Learning Graphic Design & Illustration

Adding Type to a Poster Lesson 21 Discussion Topic

3. With the Type tool ( ), position the cursor over the middle of the path to see an Why did you create a copy of the
insertion point with an intersecting wavy path ( ) (see the figure). Click when bee’s path?
this cursor appears.
TEACHING TIP

Placing the Type on a Path cursor can be
tricky. Zoom in and keep trying!

Position the cursor as shown to display the insertion point. Note: If the text is brown and
underlined, it means that the
The text starts where you click the path. Also, the stroke attributes of the path character style is applied. Select
change to None (which is why you copied the line), and a cursor appears. the text and Option-click (Mac
4. Choose Window > Type > Paragraph Styles to open the panel. Option-click OS) or Alt-click (Windows)
(Mac OS) or Alt-click (Windows) [Normal Paragraph Style] to apply the style. [Normal Character Style] in the
5. Type the text Honey Infused Natural Sodas. Note that the new text follows the path. Character Styles panel.

Text follows the path as it is typed. Note: With the path or the text
on the path selected, you can
6. With the Type tool, click three times on the new text to select it. choose Type > Type On A Path >
7. Change Font Size to 18 pt in the Control panel. Type On A Path Options to set
8. Change the Fill color to BuzzBrown in the Control panel. more options.

Next, you’ll reposition the text on the path so that all of the text appears.
9. Select the Selection tool, and position the pointer over the line on the left edge

of the text (just to the left of the “H” in “Honey”). When you see this cursor ( ),
click and drag to the right—just a bit. Use the figure as a guide.

Position the pointer to show the right-pointing cursor. Drag to the right.

From where you click a path to the end of the path is where the text can flow. If
you align the text left, center, or right, it’s aligned within that area on the path.

10. Choose Select > Deselect, and then choose File > Save.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 543

TEACHING TIP Lesson 21 Adding Type to a Poster

Again, placing the Type on a Path cursor Creating Type on a Closed Path
can be tricky. Zoom in and keep trying!
Next, you will add text around a circle.
Note: Instead of pressing
the Option (Mac OS) or Alt Try It!
(Windows) key to allow the Type
tool to type on a path, you can 1. Choose 1 Poster from the Artboard Navigation menu in the lower-left corner of
select the Type On A Path tool the Document window.
( ) by holding down the Type
tool in the Tools panel. 2. Select the Zoom tool ( ) in the Tools panel, and click the green circle in the
lower-right corner of the artboard three times to zoom in.

3. Select the Type tool ( ), and position the pointer over the edge of the white
circle. The Type cursor ( ) changes to a Type cursor with a circle ( ). This indi-
cates that if you click (don’t click), text will be placed inside of the circle, creating
a type object in the shape of a circle.

Instead of adding text to the inside of a shape, we want to add text to the path,
which is what you’ll do next.

4. While pressing the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, position the pointer
over the left side of the white circle with black stroke (use the figure as a guide).
The insertion point with an intersecting wavy path ( ) appears. Click and type
CERTIFIED ORGANIC. If you accidentally click on the leaf, choose Edit > Undo
Type and try again.

Position the cursor on the line.

5. Click three times on the text to select it. Change the font size to 12 pt, the font
to Adelle Sans Regular (if it isn’t already), and the Fill color to the swatch named
BuzzBrown.

Text follows the outline of the closed shape.

Next, you’ll edit the type on a path options for the text on the circle.

544 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

544 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Adding Type to a Poster Lesson 21 TEACHING TIP

6. Select the Selection tool ( ) in the Tools panel. With the path type object select- Note: To learn about the Type Encourage students to experiment with
ed, choose Type > Type On A Path > Type On A Path Options. In the Type On A On A Path options like “Flip,” settings in the Type on a Path Options
Path Options dialog box, select Preview, and change the following options: search for “Creating type on a dialog box.
path” in Illustrator Help (Help >
Illustrator Help).

Apply setting to the type on the path. Note: Brackets appear at the
beginning of the type, at the
• Effect: Rainbow end of the path, and at the
• Align To Path: Ascender midpoint between the start
• Spacing: –11 pt and end brackets. All of these
brackets can be adjusted to
7. Click OK. reposition the text in the path.

