combinepdf (2)

6. Convert the following
a)O0C to K b) 251K to 0C

a) 0 + 273 = 273K
b) 251 – 273= -220C

7. Which has more energy ,water at 00C or ice at 00C? Why?

Water at 00C has more energy as the particles have
gained the energy for change of state.

8. What is sublimation?

The change of state directly from solid state to gaseous
state without changing into liquid state (or vice versa)
is called sublimation.

9. Why is ice at 273K more effective in cooling than water at
same temperature?

When ice at 273K melts to form water, it absorbs heat
energy equal to latent heat of fusion from the
surroundings. Thus ,ice at 273K has less heat energy
than water at 273K and hence ice is more effective in
cooling than water at the same temperature.

10. Which produces more severe burns? Boiling water or
steam.

When water at 373K is converted into steam at 373K,
it absorbs energy equal to latent heat of vaporization.

Thus, steam at 373K has more heat energy than
water at 373K and hence steam produces more severe
burns than boiling water .

Class : IX D.A.V. School

(Affiliated to C.B.S.E. New Delhi)
Sree Nandeeswarar Campus, Adambakkam, Chennai – 600 088

L 1 MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Subject: CHEMISTRY PART D - Evaporation

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING-

1. What is evaporation?

The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapour at any
temperature below its boiling point is called evaporation.

2. What are the factors that affect the rate of evaporation?

Surface area - Rate of evaporation increases with increase in
surface area.

Temperature – Rate of evaporation increases as temperature
increases.

Humidity – As humidity increases, the rate of evaporation
decreases.

Wind speed – Rate of evaporation increase with increase in
wind speed.

3. Why are we able to sip hot tea or milk faster in a saucer rather
than in a cup?

When a hot tea or milk is taken in a cup, the surface area
of the liquid in the cup is small. So evaporation takes places
slowly and hence the liquid remains hot for a long time.

When a hot tea or milk is placed in a saucer, the surface
area of the liquid increases, as a result evaporation takes place
quickly. So the tea or milk in the saucer becomes cooler more
quickly.

4. How does evaporation cause cooling?

In an open vessel, the liquid keeps on evaporating. The
particles of liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to
regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of
energy from the surroundings make the surroundings cold.

5. Why does evaporation increase with increase in surface area?
• In a liquid, the particles on the surface are attracted only
by the particles below it and so they have higher kinetic
energy.
• Hence, they can break the force of attraction easily and
change into vapour.
• As the surface area increases, the number of surface
particles also increase, thereby increasing the rate of
evaporation.

6. How does water kept in an earthen pot become cool during
summer?

The water in the pot oozes out slowly through the small holes
present in the walls of the earthen pot. As it comes out on the
surface of the earthen pot, it evaporates. The heat energy
needed for evaporation is taken from the water kept in the
earthen pot. As a result, the water kept in the earthen pot
becomes cool.

7. Why does a desert cooler cool better on a hot dry day?

A hot dry day means the temperature of the
atmosphere is high and the humidity is low. Both these
factors increase the rate of evaporation and thus more cooling
is produced.

8. What type of clothes should we wear in summer?

We must wear cotton clothes. Cotton clothes are good
absorber of water, so they absorb the sweat quickly and expose
it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation and evaporation
produces cooling effect.

9. Why does our palm feel cold when we put some acetone on it?

When we put acetone on the palm, they quickly evaporate
taking the energy needed for evaporation from the palm. As a
result our palm feels cold.

10. Differentiate evaporation and vaporisation.

EVAPORATION VAPORISATION
Evaporation takes place at all Vaporisation takes place only
temperatures. at the boiling point of liquid.
Temperature changes during Temperature does not change
evaporation. during vaporisation.
It is a slow process. It is a fast process.
It is a surface phenomenon. It is a bulk phenomenon

D.A.V. School
(Affiliated to C.B.S.E. New Delhi)
Sree Nandeeswarar Campus, Adambakkam, Chennai-88.
Class : IX
Sub: Chemistry
Chapter- 1 Matter in our surroundings

(A) Physical nature of matter

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING -

1) What is matter?
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

2) What is matter made up of ?
Matter is made up of extremely small particles i.e. atoms or molecules.

3) What are the characteristics of particles of matter?
 Particles of matter have space between them.
 Particles of matter are continuously moving.
 Particles of matter attract each other.

4) Which of the following are matter?
Chair, air, almonds, love, smell, hate, thought, cold drinks, smell of perfume.

ANS: Chair, air, almonds, cold drink, smell of perfume.

Arrange the following substances in increasing order of force of attraction
between the particles - sugar, water, oxygen.
ANS: Oxygen < water < sugar.

5) What is diffusion?

The intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called
diffusion.

6) Why does kinetic energy of particles of matter vary with temperature?

As the temperature increases, the particles gain energy and move faster. So
kinetic energy increases with temperature. But as the temperature decreases, the
particles lose energy and kinetic energy decreases.

7) Give reasons for the following observations.
The smell of hot sizzling food reaches you several metres away but to get the
smell from cold food you have to go close.

• As the temperature increases, the kinetic energy increases. So the particles

of the hot vapours coming out of hot food move faster and so we get the
smell.

• The particles of vapour coming out of the cold food travel slowly, hence

we have to go close to the food to get the smell.

8) A diver is able to cut through water in a swimming pool. Which property of
matter does this observation show?

• The particles of water have space between them and are held together by

weak forces of attraction.

• Therefore by applying greater force, a diver can cut through water in a

swimming pool by overcoming the weaker forces of attraction present
among the particles of water.

• This observation shows that the particles of water are held together by

weak forces of attraction and have space between them.

9) We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away. Explain.

We can get the smell of perfume sitting several metres away due to the diffusion
of particles of perfume. The perfume vapours move rapidly in all directions, thus
they mix with the air particles and we are able to get the smell.

