TOPIC LEARNING STANDARDS UNDERST ANDING 1 2 3 6 TRIGONOMETRY FUNCTIONS 6.1 Positive Angles and Negative Angles Describe the meaning of standard normal distribution. 6.2 Trigonometry Ratios of any Angle Relate secant, cosecant and cotangent with sine, cosine and tangent of any angle in a Cartesian plane. Determine the values of trigonometric ratios for any angle. 6.3 Graphs of Sine, Cosine and Tangent Functions Draw and sketch graphs of trigonometric functions: (i) = sin + (ii) = cos + (iii) = tan + where , and are constants and > 0. Solve trigonometric equations using graphical method. 6.4 Basic Identities Derive basic identities: (i) sin2 + cos2 = 1 (ii) 1 + tan2 = sec2 (iii) 1 + cot2 = 2 Prove trigonometric identities using basic identities. 6.5 Addition Formulae and Double Angle Formulae Prove trigonometric identities using addition formulae for sin ( ± ), cos ( ± ) and tan ( ± ). Derive double angle formulae for sin 2, cos 2 and tan 2. Prove trigonometric identities using doubleangle formulae. 6.6 Application of Trigonometry Functions Solve trigonometric equations. Solve problems involving trigonometric functions. 7 LINEAR PROGRAMMING 7.1 Linear Programming Model Form a mathematical model for a situation based on the constraints given and hence represent the model graphically. 7.2 Application of Linear Programming Solve problems involving linear programming graphically. F o r m 5 MT
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARDS UNDERST ANDING 1 2 3 8 KINEMATICS OF LINEAR MOTION 8.1 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration as a Function of Time Describe and determine instantaneous displacement, instantaneous velocity, instantaneous acceleration of a particle. Determine the total distance travelled by a particle in a given period of time. 8.2 Differentiation in Kinematics of Linear Motion Relate between displacement function, velocity function and acceleration function. Determine and interpret instantaneous velocities of a particle from displacement function. Determine and interpret instantaneous acceleration of a particle from velocity function and displacement function. 8.3 Integration in Kinematics of Linear Motion Determine and interpret instantaneous velocity of a particle from acceleration function. Determine and interpret instantaneous displacement of a particle from velocity function and acceleration function. 8.4 Application of Kinematics of Linear Motion Solve problems of kinematics of linear motion involving differentiation and integration. F o r m 5 MT
Prinsip PERAKAUNAN J A B A T A N S A I N S S O S I A L Tingkatan 4 & 5 Life feels unfair, sometimes. But don’t let this feeling overpower you; just breathe, and think. ak BM BI ak bio km fz SJ pai MM MT
TOPIK NOTA KEFAHAMAN STUDY SESSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 PENGENALAN KEPADA PERAKAUNAN 1.1 Perakaunan, Subbidang Perakaunan, Kerjaya dan Badan Profesional 1.2 Sejarah Perakaunan dan Perkembangannya 1.3 Penyata Kewangan 1.4 Andaian, Prinsip dan Batasan dalam Perakaunan 1.5 Entiti Perniagaan 2 KLASIFIKAN AKAUN DAN PERSAMAAN PERAKAUNAN 2.1 Komponen Akaun Perdagangan dan Untung Rugi dan Penyata Kedudukan Kewangan 2.2 Item Setiap Komponen Akaun Perdagangan dan Untung Rugi dan Penyata Kedudukan Kewangan 2.3 Persamaan Perakaunan 2.4 Catatan Kontra dan Carta Akaun 3 DOKUMEN PERNIAGAAN SEBAGAI SUMBER MAKLUMAT 3.1 Dokumen Perniagaan 3.2 Dokumen Sumber 3.3 Dokumen Bukan Sumber 4 BUKU CATATAN PERTAMA 4.1 Buku Catatan Pertama 4.2 Jurnal Am 4.3 Jurnal Khas T i n g k a t a n 4 ak
TOPIK NOTA KEFAHAMAN STUDY SESSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 4.4 Buku Tunai 4.5 Buku Tunai Runcit 5 LEJAR 5.1 Lejar 5.2 Sistem Catatan Bergu 5.3 Akaun Kawalan 6 IMBANGAN DUGA 6.1 Imbangan Duga 6.2 Hubungan antara Imbangan Duna, Inventori Akhir dan Penyata Kewangan 7 PENYATA KEWANGAN MILIKAN TUNGGAL TANPA PELARASAN 7.1 Akaun Perdagangan dan Untung Rugi 7.2 Penyata Kedudukan Kewangan 7.3 Penutupan Akaun Hasil, Akuan Belanja dan Akaun Inventori pada Akhir Tempoh Kewangan 8 PELARASAN PADA TARIKH IMBANGAN DAN PENYEDIAAN PENYATA KEWANGAN MILIKAN TUNGGAL 8.1 Perakaunan Asas Tunai dan Asas Akruan seta Jenis-jenis Pelarasan 8.2 Pelarasan Akaun Nominal 8.3 Hutang Lapuk, Hutang Lapuk Terpulih dan Peruntukan Hutang Ragu 8.4 Susut Nilai dan Susut Nilai Terkumpul 8.5 Pelupusan Aset Bukan Semasa secara Tunai T i n g k a t a n 4 ak
TOPIK NOTA KEFAHAMAN STUDY SESSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8.6 Imbangan Duga Terselaras 8.7 Penyata Kewangan dengan Pelarasan 9 PEMBETULAN KESILAPAN 9.1 Pembetulan Kesilapan 9.2 Penyata Kewangan Selepas Pembetulan Kesilapan T i n g k a t a n 4 ak
TOPIK NOTA KEFAHAMAN STUDY SESSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 ANALISIS DAN TAFSIRAN PENYATA KEWANGAN UNTUK MEMBUAT KEPUTUSAN 1.1 Analisis Penyata Kewangan dan Perbandingan Prestasi 2 REKOD TAK LENGKAP 2.1 Pengenalan Rekod Tak Lengkap 2.2 Kaedah Perbandingan 2.3 Kaedah Analisis 3 PERAKAUNAN UNTUK KAWALAN DALAMAN 3.1 Kawalan Tunai 3.2 Penyata Penyesuaian Bank 3.3 Belanjawan Tunai 4 PERAKAUNAN UNTUK PERKONGSIAN 4.1 Perniagaan Perkongsian 4.2 Akaun Pengasingan Untung Rugi 4.3 Ekuiti Pemilik dan Penyata Kewangan Perkongsian 4.4 Pembubaran Perkongsian 5 PERAKAUNAN UNTUK SYARIKAT BERHAD MENURUT SYER 5.1 Pengenalan Kepada Syarikat Berhad Menurut Syer 5.2 Jenis Modal dan Terbitan Syer 5.3 Ekuiti Pemilik Syarikat Berhad Menurut Syer 5.4 Dividen Tunai T i n g k a t a n 5 ak
TOPIK NOTA KEFAHAMAN STUDY SESSIONS 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 PERAKAUNAN UNTUK KELAB DAN PERSATUAN 6.1 Kelab dan Persatuan 6.2 Akauan Penerimaan dan Pembayaran 6.3 Akaun Yuran Ahli 6.4 Akaun Pendapatan dan Perbelanjaan 6.5 Penyata Kedudukan Kewangan Kelab dan Persatuan 7 PERAKAUNAN KOS 7.1 Jenis Kos dan Kerja dalam Proses 7.2 Akaun Pengeluaran 7.3 Analisis Titik Pulang Modal T i n g k a t a n 5 ak
physics Form 4 & 5 S C I E N C E d e p a r t m e n t Teachers who make Physics boring are criminals. fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 1 MEASUREMENT 1.1 Physical Quantities Explain physical quantities. Explain with examples base quantities and derived quantities. Describe derived quantities Describe derived quantities in terms of base quantities and their corresponding S.I. units. Explain with examples, scalar quantities and vector quantities. 1.2 Scientific Investigation Interpret graph to determine the relationship between two physical quantities. Analyse graph to summarise an investigation. Carry out a scientific investigation and write a complete report for the Simple Pendulum Experiment 2 FORCE AND MOTION I 2.1 Linear Motion Describe the type of linear motion of an object in the following states: (i) stationary (ii) uniform velocity (iii) non-uniform velocity Determine: (i) distance and displacement (ii) speed and velocity (iii) acceleration/deceleration Solve problems involving linear motion using the following equations: (i) v = u + at (ii) s =1 2(u + v)t (iii) s = ut + 1 2at2 (iv) v2 = u2 + 2as 2.2 Linear Motion Graphs Interpret types of motion from the following: (i) displacement-time graph (ii) velocity-time graph (iii) acceleration-time graph Analyse displacement-time graph to determine distance, displacement and velocity. Analyse velocity-time graph to determine distance, displacement, velocity and acceleration. Convert and sketch: (i) displacement-time graph to velocity-time graph and vice-versa (ii) velocity-time graph to acceleration-time graph and vice-versa. Solve problems involving linear motion graphs. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2.3 Free Fall Motion Explain with examples free fall motion and gravitational acceleration. Experiment to determine the value of gravitational acceleration. Solve problems involving the Earth’s gravitational acceleration for objects in free fall. 2.4 Inertia Explain with examples the concept of inertia. Experiment to find the relationship between inertia and mass. Justify the effects of inertia in daily life. 2.5 Momentum Explain momentum, p as the product of mass, and velocity, . = Apply the Principle of Conservation of Momentum in collision and explosion. 