ENGLISH CANVAS

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Brahaman said Vishvakarman to “build carefully a playhouse of the best type.” Different Gods
were given duties at different places to stop entering the evil spirits in the play house. The writer
explains drama as “a representation of the state of three worlds.” According to him, following
are the characteristics of drama- duty, game, money, peace laughter, fight, love, killing, energy,
courage, ill-bred and self-restraint.

Bharata Muni is considered as the exponent of the ‘Rasa Theory’. His work Natyashastra
provides an insight into the psychology of aesthetic reception. He explained that there are four
original sentiments and the other four elements arise from them, the Comic from the Erotic, the
Pathetic from the Furious, the Marvellous from the Heroic and the Terrible from the Odious. He
further explains these sentiments with the help of their dominant, transitory and temperamental
states. The writer elucidated every sentiment by mentioning its colours and deities. The table
below shows the colour and deity for each sentiment. (Ghosh 107-8).

Sentimen Erotic Furious Heroic Odious
Blue
t Light Red Light Shiva

Colour Green Rudra Orange Terrible
Black
Deity Vishnu Indra Yama

Sentimen Comic Pathetic Marvellou

t White Light- s

Colour Pramatha Grey (Ash) Yellow

Deity s Yama Bhraman

Sentiments are to be represented by an actor or writer by a medium of expression and that
medium is known as bhavas. Bhavas are those pervading ideas which are represented by colours
of the face, gestures, temperament and words. If we think about teaching then teaching is also the
same as the ideas of a teacher are represented by the words, gestures, expressions and tonal
quality. Liquid learning is a transformative form of learning in which a trainer requires to be
more interactive in order to motivate students to learn. This is only possible by the blend of
physical and digital world. In this age of technological advancement, it becomes quite tough to
attain students’ attention via digital world but the knowledge of ‘Rasa Theory’ can help us out to
improve the process of liquid learning as it explains the minutest details about sentiments and
bhavas.

“When the meanings presented by Determinants and Consequents are made to pervade
(the heart of the spectators) they are called bhavas.” (Ghosh 118)

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How these bhavas play an important role? It is necessary to understand that due to the
bhavas only, spectator is able to notice what is going on. As it has been previously explained that
bhavas involve words, gestures etc. so, audience analysis the thematic concern on the basis of
gestures represented. Bharata Muni has discussed about the dominant, transitory and
temperamental state of each emotion in detail.

The dominant state of the Erotic Sentiment is love, also known as rati in hindi. The
determinants of this sentiment are the various pleasures of season, splendid mansions, enjoyment
of the garlands etc. This emotion is represented by the clever movement of eyes and use of sweet
words provided there is no sense of fear and cruelty. The Comic Sentiment arises from the Erotic
Sentiment whose dominant state is laughter. Here the gestures totally change. The writer tells us
different types of laughter: Slight Smile, Smile, Gentle Laughter, Excessive Laughter, Vulgar
and Ridicule. The determinants of this sentiment are use of irrelevant words sometimes, showing
of unseemly dress etc. It is represented by opening the eyes wide, throbbing of lips and nose,
perspiration etc. we comprehend that if somebody is showing the clever movement of eyes then
erotic sentiment is involved and if the eyes are opened wide apart then comic sentiment is
involved.

The Furious Sentiment’s dominant state is anger. It is somehow related to danava and
haughty men as they deal with fights. The determinants of this sentiment are abuse, anger, insult
etc. It is represented by red eyes, biting of lips, shouting etc. It involves a lot of energy. When
someone is shouting and abusing it means he/she is angry and the furious sentiment is involved.
The Pathetic Sentiment arises from the Furious Sentiment whose dominant state is sorrow. It
deals with sadness. It has determinants like captivity, loss of life and wealth, separation for
somebody who is very close etc. It is represented by crying, change of colour, lamenting etc. If
somebody has to teach a poem which is related to sadness then he/she must not use clever
movement of eyes and show smile, in fact, he/she must express the sadness by lowering down
the voice so that the spectator understands the emotion.

The dominant state of the Heroic Sentiment is energy. It deals with the superior kinds of
humans. The determinants involved in this sentiment are being optimistic, having good presence
of mind and even being diplomatic sometimes. It is represented by showing heroism, patience
and firmness. The Marvellous Sentiment arises from the Heroic Sentiment whose dominant state
is astonishment. It amazes people with the determinants like watching a seven-storied palace,
attainment of desired objects etc. It is represented by the consequents like joy, happiness, waving
the end of the cloth etc.

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The Odious Sentiment’s dominant state is disgust. It deals with the determinants like
offensiveness, impure and harmful feelings for someone, unpleasantness etc. It is represented by
narrowing down of the mouth mostly as it deals with agitation and delusion. The Terrible
Sentiment arises from the Odious Sentiment. It has fear as its dominant state. The determinants
of this sentiment are some hideous noises, getting panic attack, sight of the ghosts etc. It is
represented by loss or cracking of voice, trembling of hand and feet as well. If something is
related with fear then choking of voice is directly relatable to that.

The study of ‘Rasa Theory’ enhances our knowledge of emotions and expressions. This
can definitely aid in liquid learning as it is the necessity of time. The blend of emotions and
imagination can bring a wave of change in the teaching method, especially in the field of
literature as it unfolds a diversified panorama of the mindset of people by portraying the rich
heritage of philosophy of life, artistically and aesthetically. We have reached to a state of
advancement by the creation, augmentation and promulgation of literature. Technology has
helped us to connect with the digital form of literature. Since centuries, literature has remained as
a witness of various changes. It changed its means of production and reception with different
ages but the cult has never changed as literature always existed even before the impact of
technology also. It’s time for us to shift from books to the digital world of literature and
knowledge as well by blending the emotions and imagination for the enlightenment of liquid
learning.

Works Cited

Abrams, M.H. And Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary Of Literary Terms. Cengage
Learning, Tenth Edition, 2012, Wadsworth.

Archer, William. The Old Drama And The New. Atlantic Publishers And Distributers, 1990,
New Delhi.

Ghosh, Manomohan, Translator. A Treatise On Ancient Indian Histronics ‘Natyasastram’.
Asiatic Society Of Bengal, 1951, Calcutta.

Reddy, K. Venkata. Flowering Of Indian Drama Growth And Development. Prestige Books,
2004, New Delhi.

Pollock, Sheldon, Editor & Translator. A Rasa Reader Classical Indian Aesthetics.
Permanent Black, 2016, Ranikhet.

‘Kekz] Yksds’k- Hkkjrh; Laxhr Dh Izkphu Fo/Kk- Yksd Lald`Fr Izdk’Ku] 2016] Ubz
Fnyyh

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8.

Technology And Indiviual Talent: Customised Blended Learning And
Innovative Methods Of Teaching In Post Covid-19 Scenario

Dr. Nibedita Das*

*Lecturer in English, Hindol College, Khajuriakata, Dhenkanal, Odisha

The outbreak of Novel Coronavirus is not only the global calamity of the century, but
also infecting all the respiratory systems of the society. It is set to affect and change all the
social order from economic to education. This paper aims to analyze the impact of covid-19
on the education system and what lies ahead of Covid and how it is going to transform the
whole education system. The Post-Covid scenario will radically change the whole learning
process and the system in the long run. A right combination of technology and individual
talent will lead the way ahead of new age learning system. Online learning is not new, but
setting it as the only learning process is the biggest challenge. So customized blended
learning combined with innovative methods of teaching is the need of the hour. Innovative
learning with greater implication of technology will enhance and transform the future of
education. This paper will highlight the new paradigms of future education course and
structure. It will focus on how education could change for the better and worse in real time.
All the pitfalls of online learning and teaching alongside the creative and collaborative
approaches to education will be discussed in this paper.

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us the importance of harnessing resilience to face
various challenges, from life threatening disease to fanatical rise of domestic violence to
climate insecurity, and emerging technological needs. The pandemic not only challenges our
health but raises many questions about various existing normal orders of life. It sets to place
all the established systems, orders and lifestyles upside down. The outbreaks of this
infectious disease not only paralyzed economy and social order, with overloaded healthcare
system, unemployment but also badly damaging our mental health triggering our fears and
uncertainties about the future. This gloomy atmosphere has its fair deal of in-depth
brightness too. It offers us new social bonding despite social distancing, time and space to
introspect our own self despite wearing a face mask, self-discovery in self- isolation and
enough stimulus for innovation while in quarantine.

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The educational world is moving towards a virtual world, the new normal of this century.
From chalk-duster to computer- mouse is no easy job, but the need of the hour. These
emergences of technology based education are inevitable, preparing us to embrace the brave
new world. The pandemic has forced universities and educational institutions across India,
and the world wide to move from physical classrooms to online classes. This sudden
transition from age old traditional teaching archetypal to technology based teaching raises
many challenges. While teachers grapple with the new technology driven education,
students are lacking teacher’s interaction, while passively clinging to their mobile phones
and computer screens. This swift shift of education from classroom teaching to online
teaching left us clueless to evaluate the potential risks and opportunities of online teaching.
The whole educational order right from government to institutions, organizations to parents
will see a complete change of order. In this new order technology will definitely work as
bridge between teacher and students with advances and pitfalls. To understand and adopt
this sudden new educational paradigm is a challenge for both teacher and students.

In the age of E- learning, information is exploding and becoming available anywhere
and anytime. There has been a remarkable rise of information and communication
technologies which will support not the delivery but also the exploration and application of
information. This overloaded of information may cause loss of information altogether on
learner’s part. This extra flexible mode of learning will give the students more freedom than
they can handle. As learning is always a collective experience this e-learning will prompt a
sense of isolation among learners.

Technical knowledge, however necessary, will in no way resolve our inner,
psychological pressures and conflicts; and it is because we have acquired
technical knowledge without understanding the total process of life that
technology has become a means of destroying ourselves. The man who
knows how to split the atom but has no love in his heart becomes a monster.
(Krishnamurti 19)

Online learning though becomes the new norm, but It cannot replace classroom
teaching which is not just about the chalk, black board and a room with one teacher and
several students, but rather a platform to nourish and build individual personality through
team work and mutual understanding. The bond between the learner and teacher enhance the
atmosphere for better learning experience. The sense of feel and touch, all round

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development, peer group bond, instant inquiry and feedback will be the biggest misses of
online learning. Lack of open conversations, discussions and technological glitches
connected to the internet issues, studying with family and other distractions are some of the
biggest challenges for students.

Online learning should not be limited to only sending video lectures, e-books and
PDFs to the learners. The digitized learning content must be designed to make learning
interesting and engaging. This convenient and flexible mode of learning must be guided
with proper feedback which will make the learner self-disciplined. Universities and
Institutions should collaborate with national and international expert organizations for their
digital endeavor successful. It should focus on the faculty and institution nurture to make
them adapt to technology centered teaching. Technology will not only the intermediary
between the teacher and learner, but it will enhance and power the future of education it
conglomerates learning psychology, behavioral patterns, content delivery, and involves
individual learner’s feedback and progress.

“Technology won’t replace teachers. Teachers who don’t use technology
will be replaced by those who do.” (Markoff, TEDxIthaca)

This pandemic reminds us about the potential skills required for students in this shaken up
educational systems, starting from decision making, problem solving, creativity and above
all adaptability. The pandemic is changing the world order from social, economic, political,
educational aspects of life. This changing scenario required adoptability and collaborative
attitude from both teacher and student’s part. And as a whole it demands the transformation
of Higher education system with flexibility in curriculum design, experimental learning and
collaborative works.