DAV SCHOOL

SREE NANDEESWARAR CAMPUS

ADAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI-88

CLASS : IX PHYSICS

PART A- REST AND MOTION

Answer the following questions:

1. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If yes support
your answer with an example.

Answer:

 Yes, an object can have zero displacement even when it has moved to a
distance.

 This happens when final position of the object coincides with its initial
position.

 For eg: When coming from home to school and going back to home, some
distance is travelled but displacement is zero.

2. Distinguish between distance and displacement.
Answer:

DISTANCE:

 Actual length of the path covered by a moving body irrespective of direction.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 It cannot be zero.

DISPLACEMENT:

 The shortest (straight line) distance between the initial and final position of
a body along with direction.

 It is a vector quantity.
 It can be zero

3. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s. What will be the
magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds from his
initial position?

Answer:

• Here, Side of the given square field = 10m
• Farmer takes 40 seconds to move along the boundary once.

• Total time taken = 2 min 20 sec

= 2 * 60 + 20

= 140 seconds

No of rounds =

No of rounds =

= 3.5 rounds

Therefore, farmer will be at position C at the end of 3.5 rounds.
Displacement = AC = √
AC = √
AC = √

Thus, the displacement of farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds is 10√ m.
*****************

DAV SCHOOL

SREE NANDEESWARAR CAMPUS

ADAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI-88

CLASS : IX PHYSICS

PART B - SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Answer the following questions:

1. Distinguish between speed and velocity.

ANSWER:

SPEED:

 Speed is defined as the distance travelled by the body in unit time.
 It is a scalar quantity.
 It can be zero or positive but never negative.

VELOCITY:

 Velocity is defined as the distance travelled by the body in unit time in a given
direction.

 It is a vector quantity.
 It can be zero, positive or negative.

2. What does the path of an object look like when it is in uniform motion?
ANSWER:
 In uniform motion the path of an object can be a straight line, curved line, zig-zag
line or even a circle. This is because speed is constant in uniform motion but the
direction of motion may change.

3. When will you say a body is in :
(i) Uniform acceleration?
(ii) Non-uniform acceleration?

ANSWER:

(i) Uniform acceleration:
 A body is said to be in uniform acceleration when the velocity of body changes by
equal amounts in equal intervals of time.
 For eg: Motion of a freely falling body.
(ii) Non-uniform acceleration:
A body is said to be in non-uniform acceleration when the velocity of body changes
 by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time.
For eg: Motion of a car through a city road


4. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200m in 40s .What will be
the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 min 20s?

Time taken for 1 round = 40 seconds
Total time taken = 2 minutes 20 seconds
Number of rounds =

= = 3.5 rounds
Distance = Circumference of circle (2∏r)
Here athlete completes 3.5 rounds
So, distance covered = 2∏r * 3.5

= 2 * * 100 * 3.5
= 44 * 50
Distance covered = 2200 m

Displacement :
Since the athlete completes 3.5 rounds , the displacement is at B.
Therefore,
Displacement = 200 m. (Straight line distance between initial and final point).

5. Joseph Jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road
in 2 minutes 30 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in
another 1 minute. What are Joseph's average speeds and velocities in jogging (a)
from A to B and (b) from A to C?
ANSWER:
300 m (2 min 30 sec)
A CB
100 m (1 min)

(a) From A to B:
Average speed =

=
=
=
= 2 m/s.
Average velocity =

=

=

=

= 2 m/s.
(b) From A to C :

Average speed =

Total distance travelled = distance travelled from A to B + distance travelled from B to C
= 300 m + 100 m
= 400 m

Total time taken = Time taken from A to B + Time taken from B to C
= 2 min 30 sec + 1 min
= { (2 * 60) + 30 } + 60
= 150 + 60
= 210 seconds

Average speed =

= 1.9 m/s

Average velocity =

Total displacement = 300 – 100
= 200 m

Total time taken = Time taken from A to B + Time taken from B to C
= 2 min 30 sec + 1 min
= { (2 * 60) + 30 } + 60
= 150 + 60
= 210 seconds

Average velocity =

= 0.95 m/s.

6. During an experiment a signal from a spaceship reach the ground station in 5 minutes.

What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels at the

speed of light (3 x ).

ANSWER:

GIVEN DATA :

Time = 5 minutes

Distance = ?

Speed = 3 x

SOLUTION:

Time = 5 x 60

= 300 seconds

Distance = Speed x Time

= 3 x x 300

= 9 x m.

7. A bus decreases its speed from 80 km/h to 60 km/h in 5 seconds. Find the acceleration of

the bus.

ANSWER:

GIVEN DATA:

Initial speed (u) = 80 km/h

Final speed (v) = 60 km/h

Time = 5 seconds

SOLUTION:

CONVERTING km/h TO m/s:

Initial speed = 80 *

=

Final speed = 22.22 m/s
= 60 *

=

Time = 16.66 m/s
= 5 seconds

Acceleration (a) =

=

=

= - 1.11 m/

8. A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a
speed of 40 km/h in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.

ANSWER:

GIVEN DATA:

Initial speed (u) = 0 km/h

Final speed (v) = 40 km/h

Time = 10 minutes

SOLUTION:

CONVERTING km/h TO m/s:

Initial speed =0*

Final speed = 0 m/s
= 40 *

Time =
= 11.11 m/s
= 10 * 60
= 600 seconds

Acceleration (a) =

=

= m/ .
= 1.85 x

9. Abdul while driving to school computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km/h. On
his return trip along the same route there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 km/h.
What is average speed for Abdul’s trip

20 km/h 30 km/h

HOME SCHOOL

X

We know that: Average Speed =

Let,
Distance between Abdul’s home and school be X.
• HOME TO SCHOOL
• Distance = x
• Speed = 20 Km/h

• Speed =

•=

• time =
•=
• SCHOOL TO HOME
• Distance = x
• Speed = 30 Km/h

• Speed =

•=

• time =
•=
• Total time taken: +

=+

•=

•=

=

• Total Distance = x + x
• = 2x
• Average Speed =

=

=
= 24 Km/h
Thus the average speed for Abdul’s trip is 24 km/h.

