. London: Pall Mall Press, 1968
Contemporary India. Seattle: University of
Washington Press, 2003 Choudhry, G. W. The Last Days of United Pakistan.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974
Brecher, Michael. The Struggle for Kashmir. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1952 Clarke, P. The Cripps Version: The Life of Sir Stafford
Cripps. London: Allen Lane, 2002
Brecher, M. Nehru: A Political Biography. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1959 Clinton, W. J. My Life. New York: Random House,
2004
Brines, Russell. The Indo-Pakistan Conflict. London: Pall
Mall Press, 1968 Cohen, S. P., ed. The Security of South Asia: American
and Asian Perspectives. Urbana: University of
Brobst, Peter J. The Future of the Great Game: India’s Illinois Press, 1987
Independence and the Defence of Asia. Akron, OH:
University of Akron Press, 2005 Cohen, S. P. The Pakistan Army. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1998
Brown, Judith M. Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope. New Haven:
Yale University Press, 1989

BIBLIOGRAPHY 257

Cohen, S. P. “The United States, India and Pakistan: Esposito J. L., ed. The Oxford History of Islam. New York:
Retrospect and Prospect.” In Selig S. Harrison, Paul Oxford University Press, 1999
H. Kreisbergm and Dennis Kux, eds. India and
Pakistan: The First Fifty Years. Woodrow Wilson Evans, A. “Forecasting India’s Potential.” The Round
Center. New York: Cambridge University Press, Table: The Commonwealth Journal of
1999 International Affairs 93, 376 (September 2004):
595–608.
Cohen, S. P. India: Emerging Power. Washington, DC:
Brookings Institution Press, 2001 Evans, A. “Kashmir: A Tale of Two Valleys—Kashmir
Valley to the Neelum Valley.” Asian Affairs (March
Cohen, S. P. The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the 2005)
Development of a Nation. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2001 Faruqui, Ahmad. Rethinking the National Security of
Pakistan: The Price of Strategic Myopia. Burlington,
Cohen, S. P. “Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear War in VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2003
South Asia: Unknowable Futures.” In Ramesh
Thakur and Oddny Wiggen, eds. South Asia in Fay Ward, Peter. The Forgotten Army: India’s Armed
the World: Problem-Solving Perspectives on Struggle for Independence 1942–1945. Ann Arbor:
Security, Sustainable Development, and Good University of Michigan Press, 1995
Governance. Tokyo: United Nations University
Press, 2004 Feldman, Herbert. The End and the Beginning: Pakistan
1969–1971. New York: Oxford University Press,
Cohen, S. P. The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, DC: 1975
Brookings Institution Press, 2004
Finer, S. E. Man on Horseback. London: Pall Mall Press,
Coupland, R. The Indian Problem. New York: Oxford 1963
University Press, 1944
Frank, Katherine. Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru
Coupland, R. India: A Statement. New York: Oxford Gandhi. New York: HarperCollins, 2001
University Press, 1945
Frankel, F. R. India’s Political Economy 1947–1977.
Cramer, C. Civil War Is Not a Stupid Thing. New York: Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978
Hurst and Company, 2006
Galbraith, J. K. Ambassador’s Journal: A Personal Account
Das Gupta, J. B. Indo-Pakistan Relations 1947–1955. of the Kennedy Years. Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
Amsterdam: Djambatan, 1958 1969

Deol, Harnik. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life. Ahmedabad, Ind.:
Case of the Punjab. New York: Routledge, 2000 Navjivan Press, 1991

Dershowitz, Alan M. Why Terrorism Works: Ganguly, Sumit. “India: Policies, Past and Future.” In
Understanding the Threat. Responding to the Selig S. Harrison, Paul H. Kreisberg, and Dennis
Challenge. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, Kux, eds. India and Pakistan: The First Fifty Years.
2002 Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press;
New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999
Desai, Moraji. The Story of My Life. 2 vols. New Delhi:
Macmillan of India, 1974 Gauhar, A. Ayub Khan: Pakistan’s First Military Ruler.
Lahore, Pak.: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1993
Desai Sar, R. D., and Anand Mohan, eds. The Legacy of
Nehru: A Centennial Assessment. Springfield, VA: George, T. J. S. Krishna Menon: A Biography. London:
Massachusetts Nataraj Books, 1992 Jonathan Cape, 1964

Deshpande, Ahirudh. British Military Policy in India Ghose, S. Indian National Congress, Its History and
1900–1945: Colonial Constraints and Declining Heritage. New Delhi: All India Congress
Power. New Delhi: Manohar, 2003 Committee, 1975

Dixit, J. N. Anatomy of a Flawed Inheritance: Indo-Pak Gilbert, Martin. Churchill: A Life. London: William
Relations 1970–1994. Delhi: Konark Publishers Heinemann Ltd., 1991
Ltd., 1995
Godbole, Madhav. Unfinished Innings: Recollections and
Durrani, Mahmud Ali. India and Pakistan: The Cost of Reflections of a Civil Servant. Mumbai: Orient
Conflict and the Benefits of Peace. New York: Oxford Longman, 2003
University Press, 2001
Gonsalves, Eric, and Nancy Jettley, eds. The Dynamics of
Effendi, M.Y., ed. The Durand Line: Its Geo-strategic South Asia: Regional Co-operation and SAARC.
Importance. Peshawar, Pak.: Area Study Centre, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999
Peshawar and Hanns Seidel Foundation, 2000
Gopal, S. Jawaharlal Nehru. 3 vols. London: Jonathan
Esposito, John. Islam in Asia: Religion, Politics and Cape, 1975–1983; Cambridge, MA: Harvard
Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987 University Press, 1976–1984

Gopal, S. Radhakrishnan: A Biography. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1989

258 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Gopal, S. Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Jansen, G. H. Afro-Asia and Non Alignment. London:
Rise of Communal Politics in India. London: Zed Faber and Faber, 1966
Books, 1993
Jaswant, Singh. Defending India. New York: Macmillan,
Gopal, S., P. Kalhan, and S. Wolpert. Nehru: A Tryst with 1999
Destiny. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
Jayaprasal, K. RSS and Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi:
Gorbachev, M. Memoirs. New York: Doubleday, 1996 Deep and Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1991
Gordon, Sandy. India’s Rise to Power in the Twentieth
Jenkins, R. Churchill. New York: Macmillan, 2001
Century and Beyond. New York: Macmillan, 1995 Johsi, Arun. Eyewitness Kashmir: Teetering on Nuclear
Guha, R. A Corner of a Foreign Field: The Indian History
War. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic,
of a British Sport. London: Picador, 2002 2004
Guha, R. India after Gandhi. The History of the World’s Jones, O. B. “Pakistan”: Eye of the Storm. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2002
Largest Democracy. New York: Macmillan, 2007 Kaur, Surinder, and Sher Singh. The Secular Emperor
Gupta, Sisir. India’s Relations with Pakistan 1954–1957. Babar, a Victim of Indian Partition. New Delhi:
Genuine Publishers, 1991
New Delhi: Indian Council of World Affaires, Kautilya. Arthasastra. Translated by R. Shamasastry.
1958 Mysore, Ind.: Mysore Printing and Publishing
Haidar, Salman, ed. The Afghan War and Its Geopolitical House, 1915; Sirhind, Ind: Lokgeet Prakashan,
Implications for India. New Delhi: Manohar, 2004 1987
Hardgrave, R. L., and S. A. Kochanet. India: Khan, Adeel. Politics of Identity: Ethnic Nationalism and
Government and Politics in a Developing Nation, the State in Pakistan. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
6th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt College Publications, 2005
Publishers, 2000 Khan, Ayub. Friends Not Masters: A Political
Harrison, Selig S. India: The Most Dangerous Decades. Autobiography. New York: Oxford University Press,
N.J.: Princeton University Press International 1967
Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) 2003 Khan, Hayat A. The Durand Line—Its Geo-Strategic
Heimsath, Charles, and Surjit Mansinght. A Diplomatic Importance. Peshawar, Pak.: University of Peshawar
History of Modern India. New Delhi: Allied and Hanns Seidel Foundation, 2000
Publishers, Ltd., 1971 Khilnani, Sunil. The Idea of India. London: Hamish
Hersh, Seymour. The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Hamilton, 1997
Nixon White House. New York: Summit Books, Khrushchev, N. Khrushchev Remembers. Boston: Little,
1984 Brown and Company, 1970
Hilali, A. Z. US–Pakistan Relationship. Soviet Invasion of Kidwai, Rasheed. Sonia: A Biography. New York: Viking
Afghanistan. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005 Penguin, 2003
Hilsman, R. To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign King, R. Nehru and the Language of Politics of India. New
Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy. York: Oxford University Press, 1999
New York: Doubleday, 1967 Kipling, R. Kim. New York: Macmillan, 1901
Horne, A. Harold Macmillan: The Official Biography. Kissinger, H. The White House Years. London:
Vol. I, 1894–1956; Vol. II, 1957–1986. New York: Weidefeld & Nicolson and Michael Joseph, 1979
Macmillan, 1989 Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York: Simon &
Huntington, S. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Schuster, 1994
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968 Knight, E. F. Where Three Empires Meet. New York:
Ismay, Lord. Memoirs. London: William Heinemann Longmans, 1895
Ltd., 1960 Korejo, M. S. The Frontier Gandhi, His Place in History.
Jalal, Ayesha. The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
Pakistan’s Political Economy of Defence. New York: Krepon, Michael, ed. Nuclear Risk Reduction in South
Cambridge University Press, 1990 Asia. New York: Palgrave Macmillan/Henry L.
Jalal, Ayesha. Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Stimson Center, 2004
Asia. A Comparative and Historical Perspective. New Kumar, Ranjit. South Asian Union: Problems, Possibilities,
York: Cambridge University Press, 1995 and Prospects. New Delhi: Manas Publications,
Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman, Jinnah, the Muslim 2005
League and the Demand for Pakistan. New York: Kux, Dennis. India and the United States: Estranged
Cambridge University Press, 1985; Lahore, Pak.: Democracies, 1942–1991. Washington, DC:
Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1999 National Defense University Press, 1992
James, Morrice Sir. Pakistan Chronicle. New York: Hurst
and Company, 1993

BIBLIOGRAPHY 259

Kux, Dennis. The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Maley, William, ed. Fundamentalism Reborn?
Disenchanted Allies. Washington, DC: Woodrow Afghanistan and the Taliban. New York: Hurst and
Wilson Center Press; Baltimore, MD: Johns Company, 1998
Hopkins University Press, 2001
Malik, I. H. State and Civil Society in Pakistan: Politics of
Lamb, Alastair. The China-India Border. New York: Authority, Ideology and Ethnicity. New York: St.
Royal Institute of International Affairs. New York: Martin’s Press, 1997
Oxford University Press, 1964
Malik, I. H. Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International
Lamb, Alastair. Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy, 1846–1990. Dispute. New York: Oxford University Press,
Hertingfordbury, UK: Roxford Books, 1991 2003

Laqueur, Walter. Terrorism. London: Weindenfeld and Malik, K. N., and P. Robb, eds. India and Britain: Recent
Nicolson, 1977 Past and Present Challenges. Manchester, UK:
Manchester University Press, 1991
Laqueur, Walter. The Terrorism Readers: A Historical
Anthology. London: Wildwood House, 1979 Maniruzzaman, T. The Bangladesh Revolution and Its
Aftermath. Dhaka, Bang.: University Press Ltd.,
Laqueur, Walter. No End to War: Terrorism in the 1988
Twenty-First Century. New York: Continuum
International Publishing Group, 2003 Marsden, P. The Taliban: War, Religion and the New
Order in Afghanistan. New York: Zed Books, 1999
Lipton, M., and J. Firn. The Erosion of a Relationship:
India and Britain Since 1960. Royal Institute of Marshall, T. H. Citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge,
International Affairs. New York: Oxford University UK: Cambridge University Press, 1950
Press, 1975
Masani, Zareer. Indira Gandhi: A Biography. London:
Low, D. A. The Indian National Congress. Centenary Hamilton, 1975
Hindsights. New York: Oxford University Press,
1988 Mason, P. A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian
Army, Its Officers and Men. Mason, Philip (pseudo.
Low, D. A. The Political Inheritance of Pakistan. New Woodruff). The Men Who Ruled India: The
York: Macmillan, 1991 Guardians. London: Jonathan Cape, 1974