E-learning the use of online access to learning resources anywhere and anything- helps
in the acquisition of the skills like collaboration, innovation, critical thinking and problem
solving. Learners will grow a sense of responsibility and feel accountable to manage their
own learning. The teacher student perspective to cope with the new mode of learning needs
introspection. This clamor in the system of education forcing policymakers to renovate the
whole system and upgrading schemes and structure to meet the requirements for e-learning
and solving the digital divide. In the post COVID-19 age, offline or traditional education
models will not lose its importance but will see a new horizon with blended learning will be
the norm. The higher education system will renovate itself with collaborating online learning

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experts to train their teachers and re-design its syllabus and pattern for the better of world of
education.

Higher education is not meant to hold exams and publish results, or to achieve degrees
but it is about an involvement that makes a student to get ready for future endeavor and to
part of an effective member of the work force, with requisite skills, and life proficiencies.
The opportunity provided by the pandemic to renovate of the customary learning experience.
As we are social beings the physical presence will always be essential to us, so it is obvious
that our future campus will accommodates both online and traditional learning into one fold.

The future of education demands not only the blending of online and offline teaching,
but innovations in its method from both teacher and student’s side:

Our learning styles are as individual as our fingerprints. There’s nothing
right and wrong, good or bad here, just differences. A poet like Jibananda
Das drinks in an experience of sawan far more fully than you and I. A
naturalist like Salim Ali reflectively observes wild life with far greater
precision and detail. A scientist such as C.V. Raman amazes us with his
ability to develop abstract concepts; and the CEO of a software company
such as Narayan Murthy of Infosys is strong on putting innovative ideas to
work. (McGRATH, 90)

The lockdown in the light of Covid 19 has enforced the entire academic and research
fraternity to resort to innovative techniques and adopt online teaching methods to continue
the learning process for a well accomplished and functional educational training is the need
of the hour for the enhancement of personality and life skills of the young students. It will
harness skills that will give them employability, boosting both their physical and mental
well-being of students.

The right kind of education, while encouraging the learning of a technique,
should accomplish something which is far greater importance; it should
help man to experience the integrated process of life. It is this experiencing
that will put capacity and technique in their right place. If one really has
something to say, the very saying of it creates its own style; but learning a
style without inward experiencing can only lead to superficiality.
(Krishnamurti, 21)

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Classroom teaching is teacher-centric, and online learning is learner-centric. And for perfect
learning experience, it should be combination of both teacher-centric and learner-centric
approach. The learning process must start with building mental blocks of the learner through
deep understanding and theoretical strengthening and developing multi-dimensional learning
environments. Application of theory into life practices is the true meaning of education.

Education is not merely a matter of training the mind. Training makes for
efficiency, but it does not bring about completeness. A mind that has
merely been trained is the continuation of the past, and such a mind can
never discover new. That is why, to find out what is right education, we
will have to inquire into the whole significance of living.”(Krishnamurti,
13)

To acquire this goal of providing right kind of education to students and encourage them to
understand the significance of living through education, the proper blend of classroom and
online learning is indispensable. Blended learning model emboldens the freedom of learning
while still providing the patterns that students are familiar with, ultimately giving them more
flexible learning experience. The teaching learning environment is embodying a number of
novelties and creative pedagogies which involve the use of technology through blended
learning. This technologically advanced innovative pedagogical approach will be the face of
new leaning experience.

Education of mind aims at cultivating the faculties of reasoning,
dispassionate and clear thinking in the child. It is to inspire in him the
inquisitiveness, ‘the holy spirit of enquiry’ that actually characterizes the
mental being that man is. Mental education provides man with the clues to
inherit the legacy of knowledge that is man’s, to organize it round an aim
that one has chosen for oneself. (Das 242)

Blended learning a mode of education in which students acquire knowledge through
online media as well as traditional face-to-face conversation. Blended learning is the novel
approaches to education that blocs online educational techniques, opportunities and wonders
with traditional physical classroom methods. It involves the physical presence of both
teacher and student, combined with computer-based activities regarding content and delivery.
Class room teaching and virtual learning should grow together in blended learning. The need
for the transformation of whole educational system right from syllabus design, collaborations

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to integrated learning is required for the successful execution of blended learning. The blend
of traditional learning with this new form of e-learning will certainly create magic
implemented perfectly. The teaching- learning process of English language and literature
urges the impulse of creativity and imagination, which is the basis of literature learning.

Literature is the artistic expression of thought, which is replete with
feelings and imagination. It is expressed in such an untechnical form as to
make it intelligible and give aesthetic pleasure and relief to the mind of the
common man. (Goodman 3)

The objective of literature being rich linguistic input, interesting learning environment,
motivating for learners- arouses curiosity and excellent stimulus for learners to communicate
cannot be achieved through online teaching only. But technological innovation, interesting
technique to include films, videos will definitely enrich artistic value in literature and
language learning process in the blended mode. Blended learning will act like ‘The magic
flute’ which will surge timbres of creative and transforming potential of teaching and
learning literature and language across time.

T. S. Eliot in his essay “Tradition and Individual Talent” advocates the significance of
tradition and Individual talent for higher and sublime artistic expression. Putting the idea
forward, ‘Technology and Individual talent’ will the new mantra for the visionary
dimensions of future teaching-learning process. Similarly the amalgamation of ‘timeless and
temporal’, timeless (class room), temporal (Online learning) with the tint of imagination and
innovation will do wonders in the field of education.

Work Cited

Das, Chittaranjan. Purnanga Siksha. Bhubaneswar: Sikshasandhan, 2003.

E.H. McGrath, S.J. Basic Managerial Skills for All. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India
Private limited, 2008.

Goodman, W.R. Quintessence of Literary Essays. New Delhi: Doaba House, 1688.

H. Salama, Blended learning: Natural Evolution for E-learning, E-learning Forum, 2005,
http://www.elearning.edu.sa/forum/attachment.php.attachmentid? 635 & d? 118206521

J. M. Keller, “First principles of motivation to learn ande-learning,” Distance Education, vol.
29, no. 2, 2008.

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Krishnamurti, J. Education and the significance of life. USA: Krishmurti Foundation of
America, 1953.

Krishnamurti, J. On Education. USA: Krishmurti Foundation of America, 1974.

Markoff, Monique. Blended Learning and the Future of Education. TEDx TALK, May 6,
2014

P. Valiathan, “Blended learning models” Learning Circuits, vol. 3, no. 8, 2002.

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9.

“Imagination—The Golden Pathway To Everywhere”:

Technology And Transformative Teaching Of English Literature

Dr Pratibha*
*Assistant Professor of English, K.L.P. College, Rewari, Haryana, India

The abrupt eruption of the pandemic suddenly changed the dynamics and definitions of
all the possible realms of human life. Author Haroon Rashid puts it very well when he says “We
slept in one world and woke up to another/Suddenly Disney has no more magic, Paris is no
longer romantic, and in New York everyone sleeps/and the Chinese wall isn’t a fortress anymore”.
It was as if an automatic reboot key was pressed and we suddenly found ourselves adjusting to the
‘new normal’ in our lives. Education sector was no exception and in fact, the role of teachers and
educators in the current pandemic situation has rather been underrated and unacknowledged
amidst the other professional roles, which of course certainly deserve to be in the limelight in
their own right. As was the case with the entire world, teachers found themselves on tenterhooks
as they found ways to reach out to students, switching from the real to virtual platforms. But, as
cliched as it may sound, ‘the silver lining’ this dark cloud hath too, and we got a chance to
reequip and recalibrate ourselves as far as the teaching learning is concerned. Times have been
changing rapidly and technology has taken over all walks of life but somehow education sector
especially in our state Haryana hadn’t been very proactive in adapting to the change. We have
been following the traditional chalk-and-talk method and even if there have been some
technology based initiatives by the authorities, they largely weren’t able to move beyond papers
to reach the classrooms. There has been a sense of historicity in our ways and actions as the
academicians of higher education. we had settled comfortably with this belief that what hasn’t
been done till now, there no need to do that in future as well. The pandemic has done the job for
us and we were made to think differently. The popular aphorisms ‘driven to the wall, one has no
option but to strike back’ and ‘necessity is the mother of invention’ definitely held good in the
current situation. Otherwise mostly procrastinating to learn the technology enabled tools for
teaching, we have now got a chance to be a part of this defining moment in the history of
humankind by rising to the occasion and opt for a complete transformation of the education
system by setting new standards of innovation and creativity with the use of technology.
Pandemic has presented us with an opportune time to revise our teaching strategies by using the

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plethora of available multimedia tools useful for both virtual and real classrooms, or the amalgam
of the two-- the ‘blended’ mode of teaching and learning.

It was not for nothing that Albert Einstein said these words along with his affirmation about
himself ‘as an artist’ who freely ‘draws upon his imagination.’ Imagination and literature are
inseparable. Delving deeper into the term, one is bound to be reminiscent of the Romantics. We
all have been fascinated with the everlasting poetry of the Romantics and their free play of
imagination that makes it so perennial. The Romantic poets placed Imagination as a creative
faculty of the highest order that allows the mind to see beyond the material world. For William
Blake, imagination was the means through which one could see essence of the things. It was
synonymous to the vision of the divine. Wordsworth and Coleridge have enumerated various
facets of imagination, Wordsworth believing imagination to be synonymous with ‘intuition’, the
inner power to envision reality. Shelley expressed similar views in his ‘Defence of Poetry’. The
current upsurge of technology is blamed for reducing the imaginative faculties of the learners but
on the contrary, if we talk about its integration in the process of teaching and learning, it may
comfortably be avowed that technology has opened before them a path to let loose their
creativity and there is no dearth of resources that may be incorporated in teaching to give their
imagination a boost and make teaching and learning an enjoyable, pleasurable experience for
both learners and teachers. As English teachers, we can include instructional audio/visuals, e.g.
movies, podcasts, animations, graphics etc and various activities can be conducted online
through various digital tools which are easily and readily available. Literature, by virtue of being
‘liquid’ can be effectively taught by using the online/digital online resources and in fact, use of
these resources takes the students on an imaginative journey to various literary landscapes, an
experience they miss out on in a traditional ‘lecture method’ classroom. This can be done
through both synchronous as well as asynchronous methods. There are various platforms to
conduct the classes and engage the students creatively- we can create quizzes, assignments and
assessments using various LMSs like Moodle, Edmodo, Google classroom, Blackboard,
Schoology, Jitsi etc. Kahoot, Socratives, Classmarker, Quizzez, Voicethread, Quizlet, Lingt,
Answer Garden, Padlet, Book Creator, and Podcasting platforms like Anchor.fm, Podbean etc.
are very popular and highly useful as well as interactive platforms which can be used to create
and organize an array of activities to facilitate the language and literature skills. The onus is now
on the teacher to use her/his creative potential in making the students enjoy the fruits of
technology along with the learning takeaways. In the section that follows, an overview of some
ways of using technology in a literature class is presented for discussion.

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Dr. Flavia Kaba of the university of Tirana in her article “Teaching and Studying
Literature in The Digital Era - From Text to Hypertext” quotes Marc Prensky, an expert on
digital technologies who used educational video games etc for teaching. according to him, the
use of technology brings out an essential change in the students : “they had not only changed
their style, their way of living, but also the way of speaking. Prensky referred to an event that
had changed things so fundamentally that there was no turning back. It was a new generation,
consisting of young growers surrounded by computers, digital music, smartphones, iPods, etc.
One of the definitions was that this was the Internet generation or digital generation. But
according to Prensky, the most accurate definition was "digital born", given that all of our
students were born in the digital era and have as their native language a computer language,
video games and internet.” For us, “educated in a culture dominated by the Gutenberg model of
the printed words, technology has just been an instrument using technology as a passive
instrument, with the purpose to document rather than exchange information.” Needless to say,
for the ‘digital born’ generation, this goes way beyond that and they use technology for multiple
purposes. Then why not in our classroom?