*********************

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. State any five causes for the empty treasury of France under
Louis XVI.
Answer:
 Long years of war had drained the financial resources of

France.
 High cost of maintenance of the immense palace of

Versailles and court.
 Under Louis XVI, France helped the 13 Amercian colonies to

gain their independence from their common enemy, Britain.
 Lenders who gave the state credit, now began to charge

10% interest on loans.
 To meet its regular expenses, such as the cost of

maintaining an army, the court, running government offices
or universities, the state was forced to increase taxes.
2. Explain the composition of the French society during the late
18th century.
Answer: Composition of the French Society was:
 Peasants, artisans and landlords made up about 90% of the
population.
 60% of the land was owned by the noble and clergy.
 The clergy and nobility enjoyed certain privileges.
 The members of the first two estates paid no taxes.

 Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord.
 The third estate had tp pay various taxes and this led to an unrest

among the third estate.
3. Explain the term “The Society Of Estates”.

Or
How was the system of Estates in French Society organised?
 The first estate comprised of Clergy, who enjoyed certain privileges
by birth. They were exempted from paying taxes.

 The second estate consists of the Nobility, who enjoyed feudal
privileges by birth, these included feudal dues which they extracted
from the peasants.

 The third estate comprised of peasants, artisans, big businessmen,
merchants, court officials and lawyers. They had to pay taxes to the
state.

4. What does Subsistence Crisis mean? What led to subsistence crisis in
France?
Answer: An extreme situation that the basic needs of livelihood are
endangered - This is subsistence Crisis.

Reasons For Subsistence Crisis
 The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28

million in 1789.
 Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand.
 So, the price of bread which was the staple diet of the majority rose

rapidly.
 Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops whose

owners fixed their wage.
 So, the gap between the poor and the rich widened which led to

Subsistence Crisis.
5. Analyse the role of philosophers in the French Revolution in 1789.
Answer:
 Ideas of envisaging a society based on freedom and equal laws and

opportunities for all, were put forward by philosophers.
 John Locke in his “Two Treaties Of Government” sought to refute

doctrine of the divine and absolute right of the monarchy.
 Jean Jacques Rosseau carried the idea forward proposing a form of

government based on a “Social Contract” between people and their
representatives.
 Montesquieu in his book “The Spirit Of The Laws” proposed a
division of power within the government between the Legislative,
the Executive and the Judiciary.
6. Who represented the National Assembly on 5th May 1789?
Answer:
 On 5th May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the
Estates General to pass proposals for new taxes.

 The first and second estates sent three hundred representatives
each who were seated in rows facing each other on two sides, while
the 600 members of the third estates had to stand at the back.

 The third estate was represented by its most prosperous and
educated members.

7. How was the taxation policy responsible for the French Revolution?
Answer:
 About 60% of the land was owned by nobles and church. Peasants

made up about 90% of the population and very few of them owned
land.
 The Clergy and Nobility were exempted from paying taxes to the
State.
 The Church too extracted its share of taxes called “tithes” from the
peasants.
 All the members of third estate had to pay taxes to the State
including the direct tax called “taille” and a number of indirect taxes.
 These indirect taxes were levied on articles of everyday consumption
like salt and tobacco.
 The burden of financing activities of State through taxes was borne
by the third estates alone.
8. Describe any five major events that led to the outbreak of French
Revolution.
Answer:
 Meeting Of The Estate General:
Members of the third estate comprising of peasants, artisans and
woman were denied entry to the assembly which was called bu Louis XVI
on 5th May 1789 to propose new taxes.
 Demand For Universal Adult Franchise:
Members of third estate demanded the power of each member to
vote.
 Meeting Of The Newly Founded National Assembly:
They declared themselves as the National Assembly and swore not
to disperse till they have drafted a constitution of France that could limit
the powers of Monarchy.
 Revolt By The Peasants:
In the country-side rumours spread that the ripe crops would be
destroyed by hired bands of brigands who were on their way to destroy

the crops. Peasants in several districts, seized hoes and pitchforks and
attacked the residence of their manors.
 Fall Of The Bastille Prison:

The severe winter increased the price of bread which was hoarded in
the market. Angry women attacked the shops.
9. How was the National Assembly started and how it started exercising
the powers?
Answer:
 When people revolted, Louis XVI finally accorded recoginition to the

National Assembly and accepted the principle that his powers would
be limited
 On the night of 4th August1789, the Assembly passed a decree
abolishing the fedual system of obligations and taxes.
 Members of the Clergy too were forced to give up their privileges.
 Tithes were abolished and the lands owned by the Church were
confiscated.
 As a result, the government acquired assets worth at least 2 billion
livres.
10. How did France became a Constitutional Monarchy?
Answer:
 The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in
1791.
 Its main object was to limit the powers of the Monarch.
 These power instead of being concentrated in the hands of one
person were now separated and assigned to different institution -
legislature, executive and judiciary.
 This made France a constitutional monarchy.
11. Describe the main features of the constitution of 1791.
Answer:
 The constitution of 1791 vested the power to make laws in the
National Assembly, which was indirectly elected.
 Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes equal to atleast
three days of a labourer’s wage were given the status of active
citizen, that is, they were entitled to vote.
 The remaining men and all women were classed as passive citizens.
 To qualify as an elector and then as a member of the assembly, a
man had to belong to the highest bracket of tax payers.

12. What rights were provided by the French Revolution?
Answer:
 The constitution began with a declaration of the Rights Of Man and

Citizen.
 Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech, freedom of

opinion, equality before law were established as ‘natural and
inalienable’ rights.
 They belonged to each human being by birth and could not be taken
away.
 It was the duty of the state to protect each citizens’ natural rights.
13. Describe for what the symbols stand for.
Answer:

The Broken Chain: Chains were used to fetter slaves. A broken
chain stands for the act of becoming free.