2.6 Force Define force as the rate of change of momentum. Solve problems involving = 2.7 Impulse and Impulsive Force Communicate to explain impulse and impulsive force. Solve problems involving impulse and impulsive force. 2.8 Weight Describe weight as the gravitational force that acts on an object, = 3 GRAVITATION 3.1 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation Explain Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation: = 12 2 Solve problems involving Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation for: (i) two static objects on the Earth (ii) objects on the Earth’s surface (iii) Earth and satellites (iv) Earth and Sun Relate gravitational acceleration, on the surface of the Earth with the universal gravitational constant, Justify the importance of knowing the values of gravitational acceleration of the planets in the Solar System. Describe the centripetal force in the motion of satellites and planets system. Centripetal Force, = 2 Determine the mass of the Earth and the Sun using Newton’s universal law of gravitation and centripetal force. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 3.2 Kepler’s Laws Explain Kepler’s Laws. Express Kepler’s Third Law: 2 ∝ 3 Solve problems using Kepler’s Third Law. 3.3 Man-made Satellites Describe how an orbit of a satellite is maintained at a specific height by setting the necessary satellite’s velocity. Communicate on geostationary and non-geostationary satellites. Conceptualize escape velocity. Solve problems involving the escape velocity, v for a rocket from the Earth’s surface, the Moon’s surface, Mars’ surface and the Sun’s surface. 4 HEAT 4.1 Thermal Equilibrium Explain with examples thermal equilibrium in daily life. Calibrate a liquid-in-glass thermometer using two fixed points. 4.2 Specific Heat Capacity Explain heat capacity, C. Define specific heat capacity of a material, = ∆ Experiment to determine: (i) the specific heat capacity of water (ii) the specific heat capacity of aluminium Communicate to explain the applications of specific heat capacity in daily life, material engineering and natural phenomena. Solve problems involving specific heat capacity using the formula: = ∆ 4.3 Specific Latent Heat Explain latent heat. Define: (i) specific latent heat, = (ii) specific latent heat of fusion, (iii) specific latent heat of vaporisation, Experiment to determine: (i) specific latent heat of fusion, of ice (ii) specific latent heat of vaporisation, of water Communicate to explain the applications of specific latent heat in daily life. Solve problems involving latent heat. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 4.4 Gas Laws Explain pressure, temperature and volume of gas in terms of the behaviour of gas molecules based on Kinetic Theory of Gas. Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature. Experiment to determine the relationship between the volume and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure. Experiment to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume. Solve problems involving pressure, temperature and volume for a fixed mass of gas using gas law formulas. 5 WAVES 5.1 Fundamentals of Waves Describe waves. State the types of waves. Compare transverse waves and longitudinal waves Explain the characteristics of waves: (i) amplitude, A (ii) period, T (iii) frequency, f (iv) wavelength, λ (v) wave speed, v Sketch and interpret wave graphs: (i) displacement-time (ii) displacement-distance Determine wavelength, λ , frequency, f and wave speed, v. 5.2 Damping and Resonance Describe damping and resonance for an oscillating / vibrating system. Justify the effects of resonance in our daily lives. 5.3 Reflection of Waves Describe reflection of waves from the following aspects: (i) angle of incidence, (ii) angle of reflection, (iii) wavelength, (iv) frequency, f (v) speed, (vi) direction of propagation of waves. Draw a diagram to show the reflection of plane water waves by a plane reflector. Justify the application of reflection of waves in daily life. Solve problems involving reflection of waves. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 5.4 Refraction of Waves Describe refraction of waves from the following aspects: (i) angle of incidence, (ii) angle of reflection, (iii) wavelength, (iv) frequency, f (v) speed, (vi) direction of propagation of waves. Draw diagrams to show the refraction of waves for two different depths. Explain natural phenomena of refraction of waves in daily life. Solve problems involving refraction of waves. 5.5 Diffraction of Waves Describe diffraction of waves from the following aspects: (i) wavelength, (ii) frequency, f (iii) speed, (iv) direction of propagation of waves. Determine factors affecting diffraction of waves. Draw diagrams to show the pattern of diffraction of water waves and the effects of diffraction of light waves. Explain the applications of diffraction of waves in daily life. 5.6 Interference of Waves Explain the principle of superposition of waves. Describe the pattern of interference for: (i) water waves (ii) sound waves (iii) light waves Relate , , and for the wave interference pattern. Solve problems involving interference of waves. Communicate on the applications of interference of waves in daily life. 5.7 Electromagnetic Waves Characterise electromagnetic waves. State the components of the electromagnetic spectrum according to wavelengths and frequencies Communicate to explain about the applications of each component in the electromagnetic spectrum in daily life. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTE UNDER STAND 1 2 3 6 LIGHT AND OPTICS 6.1 Refraction of Light Describe refraction of light. Explain refractive index, . Conceptualize Snell's Law. Experiment to determine the refractive index, for glass block or Perspex. Explain real depth and apparent depth. Experiment to determine refractive index of a medium using real depth and apparent depth. Solve problems related to refraction of light. 6.2 Total Internal Reflection Describe critical angle and total internal reflection. Relate critical angle with refractive index, = 1 sin . Communicate to explain natural phenomena and applications of total internal reflection in daily life. Solve problems involving total internal reflection. 6.3 Image Formation by Lenses Identify convex lenses as converging lenses and concave lenses as diverging lenses. Estimate focal length for a convex lens using distant object. Determine the position and characteristics of images formed by a: (i) convex lens (ii) concave lens Explain linear magnification, m as: = 6.4 Thin Lens Formula Experiment to: (i) investigate the relationship between object distance, and image distance, for a convex lens. (ii) determine the focal length of a thin lens using lens formula: 1 = 1 + 1 Solve problems using lens formula for convex and concave lenses. 6.5 Optical Instrumentals Justify the usage of lenses in optical instruments such as magnifying glass, telescope and microscope. Design and build a compound microscope and astronomical telescope. Communicate applications of small lenses in optical instrument technology. 6.6 Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors Determine the position and characteristics of images formed by a: (i) concave mirror (ii) convex mirror Explain the applications of concave and convex mirrors in daily life. F o r m 4 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 1 FORCE AND MOTION II 1.1 Resultant Force Describe resultant force. Determine the resultant force. Communicate about resultant force, F when an object is : a (i) stationary, = 0 (ii) moving with constant velocity, = 0 (iii) moving with constant acceleration, ≠ 0 Solve problems involving resultant force, mass and acceleration of an object 1.2 Resolution of Forces Describe resolution of forces. Solve problems involving resultant force and resolution of forces. 