Lyngdoh, James M. Chronicle of an Impossible Election: Maxwell, N. India’s China War. London: Jonathan Cape,
The Election Commission and the 2002 Jammu- 1970; New York: Penguin, 1992
Kashmir Assembly Elections. London: Penguin, 2004
Mehrotra, Santosh. India and the Soviet Union: Trade
Lyon, P. Neutralism. Leicester, UK: Leicester University and Technology Transfer. Soviet and East European
Press, 1963 Studies Series. New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1990
Lyon, P. “Kashmir in International Relations.” The
Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of Mehta, Jagat S. “India and Pakistan: We Know the Past,
International Affaires vol. 3 (2) (October 1966) Must We Live in It?” In Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The
Security of South Asia: American and Asian
Lyon, P. “India’s Foreign Policy.” In F. S. Northedge, ed. Perspectives. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
The Foreign Policies of the Powers. London: Faber 1987
and Faber, 1967
Mehta, Ved. Rajiv Gandhi and Rama’s Kingdom. New
Lyon, P. “Strategy and South Asia: Twenty-five Years on.” York: Penguin, 1995
International Journal. Toronto: Canadian Institute
of International Affairs, 1972 Menon, V. P. The Story of the Integration of the Indian
States. Mumbai: Orient Longmans, 1956
Lyon, P. “The First Great Post-colonial State: India’s Tryst
with Destiny.” In James Mayall and Anthony Payne, Menon, V. P. The Transfer of Power in India. Mumbai:
eds. The Fallacies of Hope: The Post-colonial Record Orient Longmans, 1957
of the Commonwealth Third World. Manchester,
UK: Manchester University Press, 1991 Menon, V. P. The Flying Troika. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1963
Lyon, P. “Britain and the Kashmir Issue.” In Raju G. C.
Thomas, ed. Perspectives on Kashmir: The Roots of Miller, J. D. B. The Politics of the Third World. Royal
Conflict in South Asia. Boulder, CO: Westview Institute of International Affairs. New York: Oxford
Press, 1992 University Press, 1966

Lyon, P. “South Asia and the Geostrategics of the Mitra, Subrata, ed. The Post-Colonial State in South Asia.
1990s.” Contemporary South Asia vol. 1 (1992): London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990
25–39.
Moon, P. Divide and Quit. London: Chatto and Windus,
Lyon, P., and D. Austin. 1993. “The Bharatiya Janata 1961
Party of India.” Government and Opposition 28, 1
(Winter 1993): 36–50. Moore, R. J. Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government
and the Indian Problem. Oxford, UK: Clarendon
Press, 1983

260 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Morris-Jones, W. H. The Government and Politics of Rai, Mridu. Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights
India. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1964 and the History of Kashmir. New York: Hurst and
Company, 2004
Mortimer, Robert A. The Third World Coalition in
International Politics. Westport, CT: Mumbai: Rajagopalan, Rajesh. Second Strike: Arguments About
Orient Longmans, 1980 Nuclear War in South Asia. New York: Penguin,
2005
Musharraf, P. In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. New York:
The Free Press, 2006 Rao, Narasimha P. V. Ayodhya: 6 December 1992. New
York: Viking, 2006
Nadel, Laurie. The Biography of Richard Nixon. New
York: Macmillan, 1991 Rappoport, D. C. Assassination and Terrorism. Toronto:
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1971
Nanda, B. R. Gandhi. London: Allen & Unwin, 1958
Nehru, Brajkumar. Nice Guys Finish Second. New York: Rappoport, D. C. Inside Terrorist Organizations. New
York: Columbia University Press, 1988
Viking, 1997
Nehru, Jawaharlal. An Autobiography with Musings on Razvi, Mujtaba. The Frontiers of Pakistan. Karachi, Pak.:
Dacca National Publishing House Ltd., 1971
Recent Events in India. New Delhi: Allied Publishers
Ltd., 1936 Rinehart, R., ed. Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual,
Nehru, Jawaharlal. The Discovery of India. Kolcatta: Culture and Practice. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-
Signet Press, 1946 CLIO, 2004
Nehru, Jawaharlal. India’s Foreign Policy: Selected
Speeches, September 1946–April 1961. New Delhi: Rizvi, Gowher. “Pakistan: The Domestic Dimensions of
Government of India, 1961 Security.” In Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi, eds.
Noorani, A. G., ed. The Muslims in India: A South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers. New
Documentary Record. New York: Oxford University York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986a
Press, 2003
Oberoi, Harjot. The Construction of Religion Rizvi, Gowher. “The Rivalry Between India and
Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Pakistan.” In Barry Buzan and Gowher Rizvi, eds.
Sikh Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago South Asian Insecurity and the Great Powers. New
Press, 1994 York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986b
O’ Donnell, Charles Peter. Bangladesh: Biography of a
Muslim Nation. Boulder, CO; Westview Press, Robinson, F. “Jinnah, Mohamed Ali. 1876–1948.” Oxford
1984 Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 30. New
Panagriya, Arvind. “Growth and Reforms During 1980s York: Oxford University Press, 2004
and 1990s.” Economic and Political Weekly
(Bombay) (June 19, 2004) Rodrigo, Nihal, “SAARC as an Institutional Framework
Pande, B. N. Islam and Indian Culture. Patna, Ind.: for Cooperation in South Asia,” in Ramesh Thakur
Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, 1987 and Oddny Wiggen eds., South Asia in the World:
Pandey, Gyanendra. Hindus and Others. New York: Problem-Solving Perspectives on Security, Sustainable
Viking Penguin, 1993 Development, and Good Governance. Tokyo: United
Pant, Kusum. The Kashmir: Pandits. New Delhi: Allied Nations University Press, 2004
Publishers Ltd., 1987
Parekh, B., Gurharpal Singh, and S. Vertovee,eds. Rose, Leo E. “India and Its Neighbours: Regional
Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora. Foreign and Security Policies.” In Lawrence Ziring,
Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2003 ed. The Subcontinent in World Politics: India, Its
Pimlott, Ben. Harold Wilson. New York: HarperCollins, Neighbours, and the Great Powers, rev. ed. New
1992 York: Praeger, 1982
Probst, Peter J. The Future of the Great Game: India’s
Independence and the Defence of Asia. Akron, OH: Rose, Leo E. “India’s Regional Policy: Non Military
University of Akron Press, 2005 Dimensions.” In Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The Security
Pruthi, Raj. President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. New Delhi: of South Asia: American and Asian Perspectives.
Anmol Publications, 2003 Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987
Radhakrishnan. The Hindu View of Life. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1926 Roy, Ajit. “West Bengal: Not a Negative Vote.” Economic
Rahman, M. Emergence of a New Nation in a Multi-Polar and Political Weekly (July 2, 1977)
World: Bangladesh. Dhaka, Bang.: University Press
Ltd., 1979 Saikal, A. “The Changing Geopolitics of Central West
and South Asia After 11th September.” In
Ramesh Thakur and Oddny Wiggen, eds. South
Asia in the World: Problem-Solving Perspectives on
Security, Sustainable Development, and Good
Governance. Tokyo: United Nations University
Press, 2004

Sankalia, H. D. Ramayana, Myth or Reality? New Delhi:
People’s Publishing House, 1991

BIBLIOGRAPHY 261

Sathasivam, K. Uneasy Neighbours: India, Pakistan and Singh, Manohan. India’s Export Trends and Prospects for
US Foreign Policy. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2005 Self-Sustained Growth. Oxford, UK: Clarendon
Press, Oxford, 1964
Sayeed, Khalil B. The Political System of Pakistan. Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin, 1967 Singh, Ranbir. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and
Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Khalsa
Schaffer, Teresita C. Kashmir: The Economics of Peace Bhindranwale. Dublin, OH: Sikh Educational and
Building: A Report of the CSIS South Asia Program Religious Foundation, 1999
with the Kashmir Study Group. Washington, DC:
Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2005 Sisson, Richard, and Leo E. Rose. War and Secession:
Pakistan, India and the Creation of Bangladesh.
Schlesinger, M. A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990
the White House. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1965
Smith, C. India’s Ad Hoc Arsenal: Direction or Drift in
Schofield, Victoria. Bhutto: Trial and Execution. New Defence Policy? Oxford: Oxford University
York: Cassell, 1979 Press/Solna, Sw.: Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute, 1994
Schofield, Victoria. Kashmir in the Crossfire. London:
I. B. Tauris, 1996 Sorensen, Theodore C. Kennedy. Boston: Hodder
Headliner, 1965
Schofield, Victoria. Wavell: Soldier and Statesman.
London: John Murray, 2006 Spain, James W. The Way of the Pathans. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1962
Schwartzberg J., ed. A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 2nd
ed. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992 Spain, James W. Pathans of the Latter Day. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1995
Sen, Amartya. The Argumentative Indian: Writings on
Indian Culture, History and Identity. New York: Spate, O. H. K. India and Pakistan: A General and
Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005 Regional Geography. New York: Methuen, 1954;
2nd ed., New York: Methuen, 1960
Sender, H. The Kashmiri Pandits: A Study of Cultural
Choice in North India. New York: Oxford Spear, P. India: A Modern History. Ann Arbor: University
University Press, 1988 of Michigan Press, 1961

Shah, Mehtab Ali. The Foreign Policy of Pakistan. Ethnic Srinivasan, T. N. Eight Lectures on India’s Economic
Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994. London: I. B. Reforms. New York: Oxford University Press,
Tauris, 1997. 2000

Shah, Mehtab Ali. “New Thaw in India-Pakistan Srivastava, C. R. “Lal Bahadur Shastri: Prime Minister of
Relations.” South Asian Politics. New Delhi, 2003 India, June 1964–1966. A Life of Truth in Politics.”
In A Dictionary of World History. New York: Oxford
Shah, Mehtab Ali. “Sectarianism—A Threat to Human University Press, 1995
Security: A Case Study of Pakistan.” The Round
Table, vol. 94 no. 385. The Institute of Stein, B. A History of India. New York: Macmillan, 1998
Commonwealth Studies, University of London. Subrahmanyam, K. “Prospects for Security and Stability
Oxfordshire, UK: Routledge, October 2005
in South Asia.” In Stephen P. Cohen, ed. The
Sidhu, Singh Choor. Amar Shaheed Sant Jarnail Singh Security of South Asia: American and Asian
Bhindranwale: Martyr of the Sikh Faith. Perspectives. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
Chandigarh, Ind.: European Institute of Sikh 1987
Studies, 1997 Swinson, Arthur. North West Frontier. People and Events
1939–1947. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1967
Singham, A. W., and Shirley Hume. 1986. Non- Synnott, Hilary. The Causes and Consequences of South
Alignment in an Age of Alignments. London: Zed Asia’s Nuclear Tests. International Institute for
Books, 1986 Strategic Studies (IISS) Adelphi Paper No 332. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1999
Singh, Gopal, ed. Punjab Today. New Delhi: South Asian Talbot, I. Pakistan: A Modern History. New York: Hurst
Publishers, 1994 and Company, 1998
Talbot, I. India and Pakistan: Inventing the Nation.
Singh, Gurmukh. The Rise of Sikhs. New Delhi: Rupa London: Arnold Publishers, 2000
and Company, 2003 Talbot, Strobe. Engaging India: Diplomacy, Democracy
and the Bomb. Washington, DC: Brookings
Singh, Jasjit, ed. Nuclear India. New Delhi: Institute for Institution Press, 2004
Defence Studies and Analyses, 1998 Tanham, George K. Indian Strategic Thought: An
Interpretive Essay. Report No. R-4207–1USDP.
Singh, Jaswant. Defending India. New York: Macmillan, Santa Monica: RAND, 1992
1999