The Bundle Of Rods Or Fasces: One rod can be easily broken, but
not an entire bundle. Strength lies in unity.

The Eye Within A Triangle Radiating Light: The all - seeing eye
stands for knowledge. The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of
ignorance.

Sceptre: Symbol of royal power.
Snake Biting Its Tail To Form A Ring: Symbol of eternity. A ring
has neither beginning nor end.
Red Phrygian Cap: Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free.

Blue - White - Red: The national colours of France.

The Winged Woman: Personification of the law.

The Law Tablet: The law is the same for all and all are equal
before it.
14. Write few lines on Jacobin Club.
Answer:
 Political clubs became an important rallying point for people who

wished to discuss government policies and planned their own form
of actions.
 The most successful of these clubs was that of the Jacobins and their
leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
 The members included small shopkeepers, artisans such as
shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch- makers, printers as well as
servants and daily-wage workers.
 A large group among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long
striped trousers, similar to those worn by dockworkers.
15. How did French abolish Monarchy and become a Republic?
Answer:
 In the summer of 1792, the Jacobins planned an insurrection of a
large number of Parisians who were angered by the short supplies
and high prices of food.
 On the morning of August 10th they stormed the palace of Tuileries,
massacred the kings guards and held the king himself as hostage for
several hours.
 Elections were held. From now on all men of 21 years and above,
regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.
 The newly elected assembly was called the Convention, on 21st
September 1792 it abolished the monarchy and declared France a
republic.
16. What measures were taken by Robespierre to bring equality among
French society?
Answer :
 Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on
wages of prices.

 Meat and bread were rationed.
 Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it

at prices fixed by the government.
 White flour was forbidden, all citizens were required to eat the pain

d’egalité (equality bread), a loaf made of whole wheat.
 Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all

French men and women were henceforth citoyen and citoyenne
(citizen).
 Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into
barracks or offices.
17. Describe the rise of Napoleon in France.
Answer :
 The fall of the Jacobiu government allowed the wealthier middle
classes to seize power.
 A new constitution was introduced which denied the vote to
non-propertied sections of society.
 It provided for two elected legislative councils.
 These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of five
members.
 However, the Directors often clashed with the legislative councils,
who then sought to dismiss them.
 The political instability of the Directory paved the way for the rise of
a military dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
18. What work did the women of the third estate do?
Answer :
 Women of the third estate worked as seamstresses or laundresses,
sold flowers, fruits and vegetables at the market, or were employed
as domestic servants in the houses of prosperous people.
 Most women did not have access to education or job training.
 Only daughters of nobles or wealthier members of the third estate
could study at a convent.
 Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook,
fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children.

19. How did the laws introduced by the revolutionary government help
to improve the life of women in France?
Answer :
 Together with the creation of state schools, schooling was made

compulsory for all girls.
 Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their

will.
 Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small

businesses.
20. How was slave trade started and when was it abolished?
Answer :
 There was a shortage of labour on the plantations.
 Slave shortage was met by a triangular slave trade between Europe,

Africa and the Americans.
 The slave trade began in the 1600 to 1700. French merchants sailed

from the ports of Bordeaux or Nantes to the African coast, where
they bought slaves from local chieftains.
 In the Caribbean, they were sold to plantation owners.
 The exploitation of slave labour made it possible to meet the
growing demand in European markets for sugar, coffee and indigo.
 It was finally the convention which in 1794 legislated to free all
slaves in the French overseas possessions.
 Slavery was finally abolished in the French colonies in 1848.
21. How has the revolution brought about change in everyday life of
French people?
Answer :
 One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of
the Bastille in the summer of 1789 was the abolition of censorship.
 Now the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed
freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right.
 Newspaper, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the
towns of France.
 Freedom of the press also meant that opposing views of events
could be expressed.
 Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of
people. This was one way they could grasp and identify with ideas
such as liberty or justice.

22. Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? Why was he called a liberation?
Answer :
 In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France.
 He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries,

dispossessing dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed
members of his family.
 He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property
and a uniform system of weights and measures provided by the
decimal system.
 Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading
force.
 He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.
 Many of his measures that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty
and modern laws to other parts of Europe had an impact on people
long after Napoleon had left.
23. Describe the legacy of the French revolution for the people of the
world during the 19th and 20th century.
Answer :
 The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important
legacy of the French Revolution.
 These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the 19th
century, where feudal systems were abolished.
 Colonised people reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into
their movements to create a sovereign nation state.

-------------------------------

What Is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Question and Answer:

1. Why Pakistan under General Pervez Musharraf
cannot be a democracy? Give reasons.
Answer:

 In Pakistan, General Prevez Musharraf led a military coup in
October 1999.

 He overthrew a democratically elected government and
declared himself the ‘Chief Executive’ of the country.

 In August 2002 he issued a ‘ Legal Framework Order’ that
amended the constitution of Pakistan.

 According to this Order, the President can dismiss the
national and provincial assemblies.

 Elections were held and elected representatives have some
powers. But the final power is rested with military officers and
General Musharraf himself.
2. Give an example from Mexico and prove that
besides having a democratic system, they are not practising democracy.
Answer:
 Mexico, since its independence in 1930, it holds elections after every
six years to elect its President.
 Until 2000 every election was won by a party called PRI (Institutional
Revolutionary Party).
 Opposition parties did contest elections, but never managed to win.
 The polling booths were shifted from one place to another in the last
minute, which made it difficult for people to cast their votes.
 The PRI spent a large some of money in the campaign for its
candidates.
3. Give examples of countries which do not provide equal right to
vote.
Answer:
 Until 2015, in Saudi Arabia women did not have the right to vote.
 Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people
belonging to Russian minority find it difficult to get the right to vote.
 In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of indigenous Fiji has
more value than that of an Indian Fijian.