There are various ways of inclusion of ICT in our regular teaching learning process. For

example, The play The Merchant of Venice is prescribed for the students of BA VI semester in

the various universities of Haryana. We can teach the play through blended learning method-

creating a virtual classroom on one of the easy-interface online platforms like Edmodo or Google

Classroom with all our students and introducing the play by sending them a link of a video on

Shakespearean Drama. Learners can watch and come prepared in the next class with their

understanding and the teacher can discuss and start the play with that background. As the classes

progress, learners may be asked to design posters of the play using digital poster making

platforms. This shall get them interested in the play and they shall spend some time in choosing

an aspect of the play for their design, which shall make them excavate certain related

themes/ideas pertaining to the play. Then, there are multiple adaptations of the play available

online. These include cinematographic adaptations, theatrical and musical renderings and so on.

Merely explaining to the learners verbally the culture, lifestyle, clothing and music etc of the

sixteenth century Venice shall not evoke their imagination and it shall be an incomplete learning

for them. Why merely ‘tell’ them what we can actually ‘show’ them? A screening of the movie

may be organised and followed up with a writing activity/discussion on the parallels/deviations

between the text and the adaptation. Watching the movie shall make the play get etched forever

in the minds of the learners as there is some truth after all in the famous adage credited to

Confucius, “I hear and I forget, I see and I remember”. The learners learn to contextualise the

text and it also inadvertently teaches them the use of technology-something they should get

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accustomed to now with the changing dynamics. Derek Spenser in the article “Using Technology
to Teach Literature” draws attention towards this very pertinent outcome of using technology in
a literature class that the students learn both--the literature and the technology. Author and
Teacher Jordan Shapiro is quoted in the same article putting forth some other fruitful outcomes
of the inclusion of technology in teaching a particular text. He says, “I do it for two reasons- one
is to engage contextualisation ; the other reason has to do with fostering critical way of thinking
about media and interactive media.” He further avows that in the current times no one can go
“without having gone through some kind of education into the digital, interactive, procedural
process.” So, it’s only natural and indispensable for the teacher to give the learners some taste of
technology in the regular teaching learning process. Also, there are various interpretations of the
same text in other mediums like a graphic novel, a comic strip, an opera performance etc, the
learners may be exposed to all these new mediums via blended mode , alongside the traditional
reading of the text in the class in order to make it a comprehensive process. Online Tools like
Nearpod and Google 360 view provide wonderful 360 degree pictures of the Globe
Theatre/Shakespearean era and may be used in the classroom to teleport the learners to that
world, in that particular time and locale so they understand the sights and sounds of the play
better. This shall be an innovative way to add excitement in the class and give a stimulus to the
imaginative faculties of the students.

In a similar way, other genres like poetry, one act plays, short stories etc can be taught by

making ample use of the online resources. Foe poetry, a host of audio versions/recitations of

poems are available on Youtube, Librivox and Genius.com which actually allows the teachers

and earners to make digital annotations. PoetryDaily is an easy interface platform which helps

learners understand about the genre and engage in discussions. Sparknotes has an array of texts

and their analysis. Pocket Fiction is another platform with a collection of “unique literature” for

the learners and teachers to explore. Learners may also be taught to make accounts on Wikipedia

and using that they can create their own page or some content. Online resources/tools on Digital

Maps may be used for teaching the diasporic movements in a text which otherwise would be

incomprehensible to the learners, the places in the texts being unheard of by them. The various

short stories written by foreign writers may be put into context by making use of some

adaptations of them which actually help the learners understand the socio-cultural background of

a particular text. In case of non-availability of any multimedia resource related to a particular

text, the teacher can create an interactive resource easily using MS Word and Google Slides.

Platforms like Answer Garden, Padlet and Actively Learn allow learners to embed questions,

comments and annotations in the e text. Book Creator is a platform where an entire digital book

can be created using all audio visual and rather some other very advanced techniques. So, unlike

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popular belief that technology is only the cup of tea for disciplines like Science and Mathematics
etc, Literature holds immense potentiality of being taught using technology, by virtue of its being
essentially ‘liquid’. The article “Integrating Technology into Literature” onhttps://educatellc.com/
very aptly sums up the idea--“Combining technology with literature will help expand the
horizons of students and teachers, help students address humanity, develop better writing
skills, appreciate other beliefs and cultures, and build critical thinking skills”

To conclude, one feels tempted to endorse Spenser Johnson who asserts in his bestselling
work Who Moved My Cheese that change is inevitable, “if you do not change, you become
extinct” and Ray Clifford, who makes a similar statement, “Technology will not replace teachers
but teachers who understand technology will replace those who do not.” Time is, hence, ripe for
us to renovate, reconstruct and revamp our teaching methodologies in tune with the change that
the pandemic and the subsequent exigency has imposed upon us, and which is going to change
the dynamics of the world of education forever.

Works Cited

Kaba, Flabia . Teaching and Studying Literature in The Digital Era - From Text to Hypertext

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-
file/354651#:~:text=CONTRIBUTION%20OF%20TECHNOLOGY%20IN%20THE,to
%20their%20engagements%20and%20lifestyle. Retrieved on 9 July,2020

Sahni, Poonam Kumari. Teaching of English Literature With ICT: An Innovative Approach

http://www.gangainstituteofeducation.com/june/poonam2march.pdf Retrieved on 10 July
2020

Spenser, Derek. Using Technology to Teach Literature.
https://www.prestwickhouse.com/blog/post/2015/07/using-technology-to-teach-literature
Retrieved on 11 July 2020

https://educatellc.com/subject-help/english-language/literature/ Retrieved on 7 July 2020

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10. Dr Lalita Gaur*
Scope of Blended Learning

*Asst. Prof.of English, Govt. College Sec-9, Gurugram, Affiliated to MDU, Rohtak

The teaching learning process has been evolving since Times immemorial. In ancient times
there was Guru Shishya system in which students hadd to sacrifice their household comfort and
work hard devotedly in the complete the authority of Guru. With the passage of time the school
education system shifted the powers of Guru to the government and management of the
institution The situation of the teacher is also transformed. Now the teacher has to adapt himself
to the needs of the changing society still in traditional classroom the teacher had the full
authority inside the classroom over his students . but now in the era of digital learning the role of
teacher has become challenging. He is more a facilitator then a knowledge provider. Google' is
available for every student for any kind of knowledge but without the help of a good teacher the
student can not make use of that Google knowledge. So in this era of digitalization blended
learning has become the need of the hour. Where in the teacher with the blend of traditional and
digital learning can successfully achieve the objective of teaching learning process . This paper
attempts to explore the scope of blended learning in post pandemic era.

Blended learning is an approach to education that combine online educational material and
opportunity for interaction online with traditional classroom methods. It requires the physical
presence of both the teacher and the student. It incorporates direct instruction indirect instruction
collaborative teaching and individualized computer assisted learning .Blended learning has now
become the need of the hour. In the present scenario due to the covid-19 pandemic student
engagement has become the greatest challenge in front of the teachers. In order to convert the
challenges into opportunity the teacher has to observe minutely the nature of the students. Their
interest has to be studied their need is to be analysed and their circumstances has to be
considered. Now a days students are exposed to technology at a very young age most of the
parents today are working from home for therefore they are connected to their offices for 24 into
7 hour.Thus today’s kids are brought up with these gadgets as the important part of their
upbringing. Even in preparatory schools a child starts surfing over the net.Now the teacher has to
encash this interest of students and guide them to achieve their learning outcome. Blended

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learning provides wider scope to achieve 100% student engagement .Lets now discuss in detail
the major aspects of blended learning.

Flexible environment : ln this era of globalisation the students of Higher Education has free
access to knowledge they can opt for professional learning or the specialised learning or for
vocational learning. They can enroll for more than one courses simultaneously. In such a varied
situation the students need to be provided with the flexible environment . they are allowed to
study and explore at their own pace. This will help them in focusing at the desired outcome.
Thus by creating flexible spaces for the students the educator’s take the help of help of blended
learning in the assessment of of students education. Even in post pandemic period blended
learning will become the preferred mode of learning the flexible environment provided by the
teachers help in creating the learning culture . The student will be provided with the the video /
audio to introduce the desired concept. During the free class time the student can make himself
acquainted with the topic of the concept the teacher will be explaining during the class. Thus this
flexible environment will also Orient these students for the teaching learning activity. It will
initiate the students interest in the topics and also a assign his responsibility to grope into new
concepts of the topic of discussion. This learning culture will help the teachers to make their
classes more interactive and interesting. It will remove the monotony of the traditional classroom.
Blended mode of learning in class time is dedicated to exploring topics in Greater depth and
creating learning environment. Here the challenge before the teachers is to determine what
material they should provide two students and what the students should themselves explore .the
students will become the part of teaching learning process .they will learn to introspect and
evaluate their learning. Thus blended learning will decrease the burden of traditional teaching
and increased the role of teacher as a facilitator.

A facilitator needs to understand his students roadblocks to understanding. The teacher has
to play a prominent role in blended learning as compared to the traditional learning. In blended
learning the teachers seems to be nowhere but actually he is everywhere with the students .in
traditional classroom the teacher feeds student with his own cooked broth but in blended learning
the teacher remains with the students and makes him to prepare his own broth, enjoy the
preparation and cherish the result. Thus in blended learning the teacher has to be more
alert ,more vigilant, More updated ,more knowledgeable and more human than the traditional
teachers.

Blended learning not only put challenges before teachers but also make students more
competent than in traditional class . In traditional classroom the student does not have any

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responsibility of teaching learning process. He is totally dependent upon the teachers. His
Horizon is limited . he is only a receiver who just collect more and more information and keep
them in mind to reproduce in exams. but in blended mode he is an equal partner of teaching
learning process. From the first day he starts shouldering the responsibility of exploring reading
analysing and producing the knowledge.

Time management: in this mode of learning students will learn himself how to manage his
time . he managed to view videos PPT shared by the teachers and gets acquainted with the
subject to be studied while viewing this materials he Learns to be totally focused upon the
subject in hand. The effect of sound and picture is so captivating that it does not lead to any kind
of deviation. Having introduced to the subject to be studied the student is now fully engaged in
the topic to be taught by the teacher. Blended learning inculcates leadership and team building.
the students automatically loves to work in a team. Everyone from their comfort zone can
collaborate in a particular project. Division of work and understanding each others priority will
make them better human being in a team defence students with their different abilities can
contribute effectively only in blended learning. Blended learning provides an extended time to
teachers with students. They can clarify their query through email Google classrooms etc . the
teacher on the other hand can have one to one interaction with the students which was not
possible in traditional classroom. In a blended learning the teacher can observe every student s
workb minutely. Blended learning May provide more opportunities for collaboration. This would
in still better decision making among the students will stop the student will become more
efficient in technology also become thus with the integration of Technology a teacher can
improve his teaching information retention engagement responsibility and enjoyment .

Further the blended learning would encourage the paperless teaching learning system
which would lead to environment friendly institution . No doubt the traditional classroom used
to have its own Grace privacy for warmth and beauty . Above all we are comfortable confident
and to be inevitable and those who acknowledge this change and try to popup with it will only
survive this is a proven fact that those who are able to see out change and actively embrace it
will thrive. Therefore the teachers also need to change from traditional to online teaching .