Singh, Karan. Heir Apparent: An Autobiography. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1982

Singh, Mahendra Prasad, and April Mishra, eds.
Coalition Politics in India: Problems and Prospects.
New Delhi: Manohar, 2004

262 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Tatla, Singh Darshan. The Sikh Diaspora: The Search for Waseem, Mohammad. “Pakistan’s Perceptions of the
Statehood. Seattle: University of Washington Press, Impact of U.S. Politics on Its Policies Toward
1999 Pakistan.” In Noor A. Husain and Leo E. Rose, eds.
Pakistan–U.S.Relations: Social, Political, and
Taubman, William. Securing India: Strategic Thought and Economic Factors. Berkeley, CA: Institute of East
Practice. New Delhi: Manohar, 1996 Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley,
1988
Taubman, William. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era.
New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004 Wight, Martin, Hedley Bull, and Carsten Holbraad
Wiggen, eds. South Asia in the World: Problem
Taylor, David, and Malcolm Yapp. Political Identity in Solving Perspectives on Security—Power Politics.
South Asia. Newcastle, UK: Curzon Publications, Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1978
1979
Wilcox, W. Pakistan: The Consolidation of a Nation. New
Tendulkar, Dinanath Gopal. Abdula Ghaffar Khan. New York: Columbia University Press, 1963
Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, 1967
Wilcox, W. “India and Pakistan.” In S. L. Spiegel and
Thakur, Janardhan. All the Prime Minister’s Men. New K. N. Waltz K.N., Conflict in World Politics.
Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1977 Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishers, 1971

Thapar, Romila. Cultural Transactions and Early India: Wilkinson, S. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition
Tradition and Patronage. New York: Oxford and Ethnic Riots in India. New York, Cambridge
University Press, 1987 University Press, 2004

Thomas, Raju. Indian Security Policy. Princeton, NJ: Willetts, Peter. “The Non-Aligned Movement and
Princeton University Press, 1986 Developing Countries, in 2004.” Prepared for the
Annual Register. www.staff.city.ac.uk/p.willetts
Thomas, Raju. Perspective on Kashmir: The Roots of /PUBS/AR00-NAM.DOC
Conflict in South Asia. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press, 1992 Wingate, Lord Ismay. Memoirs. London: Heinemann.
1960
Thomas, Raju. “The Shifting Landscape of Indian
Foreign Policy.” In Steven W. Hook, ed. Wirsing, R. G. The Baluchs and Pathans. New York:
Comparative Foreign Policy: Adaptation Strategies of Macmillan, 1987
the Great and Emerging Powers. Upper Saddle
River: Prentice Hall, 2002 Wirsing, R. G. Pakistan’s Security Under Zia’s 1977–1988:
The Policy Imperatives of a Peripheral Asian State.
Tidrick, K. Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life. New York: Macmillan, 1991
London: I. B. Tauris, 2006
Wolpert, S. Nine Hours to Rama. New York: Random
Tomlinson, B. R. The Political Economy of the Raj House, 1962
1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in
India. New York: Macmillan, 1979 Wolpert, S. Tilak Bal Gangadhar. Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1962
Tully, Mark. India in Slow Motion. New York: Penguin,
2002 Wolpert, S. Jinnah of Pakistan. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1984
Tully, M., and S. Jacob. Amritsar: Mrs. Gandhi’s Last
Battle. New Delhi: Rupa and Company, 1985 Wolpert, S. Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1993
Tully, M., and Z. Masani. From Raj to Rajiv: 40 Years of
Indian Independence. New York: BBC Books, 1988 Wolpert, S. Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1996
Turner, Barry, ed. Statesman’s Yearbook. Santa Barbera,
CA: ABC-CLIO, 1987 Wolpert, Stanley. Gandhi’s Passion: The Life and Legacy
of Mahatma Gandhi. New York: Oxford University
Undeland, Charles, and Nicholas Platt. The Central Press, 2001
Asian Republics. Fragments of Empire. Magnets of
Wealth. New York: Asia Society, 1994 Yasmeen, Samina. “Pakistan and India: The Way
Forward.” In Ramesh Thakur and Oddny Wiggen,
Vajpayee, A. B. Speeches on Ayodhya Issue. New Delhi: eds. South Asia in the World: Problem-Solving
Bharatiya Janata Party, 1992 Perspectives on Security, Sustainable Development,
and Good Governance. Tokyo: United Nations
Vajpeyi, J. N. The Extremist Movement in India. University Press, 2004
Allahabad, Ind.: Chugh Publications, 1974
Zahab, Abou M., and R. Olivier. Islamic Networks: The
Van der Veer, Peter. Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Afghan-Pakistan Connection. New York: Hurst and
Muslims in India. Berkeley: University of California Company, 2004
Press, 1994

Varshney, A. Ethnic Conflict and Civic Life: Hindus and
Muslims in India. New Haven, CT: Yale University
Press, 2002

BIBLIOGRAPHY 263

Zahab, Mariam A., and Roy Olivier. Islamic Networks: Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai)
The Afghan-Pakistan Connection. New York: Hurst Hackett, James. The Military Balance. Washington, DC:
and Company, 2004
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS),
Zaheer, Hasan. The Separation of East Pakistan. The Rise annual
and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism. Kapur, A., and Jeyaratnam A. Wilson. Foreign Policies of
New York: Oxford University Press, 1994 India and Her Neighbours. Kargil Review
Committee Report.” 1999. http://nuclearweapon-
Zeigler, P. Mountbatten: A Biography. New York: Alfred archive.org/India/KargilRCB.html
A. Knopf, 1985 Kashmir Study Group 1997, 1947–1997: The Kashmir
Dispute of Fifty: Charting Paths to Peace. Kashmir
Ziegler, Philip. Wilson, the Authorised Life. London: Study Group: New York, 1997
Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1993 Statesman’s Yearbook 1987. New York: Macmillan, 1987.
Also Statesman’s Yearbook
GENERAL REFERENCES Stockholm’s Institute for Peace Research (SIPRI).
Annual publications. http://www.sipri.org/
Armstrong, Robert. Article in George Lord Blake Smith Who Was Who. 1961–1970. London: A&C Black
and C. S. Nicholls, eds. Dictionary of National Publishers, 2007
Biography 1971–1980. New York: Oxford University Who’s Who 2005. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
Press, 2002 2005
Yearbook of the North West Frontier Province. Islamabad,
Asian Age (February 23, 2006). Pakistan: Government Press, Annual
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook.

2003a, www.cia.gov
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook:

Pakistan. 2003b. www.cia.gov



Note: boldface page numbers indicate main encyclopedia Index
entries; italic page numbers indicate pictures.
and Jammu-Kashmir, 97
Abbas, Ghulam, 184 and Lahore, 107–108
Abbasi, Z. I., 219 Akhund, Iqbal, 221
Abdullah, Farooq, 1, 2, 76, 224 Akram, Ehtashan, 219–220
Abdullah, Omar, 1 Alagh, Y. K., 214
Abdullah, Mohammad, 1–2, 98, 124, 184, 185, 189, 190 Ali (son-in-law of Muhammad), 86
Ali, Arshad, 228
and proposed agreement with India, 196 Ali, Choudhary Rahmat, 9–10
Abell, George Edmond Brackenbury, 2 Ali, Choudhury Muhammad, 9
Acheson, Dean, 164 Ali, Ishart, 206
Advani, Lal Krishna, 2–3, 111 Ali, Jam Sadiq, 228
Ali, Mohammed, 185
and Ayodha controversy, 2, 23, 223 and Bandung Conference, 29
discharge of case against, 242 Aligarh, 10
talks with Kashmir separatists, 243–244 Aligarh Muslim University, 10
and Zia, 198 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK),
Afgha Shah, 201
Afghanistan, 4–6 11
and Buddhism, 4 All India National Congress, 125
as crossroads between Europe and Asia, 4 All-Pakistan Mohajir Students Organisation (APMSO), 11, 115
and Durand line, 55 All-Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), 76, 243–244, 247
and Islam, 4 Alliances and alignment, 10–11. See also Bandung
and Jammu-Kashmir, 97
and North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, 126–127 Conference
and opium/heroin trade, 54, 54 Almaty Meeting (2002), 11–12
and Pakistani ISI, 85 Al-Qaeda, 5, 12–13, 87, 119, 161, 167–168
population (2004), 4
and SAARC, 153 and arrest of K. S. Mohammad, 242
Soviet occupation of, 4–5, 4, 41, 86, 153 and Karachi suicide bombing, 240
U.S. occupation of, 4, 5–6, 38 and U.S. occupation of Afghanistan, 5, 12, 38
Wakhan Corridor, 173 See also 9/11; Taliban
Afghans, 6 al-Yazeed, Mustafa Abu, 168
nomadic, 7 al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 168
Afro-Asian (Bandung) Conference, 30 Amery, Leo, 48
Agreement on Agricultural Cooperation, 212 Amherst, William Pitt, 148
Ahmad, Anis, 217 Amritsar, 13–14
Ahmad, Fakhr-uddeen Ali, 197 massacre of 1919, 13
Ahmadiyas sect, 195 See also Golden Temple
Ahmed, Aziz, 194 Andorra approach, proposed for Kashmir, 159–160
Ahmed, Iqbal, 208 Andra Pradesh, 185
Ahmed, Qazi Hussain, 222, 230, 233 Anjum, Mohammad, 231
Ahmed, Shamshad, 235–236, 237 Anjuman Islah-ul-Afghania, 100
Ahmed, Tanvir, 214 Annan, Kofi, 236
Ahmed, Zahoor, 220 Ansar, Z. R., 218
Air defenses, 7 Armed forces, 14–16
Aiyer, Mani Shankar, 202
Akali Dal, 7–8, 22, 33, 185 265
Akbar, Emperor (Jalal-ud-din Mohammed), 8–9
and Amritsar, 12