4. Give an example of Zimbabwe to show that popular approval of
rulers is necessary in a democracy but its not sufficient.
Answer:
 Since independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has been ruled by ZANU-PF

(Zimbabwe African National Union - Patriotic Front)
 Its leader Robert Mugabe, ruled the country since independence.
 Opposition party workers were harassed and their meeting

disrupted.
 Public protests and demonstrations against the government were

declared illegal.
 Television and radio were controlled by the government and gave

only the ruling party’s version.
5. State five features of democracy.
Answer:
 In a democracy the final decision - making power must rest with
those elected by the people.
 A democracy must be based on free and fair election. Where those
currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
 In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote
must have one value.
 A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional
law and citizens’ rights.
6. State five arguments against democracy.
Answer:
Arguments against democracy:
 Leaders keep changing in a democracy. This leads to instability.
 Democracy is all about political competition and power play. There is
no scope for morality.
 So many people have to be consulted in a democracy that it leads to
delay.
 Elected leaders do not know the best interest of the people. It leads
to bad decision.
 Democracy leads to corruption for it is based on electoral
competition.

7. Why democracy is better than any other form of government?
Write five arguments to support your answer.
Answer:

Arguments for democracy :
 A democratic government is a better government because it is a

more accountable form of government.
 Democracy improves the quality of decision - making.
 Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
 Democracy enhances the dignity of citizen.
 Democracy is better than other forms of government because it

allows us to correct its own mistakes.
8. How does democracy improve the qua;ity of decision making?
Answer:
 Democracy is based on consultation and discussion.
 A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and
meetings.
 This takes time. But there is a big advantage in taking time over
important decision.
 This reduces the chances of rash or irresponsible decision.
9. How does democracy provide a method to deal with differences
and conflicts?
Answer:
 In any society people are bound to have differences of opinion and
interest.
 They look at the world very differently and have different
preferences.
 Different groups may not be able to live together for long in such
way.
 Democracy provides the only peaceful solutions to this problem.
10. How democracy enhances the dignity of the citizens?
Answer:
 Democracy is based on the principle of political equality, on
recognizing that the poorest and the least educated has the same
status as the rich and educated.
 People are not subjects of a ruler, they are rulers themselves.
 Even when they make mistakes, they are responsible for their
conduct.

11. How does democracy allows us to correct its own mistakes?
Answer:
 There is no guarantee that mistakes cannot be made in democracy.
 The advantage in a democracy is that such mistakes cannot be

hidden for long.
 There is a space for public discussion on these mistakes and there is

a room for correction.
 Either the rulers have to change their decisions, or the rulers can be

changed.
12. Why democracy is considered the best form of government
and it is clearly better than any other alternatives?
Answer:
 Democracy offer better chances of a good decisions.
 It is likely to respect people’s own wishes and allows different kinds
of people to live together.
 It allows a way of correcting its mistakes and offers more dignity to
all the citizens.
13. What are the most common form of democracy in the modern
world? Give two reasons for it.
Answer:
 Representative democracy is the most common form of democracy
in the modern world.
 Modern democracies involve such a large number of people that it is
physically impossible for them to sit together and take a collective
decision.
 Even if they could, the citizen does not have the time, the desire or
the skills to take part in all the decisions.

----------------

D.A.V. SCHOOL

SREE NANDEESWARAR CAMPUS,

ADAMBAKKAM, CHENNAI 600 088.

CLASS IX - ECONOMICS

LESSON 1: THE STORY OF VILLAGE PALAMPUR

I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1.Name the main activities of the village Palampur?

Ans:

 Farming is the main activity of the village Palampur.
 Several other activities such as small scale manufacturing, dairy farming, shop

keeping, etc. are carried out on a limited scale.
 The small shop selling a wide range of items like rice, wheat, sugar, tea, oil, biscuits,

soap, toothpaste, pen, pencil, etc are also seen in the village.

2.What means of transportation are used in the village Palampur?

Ans:

Many kinds of transport are visible on the road starting from bullock carts, tongas,
bogeys (wooden cart drawn by buffaloes) loaded with jaggery (gur) and other
commodities to motor like motorcycles, jeeps, tractors and trucks.

3. What kind of people live in the village Palampur?

Ans:

This village has about 450 families belonging to several different castes.
 The 80 upper caste families own the majority of land in the village.
 Their houses , some of them quite large, are made of brick with cement plastering.
 The SCs (dalits) comprise one third of the population and live in one corner of
the village and in much smaller houses some of which are of mud and straw.

4.What are the facilities available in the village Palampur?

Ans:

 Most of the houses have electric connections.
 Electricity powers all the tube wells in the fields and is used in various types of

small business.
 Palampur has two primary schools and one high school.

 There is a Primary Health Centre run by the government and one private
dispensary where the sick are treated.

 It also has a well developed system of roads and transportation.

5. What is the aim of production? State any four requirements of production?

ANS:

The aim of production is to produce the goods and services that we want.
Production requires four inputs which are called as Factors of Production.

FOUR REQUIREMENTS OF PRODUCTION.

1. LAND: The first requirement is land, and other natural resources such as water,
forests, minerals. It requires human effort to make it a productive resource. No activity
can take place in the absence of land and it is the basis of all human activities.

2. LABOUR: The second requirement is labour, i.e., people who do work.
Some activities require educated and skilled labour to perform the necessary tasks and
other require workers who can do the manual work.

3. PHYSICAL CAPITAL: The third requirement is physical capital. i.e., the variety inputs
required at every stage during production. It is divided in to two types namely

a. Fixed Capital
b. Working Capital

a. FIXED CAPITAL: Tools, machines, buildings can be used in production over
many years and are called fixed capital.

b. WORKING CAPITAL: Raw materials and money in hand are called working
capital which is used up during the production activities resulting in finished
goods and services required.

4.HUMAN CAPITAL: It is the knowledge and enterprise to be able to put together land,
labour and physical capital and produce an output either to use for themselves or to sell
in the market.