8. Position the pointer over the line on the left end of the word “CERTIFIED.” That
line you see is called a bracket. When you see this cursor ( ), with an arrow
pointing to the right, drag up around the circle just a little in a clockwise fashion.
See the figure for position.

Point to the right-pointing bracket and drag to move the type.

9. Drag across the leaf, text on a path, and green circle to select them all. Drag the
leaf (which drags all three objects) down away from the column of text so that
they aren’t touching, if necessary.

Creating Text Outlines

Converting text to outlines means converting text into vector shapes that you can
edit and manipulate as you would any other graphic object. Text outlines are useful
for changing the look of large display type, but they are rarely useful for body text or
other type at small sizes. The file recipient doesn’t need to have your fonts installed
to open and view the file correctly if you convert all text to outlines.

When you create outlines from text, you should consider that text is no longer
editable. Also, bitmap fonts and outline-protected fonts cannot be converted to outlines,
and outlining text that is less than 10 points in size is not recommended. When type
is converted to outlines, the type loses its hints—instructions built into outline fonts to
adjust their shape to display or print optimally at many sizes. You must also convert all
type in a selection to outlines; you cannot convert a single letter within a type object.

Next, you will convert the main heading to outlines and position content.

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TEACHING TIP Lesson 21 Adding Type to a Poster

Back before PDFs, graphic artists used to Note: The original text is still Try It!
“outline” whole illustrations as a way to there; it’s just hidden. This way,
lock their work and make in un-editable you can always choose Object > 1. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.
before sending it for printing. Why might Show All to see the original text if
you outline text today? you need to make changes. 2. With the Selection tool ( ) selected, click the heading text “BUZZ SODA” at the
top of the artboard to select it.
Comprehension Check:
3. Choose Edit > Copy, and then choose Object > Hide > Selection.
1. The following methods can be used
for creating text areas: 4. Choose Edit > Paste In Front.

• With the Type tool, click the 5. Choose Type > Create Outlines. Drag it into position as you see in the figure
artboard and start typing when (if it’s not already there).
the cursor appears. A point type
object is created to accommo- Text has been changed to outlines.
date the text.
The text is no longer linked to a particular font. Instead, it is now artwork, much
• With the Type tool, drag to like any other vector art in your illustration.
create a text area. Type when 6. Choose View > Guides > Hide Guides, and then choose Select > Deselect.
a cursor appears. 7. Choose View > Fit All In Window to take a look at what you’ve created.

• With the Type tool, click a path or Completed project.
closed shape to convert it to text
on a path, or click in a text area. 8. Choose File > Save, and then choose File > Close.
Option-clicking (Mac OS) or Alt-
clicking (Windows) when crossing Comprehension Check
over the stroke of a closed path
creates text around the shape. 1. Name two methods for creating text in Adobe Illustrator.
2. What does the Touch Type tool ( ) let you do?
2. The Touch Type tool allows you to 3. What is overflow text?
visually edit certain character format- 4. What is text threading?
ting options for individual characters 5. What is the difference between a character style and a paragraph style?
in text. You can edit the character 6. What is the advantage of converting text to outlines?
rotation, kerning, baseline shift, and
horizontal and vertical scale of text 546 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION
and the text remains editable.
5. A character style can be applied to selected text only. A paragraph style is
3. Overflow text is text that does not fit applied to an entire paragraph. Paragraph styles are best for indents, margins,
within an area type object or path. A and line spacing.
red plus sign in an out port indicates
that the object contains additional text. 6. Converting text to outlines eliminates the need to send the fonts along with
the Illustrator file when sharing with others and makes it possible to add ef-
4. Text threading allows you to flow text fects to type that aren’t possible when the type is still editable (live).
from one object to another by linking
type objects. Linked type objects can
be of any shape; however, the text
must be entered in an area or along a
path (not at a point).

546 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Working with Color and Type Chapter 10 REVIEW QUESTIONS

End-of-Chapter Activities 1. Use the RGB color mode for any im-
age that will be viewed on a monitor
Review Questions or other digital screen.