1.3 Forces in Equilibrium Explain forces in equilibrium. Sketch a triangle of forces in equilibrium. Solve problems involving forces in equilibrium. 1.4 Elasticity Describe elasticity. Experiment to investigate the relationship between force, and extension of spring, . Communicate about the law related to force, and extension of spring, . Solve problems involving force and extension of spring. 2 PRESSURE 2.1 Pressure in Liquids Communicate about the concept of pressure in liquids, = ℎ. Experiment to investigate factors affecting pressure in liquids. Solve problems involving pressure in liquids. Communicate about applications of pressure in liquids in daily life. 2.2 Atmospheric Pressure Describe atmospheric pressure. Communicate about the value of atmospheric pressure. Solve problems in daily life involving various pressure units. Describe the effects of atmospheric pressure on objects at high altitude and underwater. 2.3 Gas Pressure Determine gas pressure using a manometer. Solve problems involving gas pressure in daily life. F o r m 5 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2.4 Pascal’s Principle Describe the principle of pressure transmission in an enclosed fluid. Communicate about hydraulic system as force multiplier. Communicate about application of Pascal’s principle. Solve problems involving Pascal’s principle in daily life. 2.5 Archimedes’ Principle Describe the relationship between buoyant force and the difference in liquid pressure at different depths for a submerged object. Relate the balanced force with the state of floatation of an object in a liquid. Communicate about application of Archimedes’ principle in daily life. Solve problems involving Archimedes’ principle and buoyancy. 2.6 Bernoulli’s Principle Describe the effect of fluid velocity on pressure. Explain how lift force is produced from the difference in pressure caused by the flow of fluid at different velocities. Communicate about applications of Bernoulli’s principle in daily life. 3 ELECTRICITY 3.1 Current and Potential Difference Explain electric field. Define strength of electric field, . Explain the behavior of charged particles in an electric field. Define electric current, . Define potential difference, . 3.2 Resistance Compare and contrast ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Solve problems involving combination of series and parallel circuits. Define resistivity of wire, . Describe factors that affect resistance of a wire through experiments to conclude = . Communicate about applications of resistivity of wire in daily life. Solve problems involving the formula of wire resistance, = . F o r m 5 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 3.3 EMF and Internal Resistance Define electromotive force, Ɛ. Explain internal resistance, . Conduct an experiment to determine e.m.f. and internal resistance in a dry cell. Solve problems involving e.m.f. and internal resistance in a dry cell. 3.4 Electrical Energy and Power Formulate relationship between electrical energy (E), voltage (V), current (I) and time (t). Formulate relationship between power (P), voltage (V), and current (I). Solve problems involving electrical energy and power in daily life. Compare power and rate of energy consumptions in various electrical appliances. Suggest ways to save usage of electrical energy in household. 4 ELECTROMAGNETISM 4.1 Force on a Currentcarrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field Describe the effect of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Draw the pattern of the combined magnetic field (catapult field) to indicate the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Explain factors that affect the magnitude of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. Describe the effect of a current-carrying coil in a magnetic field. Describe the working principle of a direct current motor. Describe factors that affect the speed of rotation in an electric motor. 4.2 Electromagnet ic Induction Describe electromagnetic induction in: (i) straight wire (ii) solenoid Explain factors that affect magnitude of induced e.m.f. Determine the direction of induced current in: (i) straight wire (ii) solenoid Design a direct current and alternating current generator F o r m 5 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 4.3 Transformer Describe the working principle of a simple transformer. Describe an ideal transformer . Describe energy loss and ways to increase the efficiency of a transformer. Communicate about the use of transformers in daily life. 5 ELECTRONICS 5.1 Electron Describe thermionic emission and cathode rays. Describe effects of electric and magnetic fields on cathode rays. Determine velocity of an electron in cathode ray tube. 5.2 Semiconductor Diode Describe the function of semiconductor diode. Communicate about the function of semiconductor diode and capacitor as a rectifier. 5.3 Transistor Explain the function and use of a transistor as a current amplifier. Describe circuits that consist of a transistor as an automatic switch. 6 NUCLEAR PHYSICS 6.1 Radioactive Decay Explain with examples decay equations: (i) α decay (ii) β decay (iii) γ decay Explain half-life through examples. Determine half-life of radioactive sources from decay curve. Solve problems involving half-life in daily life. 6.2 Nuclear Energy Communicate about nuclear reactions: (i) nuclear fission (ii) nuclear fusion Describe relationship between energy released during nuclear reaction and mass defect: = 2 Solve problems involving nuclear energy due to radioactive decay and nuclear reactions. Describe generation of electrical energy in nuclear reactor. Justify the use of nuclear energy as an alternative energy to generate electrical energy. F o r m 5 fz
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 7 QUANTUM PHYSICS 7.1 Quantum Theory of Light Explain the initiation of the quantum theory. Describe quantum of energy. Explain wave-particle duality. Explain concept of photon. Solve problems using : (i) photon energy, = ℎ (ii) power, = ℎ ; is number of photon emitted per second. 7.2 Photoelectric Effect Explain photoelectric effect. Identify four characteristics of photoelectric effect that cannot be explained using wave theory. 7.3 Einstein’s Photoelectric Theory State minimum energy needed by a metal to emit an electron using Einstein’s equation. ℎ = + 1 2 2 Explain threshold frequency, 0 and work function, . Determine work function of metal, = ℎ0 Solve problems involving Einstein’s equation for photoelectric effect. ℎ = + 1 2 2 Explain production of photoelectric current in a photocell circuit. Describe applications of photoelectric effect. F o r m 5 fz
chemistry Form 4 & 5 S C I E N C E d e p a r t m e n t Strive for progress, and allow mistakes to happen. Blowing up the whole laboratory isn’t one of them. km
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2 MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE 2.1 Basic Concepts of Matter Describe matter briefly. Explain the changes in the states of matter Determine the melting point and freezing point of naphthalene through activity. 2.2 The Dev. of the Atomic Model State the subatomic particles in atoms of various elements. Compare and contrast the relative mass and relative charge of proton, electron and neutron. Sequence the atomic structure models based on Atomic Models of Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr and Chadwick. 2.3 Atomic Structure Define proton number and nucleon number. Determine the nucleon number, proton number and number of electrons in an atom. Write the standard representation of an atom. Construct an atomic structure diagram and electron arrangement. 2.4 Isotopes & Its Uses Deduce the meaning of isotopes. Calculate the relative atomic mass of isotopes. Justify the usage of isotopes in various fields. 3 THE MOLE CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION 3.1 Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass Conceptualise relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass based on the carbon-12 scale. Calculate relative molecular mass and relative formula mass. 3.2 Mole Concept Define mole. Interrelate the Avogadro constant, NA, the number of particles and the number of moles. State the meaning of molar mass. Interrelate the molar mass, mass and the number of moles. State the meaning of molar volume. Interrelate the molar volume, volume of gas and the number of moles. Solve numerical problems involving the number of particles, number of moles, mass of the substances and volume of gases. F o r m 4 km BM BI ak bio km fz SJ pai MM MT