6. State the importance of growing more than one crop on a piece of land.

ANS:-

The importance of growing more than one crop on a piece of land:
 It retains the fertility of the soil.
 It generates employment for many people throughout the year.
 It benefits the farmers economically. Help the farmers to earn more so that they
can arrange the working capital for the next cultivation.

7. How are the farmers in the village Palampur are able to grow more crops from the
same piece of land?

(OR)
Explain how one can grow more crops on the same piece of land?

ANS;-

 Palampur's farmers follow multiple cropping. They grow at least two main
crops.

 Many of them also grow potato between October to December as a third crop.
 There is a well developed system of irrigation in Palampur that enable the

farmers to grow three different crops in a year.
 Electricity played a vital role in the transformation of irrigation system.
 Modern farming methods and the green revolution introduced HYV seeds,

chemical fertilizers and modern agricultural technologies resulted in better
agricultural yield from the same land

8. How is multiple cropping practised in Palampur?

ANS:

 All land is cultivated in Palampur. No land is left idle.
 During the rainy season (kharif) farmers grow jowar and bajra. These plants are

used as cattle feed.
 It is followed by the cultivation of potato between October and December.
 In the winter season (rabi) fields are sown with wheat.
 A part of the land area is also devoted to sugarcane which is harvested once every

year. Sugarcane, in its raw form or as jaggery, is sold to traders in Shahpur.

9. How did the spread of electricity help the farmers in Palampur?

ANS:

 The major impact of the introduction of electricity was the transformation in the
system of irrigation.

 Electricity enabled the use of tubewells which improved the system of irrigation
leading to more yield, more income and further development.

 Shops, sugarcane crushing machines, small scale industries, computer centres
were also introduced by the farmers to get supplement income .

10. Distinguish between multiple cropping and modern farming methods.

ANS:

Multiple cropping and modern farming methods are the different ways of increasing
production on the same piece of land.

MULTIPLE CROPPING:-

 When more than one crop is grown on a piece of land during the year , it is called
multiple cropping.

 It is the most common way of increasing production from a given piece of land.
 All the farmers in the village Palampur grow atleast two main crops and many

are growing potato as the third crop and sugarcane as a yearly crop.

MODERN FARMING METHODS:-

 Modern farming methods helped to increase the yield of crop per hectare.
 Farmers of Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh were the first to try the

modern farming methods in India.
 The farmers in these regions set up tubewells for irrigation and made use of HYV

seeds, chemicsl fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, etc . in farming.
 Some also have used for machineries like tractors, threshers, harvesters , etc.

which make ploughing and harvesting faster and easier.
 They were rewarded with high yield of wheat increasing 1300 kg per hectare to

3200 kg per hectare with the use of HYV seeds.

11. Describe the work of a farmer with one hectare of land or small land holding.

ANS:-

 A farmer with a land of one hectare needs less capital to prepare his land.
 He uses traditional seeds, animals to plough, no machines and less chemical

fertilizers.
 He does irrigation manually and his family members help to do the work.
 The production from one hectare of land is consumed within the family.

12. Distinguish between traditional farming methods and modern farming methods.

ANS:

TRADITIONAL FARMING METHODS MODERN FARMING METHODS
 In these methods, simple and  In these methods, high yielding

traditional seeds are used. varieties of seeds are used.

 Wells and tanks are used for irrigation.  Dams, tube wells, and canals are used
for irrigation.

 In these methods, fertilizers used is  In these methods, chemical fertilizers
manure from cow dung. are used.

 Farmers use bullocks for ploughing the  Farmers use tractors and threshers for

fields ploughing the fields.

 In these methods, manual labour and  In these methods, modern machinery is
traditional old machines are used for all used for all activities.
activities.

13. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured in industry.
Do you agree?

ANS:

 Yes, it is true that modern farming methods require more inputs which are
manufactured in industries.

 HYV seeds, insecticides, pesticides and chemical fertilizers required for
increasing the yield per hectare are all manufactured in industries.

 Farmers use farm machineries like tractors, threshers, harvesters etc., which are
also manufactured in industries

 Tube well equipments and water pumps for irrigation are also manufactured in
industries.
The result is that with greater adoption of modern farming methods inter-
dependence of agriculture and industry has increased manifold.

14. Is it important to increase the area under irrigation? Why?

ANS:-

 Yes, it is important to increase the area under irrigation as it leads to more yield
to fulfil the needs of the people.

 Yield is measured as a crop produced on a given piece of land during a single
season.

 More yield could bring more income to the farmers. This supplement income can
provide them more capital and further investment in non-farming activities.

 Through better irrigation facilities, crops can be grown in dry regions where
arrival and departure of monsoon is uncertain.

15. What is meant by Green Revolution? Explain the merits and demerits of Green
Revolution.

ANS:

The introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of
chemical fertilizers and irrigation are collectively known as Green Revolution.

MERITS:-

 High yield due to the use of HYV seeds.
 Machines have made agricultural activities faster and easier.
 High yield enable the farmers to sell the surplus grains in the market and earn

more.
 Pesticides and insecticides protect the crops from getting destroyed.
 Good irrigation facilities is able to increase crop production.

DEMERITS:-

 Loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilizers.

 Continuous use of groundwater reduced the water table.
 Soluble chemical fertilizers dissolves in water and pollutes it.
 Chemical fertilizers may kill bacteria and other microorganisms which are

helpful for the soil fertility.
 Excessive use of fertilizers make the soil alkaline and unfit for cultivation.

16. Green Revolution is associated with loss of soil fertility. In the light of the statement,
mention five problems caused by modern farming.