YouTube channels education is a lifelong process sometimes along with the students
teachers do need to sharpen their skills in the present scenario the role of teacher is more
challenging he has to channelize The curiosity of the students, the creativity of his students as
well as the collaborative efforts of the studenst therefore in order to update himself or herself a
teacher can also get ageess to t some experts opinion through YouTube channel .audio and video

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lectures of college teachers are also uploaded on the college website for the benefit of the
students this it is an additional benefit of blended learning.

Blended learning would also solve the problems of dropouts. It helps reaching to all students
irrespective of their time and place . In a blended learning mode if a student Mrs DPS to face
class he or she can have the option to complete that missed learning through online videos and
audios does this mod is successful in fulfilling the dreams of Swami Vivekananda who has he
said “if people cannot reach School schools should reach them “. Through this mode we can
imagine literate India every child whether he is working in the farms for sharing the
responsibility of earning bread at his father’s business everywhere he is is accessing knowledge
through this mode of learning. Though the Government and the other stakeholders would be
needed in this direction as their financial support would provide internet connectivity in every
town in every village. The blended mode of learning would also educate the family of the
students since a student is very much attached to his parents so when at home the student is
having access to online education he would discuss all his problems in in handling this online
material with his parents that would in turn educate the parents as well does the blended mode of
learning would bring education from college to home the whole family would get access to the
education material and would apply that knowledge in their life does it would result in to
community education

The blended mode of learning would also help in bringing total empowerment of the girls
students even today in the remote areas girls students are still deprived of the basic facilities of
life do their parents have given them the freedom to get education but they are still not provided
with smartphones so when blended learning will become the part of of education process the
parents have to provide this basic facility e given to their daughters which would actually bring a
complete empowerment to girl students

Globalised education in the era of globalisation online learning has globalised the education
also in blended Mode a teacher can suggest to attend some online webinar to his students or the
student from anywhere in the world can take the benefit of experts lecture through online
seminar and webinars Aamir Khan’s words in his movie 3 Idiots as he says “education is pouring
in everywhere and in abundance” seems very true in the wake of blended learning.

India has strongest roots of culture .Education in India has always given importance to
ethical values .value education has always been a part of Curriculum in Indian education system.
in a blended mode of learning these values can be inculcated to the students through various
activities like yoga and meditation A teacher can suggest the students to write about the

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teachings of great personalities of the world with the help of google. this would create the
exposure and practice of the values of life by the students. Various life skills like decision
making ,self-management, critical thinking, communication, patients and empathy can be taught
to students through online learning by organising online competitions and awareness
programmes .values of social well being are also inculcated among the students through this
mode of learning .It also prepares students for the job market .he or she becomes proficient in all
the electronic gadgets, technological tools which would certainly improve their employability.
hence the very purpose of education is fulfilled.

Thus blended learning would prove to be a boon to society. Also keeping in mind the above
discussed advantages of blended learning we can conclude that it is the demand of the present
times above all the Corona period has shown the requirement of blended learning. The need of
social distancing during this pandemic has increased the requirement of e-Learning hence we can
say that the time has reached when the traditional way of teaching needs to be renovated with the
new bricks of blended learning.

Works Cited

1.http :// en .Wikipedia. org /blended learning

2.http://www.topper.com/bytes/blended-learning

3.http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.%2024%20Issue7/Series-8/B2407081115.pdf

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11.
Expanding Imagination through Audio-Visual: Application of New

Technology in Teaching of English

Ruchi Bhardwaj

*Research Scholar, Sunrise University, Alwar

In this changing phase of globalisation, it is the need of the hour to learn more than
one language. It helps one to relate more to others in the global society. It bridges the gap
between different cultures and societies. Webster’s Encyclopedia Unabridged Dictionary of
the English Language, defines Audio-Visual Aids as “training or educational materials
directed at both the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films, recordings, photographs,
etc used in classroom instructions, library collections or the likes” (Majumder). He further
adds that: “along with books, teachers may use related pictures, audio clips, videos, power
point slides, posters and so on in the classrooms.” (Majumder) But still there are a few basic
difficulties in the way of learning English language—Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing,
Vocabulary, Pronunciation and Grammatical errors. In the words of Flora Lewis, an
American journalist: “Learning another language is not only learning different word for the
same thing but learning another way to think about things.” (Lewis) and, she goes on to say:
“If you speak or are learning a foreign language, you have probably experienced such
moments when you suddenly realise how this other language casts a new light on some
concept or idea.” (Lewis)

When people learn a foreign language, they also learn how different societies think,
feel and experience. Students of new generation according to Prateek: “learn best by
observing and copying the behaviour of adults. It is therefore clear that learning is more
effective when sensory experiences are stimulated” (Majumder). By dint of hard work a
learner can accurately absorb its original expression. There are many factors that facilitate
easy access in learning a foreign language—exposure, resources and sensibility of the learner.
The famous linguist, philosopher and cognitive scientist Noam Chomsky says about
languages: “A language is not just words. It’s a culture, a tradition, a unification of a

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community, a whole history that creates what a community is. It’s all embodied in a
language.” (Chomsky)

We sometimes have a myth that a child has more ability to learn a language. The
reason behind this is that a child has an exposure to that language and has the ability to listen
and capture the words spoken around him. Same is true for a learner who wants to learn a
second language. He must have maximum exposure to that language. “The objective of using
audio-visual aids is to enhance teacher’s ability to present the lesson in a fun, easy and
efficient way for understanding of the students. Audio-visual material make learning more
permanent and lasting since students use more than one sense.” (Majumder) The use of
visual and audio means availability of various resources in the process of learning a foreign
language. Earlier, in the conventional forms of learning when the cognitive load of the text
books was too high, there were limited resources for creative thinking and life skills in
learning a new language. But, nowadays a vast panorama of resources is available to hone
the language skills. Technology has played a vital role in enhancing the language learning.

In the modern scenario, there are numerous on-line courses available where a learner
can find ample opportunity to learn a foreign language. Introduction of Language Labs has
also paved an effective way in learning English language. A lab equipped with latest gadgets
helps the students to clear their language doubts unhesitatingly and uncompromisingly. It
boosts their language skills and make them confident by improving their deep learning
abilities. The advancement of extensive use of latest technology to facilitate English learning
creates an innovative platform which contribute a wide range of improvement in teaching
methods. “A resourceful English language teacher with an eclectic approach is desirable in
English as a foreign language classroom. An eclectic approach is characterized as a
pluralistic approach to language teaching because it involves the use of a variety of language
learning activities.” (Mathew and Alidma)

To achieve the desired goal English Language Lab proves to be a vital asset in this
direction. Reshu Manglik, content writer at Globus Infocom opines that: “English Language
Labs are fully-equipped laboratories to facilitate language learning in a fun and interactive
manner. In the traditional methods, students used to learn a foreign language using books,
notes and teacher’s instructions. However, those methods turned out to be less fruitful.”
(Manglik) English Labs are thought to be a greatest contribution in teaching English. But
this must not give the impression that this type of teaching did not exist before this new

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normal Covid-19 situation. It was very much there in the education department with a new
holistic vision towards teaching. Department of Higher Education had already tried to
establish the English Language Labs in every college within its ambit. But this must be
openly admitted that teaching in English Labs was not very much popular across the state.

The Language Lab, which is meant primarily to emphasise efficient Listening,
Speaking, Reading and Writing skills (LSRW), where the learning has to affect the students.
The Audio-Visual equipments of English Lab turn out to be wonderful gift of blended
learning that can create miracle in future. Take, for instance, the ‘Grammar’, ‘Phonetics’,
‘Business Writing’ and ‘Tense Buster’ software in the ‘Clarity English Success Program’ is
remarkable for its better learning outcome among the students. It broadens the students’
horizon in handling their learning skills. “Electronic gadgets like Smart-boards, LCD
projectors and Digital Labs empowered teachers to make the teaching-learning process
interactive and interesting. The English curriculum at undergraduate level also recommends
the use of audio-visual aids for effective classroom instruction.” (Mathew and Alidma)
According to the findings of the study done by Prateek Majumdar it is noted that “almost all
the students came with the idea that, use of multimedia visuals aids makes the class
interesting and encourages them to learn.” (Majumder)

There is always a wide disparity between traditional and blended technical learning,
between its conception and execution, and between its ambition and achievement. The
implementation of language learning with the help of technical tools is always hampered by
latest infrastructure in establishing the labs. Modern technical aids are designed to facilitate
traditional English language instructions. It is not limited to online teaching Apps but rather
associated with traditional English teaching in Clarity English Software to acquire better
potential in learning English language. “The use of modern technology in teaching English is
broadly understood to encompass an innovative application of methods, tools, materials,
devices, systems, and strategies which are directly relevant to English language teaching and
lead to the achievement of the desired goals. Thus, while technology is now generally
accepted as an important educational and auxiliary tool across a range of teaching and
learning contexts, it is particularly true of English language teaching since it affords a
number of potential opportunities to enhance both the content and delivery of the pedagogies
typically associated with traditional English language instruction.” (A) To impart advance
teaching it is necessary to adopt the latest technology such as social media platform like

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You-tube, Google classrooms, animated videos on English language, Google quizzes,
android phones, multimedia devices, computerization etc.

Easy access to Net-surfing plays a significant role in accelerating English teaching
and learning. Audio-Visual aids reduce the complex nature of teaching English language and
simultaneously enable the students to gain language proficiency and recall their lessons by
attaining language skills. In terms of e-learning engagement of students in learning certain
genre seems uplifting. Amid lots of technical hurdles in this New normal era, the use of
technology in teaching English proves to be a stupendous success. “Technology has become
ubiquitous in all forms of contemporary life. Since the teaching process cannot be atomized
from this global trend, this study further considers the impact of recent English teaching
technology as compared to traditional practices which arguably render students passive, and
prone to boredom. Indeed, this study demonstrates that the introduction of modern
technological assistance yields timely learning progress and improved student proficiency
across all English language skills including writing, reading, and conversation.” (A)

As English is a foreign language, the students of rural background find it difficult to
understand the basic concepts in it. Therefore, it becomes a hard nut to crack to learn
everything in English. Focusing on the importance of audio-visual aids in teaching English
language Jemima Daniel very aptly points out that: “In the teaching of language, the main
purpose of the use of audio-visual aids is to enable the teacher to make his lessons effective
and interesting. In the teaching of English the teacher uses the direct method. Therefore, it is
for the teacher to give a clear idea to the students through audio-visual aids. Such type of
teaching makes the idea permanent in the pupils mind.” (Daniel) As she continues to say:
“Books and other printed materials have been the basic tools of teaching for centuries, and
they are still of great importance. History suggests that the basic conditions which strongly
encouraged study and experimentation with visual aids were excessive verbalization in
teaching.” (Daniel)

Hence, the significance of the Audio-visual aids in the process of language learning.
The English labs go a long way in making teaching learning process a grand success with an
objective to provide learning platform to students by dissemination of e-content to learners
and empower them. Language learning is, in fact, an assemblage of knowledge which
unfolds its maximum learning outcome “as a flower unfolds its petals”. In order to get
perfection in a language one must live and breathe that language and add emotions to it. It is

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clear from the genuine efforts of department of higher education to introduce English
Language Labs in colleges for teaching English as a foreign language. According to Edward
Lee Gorsuch: “It provides a cultural mirror in which we can more clearly see our own
society.” In conclusion, it is stated that such labs are, in fact, the dire need of the hour.
Almost every department in the temples of learning should have labs of this type to make the
study of respective subjects really significant.