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 3.3 Chemical Formula State the meaning of chemical formula, empirical formula and molecular formula. Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide, MgO through an activity. Determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide, CuO through an activity. Solve numerical problems involving empirical formula and molecular formula. Construct chemical formulae of compounds. 3.4 Chemical Equation Write balanced chemical equations. Interpret chemical equations quantitatively and qualitatively. Solve stoichiometry numerical problems. 4 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS 4.1 The Development of the PTE Describe the historical development of the Periodic Table of Elements. Deduce the basic principle of arrangement of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements. 4.2 The Arrangement in the PTE Describe briefly the modern Periodic Table of Elements. Generalise the relationship between the proton number and the position of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements. 4.3 Elements in G18 Relate the inert nature of Group 18 elements to its stability. Generalise the changes in physical properties of elements when going down Group 18. Describe briefly the uses of Group 18 elements in daily life. 4.4 Elements in G1 Generalise the changes in physical properties of elements when going down Group 1. Investigate through experiment the chemical properties of Group 1 elements with: • Water • Oxygen gas • Chlorine Generalise the changes in the reactivity of elements when going down Group 1. Reason out the physical and chemical properties of the other elements in Group 1. F o r m 4 km
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 4.5 Elements in G17 Generalise the changes in the physical properties of elements when going down Group 17. Summarise the chemical properties of Group 17 Elements. Generalise the changes in the reactivity of elements when going down Group 17. Reason out the physical and chemical properties of other elements in Group 17. 4.6 Elements in P3 physical properties of elements across Period 3. Conduct an experiment to observe changes in the properties of the oxides of elements across Period 3. Describe briefly the uses of semi-metals. 4.7 Transition Elements Determine the position of transition elements in the Periodic Table of Elements. Explain the special characteristics of a few transition elements with examples. List the uses of transition elements in industry. 5 CHEMICAL BOND 5.1 Basics of Compound Formation Explain the basics of compound formation. 5.2 Ionic Bond Explain with examples the formation of ionic bond. 5.3 Covalent Bond Explain with examples the formation of covalent bond. Compare ionic bond and covalent bond. 5.4 Hydrogen Bond Explain with examples the formation of a hydrogen bond. Explain the effect of the hydrogen bond on physical properties of substances. 5.5 Dative Bond Explain with examples the formation of dative bond. 5.6 Metallic Bond Explain the formation of a metallic bond. Reason out the electrical conductivity of metal. 5.7 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Comp. Compare the properties of ionic compounds and covalent compounds through experiment. Explain with examples the uses of ionic compounds and covalent compounds in daily life. F o r m 4 km
F o r m 4 TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 6 ACID, BASE AND SALT 6.1 The Role of Water in Showing Acidic and Alkaline Properties Define acid and alkali. State the meaning of basicity of an acid. Investigate the role of water in showing acidic and alkaline properties through experiment. 6.2 pH Value State the meaning of pH and its uses. Calculate pH values of acids and alkalis. Investigate the relationship between pH value and the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions through experiment. 6.3 Strength of Acids and Alkalis Define strong acid, weak acid, strong alkali and weak alkali. Explain the strength of acid and alkali based on its degree of dissociation in water. 6.4 Chemical Properties of Acids and Alkalis Summarise the chemical properties of acids by carrying out the reactions between: • Acid and base • Acid and reactive metal • Acid and metal carbonate Summarise the chemical properties of alkalis by carrying out the reactions between: • Alkali and acid • Alkali and metal ion • Alkali and ammonium salt 6.5 Concentration of Aqueous Solution State the meaning of concentration of aqueous solution. Solve numerical problems involving concentration of solution. 6.6 Standard Solution State the meaning of standard solution. Describe the preparation of a standard solution through activity: • From a solid substance • Through dilution of an aqueous solution Solve numerical problems involving preparation of standard solution and dilution. 6.7 Neutralisation State the meaning of neutralization. Determine the concentration of an unknown solution through titration method. Solve numerical problems involving neutralization. km
F o r m 4 TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 6.8 Salts, Crystals and Their Uses in Daily Life State the meaning of salt. Characterise the physical properties of salt crystals. Give examples of salt and their uses in daily life. 6.9 Preparation of Salts Test the solubility of salt in water and classify them into soluble and insoluble salts through experiment. Describe the preparation of a soluble salt through activity. Describe the preparation of an insoluble salt through activity. Construct an ionic equation using the continuous variation method through experiment. 6.10 Effects on Heat on Salts Describe briefly chemical tests to identify gases. Investigate the effects of heat on salts through experiment. 6.11 Qualitative Analysis Identify the cation and anion present in a salt through experiment. Describe the confirmatory tests to identify cations and anions. 7 RATE OF REACTION 7.1 Determining Rate of Reaction Classify fast and slow reactions that occur in daily life. Explain the meaning of the rate of reaction. Identify changes which can be observed and measured during chemical reactions through activity. Determine the: • average rate of reaction • instantaneous rate of reaction Solve numerical problems based on the average and instantaneous rate of reaction. 7.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Investigate factors affecting the rate of reactions through experiment, based on: • Size of reactants • Concentration • Temperature • Presence of catalyst km