ANS:

The problem caused by modern farming are:-
a) In many areas , it is associated with loss of soil fertility due to excessive use of

chemical fertilizers.
b) Continuous use of groundwater for tube well irrigation has reduced the water

table below the ground level.
c) Pesticides and insecticides pollute surface water as well as air.
d) Chemical fertilizers kill some necessary bacteria as well such as nitrogen fixing

bacteria that add up to the soil fertility. Thus, the cost of farming has gone up.
e) It has adverse effect on environment as well as natural resources. Thus, creating

pollution of soil and water due to excessive use of fertilizers.

17. Construct a table on the distribution of land among the 450 families of Palampur.

ANS:

DISTRIBUTION OF LAND AMONG THE 450 FAMILIES OF PALAMPUR

Families with no land (Dalits) 150 Families

Families with less than 2 hectares of land 240 Families

Families with more than 2 hectares of land 60 Families

Total 450 Families

18. What kind of labour is found in the village Palampur?

ANS:-

 Farm labourers come either from landless families of families cultivating small plots
of land.

 Unlike farmers, the farm labourers do not have a right over the crops grown on the
land.

 They work for wages and sometimes wages in the form of grains.
 There is a wide variation in the duration of employment.
 A farm labourer might be employed on a daily basis, or for one particular farm

activity like harvesting, or for the whole year.

19. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than the minimum wages?

ANS:-

 The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government is Rs.300/- per
day(March 2017)

 But, a farmer gets only Rs.160/- in Palampur.
 There is heavy competition among the farmers. Employment is less and farmers are

more and, therefore have to be content with what they are earning.
 The farmers are illiterate and unaware of the amount of minimum wages set by the

government.

20. How do medium and large farmers obtain capital for farming? How is it different
from the small farmers?

ANS:

 Medium and large farmers get capital for farming from their own savings or from
the bank as a loan.

 small farmers borrow money from large farmers or the village money lenders or the
traders who supply various inputs for cultivation.

 Besides debt, many of the small farmers have to do additional work as farm
labourers to feed themselves and their
family as lacked surplus means.

21. On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tejpal Singh? Would Savita's condition be
different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate of interest?

ANS:-

Savita a small farmer in order to cultivate wheat on her one hectare of land
decides to borrow money from Tejpal Singh, a large farmer on the following terms:-

 Tejpal Singh agree to give Savita the loan at an interest rate of 24 % for four months,
which is a very high interest rate.

 Savita also has to promise to work on his field as a farm labourer during the harvest
season at Rs.100/- per day.

 The rate of interest charged by Tejpal Singh was higher than that of banks.
 If Savitha had taken loan from the bank, interest could have been lower and she

could have easily repaid the loan and her condition would have been far better.

22. Explain the factors essential for the expansion of non-farming activities in the
village.

ANS:
FACTORS ESSENTIAL FOR THE EXPANSION OF NON-FARMING ACTIVITIES :-

 A person can obtain capital by using his own savings or take a loan.
 Market - where goods and services produced can be sold.

 Improvement in the transportation and communication methods.
 It requires little land.

23. What can be done by the government to start more non-farming activities in the
village to improve the farmer's condition?

ANS:

 Banks should provide loans at low interest rates so that the poor
villagers can start some s mall - scale businesses and can earn their livelihood.

 Government should initiate effective employment generating schemes like small -
scale industries, computer training centres, vocational courses etc.

 Government should provide training to the villagers in different skills.
 Government should provide facilities for transportation and selling of locally

manufactured goods of the villagers in the cities.

24. Write a short note on non-farming activities of Palampur.

ANS:-

 DAIRY FARMING:-

 Dairy is a common activity in many families of Palampur.
 People feed their buffaloes on various kinds of grass and jowar and bajra that

grows during the rainy season.
 The milk is sold in Raiganj,the nearby large village.
 Two traders from Shahpur town have set up collection cum chilling centres at

Raiganj from where the milk is transported to far away towns and cities.

 SMALL SCALE MANUFACTURING:-

 Manufacturing in Palampur involves very simple production methods and
are done on a small scale.

 They are carried out mostly at home or in the fields with the help of the
family members.

 Rarely are labourers hired.

 THE SHOPKEEPING:-

 The traders of Palampur are shopkeepers who buy various goods from
wholesale market in the cities and sell them in the village.

 The general stores in the village selling a wide range of items like rice, wheat,
sugar, oil, tea, biscuits, soap, toothpaste, batteries , candles, notebooks, pen,
pencil, even some clothes.

 A few of the families whose houses are close to the bus stand have used a part
of the space to open small shops. They sell eatables.

 TRANSPORT:-

 Transport is a fast developing sector.
 They ferry people and goods from one place to another, and in return get

paid for it.
 The number of people involved in transport has grown over the last several

years.

 SELF - EMPLOYMENT:-

 Some of the educated people opened coaching institute for various kinds of
art like Computer Training Centre to get profit.

 They train more and more people for better opportunities in their life.
 It is a part of education which provides skill to others.

LESSON:1 :GEOGRAPHY

INDIA – SIZE AND LOCATION

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-

1.Name the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes
through India?
ANS:
* Gujarat
* Rajasthan
* Madhya Pradesh
* Chattisgarh
* Jharkhand
* West Bengal
* Mizoram
* Tripura
are the states through which the Tropic of Cancer passes
through India.
2.Name the states which do not have International border and
coastline?

ANS:

The states which do not have international border and
coastline are Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Telengana and Haryana.

3. Name the states which have common frontier with
neighbour Countries - (1) Pakistan (2) China (3) Myanmar (4)
Bangladesh (5) Nepal (6) Bhutan

1) PAKISTAN: Jammu&Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan and
Gujarat

2) CHINA: Jammu&Kashmir,Himachal Pradesh, Uttarkhand,
Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh

3) MYANMAR: Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal
Pradesh

4)BANGLADESH: Tripura, Mizoram, Assam,West Bengal and
Meghalaya

5) NEPAL: Uttarkhand,Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,Sikkim and West
Bengal

6)BHUTAN: Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal and Arunachal
Pradesh

4. Write a short note on Location and Size of India.

ANS:

LOCATION:

*India is a vast country lying entirely in the Northern
Hemisphere.