Works Cited

A, Alqahtani Mofareh. "The Use of Technology in English Language Teaching." Frontiers
in Education Technology (2019): 169.

Chomsky, Noam. "The Language Nook – Le coin langues." 24 December 2017.

Daniel, Jemima. "Audio-Visual Aids in Teaching of English ." International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, (2013): 3811.

Lewis, Flora. "The Language Nook – Le coin langues." Yolaine Bodin, 30 November 2019.

Majumder, Prateek. "Audio Visual Aids." 25 June 2019. Medium.
<https://medium.com/@prateekmaj21/audio-visual-aids-711d25e6043a>.

Manglik, Reshu. "What is an English language lab?" What is an English language lab? 4
January 2020.

Mathew, Nalliveettil George and Ali Odeh Hammoud Alidma. "A Study on the Usefulness
of Audio-Visual Aids in EFL Classroom: Implications for Effective Instruction."
International Journal of Higher Education (2013): 86.

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12.

Use of Audio- Visual Aids in Teaching of English: An Analysis

Manju Devi*

*Assistant Professor of English, Gaur Brahman Degree College, Rohtak.

India is a country full of diversity having different culture, languages, dialects and
regional languages. It has 122 major languages including 1599 dialects and other regional
languages. Constitution has given recognition to 22 languages. Article 343 and The Official
Language Act, 1963 recognised Hindi and English as official language of the country. English
was introduced in 1935 through Minute of Macaulay and it is taught as second language in the
country. English, being a foreign language, creates problems to learner as well as the teachers of
English. Learners fail to grasp second language as quickly as they grasp mother tongue. The
learners, especially in North Indian regions find difficulty in learning this language. Here, in this
situation, the role of the teacher increases. To make teaching interesting and accessible, it is
necessary for the teacher to go beyond the words. A good teacher does not want to leave any
stone unturned to teach his students. He does every possible effort to make learning process
accessible. Bertrand Russell emphasises, “More important than the curriculum is the question of
the methods of teaching and the spirit in which the teaching is given” (Web). Audio- Visual aids
are the supportive aids or I must say these are the weapons of a teacher through which he tries to
convey his message efficiently to the students. The teacher started teaching through power point
presentations, audio-visual aids to impart knowledge effectively. Of course, these techniques
attract attention of the learners and wave off boredom in the class. Mayer also holds the same
opinion when asserts, “If the instruction is given in the class using both words and visuals,
learning become faster (cited in Dolati, 6)

To inculcate listening, speaking, writing and reading skills in second language learner, the

teacher uses various approaches and methods. Assistance of various audio and visual tools is

taken to bridge gap between the teacher and the taught. Gone are the days when teacher used to

teach students with a black board, chalk and duster. In ancient days, India was not advanced in

matter of technology. Teaching was teacher centric and traditional ways were the only means to

give knowledge. With the advancement of science, traditional teaching methods are changing

slowly and steadily. Audio aids are those aids which are used in recording form while visual

tools are meant to be shown. Various audio visual like films, Video compact discs, and over head

projectors are used by the teacher to give them first hand experiences of incidents, pronunciation.

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Webster dictionary defines audio visual aids as, “training or educational material directed at both
the senses of hearing and the sense of sight, films, recordings, photographs, etc. used in
classroom instructions, library collections or the likes” (qtd in Wikipedia). In the era of
information technology, new tools have been invented to facilitate teaching with more advanced
devices. Internet has brought a revolution in the field of education and transformed the way of
teaching and learning. Language laboratory is an important aid now a day. Learners can improve
their four basic skills by practicing various drills. In this regard, Harmer opines, “The language
laboratory helps to train some students to rally listen to what they say and how they say it. When
they compare their pronunciation with the correct version on the tape, they begin to notice the
differences, and this awareness, over a period, helps them to hear and pronounce English better”
(142-43). Now, audio visual aids are more accessible. Teacher can show video clips during his
teaching from you tube or face book. To avoid monotony of teaching, he can show power point
presentations. Electronic gadgets like digital language labs, smart boards and LCD projectors
help to make class lively, interactive and interesting. The detailed list of audio-visual aids is:

Audio visual aids Audio aids Projectd and non
projected visual aids
Player Tape Television
recorder Movies Project Visual-aids:
Cassette Computer Film Strips
Power Point Internet Over head Projector
Presentation Videos Slides
Language Lab.
Computer Non projected
visual aids:
Volume-I, Issue-I , September 2020 Flash cards
Pictures
Models
Black Board

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Outbreak of Covid-19, completely changed the teaching learning process. Due to global health
crisis, life has come to a standstill. All the students were caged in their houses and physical
teaching was only a dream till the pandemic ends. Parents were anxious about their children and
students were under stress. A new problem arose before all the teachers of world. All the
institutions have to be shut down to minimize the spread of the virus. A great impediment
appeared in the way of teaching and learning. The nation builders were finding themselves
helpless. Though, they were helpless but not hopeless. They mustered courage to grapple with
new technologies and resumed to their work. Virtual class rooms come into existence in the
place of physical class. During Covid 19, a shift in attitude and teaching mode is the need of time.
No doubt, we all are living in the uncertainties. As the graph of active case is increasing, it can’t
be said that things will be normal very soon. Looking at the present scenario, online teaching is
the only mean through which teacher can meet their students virtually and instruct them. In this
tough period these audio visual aids are the only way to disseminate knowledge. It’s the need of
the time that teacher should increase his strength technically and keep his students busy in this
adverse time. To keep them physically and mentally feet, it’s necessary to keep them busy. The
role of the teacher is also increases in many ways. Audio visual aids are teachers’ weapon and
with the help of these aids they can conquer the situation.

Advancement of technology made it possible for teacher to disseminate knowledge through
online mode without any hindrance. All the educational institutes take the responsibility to
empower their teachers and students with technology. To meet this purpose many webinars,
FDPs, MOOCS are going to be organised by various institutions. All these programmes are
making teachers and students techno friendly so that the task of teaching can run smoothly. Both,
teachers and students grab this opportunity whole heartedly and learning new means of teaching
and learning. With traditional learning, now blended learning come in to existence where
teachers are teaching through on line platforms like Google meet, Webex, Zoom. To improve
listening, speaking, reading and writing, they are making audio and video through various
software. It only becomes possible by various courses run under NCRET, MHRD and DGHE.
Though the virtual learning class. They are sharing their material through Google class room,
insert learning, you tube, powtoon, Jamboard and wiki page etc. They send work through online
white boards and engage them in learning. Various online applications like Khoot, Menti,
Google forms, Hot potato, Quizlet, Quizziz.com are used to take formative and summative
assessment of the students. To enhance communication skills of the learners, Podbean, Vocarro,
Youglish, Padlet are very useful and engaging tools. Speechyards, Podcast, TeachVid, Accent
Rosie, is very valuable application for listening skill of the learners.

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Audio- visual aids have been always helpful, though the importance of it have increased
in this tough time. It empowered the teachers and learners with new applications and tools of
learning. Aids make the class interactive and engaging. The implementation of aid in teaching
makes learning process easy, comprehensible and denounces stress. Albert Einstein states, “It is
the supreme art of teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and joy” (Web). All the tools are
very beneficial and the advantages of audio-visual aids are as following:

 Students are techno friendly and they love to learn more from apps than text
books. Audio-visual aids create interest among learners and they retain things for
longer time.

 Teachers can give firsthand experience to the learners by showing clips of a
particular place or incidents, for e.g, Macbeth can easily taught by showing movie
of it. Any historical place can be shown through video clips which help the
learners to comprehend the things more quickly.

 Audio-Visual aids stimulates all sensory organs of the learners, hence, learning
level of the students increases. They taste, see, hear, smell and feel through aids
and enjoy learning.

 Audio- Visual aids catch attention of the students. They look videos and other
content with concentration which helps to maintain discipline in the class.

 The same pace and teaching can’t be reproduced if teacher teaches in class.
Recorded audios and videos can be heard time and again which helps the learner
to revise again and again if some problem occurs.

 Through aids, abstract ideas can be expressed effectively and efficiently.
Sometimes teacher encounter difficulty to convey meaning of abstract words or
things but with the help of appropriate aids it can be done easily.

 Audio- Visual aids helps to avoid monotony and boredom in the class and
students remain active throughout learning process.

There is no denying the fact that audio- visual aids are very useful and facilitates teaching
learning in a very effective manner. As every coin has two sides so the shortcomings cannot be
ignored of these aids. Cakir is absolutely right when he writes:

The main disadvantages are cost, inconvenience, maintenance and some cases of the fear
of technology. Additionally, the sound and vision, quality of the copies or home-
produced materials may not be ideal. Another important issue in this case is that the
teacher should be well-trained on using and exploiting the video. Otherwise, it becomes
boring and purposeless for the students (68).

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Apart from this, there are other shortcomings also that need to be considered seriously. Some of
these are:

 The teaching process becomes more mechanical and least scope remains for teacher-
taught interaction. It also increases dependency of the teacher on the teaching aids.

 It is also possible that student do not pay attention to the teacher as they think that they
will get recording which they can hear after the class.

 There are many colleges in country where basic infrastructure is not available. Without
proper infrastructure, such type of teaching can’t be possible.

 Sometimes technological glitches cause great problems. It requires more technical
knowledge on the part of teacher otherwise it will consume time as well as money.

 In online teaching, it becomes more challenging as teacher can’t control the class. It
requires more commitment and discipline on the part of learners as teacher can’t force a
student to study.

 In online language classes, while practicing pronunciation drills, the teacher can’t trace
mouth movement of the learners and can’t guide properly.

Though there are some limitations of audio visual aids yet the paramount importance of
audio-visual cannot be neglected. In student centric learning, the focus of teaching is on
students, the purpose of which is to enhance the quality of the teaching and promote quality
learning. The shortcomings can be minimised if proper care is taken on the part of teacher.
Students can be sensitized to utilise the teaching of audio visual aids. English is second
language of Indians and students find it difficult to learn. They do not take much interest in
learning the language of Britishers. But, being a lingua franca, English is global language so
its need of the time that learner should understand significance of it and endeavour to make
proficiency of it. Audio-visual aids can help the teacher and learner to meet this purpose
efficiently.

Works-cited

“Audiovisual Education.” https://en.wikipedia.org

Cakir, D.I. “The Use of Video as an Audio-Visual Material in Foreign Language Teaching
Classroom.” The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4), 67-72.
https://w.w.w.tojet.net/article/v5i4/549.pdf

Dolati, R. “Harnessing the Use of Visual Learning Aids in the English Language Classroom.
Arab World English Journal, 2 (1). 3-17.

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Harmer, J. The practice of English Language Teaching. Longman, 2001.

“Quote.” Albert Einstein. www.brainquote.com

“Quote.” Bertrand Russell. www.azquotes.com

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13.