266 INDEX

Arthasastra, x, 16–17 and Shastri, 144, 158, 189 Bhagat, R. R., 204
Arya Samaj, 17 and Sheikh Abdullah, 189 Bhandari, Romesh, 211, 213
Ashfaq, Mohammad, 230 Azad, Abul Kalam, 10, 23–25 Bharat Ratna Award, 216
Ashoka, Emperor, 17 Azad Jammu-Kashmir (AJK), 25, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, 171
Asia Society proposal for Kashmir, 159 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 33, 77, 99
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 80–81
Indian assistance after 2005 and Advani, 2–4
(APEC), 152–153 and election of 2004, 244
Asian Telecommunication Union, 206 earthquake, xiii and F. Abdullah, 1
Assam, 17–18, 242 Aziz, Shaukat, 25 and Gujarat elections of 2002, 241
Assassination and attempted and J. Singh, 149
Babar, 27 and Mahajan, 111–112
assassinations, 18 Babri mosque, 23, 172, 227, 229, 230 and state elections in northeast India
of B. Bhutto, 35, 249
of I. Gandhi, 18, 22, 64, 138, 210 and Advani, 242 (2003), 242
of L. A. Khan, 18, 185 troop deployment to prevent Hindu Bhatnagar, S. K., 213, 214
of M. Gandhi, 18, 65, 66–67, 183 Bhindranwale, Jarnail Singh, 12–13,
of Musharraf, 118, 240, 243 rites at, 240
of R. Gandhi, 18, 67, 77, 139, 225 Bagge Tribunal, 27 33–34, 211
of Rahman, 196 Baghdad Pact, 27–28, 28, 167, 186, 187 Bhutto, Begum, 131, 197, 201–202
of Zia-ul-Haq, 18 Bhutto, Benazir, 11, 34–35, 34
Association of Southeast Asian Nations and Pakistan, 10
Bahadur Shah, 108 on anti-Muslim riots in India, 199
(ASEAN), 152–153 Bajpai, K. S., 196–197, 200, 201 assassination of, 35, 249
Ataturk, Kemal, 118–119 Baluchi Liberation Army, 37 and attempted vote of no confidence,
Attlee, Clement Richard, 18–20, 19 Baluchis, 4
Baluchistan, 28–29, 193, 233, 248 221
and Cripps, 48 as chair of Foreign Affairs
and Mountbatten, 117 and Bugti, 36–37
Aurangzeb, 20–21 See also Gwadar committee, 231
and hair of the Prophet, 73 Banatwala, G. G., 208 and Commonwealth Summit, 234
and Lahore, 107–108 Bandung Conference (April 1955), and corruption, 119
Aurora, Jagjit Singh, 21–22 deportation of, 230
Autonomy, 22 29–30, 186 dismissed by G. I. Khan, 223
Awami League, 22, 30–31, 35, 102 Bangladesh, 30–31 and I. Khan, 103
and elections of 1970, 191 and Islami Jamhoori Ittehad, 221
and Rahman, 136 and Aurora, 21–22 on Kashmir, 221–222
and Suhrawardy, 154 and Awami League, 22, 30–31 and Long March, 230
Awami National Party, 22–23, 100, 102 coups in, xi marriage to Asif Ali Zardari, 216
Ayodhya controversy, 230–231 and Ershad, 59–60 and Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz, 115
and Advani, 3, 23 floods of 2000, 238 and Musharraf, 144
destruction of Babri mosque, 23, participation in international and N. K. Singh, 201
and overruling of corruption
172, 227, 229, 230 peacekeeping operations, xi,
Sharif on, 230 xiii conviction, 239
Ayodhya, 23 population, 30 and Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed
Ayub Khan, Gohar, 232 and Rahman, 136
and Annan, 236 secession from Pakistan, 30–31, Bhutto), 131
on Kashmir, 236 192–193, 194 and R. Gandhi, 67, 219
Ayub Khan, Mohammed, 9, 22, 23, 24, and Yahya Khan, 102 and R. Gandhi funeral, 225
See also Bengal; East Bengal; East return from exile, 249
35, 36, 102, 180 Pakistan return to office, 234
death of, 191 Bangladesh National Party (BNP), 22, and Sharif, 227
and Eisenhower, 59 31, 177 sworn in as prime minister, 219
and martial law, 120 Barnala, S. S., 197 and Zia, 216
and Nehru, 124, 160, 188 Barooah, Bonti, 213 Bhutto, Ghinwa, 131
and Nixon, 125 Battle of Plassey, 57 Bhutto, Mir Murtaza, 131
and Operation Gibraltar, 129–130 Beaumont, Christopher, 31–32 Bhutto, Mumbaz Ali, 115
and opposition of Jamaat-i-Islami, Beg, Mirza Afzal, 189 Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 11, 34, 35, 35, 188
Beg, Mirza Aslam, 218, 222 arrests, sentencing, and death of, 190,
89 Bengal, 32, 185
and peaceful coup, 187 Radcliffe and partition of, 135 197, 199
proposal for constitutional reform, See also Bangladesh; East Bengal; and Awami Party, 100
West Bengal and Bangladesh, 130, 136
191 Besant, Annie, 143 and Begun Khan, 103
and Rahman, 136 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, 137 and Desai, 197
resignation of, 191 Bhabha, Homi, 137 as head of government, 192, 194,
Bhagat, H. K. L., 210
197

INDEX 267

and I. Gandhi, 193, 197 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), Cooch-Behar State, 175
and Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 28, 167, 199. See also Baghdad Cotton, 195, 217–218, 219
Pact Coup d’état, 47
85 Coupland, Reginald, 47–48
on Kashmir, 222 Ceylon, 45–46 Cricket, 48, 219, 227, 228
on nuclear blackmail, 194 Nehru’s visit to, 187 Cripps, Stafford, and Cripps Mission, 24,
and nuclear weapons, 101 See also Sri Lanka
and opposition of Jamaat-i-Islami, 48–49, 48
Chadha, S. M., 220 M. Gandhi on, 66
89 Chandernagore, 175 and Nehru, 124
and Pakistan National Alliance, 131 Chandra, Naresh, 217, 220 Cripps Cabinet Mission (1946), 24
and Rahman, 192 Chatta, Hamid Naser, 232 Curtis, Lionel, 47
and Tashkent Conference, 158 Chaudhry, Fazal Elahi, 198 Curzon, George, 32, 57, 78
and Zia-ul-Haq, 177, 197 Chaudhuri, J. N., 79 Cutch, Rann of. See Kutch, Rann of
Bhutto family, 56 Chaudhury, P. S., 208
Biharis, 36 Chaudry, Iftikhar Muhammad, 248–249 Dakka. See Dhaka
Bin Laden, Osama, 5, 13, 157, 168 Chavan, S. B., 232 Dalai Lama, 187
BJP. See Bharatiya Janata Party Chavan, Y. B., 158 Dari, 4
Black, Eugene, 36 Chen Yi, 113 Das, Chitta Ranjan, 24
Black December group, 193 Chenab River, 36 Dawn, 51
Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF), Dayal, Nareshwar, 230
proposed power project, 243, 244 Declaration of the Rights of Man and
242 and proposed solution to Kashmir
Bofors Scandal, 151 the Citizen, 75–76
Bogra, Mohammad Ali, 9, 36, 114 problem, 161 Declaration on South Asian Regional
Bollywood, 117 Chernenko, K., 211
Bombay. See Mumbai Chidambaram, Rajagopala, 137 Cooperation, 152
Bose, Subhas Chandra, 14, 165 China, 42 Delhi Agreement, 194
Brandt Commission, 90 Deora, Murli, 206
Brezhnev, Leonid, 202 and Afghanistan, 4 Desai, Moraji Ranchodji, 51, 77, 189,
British Army, 14, 165 and India, 186, 187, 190, 196. See also
British Commonwealth 190
Sino-Indian War of 1962 and Nairobi, 198
and India, 183–184 and nuclear weapons, 127 and Z. A. Bhutto, 197
and Pakistan, 192, 221 and Pakistan, 72, 167, 189, 206 Dev, Arjun, 12, 199, 205, 211–212, 218
Summit (1993), 234 Chirol, Valentine, 164 Devaluation, 51–52, 184, 190
British East India Company. See East Chitale, M. A., 226 Devanagari, 8
Chitral, 42 Dhaka, 30
India Company Choudhry, Zafar, 192–193 Dhillon, Ganga Singh, 199, 200, 214
British Empire Chundrigar, Ismael Ibrahim, 42–43, 187 Diasporas, 52
Churchill, Winston L. Spencer, 43 Dingra, Madanlal, 143
and Afghanistan, 4 and Cripps Mission, 48 Diplomacy, xiii–xiv, 52–53
and Burma, 120 and Ismay, 87 Divide and rule, 53
and “divide and rule,” 53 and “peace through strength,” 29 Diwali, 54
end of, 183 Citizenship, 44 Dixit, J. N., 53, 219
and India, 165 Clinton, William Jefferson, 44–45, 157 and G. I. Khan, 227
and Indian frontier defenses, x Clive, Robert, 32, 57 and S. Khan, 229, 234, 235
See also The Great Game; United Cold War, 45 . See also Sino–American and Sharif, 227
Dixon, Owen, 53, 184
Kingdom Cold War; Sino–Soviet Cold War; proposal for Kashmir, 159, 184
British India, 136, 165 Soviet–American Cold War Dogras, 68
Buddhism Colombo Plan, 45–46 Doshi, Pramod, 219
Colombo powers, 46 Drugs, 54, 54
2,500th anniversary celebration of Communalism, 46–47, 209 trafficking, 217, 226, 234, 245
Buddha’s birth, 187 Composite Dialogue, xiii Dubey, Muchkund, 222
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, Dulles, John Foster, 54–55, 55, 187
See also Ashoka, Emperor 16 and Eisenhower, 58–59
Bugti, Nawab Akbar, 36–37 Confidence-building measures (CBMs), and SEATO, 154
Bukhari, Syed Abdullah, 228 47, 242, 244, 246–247 Durand line, 55
Burma, 46, 173. See also Myanmar and nuclear weapons, 127–128 Durrani, Asad, 228, 233
Burmah Oil Company, 187 Congress Party Dyarchy, 55
Burney, Ansar, 215, 230 and election of 2004, 244 Dyer, Reginald, 12
Bush, George H. W., 38 and state elections in northeast India Dynasticism, 56
Bush, George Walker, 37–38, 247 (2003), 242
Butt, Maqbool, 208 Convention and Council Muslim
League, 120
Carter, James Earl (Jimmy), 41
Caste, 41, 74