F o r m 4 TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 7.3 Application of Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Explain with examples the application of factors that affect the rate of reaction in daily life. 7.4 Collision Theory Describe the collision theory. Explain activation energy using examples. Interpret an energy profile diagram for exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction. 8 MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY 8.1 Alloy and Its Importance Describe briefly alloy with examples. Compare the properties of an alloy with its pure metal through experiment. Justify the usage of alloys based on their composition and properties. 8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses Describe briefly with examples the type of glass, their composition, properties and uses. 8.3 Composition of Ceramics and Its Uses Describe briefly with examples of ceramics, their composition, properties and uses. Explain the uses of ceramics in daily life. 8.4 Composition Materials and Its Importance State the meaning and properties of composite materials. Describe with examples the uses of composite materials. Compare and contrast the properties of a composite material with its constituent materials. km
TOPIC FIRST UNDERSTANDING NOTE UNDER STAND 1 2 3 1 REDOX EQUILIBRIUM 1.1 Oxidation and Reduction Describe redox reactions through activities. Explain redox reaction based on the change in oxidation number through activities. Investigate displacement reaction as a redox reaction through activities. 1.2 Standard electrode potential Describe the standard electrode potential. Determine oxidising agent and reducing agent based on their value of standard electrode potentials. 1.3 Voltaic Cell Explain redox reaction in voltaic cell through experiment. 1.4 Electrolytic Cell Describe electrolysis. Describe electrolysis of molten compound through activities. Explain factors that affect electrolysis of aqueous solution through experiment. Compare voltaic cell and electrolytic cell. Describe electroplating and purification of metal by electrolysis through activities. 1.5 Extraction of Metal from Its Ore Explain extraction of metal from its ore through electrolysis process. Explain metal extraction from its ore through reduction process by carbon. 1.6 Rusting Describe metal corrosion process as redox reaction through activities. Experiment to prevent rusting. 2 CARBON COMPOUND 2.1 Types of Carbon Compounds Understand carbon compounds. Explain sources of hydrocarbon. 2.2 Homologous Series Explain homologous series. Construct molecular formulae and structural formulae and name the members of the homologous series. Describe physical properties of the compounds in a homologous series. F o r m 5 km
TOPIC FIRST UNDERSTANDING NOTE UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2.3 Chemical Properties and Interconversion of Compounds between Homologous Series Describe the chemical properties of each homologous series through activities. Understand ester through activity. 2.4 Isomers and IUPAC Nomenclature Describe structural isomerism. Construct structure of isomers. Explain with examples the uses of each homologous series in daily life. 3 THERMOCHEMISTRY 3.1 Heat Change in Reactions Deduce exothermic and endothermic reactions through activities. Interpret energy level diagram. 3.2 Heat of Reaction Determine heat of precipitation through activity. Determine heat of displacement through activity. Compare heat of neutralisation through experiments for reactions between item: (a) strong acid and strong alkali, (b) weak acid and strong alkali, (c) strong acid and weak alkali, (d) weak acid and weak alkali. Compare heat of combustion for various types of alcohol through experiment. 3.3 Application of Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions in Daily Life State a few examples of application of exothermic and endothermic reactions in daily life. Analyse fuel value. 4 POLYMER 4.1 Polymer Explain polymer. Explain polymerization reaction through activities. Justify the use of polymers in daily life. F o r m 5 km
TOPIC FIRST UNDERSTANDING NOTE UNDER STAND 1 2 3 4.2 Natural Rubber Explain on natural rubber in terms of naming, structural formula and its properties. Experiment on latex coagulation. Explain the vulcanisation process using sulphur through an activity. Study the elasticity of vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised rubber through experiments. 4.3 Synthetic Rubber Explain synthetic rubber. Justify the use of natural rubber and synthetic rubber. 5 CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY 5.1 Oils and Fats Compare and contrast oils and fats. Explain the conversion process of unsaturated fats to saturated fats. Justify the use of oils and fats in daily life. 5.2 Cleaning Agents Describe soap and detergent. Describe soap preparation process through an activity. Compare the cleansing action of soap and detergent through experiments. 5.3 Food Additives Describe with examples the type of food additives and their functions. Justify the usage of food additives. 5.4 Medicines and Cosmetics Explain with examples types of medicine, their function and side effects. Justify the usage of medicines. Explain cosmetics with examples. Justify the usage of cosmetics. 5.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Industry Explain the meaning of nanotechnology. Describe nanotechnology with examples and its application in daily life. 5.6 Application of Green Technology in Industrial Waste Management Explain Green Technology with examples. Describe application of Green Technology in the sectors of waste management and industrial wastewater. Justify the application of Green Technology in daily life. F o r m 5 km
biology Form 4 & 5 S C I E N C E d e p a r t m e n t Our world is built on biology and once we understand it, it becomes a technology. bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 2 CELL BIOLOGY AND ORGANISATION 2.1 Cell Structure and Function Prepare microscope slides of animal and plant cells. Identify the structures of animal and plant cells based on observations through a light microscope. Analyse the components of animal and plant cells as seen on micrographs. State the main functions of components of animal and plant cells as seen on micrographs. Compare and contrast components of animal and plant cells. 2.2 Living Processes in Unicellular Organisms Conceptualise living processes in unicellular organisms such as Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. Deduce living processes in unicellular organisms as seen through a light microscope. 2.3 Living Processes in Multicellular Organisms Correlate the uniqueness of specialised cell structures with their functions in multicellular organisms. Identify specialised cells in multicellular organisms. Analyse the density of certain organelles with the functions of specialised cells in multicellular organisms. Describe the effects of deficiency, absence or failure in the function of an organelle of certain cells in multicellular organisms. 2.4 Levels of Organisations in Multicellular Organisms Make a sequence of levels of organisation in multicellular organisms. Identify cells, tissues or organs in an organ system. Communicate about organ systems in multicellular organisms with their main functions. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 3 MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES ACROSS A PLASMA MEMBRANE 3.1 Structure of Plasma Membrane Justify the necessity of movement of substances across a plasma membrane. Describe the components of a plasma membrane and its function based on the fluid mosaic model. Draw and label the components of a plasma membrane based on the fluid mosaic model. Describe the permeability of a plasma membrane. 3.2 Concept of Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane State the characteristics of substances that are able to move across a plasma membrane in these aspects: • size of molecules • polarity of molecules • ionic charge Conduct experiments to study the movement of substances across a selectively permeable membrane by using: • Visking tubing • simple osmometer Describe by using examples movement of substances across a plasma membrane: • passive transport • active transport Compare and contrast passive transport and active transport. 