Virtual Life Sheltering Real Life

Dr. Geetanjali*
*Assistant Professor, Smt. Aruna Asaf Ali Government Post Graduate College, Kalka

Out break of Corona virus pandemic has paralyzed the Globe. Normal life has been
stopped for well. Closely nit Global village has been torn into pockets with sealed
boundaries. The world has never before attempted such lockdown of enterprises and
spacing of individuals, an unbelievable scene to tackle with. Over crowded offices,
markets, learning institutions, entertainment hubs even the religious places suddenly turned
into no man’s land and the people caged into their houses ---An entirely changed and
unimaginable scenario shook not only the supremacy of human race but put a question
mark on its existence.For Most governments around the world it became mandatory to
temporarily close the educational institutions. The circumstances forced this closure. It was
the only way to save around two billion students and young researchers to stay physically
safe although facing mental and intellectual dilemma .Secondly it was an attempt to
contain the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. All the public and private sector organizations
and institutes came up with their own set of challenges and limitations. Administrators and
planners who were lost in planning for making homes at moon and mars were shocked to
see millions and millions of homeless people thronging the roads, streets, parks rather
everywhere they could see. So now they were spreading the sheets that how many people
spaced six feet apart will fit in the existing offices and institutional structures. As don’t
succumb to the challenges is the drive force of human evolution and existence. So the
fractured society resilient to return to pre COVID era searched for crutches and the digital
world came forward to provide it. The digital technology that was seen as a disrupting
force in many avenues was now providing a platform to analyze and provide solution and
substitute for solving the crises.

The sudden and unexpected closure of educational institutions has created confusion
and more stress for the educators. They are unsure of their obligations. They are perplexed
about how to maintain connection with the students to support their learning in this period
of transition. As they are the simulators of human resources. Large part of India still lack
basic amenities so a structured and regular higher studies still remains a dream for many.

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Institutional education in India has seen different eras. During Gurukul era students used
to learn in Ashram in lap of nature. Children used to sit under the tree and write on leaves
is a scene of Gurukul era, almost similar scene can be seen in educational institutes run by
government in villages as children sitting under the trees on a mat or tightly packed
together in a small classroom with a chalk and writing slate in hand. They used to listen
attentively to their tutor on some subject or the other. Make a shift to urban institute an
entirely different scenario will be seen in definite set structure. Even the image of the tutor
changed. A teacher,who, used to be a mentor, restricted merely to a figure. A person who
walks in the classroom and is welcomed by the sound of a dozen chorused ‘Good Morning’
and responsibility is to drill a definite portion of syllabus in definite time in the student’s
heads. . The institutions like IIMs and IITs that produce human resources to be consumed
at the global levels have the facilities to teach and train their students. But they cater to the
need of only ten percent of young learners. The COVID -19 pandemic has forced the
organizations into a balancing act of protecting the health and safety of their human
resources (educators and educate es) while simultaneously continuing their operations. As
we begin our institute return to site strategy, it becomes clear that the work place impact
would not be a temporary one and the organizations that seize the opportunity to change
how they work will be outpaced by their competitor How can this paradigm shift enable
us to do this? It is obviously a very stressful situation to teaching all students under the
one roof and to create an environment where the students can learn best. “ To rise to the
challenges of our time, a move toward more inclusive education is imperative,” says
Audrey Azoulay ( Director General of UNESCO). Rethink the future of education is more
important following the COVID-19 pandemic, which further widened and put a spot light
on inequalities. Failure to act will hinder the progress of societies” But moving to a word
that values and welcomes diversity won’t happen over night. “COVID-19 has given us real
opportunity to think afresh about our education system,” ( Director of the Global Education
Monitoring Report from The World Economic Forum COVID Action platform).

Educators are rassling to find new ways to communicating with the students who are

presently away from their class rooms and lecture theaters. It is a good time for policy

makers and executors to ponder on that how learning should look like for Generations Z ,

Alpha and beyond. Jumping back to the pre COVID time the process of teaching learning

has leaped from writing on the traditional blackboards to smart boards and projector

screens. The rise of modern form of communication has publicised a new breed of

educators. They are providing education through radio and television. The emerging

technology such as the latest feature in social media the internet and artificial intelligence

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are surely going to change the life. Availability of study material and books on the
internet are looked upon as substitute of teacher in the life of modern student. Educational
institutions are taking their sessions on-line on video calling apps which have ensured
anyone with a laptop will learn how to attend lectures online. Technology can be the most
powerful tool for transforming education. It is supporting in forging relationship between
educator and educate e. The collaboration of on-campus and on-line teaching learning
process will increase the accessibility of students and will shrink the long standing
inequality. There is no doubt that all these advancement have always been done in the
favour of human beings as there is famous saying ‘necessity is the mother of invention’.
The limitations of student to confine to the resources found within the four walls of
educational institute has been resolved. In this hour of crises the higher education
institutes have geared themselves up to play the active role. They are offering well
structured on-line degree courses as per the need of time. Now virtual world has seen more
acceptance and in future will be more in demand. But in developing countries like India
where we do not have basic civic facilities a smooth transition of teaching and learning
platform from on-campus to on-line learning will be a Herculean task. This transition will
go through a bridge of Blended learning phase. This is what Indian Government is going
for. Government bodies are collaborating with stake-holders including leaders, educators,
industrialist, researchers, finance rs, policy makers, technology developers, learners and
their families to plan and execute the programme and courses to make the citizens techno
savvy.

To support my paper I made a small survey on twenty-five students from State of

Haryana and Chandigarh. Elementary education and Higher education, Government

Organization and Private Organization, Urban and Rural Background, Educated and

Uneducated Parents, Lower-Middle Class and Middle Class economic status were set as

variants for the study. It was found that there was great disparity in access to

education.Poor economic status was identified as the main barrier followed by urban rural

background and educational status of parents. It was found that forty percent parents of

lower middle class parents were not able to support their children for their studies during

the lock down period. At many places people do not use technology in their life on daily

basis that it can act as a tool of learning or they reside and work at the places that are out

of the range of signals of any connecting network. The impact of physical closure of

educational institutes is more on vulnerable and disadvantaged communities and there is

dire need to assist the continuation of education through remote learning otherwise drop

out rate will exceed the present rate. In the UNESCO’s 2020 Global Education Monitoring

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report also it has been stated that more than a quarter of a billion children and young
people have been left behind and are totally excluded from the education system around the
world even prior to pandemic, and the pandemic has made the problem worse.The report
looks at the rate of participation in more than two hundred countries and identifies poverty
as the major reason. It is evident and clear that when the education institutes are closed
and a hearty effort is made by the Government and institutions to keep the learning on
going parents are supposed to facilitate the learners at home and they are struggling to do
so, specially true for the parents with limited resources and comparatively lesser education.
We are facing a big challenge that is we have to move the learners from their class room
and lecture theaters to the cozy corners of their homes for learning. This transition has to
take place in a big number but in small time and is presenting numerous challenges both
human and technical. Educators, researchers and technocrats have to develop high quality
digital learning content and simultaneously tools that can facilitate delivering of the
content and engage the interest of the learner.No doubt technology has certainly
revolutionized education and from the tireless efforts of the educators and government the
initiating point of teaching learning process has smooth end. The educate-es are also
mentally prepared for off campus learning. The other important requirement is ubiquitous
connectivity of the remote areas with electricity and internet facilities. Government will
need to develop Housing and Urban Development Programme centered on increasing
access to broadband for low income group households to provide the families high speed
internet access and low cost devices.

Another major challenge in present digital world of internet sharing and cloud

computing is about security. How far the stored data and information is safe and secure

poses a big question. It is beyond imagination how our personal information can be

misused if a third party gets access to it. In India mandatory linkage of AADHAR with

bank account and phone number has caused an expression of apprehension and stir among

Indian’s with a fear of misuse of bank details by third party. Also, the right of citizens to

ones privacy might have been compromised. In remote learning programme all the

educators and educate es will use technology to support their teaching-learning process. So

there is urgency to continuously protect the privacy of the data of the learner and

researchers and the similar facility should be extended to the families and educators as they

need to visualize the progress of learner. Net security is perquisite for educational

institutes as institutional data, management and learning system will be continuously at

risk of being attacked. Blended learning won’t be as easy to implement as to speak. Every

individual will have to adopt digital citizenship along with the citizenship of the country.

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They will have to embed it in their behaviour that they go for informed, safe and ethically
responsible use of technology. This concept embrace a range of technical skills and
literacy that can include internet privacy, safety and security. Now learning will need
double layered infra-structure. In the center will be educator and educate e. The first layer
will comprise of three six virtual elements that are necessary for the smooth functioning of
the real elements of first layer.They are high speed internet connectivity at educator end,
high speed internet connectivity at the educate e end, quality digital content and resources,
low cost and high quality devices, data privacy and security and above all digital
citizenship. These type of collaborations work to solve the expanding access and
validating alternate education pathways. We see these kind of collaborations as a model for
higher education : affordable, collaborative, skill based credentials and embedded in higher
education institutions as a whole. We must change how we think about spaces, cyber
security, meetings, travel, events and policies and we must not forget our educators and
educate-es. We will have to honestly account for flexible new ways of working like
increasing work from home, flexibility in leaders, team members, work places and goals
etc.

Although the virtual world became alive when the physical world lay down
restrictions but it is accompanied with its own restrictions. How far the remote learning
will be useful in developing non-cognitive competence is a matter to ponder upon. One of
the major role of education is to develop wholesome personality---A person who is not
only acceptable in global workforce but emerge out successfully in all spheres of life. He
should be able to persist through a challenging problem, resolve disputes, handle conflicts
and should pleasantly interact with peers. All these skills need first hand, real life
experiences.On the other hand the need of the hour has changed to acquire expertise in
communication skills, online reputation management, information literacy, managing cyber
bullying, creative credits and copyrights etc. Projects based on authentic learning
experiences are required to be embedded in remote learning because life won’t present
virtual problems only. It will put forth real life challenges. Along with long screen hours
and comparatively less physical activities and social mingling can pose life style health
problems. Moreover it is infantry stage of digital learning in India. It is too early to
comment on the out come or pros and cones of it. It is true that for now virtual world has
filled the breach of physical world and provided shelter to real world but only time will
tell that Can human race survive under this shelter? Or it has to search for alternatives for
its survival.

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14.
Application of Parenting Skills to Teaching for Greater Student Autonomy

-Poonam Malik* and Poonam Pandit**

*Principal, Pt. N.R.S. Govt. College, Rohtak.
**Asstt. Professor of English, Pt. N.R.S. Govt. College, Rohtak

“You give a poor man a fish and you feed him for a day. You teach
him to fish and you give him an occupation that will feed him for a lifetime.”

--Chinese Proverb

Teaching someone how to do something is a feature of education. An individual, at least
an aware one, continues to learn throughout life. A child’s education begins even before he is
born. The famous narrative from Mahabharata about Abhimanyu learning in his mother’s womb
how to navigate through the Chakravyuha, is backed by scientific studies and research on foetal
learning. It has been found that almost all animal species learn about the world before entering it
by being attentive towards the sensory stimuli experienced by their mothers. After being
delivered into the world, the child first learns from his family the verbal and non-verbal language
to communicate his needs and responses; and then, over a period of time, the learning of things is
focussed more on gaining autonomy and independence. At a certain age, the child is expected to
have learnt to perform daily ablutions on his own. In most of the cultures, the primary education
of this kind is the mother’s responsibility. That’s the reason why a mother is called the first
teacher of a child.

While home is the first school of a child, school and college become second homes for
him. Parenting and formal education are two sides of the same coin as both form the basis for the
growth and development of an individual. Being one of the oldest civilizations in the world,
India has witnessed many changes in approaches towards both parenting and education at
different points of time in history. The parenting style of Indians has lately been influenced by
the Western culture, and so has been the education system here, but the outcome of both

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practices is expected to be rooted in Indian culture. This inherent dichotomy of modern Indian
mindset needs to be examined in order to comprehend the impact of parenting and education on
a child in modern India.