268 INDEX

East Bengal, 57 and Desai, 51, 190 Gandhi, Sanjay, 33, 67, 201–202
and Haq, 73 first election to parliament, 189 Gandhi, Sonia, 67–68, 78, 139, 219, 220
See also Bengal; West Bengal and INC, 77, 187
and Jha, 90 and Clinton, 45
East India Company and K. N. Singh, 149 and K. N. Singh, 149
army, 14 and M. Gandhi, 64, 66 and M. Singh, 149–150
in Bengal, 32 and M. Singh, 149–150 Ganges River, water sharing accord, 30,
and Bombay, 117 as minister of information and
as predecessor to the Raj, 136 191
broadcasting, 189 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
East Pakistan, 57–58 and Nehru, 63–64, 109
and Bogra, 36 Nixon on, 125 (GATT), 90
cyclone of 1970, 191–192 on Pakistan, 207 Geneva Accord of 1988, 93
See also Bangladesh praying at spot of M. Gandhi Ghazi, 192
Gilani, Iftikhar Hussain, 221, 233–234
Economic relations, xiv assassination, 190–191 Gilani, Yousuf Raja, 220
Eden, Anthony, 112 as prime minister, 190, 191, 192, 193 Gilgit, 68
Eisenhower, Dwight David, 58–59, 112, and princes’ pensions, 133, 190 Gilgit River, 83
proposed friendship treaty with Giri, Varahagiri Venkata, 147
187 Goa, 68, 188
and Nixon, 125 Pakistan, 204 Godse, Nathuram, 144
Elahi, Parvaiz, 224 and R. Gandhi, 64 Gokhale, G. J., 68–69, 143
Elizabeth II, Queen, 188 and Rahman, 192 Golden Temple, 12–13, 12, 209–210
The Emergence of Pakistan, 9 and Rao, 138
Emergency (1975–1977), 15, 47, 59, 64, and RAW, 140 and assassination of I. Gandhi, 18,
and Sattar, 202 22, 64, 210
196 and treaty with Soviet Union,192
as betrayal of INC principles, 77 and Z. A. Bhutto, 193, 197 and Bhindranwale, 33–34
Endrabi, Syed Fayyaz Mahmood, 228 and Zia, 201, 206 Indian army attack on, 12–13, 22, 64,
English language, 108 See also Emergency (1975–1977)
Ershad, Hossain Muhammad, 59–60, 59 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 65–67, 209–210
European Convention on Human Gopal, Sarvepalli, 136
65, 66, 164 Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich, 69, 69,
Rights, 76 and Abell, 2
assassination of, 183 134
Faisal, King of Iraq, 27, 28 and Azad, 24–25 Government of India Act of 1935, 69–70,
Faleiro, Eduardo, 229 centenary celebration of birth of,
Farooq, Mirmawaiz Omar, 247 112, 143
Farooqui, Amjad, 87 190 Gowda, Haradanahalli Dodde Gowda
Farraka Barrage, 190, 191 Civil Disobedience Campaign, 51,
Fateh-pur-Sikri, 9 Deve, 77, 235
Federation of Indian Export 66 Gracey, Douglas David, 70
and Cripps Mission, 48, 48 Graham, Frank, 185
Organisation, 207 and Gokhale, 69 The Great Game, 70
Ferezepur, 61 and Nehru, 124 Great power aspirations, 70–71
Fernandes, George, 239 and Patel, 131–132 Green Revolution, 71
Finer, S. E., 47 and Rowlatt Acts, 140 Gromyko, Andrei, 113
The First Indian War of Independence, and Sapru, 143 Group of Eight, 134
on untouchables (harijans), 41 Group of 77, 204
143 Gandhi, Rajiv, 67, 210 Gujarat
First South Asian Festival, 229 assassination of, 18, 67, 77, 139, 225
Flooding, 61 and B. Bhutto, 67, 219 communal violence (2002), 46, 240
Food and Agriculture Organization, 208 and F. M. Khan, 217 earthquake of 2001, 238–239
Ford, Gerald, 104 and Fourth SAARC summit, 219 riots of 1969, 191
Friends of Afghanistan Organization, and I. Gandhi, 64, 67 Gujral, Inder Kumar, 71, 77, 222, 236
and INC, 77 Gupta, Bhabani Sen, 222
202 and Junejo, 213, 214, 215, 216 Gurdaspur, 71
and K. N. Singh, 149 Gurmukhi, 8
Gah, 150 and M. Singh, 149–150 Guru Granth Sahib, 146–147
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 63, 63, 100 and Rao, 138–139 Gwadar, 72
Gama, Vasco da, x and V. P. Singh, 90
Gandhi, Feroze, 63–64, 109, 188 visit to Islamabad, 220 Habib, Hamid D., 204
Gandhi, Indira, 64, 64 visit to Peshawar, 216 Haider, Salman, 236
and S. Yaqub Khan, 213 “Hair of the Prophet” Revolt (1963), 73
assassination of, 18, 22, 64, 138, 210 and Zia, 211, 212–213, 217 Haksar, P. N., 194
and attack on Golden Temple, 12–13, Haleem, Mohammad, 208
Hameed, Syed, 207
22, 64, 77, 209–210 Haq, Fazlul, 22, 73
and B. K. Nehru, 123
and Bhuttos, 201 and KPP, 104

INDEX 269

and Lahore Resolution, 108 and Colombo Plan, 45–46 Indian Civil Service, 78
and Suhrawardy, 154 decision to remain in British and B. K. Nehru, 123
Haq, Izharul, 204
Haq, R. Mahbubul, 212, 214, 218–219 Commonwealth, 183–184 Indian Cotton Mills Federation, 217–218
Harappan civilization. See Indus defense expenditures, 15 Indian Council of World Affairs (ICWA),
Eisenhower’s visit to, 58, 187
civilization floods of 2000, 238 143
Hasan, Gul, 192–193 formation of federal republic, Indian High Commission, London, 193
Hassan, Zafar-ul, 228 Indian Independence Act of 1947, 97
Hazaras, 4, 6 183–184 Indian Mutiny. See War of Independence
Hazratbal Shrine, 234 and Gorbachev, 69 Indian National Army (World War II),
Hekmatyar, Gulbudding, 89 and great power aspirations, 70–71
Hilaly, Agha, 204, 205 and Gujral, 71 14, 165
Hindi, 108 improbability of military coup, Indian National Congress (INC) Party,
Hindu Mahasabha, 74, 144, 185
Hinduism, 74 14–15 77–78
Hindus and internal security, x and Advani, 4
and Khrushchev, 103–104 arrest and release of leaders, 165,
and Akbar, 8 and League of Nations, 81
and Aurangzeb, 21 Musharraf’s visit to, 82 173–174
pilgrimages to Pakistan, 200, 206, as nation with second-largest and effect of Emergency

208, 210, 211, 212 Muslim population, 85 (1975–1977), 59, 64
Hindustan, 74 and 1991 election, 225 and election of 1957, 186
Hindutva, 75, 111. See also Bharatiya nuclear weapons, 136–137, 157, 194, and F. Abdullah, 1
and I. Gandhi, 187
Janata Party; Rashtriya 237, 248 and Jinnah, 91–92
Swayamsevak Sangh; Vishwa and Organisation of the Islamic and M. Gandhi, 66
Hindu Parishad and Nehru, 124
History of the Peloponnesian War, 45 Conference, 130 and Rao, 138
Hobbes, Thomas, 45 participation in international and S. Gandhi, 67–68
Hossain, Kamal, 194 and Shastri, 145
Hukmani, C. S., 208 peacekeeping operations, xi, xiii and Tilak, 163–164
Human rights, 75–76 political instability following 1967 and United Progressive Alliance, 95
Humayum, 107–108 Indian Navy, 15–16
Hunza highway, 198 elections, 190 Indian Ocean conference, 218
Hurriyat Conference, 76 political leaders and senior office Indian Political Service (IPS), 78, 114
Husain, Zakir, 190 Indian Sedition Committee, 140
Hussain, Altaf, 11, 115–116 holders, 251 Indo-Bangladesh Declaration, 194
Hussain, Amir, 224 presidents, 251 Indo-Pak Telecom Operational
Hussain, Aslam Riaz, 208 prime ministers, xiv, 251
Hussain, Basharat, 193 proposed confidence-building Coordination meeting, 221
Hussain, Chaudry Shujaat, 25, 150, 224 Indo-Pakistan Boundary Commission,
Hussain, Mohammad, 193 measures on Kashmir, 246
Hussain, Syed Fida, 196 Protection of Human Rights Act of 31
Hussein (son of Ali), 86 Indo-Pakistan Committee on Border
Hussein, Saddam, 136, 167, 168 1993, 76
Hyderabad, 76 Putin’s visits to, 134, 141 Ground Rules, 217
and Radakrishnan, 135–136 Indo-Pakistan Joint Commission, xiii,
Identities, 77 relations with Afghanistan, 5
Ilahi, Manzur, 200 relations with Soviet Union, 42, 186, 78, 205, 206, 207
Imam, Syed Fakkar, 229 seminar on long-term planning, 214
INC. See Indian National Congress 187, 190, 192 Indo-Pakistan relations, 248
as rising superpower, 180 as Cold War, ix, xi–xii, xiii, 45
(INC) Party Science and Technology delegation current state of, 180–181
India eight-point talks of 2004, 244, 245
to Pakistan, 222 and near state of war (December
British troops in internal security, x Space Research Organization, 95
Bush’s visit to, 38 and terrorist attack on parliament, 2001–January 2002), 239
caste and reforms, 41 origins of Kashmir dispute, 97–99
Center for Policy Research, 222 239 and polymorphous,
and China, 186, 187, 190, 196. See and United Nations, 81
withdrawal of High Commission multidimensional violence,
also Sino-Indian War of 1962 xi–xii
and Churchill, 43 from Pakistan, 239 proposed friendship treaties, 204,
Clinton’s visit to, 44 India: A Modern History, x 205, 206, 208–209
India League, 123 resumption of diplomatic relations
India Today Conclave, 244 (1976), 196
India-Pakistan Friendship Society, 215 secret talks of 1962–1963, 188–189
India-Pakistan Joint Ministerial and sports, 197, 198, 204, 210, 214,
215–216, 219
Commission, 220
Indian Air Force, 7, 16
Indian Army, 14–15

in British imperial operations, xi

270 INDEX

Indo-Pakistan relations (continued) Irredentism, 85 and Junagadh, 92–93
and transportation, 196, 198, 201, Islam, 85–87 and M. Gandhi, 66, 124
207, 208, 213, 219–220, 243, 244, Islamabad, 95 meetings with Nehru and Churchill,
248 Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), 221, 224
and United Kingdom, 165–167 43
and United Nations, 79 attacks on Hindu temples, 223 and Mountbatten, 116, 117
and United States, 167–169 Islamic Democratic Alliance (IDA), 23, and Muslim League, 91–92, 119–120
See also Confidence-building and Nehru, 124
measures; Kashmir; Siachen 93, 120 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 92
glacier; Sir Creek boundary Ismay, Hastings Lionel, 2, 87 Joint Defense Council (or Committee),
discussions Iyengar, P. K., 137
92
Indo-Pakistan War of 1947–1948, 78, Jahan, Shah, 20, 107–108 Joshila, Surinder Singh, 211
79 Jahangir, 107–108 Junagadh, 92–93
Jain, S. P., 220 Junejo, Asad Ali, 232
Indo–Pakistan War of 1965, xi, 144–145, Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), 89, 200, 228 Junejo, Muhammad Khan, 93, 211, 214
189
and International Conference on death of, 232
and currency devaluation, 52 Kashmir, 222 dismissed by Zia, 218
Indo–Pakistan War of 1971, xi, 79, 102, and Pakistan Muslim League, 213
and Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz, 115 and R. Gandhi, 213, 214, 215, 216
166, 192 See also Pakistan National Alliance
Simla agreement ending, 35, 147 Jamali, Mohammad, 233 Kabul River, 83
Indo-Pakistan War of 1999, 79, 96–97, Jamali, Zafarullah Khan, 241, 242–243, Kalam, A. P. J. Abdul, 95
Kalyanakrishnan, J. A., 220
238 244 Kamaraj Plan, 189
Indo-Pakistan wars and conflict, 80–82, Jamiat-e-Tuleba-e-Pakistan, 89 Kanju, Muhammad Siddique Khan, 228,
Jammu, 183
81 229
Indonesia, 46 and O. Abdullah, 1 Kapoor, Randhi, 224
Indus civilization, 82 See also Indo-Pakistan War of Karachi, 95–96

and Mohenjo-Daro, 83, 83 1947–1948 ethnic violence (1990), 222
Indus River, 36, 82–84, 84, 133. See also Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front Karachi Agreement, 184
Karakoram highway, 198
Ladakh (JKLF), 222, 227, 228 Karakoram Nature Park, 96
Indus River System Authority, 227 Jammu-Kashmir. See Kashmir Karasraj Temple, 4
Indus Water Commission, 199, 202, 208, Jamshedpur riots, 199 Kargil and Kargil War, 80, 96–97
Jan Morcha, 89, 90 Karmal, Babrak, 153
215, 233, 243 Jana Sangh, 33, 89, 147, 171, 185 Karzai, Hamid, 6
Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, 36, 83, 84, Janata Dal, 77, 89, 90 Kashmir
Janata Party, 33, 51, 90
176, 188, 191, 224 and Article 370 of Indian
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), 84–85, and Emergency (1975–1977), 59, 64 Constitution, 184
Janjua, Asif Nawaz, 225, 231
93 Janjua, Gulestan, 233 communal clashes and violence, 234,
and jihardi, 179 Jatiya Party, 60 248
Intermesticity, xii–xiii Jatoi, Ghulam Mustafa, 214, 220, 223
International Atomic Energy Agency Jats, 21 and diaspora, 52
Javed, Mian Mohammad, 214 and Dixon, 53, 184
(IAEA), 101 Jaya Prakash Movement, 194 elections of 2002, 241
International Bank for Reconstruction Jayalalitha, 11 and first Indo-Pakistan War, 183
Jethmalani, Ram, 202 and H. Singh, 148
and Development. See World Jha, C. S., 158 “Hair of the Prophet” Revolt (1963),
Bank Jha, L. K., 90–91
International Conference on Kashmir, Jhelum River, 36, 176 73
222 Jihad (jihardi), 91 incorporation into India, 186
International Development Association, Jilani, M. S., 212 Indian assistance in Pakistan-
36 Jilani, Syed Salim Abbas, 230
International Labour Organisation, xiii Jinnah, Mohammad Ali, 25, 91–92, 165 occupied territory after 2005
International Monetary Fund, 52 earthquake, xiii
Iqbal, Muhammad, 85 Advani on, 3, 4 under Indian federal rule, 235
Iran, 168 alleged conspiracy to kill, 3 Indian unilateral ceasefire
revolution (1979), 138 and Attlee, 19 (2000–2001), 238, 239
and Shia Muslims, 86 and Chundrigar, 42–43 India’s proposed confidence-building
Iran-Iraq War, 138 confirmed as governor-general, 183 measures, 246
Iraq, 168 and Dawn, 51 Islamic militant attack on Indian
treaty with Turkey, 186 death of, 183 Army camp, 240
Iraq War, 38 and Haq, 73 and K. Singh, 148, 149
Ireland, recommendation of common
electric grid for Jammu-Kashmir,
47