1. What color mode should you use for an onscreen presentation or web project? 2. When you edit a global color, all ob-
jects to which you have applied that
2. What is the value of creating and applying a global color in an illustration? color are automatically updated with
the color changes.
3. Why would you want to save colors you define to a color group?
3. A color group makes it easy to find
4. Explain how to apply color in a Live Paint object. the colors you have used in a project.
Color groups also display in the Edit
5. What is the difference between point type and area type? Colors dialog box so that you can
easily edit the colors.
6. Explain how you thread text from one type object to another.
4. With the Live Paint group already
7. What is the difference between character formatting and paragraph formatting? created, click the Live Paint Bucket
tool in the Tools panel. Display the
8. Explain how you must arrange text and an object in order to wrap the text around the object. Swatches panel and click the desired
color. Position the pointer over the
Multiple Choice shape you want to color in the Live
Paint group and click to fill the shape
1. You will find the default colors available for use on the with color.
a. Color Guide panel
b. Tools panel 5. Point type begins where you click
c. Swatches panel and expands as you add characters;
d. artboard it does not wrap. Area types uses the
boundaries of an object to control the
2. Which of the following is a color-matching system that allows you to add spot colors to your Swatches panel? flow of characters; area type wraps
a. PANTONE within the boundaries of the object.
b. BOGO
c. KULER 6. Click the out port of the first type ob-
d. ADOBE SPOT ject and then either 1) click the in port
of another type object, 2) click in an-
3. The tool you use to copy appearance attributes from one object to another is the other type object, or 3) drag with the
a. Selection tool loaded text icon to create a new type
b. Eyedropper tool object to contain the threaded text.
c. Direct Selection tool
d. Copy tool 7. Character formatting applies only to
selected text. Paragraph formatting
4. Which of the following can help you find colors that work well with a base color you select? applies to an entire paragraph.
a. Recolor Images dialog box
b. Swatches panel 8. The text and the object must be in
c. Color dialog box the same layer. The object around
d. Color Guide panel which the text will wrap must be
located above, or in front of, the text
5. A red plus sign in a type object’s out port indicates there is object in the layer hierarchy.
a. not enough text in the object
b. a link to another type object
c. overflow text
d. a broken link between type objects

6. By default, typeface size is measured in
a. inches
b. percentages
c. points
d. picas

LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 547

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. C
6. C

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MULTIPLE CHOICE Chapter 10 Working with Color and Type

7. B 7. To make the letters in a type object wider without changing their height, which option would you use?
8. A a. leading
b. horizontal scaling
c. tracking
d. kerning

8. One drawback to converting text to outlines is that
a. the text is no longer editable
b. outlines do not show up well
c. outlines can only be used for body text
d. text is converted into vector shapes

Chapter 10 – Portfolio Builder
Using Type to Create an Advertisement

In this exercise, you will work with a number of type features to create an advertisement for Lydia’s on Lowell,
a new coffee house in Richmond. The advertisement will be used in various print outlets such as the city’s main
newspaper and several community newspapers for neighborhoods near the coffee house.

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Working with Color and Type Chapter 10

DIRECTIONS 9. Select the coffee cup group, choose Object > Text
Wrap > Text Wrap Options, and change the offset
1. In Illustrator, choose File > Open, navigate to the to 10 pt.
folder holding the data files for this chapter, and
double-click PB10Start.ai to open it. 10. There are three reviews to display, but the current
review type container is full. Click the out port of
2. Click File > Save As, navigate to the location where the current review type object and drag to create
your instructor directs you to save files for this an additional type object, and then repeat the pro-
chapter’s projects, and rename the file PB10End_ cess to create a third type object.
xx.ai. Leave the default format selected, and click
Save. Click OK in the Illustrator Options dialog box. 11. Adjust the sizes of the three type objects so that
each shows a single review. Adjust the positions
3. Create a banner for the ad: of the three type objects to display the type
attractively.
• Select the Type tool and click anywhere
above the coffee cup to insert point type. 12. Create a paragraph style to format the reviewer
Type Lydia’s. bylines:

• Choose Window > Type > Character to display • Select the text —Richmond Post.
the Character panel.
• Change font style to bold.
• Change the font to Copperplate Gothic Bold
and the font size to 72 pt. 13. Choose Window > Type > Paragraph Styles, hold
down Alt or Option, and click the Create New Style
• Click the All Caps button in the Character button at the bottom of the panel.
panel to change the case.
14. Name the new paragraph style Reviewer and then
• Change the Horizontal Scale value to 110%. click OK.