What is the purpose of education? Is it to fill the minds of students with theories and
information which they can reproduce with accuracy at the time of examination? Or is it to equip
them with the necessary training and technical know-how for a certain job or profession? The
answer would be neither of these. Education is a process that must ideally lead to self-
determination and autonomy in an individual; much like parenting that must ideally help a child
become independent and self-sufficient. As suggested in the Chinese proverb quoted at the
beginning of this article, giving alms to someone will not help them in the long run, educating
them will. In the words of American educational philosopher, Robert M. Hutchins, the purpose
of education “is not to fill the minds of students with facts... it is to teach them to think.”

The ancient education system in India was based on devotion to authority, importance of
knowledge and learning, focus on morals and ethics, and respect for culture and traditions. The
child-rearing styles shared these values, too. In this way, both parenting and education systems
complemented each other. People, mostly from privileged classes, used to send their wards at an
early age to gurukulas where the children were educated in different disciplines of academics,
arts and traditions. With the opening of Hindu and Buddhist urban learning centres such as in
Varanasi, Takshashila and Nalanda, Indian education reached greater heights. Foreign invasions
from 12th century onwards had a detrimental effect on the traditional educational systems as
many of the prestigious learning centres were attacked and burnt by the invaders. During the
British rule in India, Thomas Macaulay was appointed as the Chairman of the General
Committee of Public Instruction. “Macaulay strongly believed that traditional India had nothing
to teach regarding modern skills; the best education for them would happen in English. Macaulay
called for an educational system - now known as Macaulayism - that would create a class of
anglicised Indians who would serve as cultural intermediaries between the British and the
Indians.” (Wikipedia) Macaulay proposed, “We must at present do our best to form a class of
persons Indian in blood and colour but English in tastes, in opinion, in morals, and in intellect.”

The Macaulay system of education persists in India in the sense that, with the emphasis on
score in examinations rather than on learning, it aims to produce followers, not leaders. Even
more devastating is the attitude of the youth towards our native languages which are sidelined in
favour of English. An average Indian student is focussed more on getting a degree than learning
something. The spirit of inquiry is missing among the new-age students. The sole aim of their

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lives seems to be getting a job and earning lots of money, which would have been acceptable in
practical terms if only it had brought stability or peace to the restless new generation.

What is the purpose of parenting? Is it to create a prop for parents to lean on in their old
age? Or is it to gain social approval and commendation by raising a worldly successful child?
The answer has to be emphatically in the negative for both the hypotheses, even though the
child-rearing practices in modern India are more or less aimed at these very objectives. The
adherence to values and norms of culture, which was a part of the parenting and education
systems in ancient India, have disappeared from the centres of learning, and the westernized
modern parents are themselves failing to provide the children a healthy and respectful
understanding of their cultural heritage. Still, the parents and families expect the grown-up
children to follow the traditional Indian way of looking after the aged and the elderly, of making
the family proud by grabbing a lucrative job and earning in six figures.

Parenting needs to be aimed at creating self-respecting, independent, autonomous entities
who may contribute positively to the welfare of society in particular and of mankind in general.
It has to be selfless in the sense that the dreams, goals, achievements, and pursuits of the child
should not, in any way, be determined or affected by the hopes and expectations of the parents.
But, at the same time, a sense of devotion and commitment towards the family needs to be
cultivated in the child which would keep him grounded as well as rooted in culture. In this way,
a subtle balance of freedom and discipline has to be exercised while rearing a child. The
oscillation between fascination for the western notion of independence and attachment with the
Indian notion of family-bonding is making the modern Indian parent confused and indecisive,
leading to ambiguity in their concept of parenting, which may have far-reaching consequences
on the emotional, psychological, and social life of their children.

In the field of education, the teacher must assume the role of a conscious parent who
provides all necessary material to the child and yet encourages self-sufficiency in him to use that
material to the best of his abilities. In a conventional classroom, the student is expected to almost
blindly follow the teacher, curb his curiosity, and cram the facts for examinations. But, for a
student to grow into a responsible, independent human being, it becomes imperative for the
teacher to provide an environment for participative learning, to encourage the inquisitiveness of
the student, and to shift the focus from learning for examinations to learning for life. In a
situation like that of COVID-19, the use of information technology and online platforms for
teaching might limit the role of a teacher to some extent, but the guidance and support of a
mentor in all areas of life, including education, will always be indispensable. It is up to us to
decide whether we wish to let the impersonal form of technology take over as mentors for the

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future generations or we are willing to take up the challenge of gearing up for a new role of tech-
savvy educators who are equipped with valuable knowledge and skills to provide value-based
education.

If classroom teaching subscribes to the ideals of participative learning and makes
provision for independent exploration by the student, it will become much easier for the teachers
as well as the students to draw optimum benefits from online classes. The teacher must help the
student cultivate the habit of self-study quite early on in his academic life. Mock-classes can be
part of routine assignments given to students in the classroom. This will inevitably lead to self-
sufficiency and autonomy in the student, without causing any indifference on his part to the
existing system of education. The parenting attribute of exercising authority while giving a free
rein to the child’s imagination and interest can be applied by the teacher to the field of education.
There may be food, clothes, shelter, etc. available in a home, but the role of parents is much
more than that of providers. Similarly, sources of information are found aplenty online. The
relevance of a teacher in such a scenario can be ascertained only if the teacher has something to
add to the already available material. The emotional and psychological attachment with parents
has profound influence on the character and personality of the child. Parents’ approval or
disapproval may construct or destruct his sense of self-worth. A teacher may also come to have
that kind of life-altering influence on a student with his/her teaching practices. There have been
instances in real as well as fictional worlds where teachers changed the course of lives of their
pupils. Dronacharya and Eklavya, Aristotle and Alexander, Chanakya and Chandragupta Maurya,
Ramakrishna Paramhans and Vivekananda, and Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller, are only some
of the more famous examples of exceptional teachers and equally worthy students.

Parents need to pamper as well as discipline the child for his emotional, psychological and
social wellbeing. Teachers need to inform, instruct, and impart knowledge with sufficient room
for discussion and debate in order to help the student develop his faculties of thought, reason and
intellect. Spoon-feeding of ideas or concepts will help neither in parenting nor in teaching.
Children need to learn to survive on their own on the strength of what they learn in their homes
and in classrooms. The world as well as the classrooms is increasingly becoming virtual and
technological. Accordingly, we have to reframe and redefine our understanding and handling of
our jobs as teachers and parents. It will be worth noting here that an ideal parent is akin to a
responsible teacher and vice-versa. We owe it to our existence to make it worth our while.

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15.

Application Of Technology In Teaching Of English

Anju Goel*

*Assistant Professor in English, GCW, Sec14 , Panchkula.

Technology has been rapidly changing with time and we find a lot of improvement and
advancement in it all over the years. It creates a lot of opportunities in different domains. Now
technology has become an integral and inseparable part of education sector also. Simple
conventional and traditional means of teaching & learning are not enough for the current digital
era. These old ways & means can’t cater to the vast curiosity & needs of this generation students.
If we keep on treading the same old traditional path of learning then our students will not
maintain the pace of this fast changing world. So it has become mandatory for us as a teacher to
use new technologies of teaching and learning in our educational system. It is not a choice today
but the need of the hour. It has also been constantly used in language learning. We witness
views which range from taking technology as an integral part of language learning programs to
those who try to re-examine its relevance, to those who finds in it no practical value at all.
Technology has a tremendous impact on our learning. We cannot refrain it from advancing.
Technology has also enlivened the process of language learning and is very effective in
developing intellectual, humanistic, moral and aesthetic perception of an individual. It not only
stimulates a learner but also grabs its attention. It acts as a catalyst in learning different
languages.

All our advancement and development has been achieved with communication. We require
language to express our thoughts and feelings to one other. Learning different languages helps
you to gain knowledge and to explore a subject that fascinates you in other languages. It also
assists and encourages you to understand different cultures that inhabit in our world. “Learners
cannot respond or engage in conversation, if they do not understand what seems to be said by
people or do not know word pronunciation, or the use of language in context” (Redfield, 2003).
In our Era, where the whole world has become a global village, there is a necessity to acquire
proficiency in different language so that one can open different horizons of one’s intellect and
personality. English, the language of international communication, the official language helps us
to connect in this global world thus giving a broader understanding of it. For learning English
what one requires is to be proficient in the four language skills which are listening, reading,

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speaking and writing. “Different models of English language learning stress the importance of
human interactions in developing language skills. Children raised in very deprived language
environment can struggle, particularly with the development of social communication” (Bishop,
2001).

A teacher has to face a number of challenges while teaching English. In our education
system, students are too much dependent on the teacher. Students are taught different grammar
structure, spellings, meanings and rules that contradict the existing ones. They have a limited
vocabulary. Moreover, English is not a phonetic language. We often do not say a word the same
way it is spelled. Listening is the initial approach of language that is developed by a learner.
Listening assist a learner of that particular language with a better understanding, exact
pronunciation of words, their accent. It also have a tendency to perform an essential role in the
attainment of language and thus making it conceivable for an oral communication between the
students. Technology has become an integral part of language learning throughout the
world. It acts as a facilitator in acquiring a new language as it evokes independence and
autonomy. It not only motivates a learner but also grabs his attention thus making learning
easier and entertaining. Now a day, learning is not restricted to classrooms. To strengthen
language skill, modern technology has provide us with a wide range of digital tools & softwares
as English Language Labs, Software for Language Recognition, Language learning software,
Microsoft Translator, Babble, Duolingo, Pimsleur etc.

Main advantage of the use of technology in teaching is to enable a student to adjust to
his own pace of learning. He can understand his weakness in a better way by going over the
exercises again and again. He can read blogs, articles on different topics and watch English
movies. Technology fascinates and engages a student by transforming a dull lesson into a
captivating one. A teacher can give courage to the students to try digital books beyond their
current reading level. A teacher should encourage their students to use technology to improve
and enhance their language skills. The use of computers has expanded and widens the world
economy. Reading and writing habits of a learner have been upgraded and improved by the use
of technologies such as MS Word, PPT, Webpage Creativity and so on. Use of all these
applications helps a learner to empower in all the four skills of language learning. For the
development of language, the use of multimedia tools has become a necessity. Verbal and visual
aids stimulate the attention and the participation of a learner more. MP3 Players and audio
recordings are advocated for handling learners with poor linguistic ability.

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Technology gives a learner an access to various online English language learning
websites, electronic dictionaries, listening presentations and a number of computer assisted
language learning programmes. These are a number of language teaching software which a
teacher can utilize in her/his classroom ensuring a long term retention in the learners. Digital
language tools enable us to get acquainted with the vocabulary that we are not familiar with. We
have a number of digital stories/e-books available on internet which present new linguistic forms
and vocabulary with in a structured context that is very much effective in language learning.
Webcasts, YouTube videos, digital books, different online newspapers etc are the different
language tools available for the learners.

Being visual and interactive, it provides a more realistic picture of new language. “There
is also evidence that chat groups and online forums develop dialects (Crystal, 2006)“ They are
accessible even to people living in remote areas thus motivating them to work on their language.
“The verbal and visual aids were also found conducive to more positive outcomes in language
learning (in a study conducted by Jones 2003). The study showed that students are able to recall
information better when aided with verbal and visual aids (Jones, 2003).” Verbal and visual aids
stimulate the involvement and participation of a learner to grasp the language deeply. In video
lectures, the use of captions and subtitles result in a better comprehension and perception of that
language thus help in enriching and enhancing the proficiency in it. It not only stimulates self-
learning but also lessens the use of paper as one can store and retain the documents & records
digitally.