INDEX 271

and Lashkar-e-Taiba, 108 Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, 218–219, 221–222, Lahore Resolution (1940), 108
mountain pass, 98 228 Lambah, S. K., 200, 202, 204, 205, 227
and O. Abdullah, 1
origins of the Indo-Pakistan dispute, and Article 234 of constitution, 234 on Kashmir, 235
dismissal of B. Bhutto, 223 and Mazari, 233
97–99 dismissal of Sharif, 232 and Sharif, 227, 228, 230, 233
Pakistan expressions of concern and Dixit, 227 Language, 108
and Lambah, 227, 228 Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), 108–109
over, 221–224, 226–228, and Sharif, 232 Lashkar-i-Tolba (LiT), 99
230–231, 234 Khan, Imran, 102–103, 116 Lava (son of Rama), 107
and proposed autonomy, 22 Khan, Liaquat Ali, 103 League of Nations, 81
statements and talks on, 234–237, assassination of, 185 Leghari, Farooq Ahmed Khan, 115, 234,
240, 242–248 and Dixon, 53
and surrounding regions (map), xv and Junagadh, 92–93 235
ten possible options for, 159–161 and Nehru, 124, 184 Leh, 93
trusteeship proposal, 225 and Objectives Resolution, 129 Liaquat-Nehru Agreement (1950), 109,
and UN oversight, 184 Khan, Malik Naeem, 228
and United Kingdom, 165–167 Khan, Muhammad Yahya, 23, 58, 102, 184
See also All-Parties Hurriyat Pakistan Senate on, 222
Conference; Indo-Pakistan wars 191, 192 Line of Control, xiii, 193, 221, 228, 230,
and conflict; Karakoram Nature Khan, Pirdad, 226
Park; Ladakh; Line of Control; Khan, Rahim, 192–193 232
Siachen glacier; Simla Agreement Khan, Riaz Mohammad, 127 and cease-fire of 2003, 243
of 1972 Khan, Rikaza Mohammad, 248 Lion of Kashmir. See Abdullah,
Kashmir Liberation Front, 208 Khan, Sardar Mohammad Ibrahim, 187
Kashmir raids (1947–1948), xi Khan, Sayyid Ahmad, 10 Mohammad
Kashmir Study Group (KSG), 52, 99 Khan, Shaharyar, 226 Livingston Proposal, Kashmir––A Way
proposal of 1998, 160, 236–237
proposal of 2005, 160–161 and Dixit, 229, 234, 235 Forward, 99
Kashmir War of 1947, 79–80 Khan, Shamim Alam, 224 Lodi, Ibrahim, 27
Kashmir War of 1965, 80 Khan, Syed Ahmed, 24 Lodi, Sikandar, 27
Kashmiri Pandits, 99 Khan, Tanvir Ahmed, 222 Lucknow, 109
Kastri Vidya Peeth, 145 Khan, Tanwer Ahmed, 221 Lucknow Pact of 1916, 75, 91, 109
Kasuri, Kurshid Mahmud, xiii, 225, 241, Khan, Tikka, 192–193
244 Khatib, Ashraf, 219 Macmillan, Harold, 28, 111
Kathwari, Farooq, 52 Khattak, Ajmal Khan, 229 Madrassas, 180
Kautilya, x, 16 Khilafat Movement, 24 Mahabharata, 111
Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, 92, 99–100 Khrushchev, Nikita, 103–104, 134, 186, Mahajan, Pramod, 112
and Galbraith, 63, 100 Mahal, Mumtaz, 20
and Macmillan, 112 188 Mahmud, S. K., 214, 217, 220
and Nehru, 58, 100, 188 Khudai Khidmatzar Party, 102 Mahsud, Abdul, 217
Kerala, 188 Khurshid, K. H., 189 Malik, Abdul Majid, 228
Khalsa, 147 Kidwai, T., 195 Malik, Nazeer Ahmed, 232
Khan Sahib, 100 Kim, 70 Malik, Shahid, 231
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, 22–23, 100–101, Kipling, Rudyard, 70 The Man on Horseback, 47
207, 216 Kissinger, Henry Alfred, 104, 104, 125 Maneka, Ghulam Mohd Ahmed Khan,
and Rowlatt Acts, 140 Koil (Kol), 10
and S. K. Singh, 212 Kokhar, Riaz, 230 221
Khan, Abdul Qadeer, 101, 215 Kosygin, Alexei, 158 Manekshaw, Sam, 192, 193
Khan, Abdul Wali, 22–23, 101, 102, Krishak Praja Party (KPP), 22, 73, Mangla Dam, 36
204 Maqsi, Nawab Khair Bux, 229
Khan, Afzal, 233 104–105 Masood, Mukhtar, 212
Khan, Amanullah, 225, 227 Krishak Sramik Party, 73, 104 Maududi, Maulana, 200
Khan, Asad Ali, 203 Krishna. See Mahabharata Maurya, Chandragupta, x
Khan, Asghar, 162 Kulshreshta, A. P., 222 Mazari, Balakh Sher, 232, 233
Khan, Atwar Rahman, 22 Kumar, B. V., 217 McMahon Line, 112
Khan, Badshah, 216 Kumar, M. K. Bhadra, 231 McNaughton, A. G. L., 184
Khan, Begun Raan’a Liaqat Ali, 103 Kutch (Cutch), Rann of, 105, 190, 191. Mehta, Jagat, 159, 196
Khan, Fazal Maqeem, 195 Menon, K. P. S., 217
Khan, Fida Mohammad, 217 See also Sir Creek boundary Menon, Rao Bahadar Vapal Pangunni
Khan, Ghulam Dastagir, 209 discussions
(“VP”), 97–98, 112–113
Ladakh, 93, 107 Menon, Shivshankar, 127
Lahore, 107–108 Menon, V. K. Krishna, 113–114, 113, 124,
Lahore Declaration (1999), 127, 237–238
163, 187
Minwala, Happy, 221
Mir, Khurshid Hasan, 162

272 INDEX

Mirza, Iskander, 36, 43, 114, 154, 187 agreement to step down as Army National Democratic Party (NDP), 102
Mirza, Mahmud, 27 chief of staff, 243 National Front, 77
Mishra, S. K., 218 National People’s Party (NPP), 214
Mishra, S. N., 200 and Almaty Meeting (2002), 11–12 National Socialist Council of
Misra, Indira, 217 assassination attempts against, 118,
Mittal, Rajesh, 228 Nagaland—Isaac Muivah
Mizo insurgency, 190 240, 243 (NSCNIM), 242
Modi, Narendra, 241 and Azia, 25 National Volunteer Corps. See Rashtriya
Modi, S. K., 217 and B. Bhutto, 144 Swayamsevak Sangh
Mogul Empire ban on militant organizations, 239 Nawaz, Asif, 226, 232, 233
and Bush, 38–39 Nawaz, S. Shah, 199, 205
and Akbar, 8–9 and Clinton, 44 Nayar, Kuldip, 199, 215
and Aurangzeb, 20–21 consolidation of power, 239, 240, 241 Nazimuddin, Khwaja, 36
and Babar, 27 and I. Khan, 103 Ne Win, 120–121
Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz (MQM), 11, 103, and Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), Nehru, Braj Kumar, 123–124
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 124–125, 124
114–115 84, 85 and American presidents, 58–59
Mohajirs, 116 and Islamic extremists, 86–87, 99, and Attlee, 19
Mohammad, Amir, 197, 214 and Ayub Khan, 124, 160, 188
Mohammad, Bakshi Gulam, 73 167–168 and Azad, 24
Mohammad, Khaled Sheikh, 242 on Kashmir, 240–246, 248 on Baghdad Pact, 27–28
Mohenjo-Daro, 83, 83 and M. Singh, 246, 247 and Bandung Conference, 29–30
Mookerjee, Shyama Prasad, 33, 185 as Mohajir, 114, 115 confirmed as prime minister, 183
Mountbatten, Louis, 19, 116–117, 174 on Mumbai terrorist bombing, 248 death of, 189
as president, 239 and Eisenhower, 58
and Abell, 2 and presidential election of 2007, 249 and Galbraith, 63
and Atlee, 117 proposal for Kashmir, 161 and I. Gandhi, 63–64, 109
and Beaumont, 31, 32 on “return to democracy,” 238 and INC, 77
departure from India, 183 and Sharif, 118, 144, 238 and Junagadh, 92–93
and Ferezepur, 61 support of U.S. war on terror, 239, and Kashmir, 53
and Gurdaspur, 71 and Kennedy, 58, 100, 188
and Ismay, 87 240 and L. A. Khan, 124, 184
and Jinnah, 116, 117 suspension of Chaudry, 248–249 and M. Abdullah, 1
and Joint Defense Council (or and Vajpayee, 239, 243 and M. Gandhi, 124
visit to India, 82 and Macmillan, 112
Committee), 92 Muslim Commercial Bank, 223 meetings with Jinnah and Churchill,
and Junagadh, 92–93 Muslim League, 25, 109, 119–120, 165, 43
and Kashmir, 97 and Mountbatten, 117
and M. Gandhi, 66 186 and Narayanan, 123
and Nehru, 117, 124 call for separate Muslim state, 9 and Nixon, 125
Movement for the Restoration of and Jinnah, 91–92, 119–120 and nonalignment, 124, 126, 186
Junejo and Sharif factions, 93 on nuclear testing, 187
Democracy (MRD), 162, and KPP, 104 and Panch Sheel, 29, 42
207–208, 214 and L. A. Khan, 103 and Patel, 131–132
MQM. See Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz; Muttehida Qaumi Movement (MQM), on SEATO, 29
Muttehida Qaumi Movement as successor to British Raj, 63, 75
Muawiya, 86 115 and Thimayya, 163
Muhammad, 86 Myanmar, 120–121. See also Burma and Truman, 58, 164
Muhammad, Ghulam, 9, 36, 114, 117, and V. K. K. Menon, 113–114
117 Naga secessionist movement, 183, 186 visit to Ceylon, 187
and Ali, 9 Nagaland, 189, 242 visit to Pakistan, 184
dismissal of Constituent Assembly, Naidu, Sarojini, 65 visit to Scandinavia, 187
36, 114 Naik, Ejaz Ahmed, 195, 212 and Zhou, 42, 186
sworn in as president, 218 Naik, Niaz, 204, 206, 208, 213 See also Liaquat-Nehru Agreement
Mujahedeen, 5, 91 Nairobi, Ziain, 198 Nehru, Kamala, 63, 124, 125
Mukerjee, Pranab, 235 Nambiar, Satish, 226 Nehru, Motilal, 24, 124, 125, 143
Mukhti Bahini, 21 Nanak, Guru, 146, 219 Nehru-Gandhi family, 56
Mumbai, 117–118 Naqui, Muktar Abbas, 4 Nepal, xi
terrorist bombings, 242, 248 Narayanan, Kocheril Raman, 123, New Asian–African Strategic Partnership
Munabao–Khokrapar rail service, xiii, (NAASP), 30
213, 244, 248 213–214, 233
Musharraf, Pervez, xiii, 11, 118–119, 118, Nasir, Javed, 228, 233
239 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 27–28, 126, 186
and A. Q. Khan, 101 National Conference, 1–2, 186
National Congress Movement, 66
National Democratic Alliance, 229
National Democratic Front, 154–155

