TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 4.2 Transport of Water and Mineral Salts Describe factors involved in the pathway of water and mineral salts from soil to shoots: (i) root pressure. (ii) capillary action. (iii) transpirational pull. Explain guttation in plants. Compare and contrast guttation and transpiration in plants. Predict the condition of plants that do not undergo transpiration and guttation. 4.3 Translocation Define translocation. Justify the necessity of translocation in plants. Describe pathways of translocation in plants. 4.4 Phytoremediation Define phytoremediation. Explain the uses of phytoremediation in life. Conduct experiments to study the effectiveness of phytoremediation plants in controlling: (i) water pollution. (ii) soil pollution. 5 RESPONSES IN PLANTS 5.1 Types of Responses Describe types of plant responses: (i) tropism. (ii) nastic. 5.2 Phytohormones Describe phytohormone. State the functions of phytohormones: (i) auxins. (ii) gibberellins. (iii) cytokinins. (iv) abscisic acid. (v) ethylene Make inferences on effects of auxins on growth response. Explain the roles of auxins in plant responses. (i) phototropism. (ii) geotropism. 5.3 Application of Phytohormones in Agriculture Justify uses of phytohormones in agriculture. Conduct an experiment to compare the effects of presence of a phytohormone on fruit ripening. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 6 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS 6.1 Structure of a Flower Identify structures of a flower. Compare and contrast male and female structures in a flower. 6.2 Development of Pollen Grains and Embryo Sac Describe the formation of pollen grains in an anther. Describe the formation of embryo sac in an ovule. 6.3 Pollination and Fertilisation Describe pollination. Describe the formation of pollen tube and the formation of male gametes. Explain double fertilization in the formation of diploid zygote and triploid nucleus. Justify the importance of double fertilization for the survival of flowering plants. 6.4 Development of Seeds and Fruits Describe double fertilization and development of seeds and fruits. Relate the structure of seeds to ovules. Relate the structure of fruit to ovary. 6.5 Importance of Seeds for Survival Justify the importance of seeds for plant survival. 7 ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT HABITATS 7.1 Adaptations of Plants in Different Habitats Classify plants based on habitats. Describe the adaptive features of mesophytes, hydrophytes, halophytes and xerophytes in terms of: (i) uptake of water and mineral salts. (ii) gaseous exchange. (iii) support. (iv) photosynthesis. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 8 BIODIVERSITY 8.1 Systems of Classification and Naming of Organisms Explain the necessity of classification system and naming of organisms. Describe the hierarchical classification of organisms into six kingdoms: (i) Archaebacteria. (ii) Eubacteria. (iii) Protista. (iv) Fungi. (v) Plantae. (vi) Animalia. Describe the main features of organisms in each kingdom. Describe the main features of organisms in each kingdom. Construct dichotomous keys to classify organisms. 8.2 Biodiversity Synthesise the concept of biodiversity based on diversities of: (i) ecosystem. (ii) species. (iii) genetic. Describe the meaning of phylogenic tree. Justify the importance of biodiversity on the environment and humans. 8.3 Microorganisms and Viruses Identify the main characteristics of microorganisms and viruses: (i) bacteria. (ii) protozoa. (iii) algae. (iv) fungi. (v) viruses Describe the roles of microorganisms in nitrogen cycle. Explain the roles of microorganisms as: (i) producers. (ii) decomposers. (iii) symbionts. (iv) parasites. Define the terms: (i) pathogens. (ii) vectors. Explain the effects of pathogens on human health. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 9 ECOSYSTEM 9.1 Community and Ecosystem Define the terms: (i) species. (ii) population. (iii) community. (iv) habitat. (v) niche. (vi) ecosystem. Identify biotic and abiotic components in an ecosystem. Explain autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritions. Communicate about biotic components according to trophic levels. Describe energy flow in a food chain. Describe ecological pyramids: (i) pyramid of numbers. (ii) pyramid of biomass. (iii) pyramid of energy. Analyse types of interactions between biotic components: (i) parasitism. (ii) commensalism. (iii) mutualism. (iv) saprophytism. (v) competition. (vi) predation Explain a mangrove ecosystem in terms of: (i) biotic components. (ii) abiotic components. (iii) adaptations of mangrove trees. (iv) colonisation and succession. (v) its importance. 9.2 Population Ecology Describe factors affecting population distribution. Analyse data to estimate population size of organisms using: (i) quadrat sampling technique. (ii) capture-mark-release-recapture technique F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 10 ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 10.1 Threats to the Environment Describe the meaning of environmental sustainability. Analyse threats to environment: (i) climate change. (ii) deforestation. (iii) pollutions. (iv) loss of biodiversity. (v) human population explosion. (vi) global warming. (vii) eutrophication. Conduct an experiment to compare the levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in different water samples. 10.2 Preservation, Conservation and Restoration of Ecosystems Define the terms: (i) preservation of ecosystem. (ii) conservation of ecosystem. (iii) restoration of ecosystem. Justify the necessity of: (i) preservation of ecosystem. (ii) conservation of ecosystem. (iii) restoration of ecosystem 10.3 Environmental Sustainability Practices Generate ideas related to practices that contribute to environmental Sustainability. Discuss the status of food security in Malaysia. 10.4 Green Technology Define green technology. Justify the use of green technology in environmental sustainability. Communicate about applications of social science to solve environmental problems and challenges. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 11 INHERITANCE 11.1 Monohybrid Inheritance Describe the meaning of a monohybrid cross. Explain a monohybrid cross based on Mendel’s experiments. Differentiate terms related to inheritance: (i) genes and alleles. (ii) characteristics and traits. (iii) phenotypes and genotypes. (iv) dominant alleles and recessive alleles. (v) dominant traits and recessive traits. (vi) homozygotes and heterozygotes. (vii) pure breeds and hybrids. (viii) parental generation and filial generations. Construct monohybrid cross diagrams. Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios of filial generations in a monohybrid cross. Describe Mendel’s First Law. 11.2 Dihybrid Inheritance Describe the meaning of a dihybrid cross. Explain a dihybrid cross based on Mendel's experiments. Construct a dihybrid cross diagram. Determine genotypic and phenotypic ratios of filial generations in a dihybrid cross. Describe Mendel’s Second Law. 11.3 Genes and Alleles Describe the meaning of locus. Relate alleles and loci to genes in a chromosome. 11.4 Inheritances in Humans Identify types of human chromosomes: (i) autosomes. (ii) sex chromosomes. Analyse and describe human karyotypes. Match paternal and maternal chromosomes of humans in a drawing/ micrograph to build a complete karyotype of an individual. Relate Mendel's Laws to human inheritance. Analyse human inheritance by constructing inheritance cross diagrams. Analyse human inheritance by studying family pedigrees. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 12 VARIATION 12.1 Types and Factors of Variation Describe the meaning of variation. Justify the necessity of variation for the survival of species. Describe the types of variation: (i) continuous variation. (ii) discontinuous variation. Compare and contrast continuous and discontinuous variations. Relate causes of variation to types of variation: (i) genetic factors. - crossing over - independent assortment of chromosomes - random fertilization - mutation (ii) environmental factors. - temperature - light - pH Describe variation caused by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. 12.2 Variation in Humans Relate variation to human inheritance. Conduct an experiment to study continuous and discontinuous variation in humans. 12.3 Mutation Describe the terms: (i) mutagen. (ii) mutation. (iii) mutant. Describe the types of mutagen: (i) physical agents. (ii) chemical agents. (iii) biological agents. Describe with examples types of mutations: (i) gene mutation. (ii) chromosomal mutation. Relate mutations of somatic cells and gametes to variation. F o r m 5 bio
TOPIC LEARNING STANDARD NOTES UNDER STAND 1 2 3 13 GENETIC TECHNOLOGY 13.1 Genetic Engineering Describe the terms: (i) genetic engineering. (ii) genetically modified organisms (GMOs) Explain the application of genetic engineering in the production of: (i) genetically modified organisms (GMOs). (ii) genetically modified foods (GMF). (iii) insulin. 13.2 Biotechnology Explain the meaning of biotechnology. Describe applications of biotechnology in life. Examples are: (i) gene therapy. (ii) DNA profiling. (iii) production of insect/ herbicide tolerant plants. (iv) cleaning of oil spills. (v) production of microbial metabolites. (vi) nanobiotechnology. (vii) bioinformatics. Justify the importance of biotechnology in life. F o r m 5 bio
= ℎ × 100% = × = × × 100% = 0.1% × 0.1% = 0.1% × 1.0 −1 −1 = 4.2 × × ∆ (°) × 100 = () (//) = = 6.02 × 1023 = MV 1000 (V 3 )
Source: one-school.net
MEASUREMENT Actual reading − FORCES & MOTION I Speed (scalar) = Velocity (vector) = Acceleration, = − Equations of motion = + = 1 2 + = + 1 2 2 2 = 2 + 2 Momentum, = Momentum of elastic collision 11 + 22 = 11 + 22 Momentum of inelastic collision 11 + 22 = (1+2) Momentum of explosion/recoil 11 + 22 = 0 Newton’s first law = Weight, = Impulse = Impulse (using ) = ∆ − Impulsive force, = − Power loss, = 2 = 2
GRAVITATION Gravitational force, = 12 2 Gravitational strength, (at a distance in space, from the sea level) = + 2 Gravitational strength, (at sea level) = 2 Circular Motion Centripetal force, = 2 Centripetal acceleration, = 2 Kepler’s third law (Law of Periods) 2 = 4 2 3 1 2 2 2 = 1 3 2 3 Linear speed of satellite = Escape velocity = 2 Gravitational potential energy, = − HEAT Heat supplied, = ∆ Specific latent heat = Heat capacity, = ∆ Specific heat capacity, = ∆
HEAT Energy supplied, = Gas Laws Boyle’s Law 11 = 22 Charles’ Law 1 1 = 2 2 Gay-Lussac’s Law (Pressure Law) 1 1 = 2 2 Kelvin, K ⟺ Celsius, °C = ℃ + 273 Thermometer calibration = − 0 100 − 0 × 100℃ WAVES Frequency of a wave, = 1 Speed of a wave, = Depth, = 2 Refraction formula (In refraction, is the same!) 1 1 = 2 2 Interference of waves = LIGHT & OPTICS Refractive index, = Snell’s Law 1 2 = sin 1 sin 2 = ℎ ℎ Critical angle, = 1 sin Power of a lens = 1
LIGHT & OPTICS Magnification, = ℎ ℎ = Thin lens formula 1 = 1 + 1 Magnification of telescope = = Distance between objective lens & eyepiece, = + FORCES & MOTION II Apparent weight, Constant = Moving up (accelerated) = + − f decelerated Moving down (accelerated) = − + if decelerated Work, = Resultant force (x-axis) = cos Resultant force (y-axis) = sin Kinetic energy = 1 2 2 Gravitational potential energy = ℎ Elastic potential energy = 1 2 2 = 1 2 Elastic force, =