3.3 Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane in Living Organisms Explain by using examples the process of passive transport in organisms. Explain by using examples the process of active transport in organisms. Define solution: • hypotonic solution • hypertonic solution • isotonic solution Design an experiment to study the effects of different concentrations of solution on animal and plant cells. Communicate about the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions on cell based on movement of water molecules: • animal cell • plant cell F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 3.4 Movement of Substances across a Plasma Membrane and its Application in Daily Life Conduct an experiment to determine the concentration of cell sap of a plant tissue. Correlate the concentration of cell sap in a plant tissue with the phenomenon of plant wilting. Explain by using examples the application of the concept of movement of substances across a plasma membrane in daily life. Communicate about reverse osmosis in water purification. 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS IN A CELL 4.1 Water Describe the properties of water molecule. Correlate the properties of water with its importance in the cell. 4.2 Carbohydrates List the elements of carbohydrate. Explain the types of carbohydrates: • monosaccharides. • disaccharides. • polysaccharides. Conceptualise the formation and breakdown of: • disaccharides. • polysaccharides. rite and explain the word equation for the formation and the breakdown of disaccharides. Justify the importance of carbohydrates in cell. 4.3 Proteins List the elements of proteins. Conceptualise the formation and breakdown of dipeptides and polypeptides. Write and explain the word equation for the formation and the breakdown of dipeptides. Justify the importance of proteins in a cell. 4.4 Lipids List the elements in lipids. Explain the main types of lipids. Describe the formation and the breakdown of a triglyceride. Write and explain the word equation for the formation and the breakdown of a triglyceride. Justify the importance of lipids in cell and multicellular organisms. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 4.5 Nucleic Acids List the elements in nucleic acids. Explain the structure of nucleotides: • nitrogenous base • ribose or deoxyribose sugars • phosphate Describe the structure of the nucleic acids: • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • ribonucleic acid (RNA) Justify the importance of nucleic acids in cells: • carrier of hereditary information. • production of proteins. Describe the formation of chromosomes from DNA and proteins. 5 METABOLISM AND ENZYMES 5.1 Metabolism Define metabolism. State the types of metabolism in a cell: • anabolism • catabolism 5.2 Enzymes Define enzymes. Reason out the necessity of enzymes in metabolism. Describe the naming of enzymes with the addition of –ase to their substrates. Characterise the general properties of enzymes. Communicate about the involvement of specific organelles in the production of: • intracellular enzymes • extracellular enzymes Explain the mechanism of enzyme action using the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis. Interpret energy diagrams to explain the mechanism of enzyme action. Correlate the mechanism of enzyme action with the change in the following factors: • temperature • pH • substrate concentration • enzyme concentration Design and conduct experiments to study the effects of temperature and pH on the activities of amylase and pepsin. 5.3 Application of Enzymes Explain by using examples the application of enzymes in daily life. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 6 CELL BIOLOGY AND ORGANISATION 6.1 Cell Division Describe: • karyokinesis (nuclear division) • cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) Describe the terms haploid, diploid, chromatin, homologous chromosomes, paternal chromosome and maternal chromosome. 6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis Describe the phases in a cell cycle: • interphase • G1 phase • S phase • G2 phase • M phase • mitosis • cytokinesis Arrange the stages of mitosis in the correct order. Communicate about the cell structure of each stage of mitosis and cytokinesis by using labelled diagrams. Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. Discuss the necessity of mitosis in: • development of embryo • growth of organisms • healing of wounds on the skin • regeneration • asexual reproduction 6.3 Meiosis State the meaning of meiosis. Identify types of cells that undergo meiosis. State the necessity of meiosis in: • the formation of gametes (gametogenesis). • producing genetic variation • maintaining diploid chromosomal numbers from one generation to another. Explain the stages of meiosis in the correct order: • meiosis I • meiosis Il Draw and label the cell structure in each stage of meiosis I, meiosis II and cytokinesis. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human Health Explain the effects of abnormal mitosis on human health: • tumour • cancer Evaluate the effects of abnormal meiosis on Down syndrome individuals. 7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION 7.1 Energy Production through Cellular Respiration Justify the necessity of energy in metabolic processes. Identify the main substrate used in energy production. List the types of cellular respiration: • aerobic respiration • anaerobic respiration • fermentation 7.2 Aerobic Respiration Conceptualise energy production from glucose during aerobic respiration in cells. Write a word equation for aerobic respiration in cells. Conduct an experiment to study aerobic respiration. 7.3 Fermentation State the factors that cause fermentation to occur in cells. Explain using examples of energy production from glucose during fermentation in: • human muscle cells • Lactobacillus • yeast • plants such as paddy Write and explain word equations for: • lactic acid fermentation • alcohol fermentation Conduct an experiment to study fermentation in yeast. Compare and contrast aerobic respiration and fermentation. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 8 RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS 8.1 Types of Respiratory System Identify respiratory structures in: • insects • fish • amphibians • humans Describe the adaptation of respiratory structures and their functions for gaseous exchange in: • animals • humans Compare and contrast respiratory structures in humans and animals. 8.2 Mechanisms of Breathing Compare and contrast breathing mechanisms in humans and animals. 8.3 Gaseous Exchange in Humans Communicate about external and internal respiration: • gaseous exchange between lungs and blood • transport of respiratory gases from lungs to tissues • gaseous exchange between blood and tissues • transport of respiratory gases from tissues to lungs 8.4 Health Issues Related to the Human Respiratory System Narrate the effects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) on the human respiratory system: • asthma • chronic bronchitis • emphysema 9 NUTRITION AND THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 9.1 Digestive System (DS) Identify structures of the human digestive system. 9.2 Digestion Describe the types of digestion: • physical digestion • chemical digestion Analyse the process and products of carbohydrate digestion in the mouth. Analyse the process and products of protein digestion in the stomach. Describe digestions of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids in the small intestine. Conduct experiments to study digestions of starch, proteins and lipids in food samples. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 9.3 Absorption Identify the structure of a villus in the ileum. Communicate about the adaptations of ileum and villus in the absorption of digested food. 9.4 Assimilation Describe the roles of the circulatory system in the assimilation of digested food. Discuss the functions of liver in the assimilation of digested food: • metabolism of digested food (carbohydrates and proteins) • storage of nutrients • detoxification 9.5 Defaecation Explain the functions of the large intestine: • absorption of water and vitamins • formation of faeces 9.6 Balanced Diet Conduct an experimentto study the energy values in food samples. Conduct an experiment to determine the contents of vitamin C in fruit or vegetable juices. Justify the modification of diets for individuals who: • experience obesity • experience a specific disease – diabetes mellitus – cardiovascular – cancer 9.7 Health Issues Related to the DS and Eating Habits Predict the effects of modifying digestive organs on human health. Outline health issues related to defaecation. Correlate health issues that are related to eating habits. 10 TRANSPORT IN HUMAN AND ANIMALS 10.1 Types of Circulatory System Justify the necessity of transport systems in complex multicellular organisms. Identify substances that are transported by the transport system: • substances required by a cell • waste products of a cell Conceptualise types of circulatory system in complex multicellular organisms. • open circulatory system • closed circulatory system Compare and contrast circulatory systems in complex multicellular organisms: • insects • fish • amphibians • humans F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 10.2 Circulatory System of Humans (CS) Describe components of the human circulatory system: • heart • blood vessel • blood Explain the composition of blood: • blood plasma • blood cells Compare and contrast the types of blood vessels: • artery • vein • capillary Label the structure of a human heart and associated blood vessels: • aorta • vena cava • pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein • coronary artery and coronary vein • semilunar valve • bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve • septum Describe the functions of parts of the heart. 10.3 Mechanism of Heartbeat Describe the human heartbeat mechanism: • sinoatrial node (pacemaker) • atrioventricular node • bundle of His • Purkinje fibres Communicate about forces that cause the blood to circulate in humans: • pumping of the heart • contraction of skeletal muscles 10.4 Mechanism of Blood Clotting Justify the necessity for blood clotting mechanism. Describe blood clotting mechanism. Describe health issues related to blood clotting: • thrombosis • embolism • haemophilia 10.5 Blood Groups of Humans Describe ABO blood group. Correlate ABO blood group with blood donation. Describe the Rhesus factor. Reason out the incompatibility of Rhesus factor in pregnancies. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 10.6 Health Issues Related to the HCS Justify the necessity for a healthy circulatory system. Communicate about cardiovascular diseases. 10.7 Lymphatic System of Humans (LS) Synthesise the process of formation of tissue fluid and lymph. Compare and contrast the contents of lymph and: • tissue fluid • blood Describe components of the lymphatic system: • lymph • lymphatic capillaries • lymphatic vessels • lymph nodes • lymphatic organs Justify the necessity of the lymphatic system: • complements the blood circulatory system • transports lipid-soluble substances • body defence 10.8 Health Issues Related to the HLS Describe health issues related to the lymphatic system. 11 IMMUNITY IN HUMANS 11.1 Body Defence Define: • immunity • antigen • antibody Describe the three lines of body defence in humans: • the first line of defence: – physical – chemical • the second line of defence: – fever – inflammation – phagocytosis • the third line of defence: – antibody – memory cell 11.2 Actions of Antibodies Discuss the actions of antibodies on foreign antigens: • neutralisation • agglutination • precipitation • opsonisation • lysis F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAND ING 1 2 3 11.3 Types of Immunity Communicate about the types of immunity: • passive immunity • active immunity Compare and contrast passive immunity and active immunity. 11.4 Health Issues Related to Immunity Describe health issues related to Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). 12 COORDINATION AND RESPONSE IN HUMANS 12.1 Coordination and Response Make a sequence and describe the components in human coordination: • stimulus • effector • receptor • response • integration centre Identify and describe external and internal stimuli. List the types of sensory receptors based on the stimuli involved: • chemoreceptor • mechanoreceptor • photoreceptor • thermoreceptor • baroreceptor • nociceptor Justify the necessity to respond to external and internal stimuli. 12.2 Nervous System Construct an organisational chart and explain the structures of the human nervous system: • central nervous system – brain – spinal cord • peripheral nervous system – sensory receptor – cranial nerve – spinal nerve Explain the functions of parts of the central nervous system related to coordination and response: • brain – cerebrum – hypothalamus – cerebellum – pituitary gland – medulla oblongata • spinal cord Communicate about the functions of parts of the peripheral nervous system in coordination and response. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 12.3 Neurones and Synapse Draw and label structures of a sensory neurone and a motor neurone: • dendrite • myelin sheath • axon • node of Ranvier • cell body Analyse the functions of each type of neurone in impulse transmission. Explain the structure and function of synapse. Explain the transmission of impulse across a synapse. 12.4 Voluntary and Involuntary Actions Compare and contrast voluntary and involuntary actions. Describe the reflex actions involving: • two neurons • three neurons Draw a reflex arc. 12.5 Health Issues Related to the NS Communicate about the health issues related to the nervous system. Describe the effects of drug and alcohol abuse on human coordination and response. 12.6 The Endocrine System (ES) State the role of endocrine glands in humans. Identify and label the endocrine glands in humans. Analyse the functions of hormones secreted by each endocrine glands: • hypothalamus – gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • the anterior lobe of pituitary – growth hormone (GH) – follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – luteinizing hormone (LH) – thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) – adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) • the posterior lobe of pituitary – oxytocin hormone – antidiuretic hormone (ADH) • thyroid – thyroxine hormone • pancreas – insulin & glucagon • adrenal – adrenaline & aldosterone • ovary – oestrogen & progesterone • testis – testosterone hormone Discuss involvement of the nervous system and endocrine system in a “fight or flight” situation. Compare and contrast the nervous and the endocrine system. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 12.7 Health Issues Related to the ES Predict the effects of hormonal imbalances on human health. 13 HOMEOSTASIS AND THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM 13.1 Homeostasis Explain the meaning of homeostasis. Justify the necessity to maintain physical and chemical factors in the internal environment. Describe the involvement of various organ systems in maintaining an optimal internal environment. Apply the knowledge of homeostasis concept in regulation of: • body temperature • blood sugar levels • the partial pressure of carbon dioxide • blood pressure 13.2 The Urinary System (US) Identify the structure and functions of a kidney. Draw, label and explain the structure of a nephron and collecting duct. Describe the formation of urine: • ultrafiltration • reabsorption • secretion Synthesise the concept of homeostasis by using negative feedback mechanism in osmoregulation. Conduct an experiment to study the effects of different volumes of water intake on urine formation. 