INDEX 273

New India, 143 and Aziz, 25 Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-
Niazi, Maulana Kausar, 223 and B. Bhutto, 34–35 N), 23, 120
9/11, 13–14, 86, 167, 239 and Bangladesh secession, 30–31,
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), 131,
and Bush, 37–38 192–193, 194 197
Nixon, Richard Milhous, 104, 125–126 Basic Principles Commission, 129
Nonalignment, 10–11, 113, 126, 167, 186 and China, 72, 167, 189, 206 Pakistan Navy, 16
Clinton’s visit to, 44 Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), 25, 102,
and Nehru, 124, 126 coinage of name, 9
See also Bandung Conference and Colombo Plan, 45–46 190
Noon, Malik Feroze, 187 and Commonwealth, 192, 221 and B. Bhutto, 34
Noorani, Zain, 212, 213–214 coups in, xi and Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz, 115
North Atlantic Treaty Organization defense expenditures, 16 and 1970 elections, 191
earthquake of 1991, 224 and 1980 elections, 219
(NATO), 6 education crisis, 179–180 and 1990 elections, 223
North West Frontier Province (NWFP), elections of 2002, 241 and Tehrik Nifaz Sharia-i-
as failed state, 180
80, 126–127 floods of 1992, 229 Muhammed, 159
Northern Alliance, 5 on great power aspirations, 70–71 and Z. A. Bhutto, 35
Now or Never: Are We to Live or Perish and Gulf War of 1991, 224 Pakistan People’s Party (Shaheed Bhutto)
Intelligence Bureau (IB), 84, 85
Forever?, 9 Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), PPP (SB), 131
Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 167, Pakistan Steel, 201
84–85 Pakistan-Muslim League–Qaid-I-Azam
190 and Iqbal, 85
Nuclear power and jihardi, 179 (PML-QA), 25, 241, 242
and Kissinger, 104 Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK). See
India, 186, 224, 227, 231 and lack of established democracy,
Pakistan, 220, 224, 227, 231 Azad Jammu-Kashmir
Nuclear weapons, 127–128, 157 179 Palme, Olaf, 213
and I. Gandhi, 137 as less poverty-stricken than India, Pan-Indian nationalism, 23–24
and India, 136–137, 157, 194, 237, Panandiker, Pai, 222
180 Panch Sheel (Panch Shila), 29, 42
248 Nehru’s visit to, 184 Pandey, H. C., 221
and Pakistan, 16, 101, 157, 237 and nonalignment, 126, 202 Partition, 183
and Ramanna, 136–137 and nondurable regimes, 180
Sharif’s nuclear non-proliferation nuclear weapons, 16, 101, 157, 237 and Abell, 2
participation in international and Attlee, 19
proposal, 225 M. Gandhi on, 66
Sino-Pakistan collaboration, 208 peacekeeping operations, xi, xiii Pashtu, 4
and terrorism, 162 as potential source of terrorism, 162 Patel (Sardar) Vallabhbhai , 92–93, 113,
and Z. A. Bhutto, 101 and power of landowners, 179
Zia on, 199 presidents, 251 131–132, 184
Nuri-e-Said, 27 prime ministers, 251 Pathak, R. S., 149
and Rao, 138 Pathans (Pashtans, Pushtuns, Pathans),
Objectives Resolution, 103, 129 relations with India, ix
Official Languages Act of 1963, 108 removal of ban on Indian films, 247 4, 5, 6, 100–101, 132
Oil India Private, Ltd., 187 and SEATO, 154, 167 Patil, Pratibha, 95
One Unit Scheme, 9, 57, 100, 102, 129, and Sunni self-image, 35 Pawar, Sharad, 234
and Taliban, 157–158, 158 Pearl, Daniel, 239–240, 241
186 third constitution, 194 Peel, William Wellesley, 48
Operation Bluestar, 12–13, 22, 64, 209 12th Constitutional Amendment, Piracha, Ehsan ul, 221
Operation Brasstacks, 129, 215 Plebiscite, 132, 184
Operation Desert Hawk, 144 226 POK (Pakistan-occupied Kashmir). See
Operation Fair Play, 131 and United Nations, 81
Operation Gibraltar, 129–130 and U.S., 167–168, 186, 196, 200, 203 Azad Jammu-Kashmir
Operation Grand Slam, 144 See also Indus civilization; One Unit Poonegar, S. R., 226
Organisation of the Islamic Conference Postal services, 218
Scheme Pound sterling. See Devaluation
(OIC), 130, 136, 194, 232 Pakistan Air Force, 7, 16 PPP. See Pakistan People’s Party
Other Backward Classes (OBCs), 41 Pakistan Army, 16 Prasad, Rajendra, 135, 185
Pakistan Islamic Mahaz, 233 Princely States, 97, 113, 132–133, 136,
Pakhtun Liberation Front, 23 Pakistan Muslim League, 120. See also
Pakistan 165
Pakistan National Alliance and Mountbatten, 117
agitation and concerns re Jammu- Pakistan Muslim League (J), 120 See also Chitral; Hyderabad; Jammu;
Kashmir, 221–224, 226–228, Pakistan Muslim League Council, 213
230–231, 234 Junagadh; Kashmir
Pundit, Vijaya Lakshmi, 213
agricultural policy of 1991, 224 Punj, Veerendra, 206
attacks on foreign targets in, 240–241 Punjab, 133, 210
and Ayub Khan, 23
border crisis of 1987, 215

274 INDEX

Punjab (continued) and Sattar, 204 Sehgal, Narottam, 195
intercommunal killings (1984), 209 and Sharif, 227, 229, 232, 233 Sen, P. C., 219–220
placed under federal rule, 234 on Sino-Pakistan nuclear Servants of India Society, 69
Radcliffe and partition of, 135 Servants of the People Society, 145
and Sikhs, 7–8, 145–146 collaboration, 208 Seshan, T. N., 218
talks with Zia and Shahi, 203 Shadaramji, Sant, 200
Punjab, University of, 107 Raphael, Arnold, 218 Shah, Ghous Ali, 228
Punjab Boundary Force (PBF), 133 Rasgotra, M., 205, 206, 208–209 Shah, Naseem Hasan, 233
Punjabi language, 8, 108 Rashid, Shaikh, 244 Shah, Shabir Ahmed, 235
Pushyamitra, x Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 33, Shah, Syed Muzaffer Hussain, 228
Putin, Vladimir (Vladimirovich), Shah, Y. T., 195
75, 89, 139 Shahi, Agha, 195, 196–197, 198, 202
133–134, 141 and R. Singh, 150–151
and Almaty Meeting (2002), 11–12 and Vajpayee, 171 on educational autonomy for Indian
and Bush, 38 See also Tarun Bharat; Vishwa Hindu minorities, 200

Qayyum, Sardar, 225, 226 Parishad and I. Gandhi, 203, 204
Quaid-I Millat, 103 Ratha Yatra, 3 on Kashmir, 199, 200, 202, 203
Quit India Movement, 51, 165 Rathore, Mumtaz, 225 and Mehta, 196
RAW. See Research and Analysis Wing and Mishra, 200
50th Anniversay ceremonies, 229 Religion, 140 and S. S. Singh, 201
and M. Gandhi, 66 Religious and communal clashes, xii. See visit to India, 204
and Patel, 132 Shakoor, Abdul, 220–221
Quit Kashmir Movement, 2 also Communalism Shamsuddin, Khwaja, 73
Qureshi, Hashim, 201 Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), Sharia, 13, 157, 199
Shariat Bill, 224, 225
Radakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 135–136 140 Sharif, Nawaz, 23, 144, 144, 238
Radcliffe, Cyril, 31, 32, 135 Roshen, Syed, 199 address to UN Human Rights
Radcliffe Commission, 61 Round Table Conferences of 1931–1932,
Raghavachari, P. S., 218 Commission, 231
Raghunath, K., 237 69, 143 on Ayodhya controversy, 230
Rahim, Aslam, 218 Rowlatt, Sidney, 140 and corruption, 119
Rahit Maryada, 146 Rowlatt Acts, 100, 140 and Council of Common Interests,
Rahman, Akhtar Abdur, 218 Rumsfeld, Donald H., 33
Rahman, Mujib-Ur, 22, 30, 35, 58, 130, Rupee. See Devaluation 224
Russia, 140–141 dismissal of, 232
136, 177 and Dixit, 227
assassination of, 196 and Afghanistan, 4 exile of, 238, 249
and I. Gandhi, 192 and poorly protected nuclear and G. I. Khan, 232
and Z. A. Bhutto, 192 and Jamaat-i-Islami, 89
Rahman, Zia, 31, 152 materials, 162 on Kashmir, 236
The Raj, 136. See also British Empire See also The Great Game ; Soviet and Lahore Declaration, 127
Rajputs, 8, 21 and Lambah, 227, 228, 230, 233
Rajya Sabha, 22 Union land distribution program, 231
Rama, birthplace of, 3, 23 and Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz, 115
Ramakrishnaya, 195 Sadar Bazar riots (1974), 194–195 and Musharraf, 118, 144
Ramanna, Raja, 136–137 Sadiq, Ghulam Mohammad, 73 on nuclear non-proliferation, 225
Ramayana, 137 Safdar, Khwaja Mohammad, 198 and R. Gandhi funeral, 225
Ramdas, 12 Saifullah, Anwar, 228, 232 and Rao, 227, 229, 232, 233
Randhawa, N. S., 213 Salaam, Abdul, 202 restoration of, 233
Rann of Kutch. See Kutch, Rann of Salal Dam, 197 and Shekhar, 223
Rao, Pamulaparti Venkata Narasimha, Saleem, Khalid, 230 sworn in as prime minister, 223
Salt Satyagraha, 66, 132 trial and conviction of, 238
23, 77, 137–139, 138, 218, 220 Salve, N. K. P., 214 and Vajpayee, 237
conviction on corruption charges, Sant-sipahi (saint-soldier), 147 vote of confidence, 219
Sapru, Tej Bahadur, 143 Sharma, B. D., 219
238 Saran, Shyam, 141, 248 Sharma, K. D., 205, 207, 211
as head of government, 225 Saraswati, Dayanand, 17 Shastri, Lal B., 64, 90, 144–145, 158, 189,
on Hilaly, 205 Sathe, R. D., 201, 205
and Joint Commission, 207 Sattar, Abdus, 202, 204, 207, 214, 215, 190
on Kashmir, 235 Shekhar, Chandra, 151, 223
and Khattak, 229 221 Sherpao, Hayat Mohammad Khan, 196
on Pakistan Foreign Minister’s visit, Sattar, Adbul, 218 Shia Muslims, 86–87
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, 75, 143–144
204 Sayeed, Hafiz Mohammad, 108, 241 and Iraq, 168
proposed Kashmir elections, 235 Schaffer, Teresita, 47
Schultz, George, 177
SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty

Organization

INDEX 275

See also Tehrik Nifaz Sharia-i- Singh, K. Natwar, xiii, 126, 148–149, 201, northern Indian plain as basis for
Muhammed 204, 205, 206–207, 218 hegemony, ix

Shigar River, 83 and Bhuttos, 201 position in current world system,
Shikoh, Dara, 20 on Movement for Restoration of xii–xiii
Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak
Democracy in Pakistan, 207–208 and surrounding nations (map), xv
Committee, 146 resignation as foreign minister, 247 South Asian Association for Regional
Shiva, 74, 74 and Zia, 202, 203, 205
Shivaji, Bharati, 206 Singh, Karan, 148, 149, 187 Cooperation (SAARC), xii–xiii,
Shyole River, 83 Singh, Kewal, 195, 196 151–154, 206, 214, 215
Siachen glacier, 145 Singh, Khushwant, 199 and China, 42
Singh, Manmohan, xiii, 39, 78, 141, Council of Ministers meeting (1992),
and Pakistani army, 225 229
discussions and disputes, 213, 214, 149–150 founding members, 152
and All-Parties Hurriyat Conference, and Kalam, 95
216, 218, 220, 230, 237, 14-point declaration, 213
245–246 247, 248 fourth summit (1988), 219
proposed joint troop withdrawal on dialogue with Pakistan, 244, 245 12th summit meeting, 243
from, 247, 248 and Dixit, 53 South Asian Preferential Trade Area
Sikhism, 145–147, 146 and K. N. Singh, 149 (SAPTA), 153
Sikhs and Leghari, 234 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
Akali Dal, 7–8 7–8 on Mumbai terrorist bombing, 248 (SEATO), 154, 167, 186
alienation from military service, and Musharraf, 246, 247 Nehru on, 29
15 and Siachen glacier, 145 and Pakistan, 10
and assassination of I. Gandhi, 18, Singh, Pratab, 148 Soviet Union
22, 64, 77, 210 Singh, Raajib, 108 occupation of Afghanistan, 4–5, 4,
and Aurangzeb, 21 Singh, Rajendra, 150 41, 86, 153
and Gilgit, 68 Singh, Ranjit, 12, 97, 108, 199, 218 Radakrishnan as ambassador to, 135
intracommunal killings (1984), Singh, Rao Birendra, 208 and Rao, 138
209 Singh, S. K., 212, 219 relations with India, 42, 186, 187,
and Jammu-Kashmir, 97 Singh, Sardar Natha, 208 190, 192
militant movement, 209–210, 213, Singh, Sardar Swaran, 158, 188, 193, 194, See also Russia
214, 226 Soviet–American Cold War, 10, 45, 58,
and Punjab, 7–8, 145–146 201 167
visits to Pakistan (1970s), 198, 199, Singh, Sir Hari, 80, 97–98, 150–151 Spear, Percival, x
200 Singh, V. K., 220 Sri Lanka. See also Ceylon
visits to Pakistan (1980–1983), 201, Singh, V. P., 77, 89, 90, 151, 151, 222, 223 Srinagar–Muzaffarabad bus service, xiii,
202–203, 204, 205, 206, 207 243
visits to Pakistan (1984–1988), 208, and Niazi, 223 Srinivasan, K., 230
209, 210–211, 211–212, 213, 214, and Ramanna, 137 States Reorganization Act of 1956,
218, 219 visits to Pakistan, 213, 229 175–176, 186
See also Golden Temple Singh, Yashwant, 242 Sub-Commission on Economic
Sikkim, 193 Singh, Zail, 205, 211 Relations, 216
Simla (Shimla), 147 Sino–American Cold War, 10, 45 Subcommissions I–IV, 208
Simla Agreement of 1972, 95, 147–148, Sino–Soviet Cold War, 10, 42 Sub-Commissions III–IV, 213
166, 193 Sino-Indian War of 1962, 14, 42, 112, Subrahmanyam, K., 96
and I. Gandhi, 35, 147 Sudarshan, K. S., 4
tenth anniversary statements, 205 188 Suez War, 186
Vajpayee on, 147, 237 and currency devaluation, 52 Suhrawardy, Huseyn Shaheed, 22,
and Z. A. Bhutto, 35, 147 and Khrushchev, 103 154–155, 187
Simon Commission and Report, x, 19 and Menon, 114 Sulaiman, Haji, 208
Sind, 148 Sipah-i-Sahaba-i-Pakistan (SSP), 151, Sunni Muslims, 35, 86–87
Sindhi language, 192 and Iraq, 168
Singh, Arjan, 79 159 See also Lashkar-e-Taiba; Sipah-i-
Singh, Buta, 212 Sir Creek boundary discussions, 220, Sahaba-i-Pakistan
Singh, Charan, 200 Suu Kyi, Aung San, 121
Singh, Dinesh, 218–219, 232 224, 226, 227, 230, 237, 245–246, Swamy, Subramaniam, 207
Singh, Gobind, 146 248. See also Kutch (Cutch), Syed, Anis Ali, 220
Singh, Gulab, 68, 97 Rann of
Singh, I. P., 222 Sir Syed Society, 217 Tajiks, 4, 5, 6
Singh, Jasbir, 211 Siraj-ud-Dowlah, 32 Talbot, Nelson “Strobe,” 44, 157
Singh, Jaswant, 148, 157 Sivaji, 163
Somaya, C. G., 214, 217
Soomro, Ilahi Baksh, 228
South Asia, 151–154
coexistence of pan-Indian and lesser
states, ix–x

276 INDEX

Taliban, 5, 38, 86, 119, 157–158, 161 Conferences on the Law of the Sea Wattoo, Mian Manzoor Ahmed, 233, 234
and madrassas, 180 (UNCLOS), xi, xiii Wavell, Archibald Percival, 2, 66, 173–174
and Waziristan, 174–175 Waziristan, 174–175
and Zia-ul-Haq’s Islamization, 138 Human Rights Council, 76 Wen Jiabao, 72
See also Al-Qaeda and Indo-Pakistan relations, 81–82 West Bengal, 57, 175. See also East
intervention in Indo-Pakistan War of
Tarbela Dam, 36 Bengal
Tariq, Azim Ahmed, 233 1947–1948, 81–82 Wilson, Harold, 175–176
Tarun Bharat, 111 UNICEF map error regarding World Bank, xiii, 36, 52, 84
Tashkent Conference and Agreement Wullar Barrage, 176, 237, 245–246
Kashmir, 210 Wyne, Ghulam Haider, 232–233
(1966), 158, 189, 251–252 Universal Declaration of Human
text of Declaration, 252 Yaqub Khan, Sahabzada 207–208, 212,
Tata, J. R. D., 206 Rights, 76 220, 221
Tea trade, 219 United Nations Security Council
Tehreek-e-Insaf (Movement for Justice) and Gujral, 222
(UNSC) and R. Gandhi, 213
Party, 103 and Afghanistan, 6 Yazid, 86
Tehrek-e-Insaaf (Truth Movement) Indian aspirations to join, 70–71 Yeltsin, Boris, 133–134
and Kashmir issue, 183, 165–166, Young Turks, 24
Party, 103
Tehrik-I-Istiqlal, 131, 158 184, 185 Zaeef, Abdul Salem, 158
Tehrik Nifaz Sharia-i-Muhammed United Progressive Alliance, 95 Zaidi, Syed Ijlal Haider, 213, 214, 218,
United States
(TNSM), 159 220
Territorial waters, x–xi and Afghanistan, 4, 5–6, 38, 157 Zakat and Ushr Ordinance, 201
Terrorism, 162 Declaration of Independence, 75–76 Zamindar system, 177
and Indo-Pakistan relations, 167–169 Zardari, Asif Ali, 34, 131, 216, 231
Indo-Pakistan discussions of 2004, and Pakistan, 196, 200, 203 Zaskar River, 93
245 See also U.S. presidents by name Zhou Enlai, 29, 42, 186, 187
Urban Development Organisations, 215 Zia, Begum Khaleda, 31, 178, 211, 213
and Musharraf, 118, 119 Urdu, 8, 108 Zia-ul-Haq, Muhammad, 18, 34, 35, 86,
Musharraf and M. Singh on, 247 Uttar Pradesh, 169. See also Ayodhya
nuclear, 162 Uzbeks, 4, 6 177, 177, 180
See also Al-Qaeda; 9/11; Taliban and Advani, 198
Thimayya, Kodandera Subayya, 162–163 Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 3, 4, 33, 77–78, 111, and B. Bhutto, 216
Thucydides, 45 171 and Bhagat, 210
Tibet, 185 cabinet of 1986, 214
Tiger of Bengal. See Haq, Fazlul and Advani, 23 as chief of staff, 196
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, 143, 163–164, 163 and Almaty Meeting (2002), 11–12 death of, 218
Tito, Josip Broz, 126, 186 and Clinton, 44 and death of I. Gandhi, 210, 211
Tourism, 218, 220 and J. Singh, 149 dismissal of Junejo government, 218
Treaty of Amritsar, 97 on Kashmir, 237, 242 on disputed territory, 205
Treaty of Peace, Security and Friendship, and Lahore Declaration, 127, 240 as host to Indian students, 218
and Musharraf, 239, 243 and I. Gandhi, 201, 206
xiii and Sharif, 237 and Indian Ambassador, 216, 217
Trieste formula proposed for Kashmir, on Simla Agreement, 147, 237, 240 on Indo-Soviet arms agreement, 201
visit to Pakistan, 197 and Islamization, 138, 200
159 Vedalankar, Acharya, 202 and Jamaat-i-Islami, 89
Tripura, 201 Venkataraman, R., 218, 228 and Junejo, 93
Truman, Harry S, 164 Venkatesan, N. S., 137 on Kashmir, 199, 200–201
Venkateswaran, A. P., 213, 214 and N. K. Singh, 202, 203, 205
and Dulles, 54–55 Vishnu, 74 and NAP, 101
and Nehru, 58, 164 Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), on nuclear weapons, 199
Tulbul Navigation Project, 216, 217, 226, and Pakistan National Alliance, 131
171–172, 189 as president, 198
229, 245–246 Vohra, N. N., 230 and R. Gandhi, 211, 212–213, 217
Turkey, 186 Volcker, Paul, 149 and S. S. Singh, 201
Two-nations theory, 164 and Sharma, 211
Wafa, Jaffeer, 213 and Sikhs, 200, 202–203, 205, 209,
U Nu, 29 Wafaqi Mohtasib, 207
Umranangal, Sardar Jeevan Singh, 199 Wagah-Attari border skirmish, 216 210
United Front, 1, 71, 77 Wahed, Hasina, 22, 31, 136 visit to India, 215
United Kingdom Waheed, Abdul, 231 Ziaur, Rahman, 31, 177–178
Wakhan Corridor, 173
and Indo-Pakistan relations, 165–167 War of Independence (Indian Mutiny of
See also British Commonwealth;
1857), 14, 109, 143, 165
British Empire Warrich, Imtiaz, 220
United Nations

Commission for India and Pakistan
(UNCIP), 183, 184

About the
Author

Peter Lyon is reader emeritus in international relations
and senior research fellow at the Institute of Common-
wealth Studies, University of London. He is also an hon-
orary vice president of British Committee of the
Canada–UK Colloquia and served as editor of The
Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International
Affairs from 1983 to 2004. He is a member of the U.S.-
based Kashmir Study Group.

277