PRESSURE Momentum = Pressure = Pressure (in liquid) = ℎ Pressure (in gas) = ± ℎ Hydraulic pressure formula 1 1 = 2 2 Bouyant force, (Archimedes principle) = ELECTRICITY Electric field strength, = = Quantity of charge, = Charge flow, = Electric potential, = = Ohm’s Law = Series Circuit Current = = Voltage = 1 + 2 + 3 Resistance = 1 + 2 Parallel Circuit Current = + + Voltage 1 = 2 = 3 Resistance 1 = 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 2 Resistivity =
ELECTRICITY Electromotive force, e.m.f. = = − = − + = ( + ) Power, = Energy transferred, = Electrical power, = = 2 = 2 ELECTROMAGNETISM Transformer equations = = Efficiency, = × 100% = × 100% ELECTRONICS Electrical energy, = = 1 2 2 Maximum speed of electron = 2 Potential divider equation = 2 1 + 2
NUCLEAR PHYSICS Alpha decay, X → −2 −4Y + 2 4He Beta decay, 0 1 → 1 1 + −1 0 → + Gamma decay, = 0 1 2 1 2 Decay formula Nuclear energy, = 2 QUANTUM PHYSICS Energy of a photon = ℎ = ℎ de Broglie wavelength = ℎ = ℎ Photon power, (Output power of emitted light) = ℎ = ℎ Einstein’s photoelectric equation ℎ = + 1 2 2 ℎ = ℎ + ℎ ℎ Work function, = ℎ0 = ℎ CONSTANTS Atomic mass unit 1 = 1.66 × 10−27 Electronvolt 1 = 1.60 × 10−13 Gravitational constant = 9.81 −2 Speed of light = 3.0 × 108 −1
ALGEBRA Quadratic Equations Solutions of a quadratic equation = − ± 2 − 4 2 Discriminant (not included in examination) ∆ = 2 − 4 Indices × = + = × = ÷ = Logarithms log = log + log log = log − log log = log log = log log Progression nth term of an arithmetic progression = + − 1 Sum of nth term of an arithmetic progression = 2 [2 + − 1 ] nth term of a geometric progression = −1 Sum of nth term of a geometric progression (where > ) = ( − 1) − 1 Sum of nth term of a geometric progression (where < ) = (1 − ) 1 − Sum of infinity ∞ = 1 − , < 1
CALCULUS Differentiation Derivative of (not in exam) = ⇒ ′ = −1 Product rule = = + Quotient rule = = − 2 Chain rule = × Integration Integral of (not in exam) = ⇒ ∫ = +1 + 1 + Area under a curve A = න or න Volume generated V = න 2 or න 2 STATISTICS Random Variable Mean, ҧ, of a set of data ҧ= ∑ ҧ= ∑ ∑ Standard deviation, = ∑ − ҧ 2 = ∑ − ҧ 2 − ҧ 2 = ∑ − ҧ 2 ∑ = ∑ 2 ∑ − ҧ 2 Median = + 1 2 −
STATISTICS Index Number Index number = 1 0 × 100 Composite index ҧ = ∑ ∑ , here is the weightage Permutation , = ! − ! Combination (, ) = ! − ! ! Identical formula, (not included in exam) = ! ! ! ! … Probability Combined events ∪ = + − ( ∩ ) Binomial distribution = = − where + = 1 Mean, = Standard deviation, = Continuous random variable, = − GEOMETRY Distance 1 − 2 2 + 1 − 2 2 Midpoint , = 1 + 2 2 , 1 + 2 2 A point dividing a segment of a line , = 1 + 2 + , 1 + 2 +
GEOMETRY Area of triangle, 1 2 12 + 23 + 31 − 21 + 32 + 13 Area of quadrilaterals, 1 2 ȁ ȁ 12 + 23 + 34 + 41 − 21 + 32 + 43 + 14 Vectors Magnitude of a vector = ( 2 + 2) Unit vector Ƹ= = + 2 + 2 TRIGONOMETRY Arc length = θ Area of sector = 1 2 2θ Basic trigonometric identities sin2 A + cos2 A = 1 sec2 A = 1 + tan2 A cosec 2A = 1 + cot2 A Double angles sin 2A = 2 sin Acos A cos 2A = cos2 A − sin2 A = 2 cos2 A − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 A tan 2A = 2 tanA 1 − tan2 A Addition formulae sin ± = sin cos ± cos sin cos ± = cos cos ∓ sin sin tan ± = tan ± tan 1 ∓ tan
TRIGONOMETRY Solutions of Triangles Sine rule sin A = sin B = sin C Cosine rule 2 = 2 + 2 − 2 cos A Area of triangle = 1 2 sin C Heron’s formula (not included in examination) = ( − )( − )( − ), ℎ = + + 2 NOTES:
Muhamad Ikmal Arif bin Ahmad Basirun ANSERI MRSM Beseri, Perlis Batch 35 Puan Nurafida binti Abu Bakar Guru MRSM Beseri Compiled by Approved by