• Center the banner horizontally in the artboard. 15. Apply the Reviewer style to the other reviewer
bylines. Note: Because the style contains both
4. Select the Touch Type tool and click the Y in character and paragraph formats, you must select
Lydia’s. Transform the text as follows: each byline before applying the style.

• Drag the upper-right corner of the selection 16. In the Paragraph Styles panel, double-click to the
box upward about half an inch to make the Y right of the style name to open the Paragraph Style
taller than the other letters. Options dialog box. On the Indents and Spacing
tab, change alignment to Right and then click OK.
• Drag the Y down until it aligns at the top with
the other letters. 17. Now you will insert a sample menu of Lydia’s
drink offerings:
• Drag the lower-right corner handle to the left
to decrease the width of the character slightly. • Choose File > Place, navigate to the folder
holding the data files for this chapter, and click
5. Select the type object below the coffee cup and PB10Text.txt, and click Place. Click OK in the
apply the following formats using the Character Text Import Options dialog box.
and Paragraph panels:
• Click on the artboard to place the text.
• Font: Minion Pro
• Change the font to Minion Pro.
• Font size: 13 pt
• Change the font size to 14 pt.
• Alignment: Justify with last line aligned left
• Choose Type > Area Type Options, and change
6. Choose Window > Transform and adjust the width the number of columns to 2. Click OK.
of the type object to 240 pt.
• Adjust the height of the type object to display
7. Move the type object to the right of the coffee cup. two even columns, and adjust the width as
Use the picture as a guide to position the object. shown in the picture above.

8. Select the coffee cup group and choose Object >
Text Wrap > Make. Then choose Object >
Arrange > Bring to Front to complete the wrap.

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Chapter 10 Working with Color and Type

18. Create color swatches as follows: 21. Apply the Menu headings style to Captivating
Coffees, Chill-Chasing Chocolates, Tempting Teas,
• Choose the Eyedropper tool and click on the Frigid Frappes, and Plainer Pleasures. Then choose
brown rim of the saucer under the coffee cup. [Normal Character Style].

• In the Tools panel, choose Swap Fill and Stroke. 22. With the Type tool, create a text area between
the “Welcome” text area and the menu. Type
• Choose Window > Swatches to display the Current Menu.
Swatches panel. The color you sampled
should show in the fill box. 23. Change the font to Minion Pro, the font style to
bold, the font size to 30 pt, and the alignment to
• Click the New Swatch button to open the New Center. Resize the type object as necessary to fit
Swatch dialog box. the text.

• Rename the swatch as Lydia Light Brown. 24. With the type object selected, click the Make
Envelope button on the Control panel. Choose a
• Create a copy of the Lydia Light Brown warp style you like and adjust the bend, distortion,
swatch. In the Swatch Options dialog box, and height and width of the object as desired.
rename the swatch as Lydia Dark Brown.
25. Choose to edit the contents of the envelope and
• Change the K percentage to 50% and click OK. apply Lydia Light Brown as the font color.

19. Complete formatting of the banner: 26. For a final touch, add type on vertical lines:

• Select the banner text and choose Type > • Select the Pencil tool, and with a light-col-
Create Outlines. ored stroke, draw several lines rising from the
coffee in the cup, like steam.
• Click the Fill box on the Control panel and
select the Lydia Light Brown swatch. • Select the Vertical Type on a Path tool
(beneath the Type tool on the Tools panel) and
• Click the Stroke box on the Control panel and click on one of the steam paths. Type COFFEE.
select the Lydia Dark Brown swatch.
• Adjust alignment, font size, and other charac-
• Increase the stroke width to 2 pt. ter formats as necessary to fit the text attrac-
tively. Apply the Lydia Light Brown font color.
20. In the menu type object, select the first paragraph,
Captivating Coffees. Create a character style • Select the second steam path with the Vertical
as follows: Type on a Path tool and type LATTE.

• Apply bold font style. • Adjust the position of type on the paths so that
all text shows.
• Change the font color to Lydia Light Brown.
27. Save and close the file, and close Illustrator.
• Choose Window > Type > Character Styles and
click the Create New Style button.

• Name the style Menu headings.