With the introduction of English language labs, the role of teachers has shifted from
being agents of passing off information to being facilitators of actual language learning.
Language learning is an interactive process. Teaching can be productive as long as the students
are participating. Accurate pronunciation, a great challenge for students, becomes very easy to
learn and understand through the digital English language labs. The usage of the modern
technology in the form of English language labs for the sake of teaching and learning of English
has displayed an upward growth in the use of English and is changing the way we communicate.
Through social media, news site and various online forums, a student gets access to relevant
learning material for support. He can continue to learn beyond the classroom, in a real life
situation. Writing tools such as grammar checkers can provide a quick and accurate feedback.
But technology is not a substitute for teacher but only a teaching aid. Technology has rapidly
changed the pedagogical aspects of class room teaching in Educational Institutes. The use of
technology catches the attention of the students. This will automatically give them some
motivation and interest. A teacher has to design his course after identifying the interest and

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needs of his students. The goal of an ESL teacher is not only to motivate the learners in
comprehending English but make them confident enough to use all the four skills of language
learning effectively and efficiently. It is his responsibility to keep his students awake and
interested. The diverse racial, ethnic, religious and linguistic background pose obstacles for
them in learning English. A teacher has to empower students and help them feel that they can
indeed do it.

Thus there is no doubt that technology has enlivened the process of learning rather it acts
as a facilitator. In an era, where the technology has become an integral part of our day to day life,
we cannot escape from the ever increasing mediated effect of the technology on language
learning. The COVID-19 has given everyone a glimpse of how students are educated around the
world and how education sector could change for the better. However, this pandemic has become
a promoter for blended learning and created an opportunity for the teachers as well as the
learners to study through virtual class rooms worldwide. This temporary solution during this
crisis has paved the way to learn new digital skills and aids to cope up with this transient &
uncertain world. The pandemic is also an opportunity for teachers to push students to learn new
digital skills, a requisite in this unpredictable world. A teacher should encourage their students
to use technology to improve and enhance their language skills so that they can open different
horizons of their intellect and personality.

Works Cited
Bishop, D.V.M. (2001). Uncommon understanding –Development & disorders of language

comprehension in children. Hove East Sussex, U.K.: Psychology Press
Blasco, M. (2009). CALL enhanced L2 listening skills- aiming for autoimmunization in a

multimedia environment. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 35 (1), 107-120.
Crystal, D. (2006). Language & the Internet. Cambridge. U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
Jones, L. C. (2003). Supporting listening comprehension and vocabulary acquisition with

multimedia annotations: The student’s voice. CALICO Journal, 21/1, 1-26.
Redfield, M. R. (2003). The Use of Transcripts with Audio Tapes: Is There a Best Presentation

Order? Osaka KeidaiRonshu, 53 (6), 293-300.
Rost, M. (1990). Listening. In Carter, R. &Nunan, D. (Ed). The Cambridge guide to teaching

English to speakers of other languages (pp. 7-13).
Smidt, E &Hegelheimer, V. (2004). Effects of online academic lectures on ESL listening

comprehension, incidental vocabulary acquisition, and strategy use. Computer Assisted
Language Learning, 17 (5), 517–556.

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16. Ms.Jyoti*

Virtual Classrooms: A Project Of New Era Learning

*Assistant Professor, Dept. of English, Govt. College Baund Kalan, Charkhi Dadri

With the advent of internet in the early 1990’s many tools and equipment of sharing
thoughts and ideas have been developed .Video conferencing what’sapp,Google
meet ,Facebook twitter are some devices and medium of internet usage . Virtual learning
environmentshave come in the light for enhancing learning and teaching activities in the
world of internet .Now, let’s know something about Virtual classroom.

What is virtual classroom?

Virtual classroom is an online mode of learning where both instructor and learner
interact,communicate with one another at the same time with different geographical region.
It is software based learning .virtual classroom software application provides education
through multiple technologies, such as Web conferencing, live streaming to the students
around the world like a real classroom .In the past time ,School was aplace where students
and teachers interacted with each other . It was a well settled educational area for learning as
well as teaching.

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Purpose

In 21th century, our society is changing very rapidly, socially as well as educationally.
We need to cope up with the changing pace of development .In present time, we have many
tools in this world where one can learn not only through books but also with many devices
via internet. Internet is also most significant source to make it as a futile element for
everyone who have urge to learn with different ways. Virtual classroom provide an
environment for the pupils to capture as much knowledge as they can .Tutors also has many
opportunities to confront with different student at a same time in a real classroom
environment. The purpose of this paper is to discuss about the virtual classroom, how it is
beneficial when real classroom learning is on stake in this life consuming pandemic. One of
the most important contributions of this project for teachers is to enhance learning among
students and to curtail their anxiety, boredom and tension towards their future.

Virtual classroom : A language learning technology

There are so many ways to learn a language but it depends on person how effectively
and fastely he acquires language knowledge. Various kinds of learner react differently with
different mode of learning in present condition. Learning management system is providing a
digital language learning resources. The learners can access language learning sources from
anywhere, wherever they want and whatever method and technology they have in hand .It
can be easily processed by person, any time, according to their own accord. The digital world
has supplied a new platform for language students to learn new skill, expertise and technique.
They can access their progress. Educational technology has certainly opened up a whole new
type of learning. Now a day,English has become a worldwide communication language.
Information Technology has the supreme place in the international transfer of ideas and
thoughts. Today, teaching of English language is not in the edge of some rigid and
conventional methods. It does not depend on the study of its structure but something
more .Various approaches and standard are used for learning a language. Generally, these
teaching methods come in the circle of two categories or approaches - teacher centered and
other onestudents centered.

Teaching methods included general principles, pedagogy and management plans used in
classroom instruction. In this paper, we are going to examine, how the old traditional
methods are useful for getting knowledge about language. The first one is “Direct Method”.
In Nineteenth and Twentieth century it came in to existence and was based on instruction

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delivered through demonstration. Learner is forbid to use his or her mother tongue. Grammar
rules are avoided,only memorized by the learner.Pronunciation should be proper while
pronouncing words.The next one isgrammar translation method which is known as the
classical method and was in vogue during sixteenth century. The main focus was on
translation of text, grammar. Only rote learning of vocabulary happened .it was a teacher
centered approach used to teach classical languages like Latin. This method was focused on
reading and writing skills. There were no skills of communication with that.

One another method is natural method which was developed by Mr. Stephen
Krashanand and Mrs. Tracy Terrel in 1983, which believes in natural acquisition of second
language,person can attain language in their whole life; itdoes not vanish as they grow up.

Communication with native language can become more interestingby using techno
based methods. Teachers can use collaborative communication model for motivating their
students there are some techno based Skype, Mine craft and Alrobots Vimeo where a teacher
upload their video like YouTube. “Film English” is the first ELT resource site to use short
films. Chat function, writing on the white board,recorded lecture and interaction patterns are
some tools for making virtual classroom, more interesting and attractive.

Situation of India

In the present scenario of covid-19, a severe need of online learning is prevailing
where everyone is facing a great loss of education. Education is disrupted by this pandemic.
To improve the condition of education, E-learning is a great solution to some extent because
India is a developing country and lack of sources have slowed down the speed of
education .Only handful of student can adopt online teaching methods . Approx. 66% of
India’s population live in villages and only 50% of rural background person have access to
internet services and for urban it is 42% . This digital divide can be categorized according to
class,gender, region or place of residence. Among the 20% of the poorest people, only 2.7%
can access to computer and 8.9% to internet. If we talk about gender gap for internet
access,the condition is also very degradable. As per the “Internet and Mobile association of
India” report, in 2019, only 67% men had access to internet and for women , it is only 33% .

For a better learning one to one interaction between students and teachers is vital. In
India, these moving classrooms are not so effective like remote learning. It is largely
depended on the readiness of both teachers and students to use these digital modes of

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learning. Many of the teachers are not so trained .They have never used this online
environment before. Not only teachers but students are also faced many problems in learning
because it demands a peaceful and healthy environment .However ,not all students have a
solitary space for learning at home , where 37% of households in India have only one
dwelling room. Students are unable to give cost of these applications.

Advantages of virtual classroom

Today, Virtual classrooms are used by Educators to replicate a customary practice of
typical classroom. Its prime objective is to enable the students to perceive knowledge and
education through online .there are various benefits of virtual classroom due to which it has
become a true approach of education than transformative learning of education .Several
advantages have found in this new practice.

Gives students and teacher a worldwide subjection

Lakh of people who live in village, have immense mental ability and they have not
much opportunity to show their potential but with the help of virtual devices,they can make a
worldwide exposure of their intelligence and talent.

Reinforce cooperation and communication

Everyone can easily collaborate with one another and can enjoy a great teamwork in
sound learning surroundings.

Control the scarcity of teachers

It helps the students by letting them take virtual lecture from home by any teacher
across the country. Only a few teachers can manage these sessions. In such situation a
teacher combine multiple classes and increase the productivity of knowledge.

Increase distance learning

Number of students can take benefit of brilliant and excellent instructors across the
world. They are not in the boundary of limited facility of education and can learn anything
with different geographical division .It can surmount this geographic divide.

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You do not have to wait for days or weeks for responses of students if you arrange an
online exam for studentexams and assignments can be given easily and quickly with positive
results which can be very helpful for the progress of students.

Disadvantages of virtual classrooms

There are many challenges faced by everyone in using this online mode of education.
Things do not always go as well as they expected, different problems have to confront by
teachers as well as students. Though it gives lots of advantages, it has some pitfalls also.

Need extra training

Virtual classroom can be used by many teachers comfortably because they have
knowledge of this new kind of tech but some instructors do not have much. They need extra
training for accepting this new era project. And also, they do not have enough time for
exercising the classes effectively.

Moderate and disruption in internet connectivity

This new tech needs high speed internet connectivity. In our country where most of
the people live in remote areas and possible facilities are rare. It is troublesome for students
to get high speed connection.

Complexity

It is very complex process as compared to transformative and one to onelearning.
Many complication are associated with this.

Not so interactive

Virtual classroom cannot fulfill the need of students as they get in real
classroom.Students miss the opportunity of personal instructions from teachers as they do in
real classroom discussions. You can only have one person talking at any one time with that
very little interaction is going on between the students and teacher.

Conclusion

There are few demerits of this integrating virtual classroom. It imparts lessons
globally. Computers are prerequisite of our life but they can never take place in our natural
world. Although a single connection provide by binding classroom, library,workplace and

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home. For these reasons, it is important to executed new methods,projects and programmers
in the classroom.In short teaching online seems like a really attractive option for many
teachers but teachers find a different environment when they get in to the virtual classroom.
Schools, Universities and corporate organizations take benefit from virtual classrooms.

Works Cited

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/13914/virtual-classroom
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/virtual-classroom
https://www.learndash.com/characteristics-of-a-virtual-classroom/
https://trainingindustry.com/articles/remote-learning/authentically-connecting-to-the-learner-

training-the-trainer-for-the-virtual-classroom/
http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/How-Virtual-Classrooms-Can-Transform-

Learning-In-Rural-India-/08-06-2020-194676/
https://www.insightssuccess.in/virtual-classroom-e-learning-trends-will-dominate-year-2019/
https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/now-join-the-virtual-classroom/184353/
https://scroll.in/article/960939/Indian-education-cant-go-online-only-8-of-homes-with-

school-children-have-computer-with-net-link
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1805/1805.11694.pdf
https://www.edusys.co/blog/what-is-virtual-classroom
https://www.dexway.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-the-virtual-classroom/
https://www.eztalks.com/elearning/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-virtual-classroom.html
https://pesofts.com/virtual-classroom-software-advantage-and-disadvantages/
https://edtechreview.in/e-learning/2063-wiziq-virtual-classroom

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