13.3 Health Issues Related to the US Describe health issues that are related to the urinary system. 14 SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS 14.1 Types of Skeleton List the types of skeletons in humans and animals: • hydrostatic skeleton • exoskeleton • endoskeleton Justify the necessity of skeletons in humans and animals. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 14.2 Musculoskeletal System of Humans (MS) Identify the bones that form the human skeletal system: • axial skeleton • appendicular skeleton Characterise the types of vertebrae in the backbone: • cervical vertebrae (including the atlas and axial) • thoracic vertebrae • lumbar vertebrae • sacral vertebrae • caudal vertebrae Compare and contrast the types of vertebrae. State the types of joints in the human skeletal system: • immovable joints • slightly moveable joints • freely moveable joints Draw, label and explain the human forearm hinge joint structure: • bones • cartilages • skeletal muscles • tendons • ligaments • synovial membrane • synovial fluid 14.3 Movement and Locomotion Explain the movement mechanisms in: • human forearm • human leg (walking) Describe briefly the locomotion mechanisms in animals. 14.4 Health Issues Related to the HMS Describe the health issues related to the human musculoskeletal system: • osteoporosis • osteomalacia • rickets • arthritis • scoliosis Justify the practices to maintain a healthy musculoskeletal system. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 15 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN HUMANS AND ANIMALS 15.1 Reproductive System of Humans Characterise the anatomy of the: • male reproductive system • female reproductive system 15.2 Gametogenesis in Humans Justify the necessity of gametogenesis. Describe gamete formation: • spermatogenesis • oogenesis Identify the structure of: • sperm – head – middle piece – tail • Graafian follicle – secondary oocyte – follicular cells Compare and contrast between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 15.3 Menstrual Cycle Analyse the changes in the levels of hormones involved during: • menstruation • follicle development • thickening of the endometrium • ovulation • corpus luteum formation Correlate the changes in the levels of hormones involved with: • pregnancy • miscarriage State the meaning of premenstrual syndrome and menopausal syndrome. 15.4 Development of Human Foetus Describe the fertilisation process and the formation of zygotes. Make a sequence and explain the early development of an embryo until implantation: • two-celled embryo • morula • blastocyst Explain the role of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone in the early stages of pregnancy. Communicate about the roles of following structures in the development of a foetus: • placenta • umbilical cord Justify the necessity for separate foetal and maternal blood circulatory systems. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDERSTAN DING 1 2 3 15.5 Formation of Twins Describe the processes in the formation of twins: • identical twins • fraternal twins Compare and contrast identical and fraternal twins. Correlate cellular division with the formation of conjoined twins. 15.6 Health Issues Related to the Human Reproductive System State the meaning of impotency. Communicate about causes of human impotency. 15.7 Growth in Humans and Animals Explain the meaning of growth in organisms. Determine parameters to measure growth in humans and animals. Describe the growth of insects with exoskeleton: • complete metamorphosis • incomplete metamorphosis Analyse the growth phases on sigmoid growth curves of humans and animals. Analyse the intermittent growth curve of animals with exoskeletons. F o r m 4 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 1 ORGANISATION OF PLANT TISSUES AND GROWTH 1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues Communicate about the types of plant tissue and their main functions. 1.2 Merismatic Tissues and Growths Identify the types and parts of tissue involved in growth. Describe positions of zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation and zone of cell differentiation in shoots and roots. Identify zone of cell division, zone of cell elongation and zone of cell differentiation in a seed radicle. Describe types of growth: (i) primary. (ii) secondary. Justify the necessity of primary growth and secondary growth. Compare and contrast primary growth and secondary growth in eudicotyledon plants. Assess the economic importance of plants that have undergone secondary growth. 1.3 Growth Curves Describe types of plants based on their life cycles. Analyse growth curves of: (i) annual plants. (ii) biennial plants. (iii) perennial plants. Conduct an experiment to study the effects of factor on the growth curve of a plant. 2 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LEAF 2.1 Structure of a Leaf Describe external structures of a leaf: (i) lamina. (ii) petiole. Identify internal structures of a leaf lamina: (i) upper epidermis. (ii) palisade mesophyll. (iii) spongy mesophyll. (iv) lower epidermis. (v) vascular bundle. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange Justify the necessity of gaseous exchange in plants. Explain the mechanism of stomatal opening and closing based on: (i) the uptake of potassium ions. (ii) changes in sucrose concentration. Conduct an experiment to compare stomatal distribution on upper and lower epidermis of monocotyledon and eudicotyledon leaves. Predict with explanation the effect of water deficiency in plants on stomatal opening and closing. 2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration Justify the necessity of transpiration in plants. Describe environmental factors that affect rate of transpiration: (i) light intensity. (ii) temperature. (iii) air movement. (iv) relative air humidity Conduct experiments to study the effects of environmental factors on rate of transpiration using a potometer. 2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis Justify the necessity of photosynthesis in plants. Relate the adaptations of internal structure of a leaf to photosynthesis. Identify structures of a chloroplast: (i) granum. (ii) thylakoid. (iii) stroma. Relate light-dependent and lightindependent reactions in photosynthesis Write a chemical equation to represent the process of photosynthesis. Compare and contrast lightdependent and light-independent reactions in photosynthesis. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis Explain environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis: (i) light intensity. (ii) temperature. (iii) concentration of carbon dioxide Conduct experiments to study effects of environmental factors on the rate of photosynthesis. Analyse the effects of different light intensities and colours of light on the rates of photosynthesis. 2.5 Compensation Point Describe compensation point Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants. Analyse light intensity and attainment of compensation point using a graph. Predict the effect on plant growth if the rate of photosynthesis and the rate of cellular respiration remain at its compensation point. 3 NUTRITION IN PLANTS 3.1 Main Inorganic Nutrients Identify macronutrients and micronutrients required by plants. Justify the necessity of macronutrients and micronutrients in plants. 3.2 Uptake of Water and Mineral Salts Describe the root structure for water and mineral salts uptake. Justify root adaptations for water and mineral salts uptake. 3.3 Diversity in Plant Nutrition Describe nutritional adaptations of plants. 4 TRANSPORTATION IN PLANTS 4.1 Vascular Tissues Justify the necessity of transport in plants. Relate structural adaptations of xylem vessels and tracheids to transport water and mineral salts. Relate the structural adaptations of sieve tubes and companion cells to the transportation of organic substances. F o r m 5 bio