Chapter 10 – Critical Thinking

Working with Color to Create Marketing Materials

Blooms Roses would like to create a new logo to use in a new marketing campaign. You will work with a Live Paint
object and other color tools you learned about in this chapter to create the logo.

DIRECTIONS 2. Click File > Save As, navigate to the location where
your instructor directs you to save files for this
1. In Illustrator, choose File > Open, navigate to the chapter’s projects, and rename the file CT10End_
folder holding the data files for this chapter, and xx.ai. Leave the default format selected, and click
double-click CT10Start.ai to open it. Save. Click OK in the Illustrator Options dialog box.

550 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

550 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Working with Color and Type Chapter 10

3. First, create the colors you will use in the petals of 9. Fill the base of the flower with the global green.
the flower. You already have one swatch named Then click Expand on the Control panel to change
Lt Pink in the Swatches panel. Create two other the flower from a Live Paint object to a group.
swatches that complement the Lt Pink swatch,
using any method: create the colors in the Color 10. Make Live Paint objects of the two sets of leaves
panel, use the Color Picker, or find harmonizing and use greens from the green color group to fill
colors using the Color Guide panel. Give each the leaf shapes. Leave the top of the middle leaf
swatch an appropriate name. empty. Expand the Live Paint objects when you are
happy with your colors.
4. You need to add a spot color to the image to
apply Blooms Roses’ dark pink brand color. 11. Select all flower and leaf objects and set stroke
Display the PANTONE Solid Coated library and color to None.
search for PANTONE 7425. Add the spot color to
the Swatches panel, and then create an 80% tint 12. Adjust the global green to be darker.
of the spot color.
13. Edit the colors of the flower petals group: In the
5. Create a color group from the flower petal colors Recolor Artwork dialog box, select a marker on the
you have added to the Swatch panel. Give the color wheel and adjust its position to modify the
group an appropriate name. color. Adjust other colors as desired.

6. Apply the PANTONE spot color to the type object. 14. Select one of the leaf groups and choose
Recolor Artwork.
7. Create a global color swatch from the flower
stem fill. Name the swatch appropriately. Using 15. Choose not to recolor the three greens, and then
the global swatch as the base color in the Color assign to the white color a pink color from the
Guide panel, select two additional green colors to flower petal group. Repeat the process with the
be used on the flower leaves. Create a color group other group of leaves, using the same pink or
from the green colors. adjusting the color as desired.

8. Select the four overlapping circles and choose 16. Position the flower at the end of the stem and
to make a Live Paint object (Object > Live Paint > adjust the location of the type object.
Make). Using the colors in your flower petals group
and the Live Paint Bucket, color the overlapping 17. Save and close the file, and close Illustrator.
shapes to resemble flower petals. The picture
shows one way that the petals could be colored.

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Chapter 11

Working with
Layers and Fills

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552 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Working with Layers and Fills Chapter 11 CHAPTER 11
OVERVIEW
Lesson 22 | Organizing Your Lesson 23 | Gradients,
Artwork with Layers Blends, and Patterns In this chapter, you’ll learn to make the
most of Layers and Fills, including fill pat-
Work with the Layers panel Create and save a gradient fill terns and gradients.
Create, rearrange, and lock layers and sublayers Apply and edit a gradient on a stroke
Move objects between layers Apply and edit a radial gradient Lesson 22: Key skills include organizing
Copy and paste objects and their layers from one Add colors to a gradient your work into layers and using those
file to another Adjust the direction of a gradient layers to view, move, duplicate, or lock
Merge layers into a single layer Adjust the opacity of color in a gradient certain parts of your artwork. The les-
Locate objects in the Layers panel Blend the shapes of objects in intermediate steps son concludes with an overview of using
Isolate content in a layer Create smooth color blends between objects technology to improve professional
Apply an appearance attribute to objects and layers Modify a blend and its path, shape, and color communication.
Make a layer clipping mask Create and paint with patterns
Use technology to improve professional communication Lesson 23: Key skills include creating and
End-of-Chapter Activities customizing linear and radial gradient fills
and strokes, blending colors and objects,
and using fill patterns.

Files Needed for This Chapter:

22Start.ai

22Patternai

23Start.ai

PBStart.ai

CT11Start.ai

LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 553

CHAPTER OPENER

In this chapter, you’ll learn to use the Layers panel to organize complex projects
and add texture and interest to your Illustrator artwork with Gradients, Blends,
and Patterns.