*The mainland extends between latitude 8°4’ N and 37°6’ N
and longitude 68°7’ E and 97°25’ E
*The Tropic of Cancer (23°30’ N) divides the country into almost
two equal parts.
*To the southeast and southwest, lie the Andaman and Nicobar
islands and Lakshadweep islands in Bay of Bengal and Arabian
sea respectively.

SIZE:
*The landmass of India has an area of 3.28 million sq.km.
*India’s total area accounts for about 2.4% of the total
geographical area of the world.
*India has a land boundary of about 15,200 Kms and the total
length of the coastline of the mainland including Andaman and
Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands is 7516.6 kms.
* India is the seventh largest country in the world.

5. What are the implications of the latitudinal extent of India?
* The Tropic of Cancer (23°30’ N) passes through the middle of
the country which divides it into two equal parts.
* The northern part falls in the temperate zone while the
southern part falls in the tropical zone.
* The temperature is high in the southern part whereas in the
northern part it is comparatively low.

6. What are the implications of the longitudinal extent of India?
* Because of our east-west extent, India is close to East Asian
and West Asian countries.
* East west extent has influenced the time considerably.
* There is a difference in the time of 2 hours between eastern
most and western most parts of India.

7. Why is 82°30’ E is selected as the Standard Meridian of
India.?
* From Gujarat to Arunachal Pradesh, there is a time lag of 2
hours due to vast longitudinal extent.
* Hence, 82°30’E longitude passing through Mirzapur in
Uttarpradesh has been selected as the Standard meridian of
India.
* The time along the Standard meridian is taken as the
Standard time for the whole country.
* Thus, it avoids confusion which have been caused due to local
time.

8. Why do we have Standard Meridian in India?
* India is situated from west to east of 30 longitudes and it take
4 minutes to cross each meridian (1° = 4 minutes).

* If there is no Standard Meridian, we have to adjust our watch
at 4 minutes ahead for each longitude when we travel from
west to east.

* In order to avoid this problem, we have a Standard Meridian
and its local time is taken as the Standard time of the whole
country.

9. “ The Central location of India at the head of the Indian
Ocean is considered of great significance” –why?

ANS:

*India is the southward extension of the Asian Continent.

* The trans Indian ocean routes which connect the countries of
Europe in the west and the countries of East-Asia provide a
strategic location to India.

*The Deccan Peninsula protrudes in the Indian ocean thus
helping India to establish close contact with west-Asia, Africa
and Europe from the Western coast and with southeast and
East-Asia from the Eastern coast.

10. “Our country has cultural linkage with entire Asian
countries through the ages” – Explain the statement.

ANS:

* The various passes across the mountain in the north have
provided passages to the ancient travelers, while the oceans
resisted such interaction for a long time.

* These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and
commodities since ancient times.

* The ideas of the Upanishads and Ramayana, the stories of
Panchtantra, the Indian numerals and the decimal system thus
could reach many parts of the world.
* The spices, muslins and other merchandise were taken from
India to different countries.
* On the other hand, the influence of greek sculpture and the
architectural styles of dome and minarets from west Asia can
be seen in different parts of the country.

##########

MAP WORK

GEOGRAPHY

LESSON:1:SIZE AND LOCATION

MAP:1

MARK THE FOLLOWING IN THE INDIA POLITICAL MAP:

IMPORTANT LATITUDES AND LONGITUDES OF INDIA

STANDARD MERIDIAN OF 82°30’E
INDIA 23°30’N

TROPIC OF CANCER

NORTHERN MOST 37°6’N
POINT OF INDIA 8°4’N
SOUTHERN MOST 68°7’E
POINT OF INDIA 97°25’E
WESTERNMOST POINT
OF INDIA
EASTERNMOST POINT
OF INDIA

NORTH-SOUTH EXTENT 3214 Kms.
OF INDIA
EAST-WEST EXTENT OF 2933 Kms.
INDIA
NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES OF INDIA:
*PAKISTAN
*BHUTAN
*NEPAL
*BANGLADESH
*CHINA
*SRILANKA
*MYANMAR

MAP:2

MARK THE STATES AND CAPITALS IN THE INDIA
POLITICAL MAP . (Refer the geography textbook
and Atlas)

@@@@@@@

CHAPTER 2

SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND THE RUSSIAN
REVOLUTION

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:

1. Who were liberals? What were their ideals?
Answer:
➢ One of the groups which looked to change society weer the liberals.
➢ Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions.
➢ They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against

governments.
➢ They felt men of property mainly should have the vote and they also

did not want the vote for women.

2. What were radicals? What were their ideals?
Answer:
➢ In contrast, radicals wanted a nation in which government was based

on the majority of a country’s population.
➢ They opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory

owners.
➢ They were not against the existence of private property but disliked

concentration of property in the hands of a few.

3. What were the ideals of communalism?
Answer:
➢ Conservatives were opposed to radicals and liberals.

➢ Earlier, in the eighteenth century, conservatives had been generally
opposed to the idea of change.

➢ By the nineteenth century, they accepted that some change was
inevitable but believed that the part had to be respected and change
had to be brought about through a slow process.

4. What social changes can be seen in society after industralisation?
(or)

What was the impact of industrial society on the social life of
people?
Answer:
➢ It was a time when new cities came down and new industrialised

region developed, railways expanded and the Industrial Revolution
occurred.
➢ Industrialisation brought men, women and children to factories.
➢ Work hours were often long and wages were poor.
➢ Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing
rapidly.
➢ Liberals and radicals searched for solution to these issues.
➢ Almost all industries were the property of individuals.

5. How were socialists formed in various parts of the world?
Answer:
➢ Workers in England and Germany began forming associations to fight

for better living and working conditions.
➢ In Germany these associations worked closely with Socialists

Democratic Party (SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
➢ By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labor Party in Britain

and a Socialist Party in France.