MEET INDIVIDUAL NEEDS

More advanced learners: Choose up to three more advanced learners—includ-
ing any who are already familiar with Illustrator—to act as the Illustrator Shortcut
Police. As you move through the chapter—perhaps all the Illustrator chapters—it’s
their job to point out keyboard shortcuts for pull-down menu options or other
commands. Have them keep a running list to display or distribute to the class.

LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 553

FOCUS AND ENGAGE Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Introduce the Lesson Lesson 22 Overview

• An Illustrator artwork file can end In this lesson, you’ll learn how to do the following:
up having dozens of layers. As you
review the skills listed in the Lesson • Work with the Layers panel. • Locate objects in the Layers panel.
22 Overview, share that in this lesson
students will use layers to organize • Create, rearrange, and lock layers and sublayers. • Isolate content in a layer.
and navigate their artwork and to ap-
ply and duplicate designs for the front • Move objects between layers. • Apply an appearance attribute to objects and layers.
and back of a shirt.
• Copy and paste objects and their layers from one • Make a layer clipping mask.
TEACHING TIPS file to another.
• Use technology to improve professional
You may find it helpful to review the dia- • Merge layers into a single layer. communication.
gram in step #3 as a class before students
open the 22Start.ai project file. (There’s Layers let you organize your work into distinct levels that can be edited and viewed individually or together. Every
a TypeKit font sync activity at the begin- Adobe Illustrator CC document has at least one layer. Creating multiple layers in your artwork lets you easily con-
ning that is likely to be a distraction.) As trol how artwork is printed, displayed, selected, and edited.
you go, ask students which parts of the
Illustrator Layers panel are already familiar Opening the Project File
from their knowledge of Photoshop or
other Adobe applications. In this lesson, you’ll organize the artwork for several shirts as you explore the various
ways to use the Layers panel. To begin, you’ll open Adobe Illustrator and restore the
Unless you tell it otherwise, Illustrator puts default preferences.
everything into a single layer, called Layer
1. That’s the situation with the Lesson 22 Try It!
start file. You’ll reorganize the contents of
that Layer 1 into these five new layers: 1. Start Illustrator, and then immediately hold down Ctrl+Alt+Shift (Windows) or
Command+Option+Shift (Mac OS) to reset the default settings.
• Shirt front
2. When prompted, click Yes to confirm that you want to delete the Adobe Illustra-
• Shirt back tor Settings file.

• Pattern front 3. Choose File > Open, navigate to the folder holding the data files for this chapter,
and double-click 22Start.ai to open it.
• Pattern back
M A. Layer color
• Labels AL B. Visibility column
C. Template Layer icon
B D. Edit column (lock/unlock)
K E. Disclosure triangle (expand/collapse)
F. Locate Object
C G. Make/Release Clipping Mask
H. Create New Sublayer
DE FGHI J I. Create New Layer
Layers panel. J. Delete Selection
K. Target column
L. Selection column
M. Current layer indicator (the small triangle)

Note: If you don’t see Reset 4. Choose File > Save As, navigate to the location where your instructor directs you
Essentials in the menu, choose to save files for this chapter’s projects, and rename the file 22End_xx.ai. Leave the
Windows > Essentials before Format option set to Adobe Illustrator (ai) (Mac OS) or the Save As Type option set
choosing Window > Workspace
Reset Essentials.

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554 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

to Adobe Illustrator (*.AI) (Windows), and then click Save. In the Illustrator Options When you reset Essentials, your Libraries
dialog box, leave the Illustrator options at their default settings, and then click OK. panel will appear. It’s where your custom
colors, color themes, and other items
The Missing Fonts dialog box will most likely appear, indicating that a font you’ve uploaded via the Adobe Capture
(CreteRound-Regular) was used in the file that Illustrator can’t find. The file uses CC app are stored. (Assuming you’re
a Typekit font that you most likely don’t have synced with your machine, so you logged in to your Adobe CC account.)
will fix the missing font before moving on.
Note: If the font is unable to
5. In the Missing Fonts dialog box, ensure that Sync is selected in the Sync column sync, you may not have an
(circled in the figure), and click Sync Fonts. The font should be synced with your Internet connection or you may
machine, and you should see a success message in the Missing Fonts dialog box. need to launch the Creative
Click Close. Cloud desktop application, sign
in with your Adobe ID, choose
This will sync the Typekit font to your computer and ensure that the font shows Assets > Fonts, and click Turn
as intended in Illustrator. Typekit On. If you went through
Lesson 8, “Adding Type to a
Poster,” you would have this
already turned on. For more
information, visit http://helpx.
adobe.com/creative-cloud/help/
add-fonts-typekit.html.

Select Sync and then click Sync Fonts.

If you see a warning message in the Missing Fonts dialog box or cannot select
Sync, you can click Find Fonts to replace the font with a local font. In the Find
Font dialog box, make sure that CreteRound-Regular is selected in the Fonts in
Document section, and choose System from the Replace With Font From menu.
This shows all the local fonts that are available to Illustrator. Select a font from
the Fonts In System section, and click Change All to replace the font. Click Done.

6. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

7. Choose Window > Workspace > Reset Essentials.

Understanding Layers

Layers are like invisible folders to help you hold and manage all of the items (some
of which can be difficult to select or track) that make up your artwork. If you shuf-
fle those folders, you change the stacking order of the items in your artwork. (You
learned about stacking order in Lesson 15, “Techniques for Selecting Artwork.”)

The structure of layers in your document can be as simple or as complex as you
want. When you create a new Illustrator document, all of the content you create is
organized in a single layer. However, you can create new layers and sublayers (like
subfolders) to organize your artwork, as you’ll learn about in this lesson.

In addition to organizing content, the Layers panel offers an easy way to select, hide,
lock, and change your artwork’s appearance attributes. The next figure shows how
the Layers panel will look when you finish this lesson. You can refer to this figure as
you progress through the lesson.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 555

TEACHING TIP Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Move your Layers panel off to the right if Creating Layers and Sublayers
it’s blocking your view of your artwork.
By default, every document begins with one layer, named “Layer 1.” As you create
Note: If you double-click just to artwork, you can rename and add layers and sublayers at any time. Placing objects
the right or left of a layer name, on separate layers lets you more easily select and edit them. For example, by placing
the Layer Options dialog box will type on a separate layer, you can change the type all at once without affecting the
open. You can also change the rest of the artwork.
layer name there.
Create New Layers

Next, you’ll change the default layer name and then create new layers using different
methods. The idea for this project is to organize the artwork so you can more easily
work with it later.

Try It!

1. Click the Layers panel icon ( ) on the right side of the workspace, or choose
Window > Layers. Layer 1 (the default name for the first layer) is highlighted, indi-
cating that it is active.

2. In the Layers panel, double-click the layer name “Layer 1” to edit it inline. Type
Shirt Front, and then press Enter or Return.

Instead of keeping all the content on one single layer, you’ll create several layers and
sublayers to better organize the content and to make it easier to select content later.

Note: You can easily delete a Rename the layer.
layer by selecting the layer or
sublayer and clicking the Delete 3. Click the Create New Layer button ( ) at the bottom of the Layers panel.
Selection button ( ) at the
bottom of the Layers panel. This Layers and sublayers that aren’t named are numbered in sequence. For example,
deletes the layer or sublayer and the second layer is named Layer 2. When a layer or sublayer in the Layers panel
all content on it. contains other items, a disclosure triangle ( ) appears to the left of the layer or
sublayer name. You can click the disclosure triangle to show or hide the con-
tents. If no triangle appears, the layer has no content on it.

Create a new layer.
4. Double-click to the right or left of the layer name “Layer 2” to open the Layer

Options dialog box. Change the name to Shirt Back, and notice all the other
options available. Click OK.

556 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

556 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 Discussion Topic

How do you:
• Change the name of a layer?
• Create a new layer?
• Duplicate a layer?
• Open a layer to see what’s in it?
• Open the Layer Options dialog box?

Double-click to the right of Rename the layer in the Layer Options
the layer name. dialog box.

By default, the new layer is added above the currently selected layer (Shirt Front)
in the Layers panel and becomes active. Notice that the new layer has a differ-
ent layer color (a light red) to the left of the layer name. This will become more
important later, as you select content.

Next, you will create a few layers and name them in one step, using a
modifier key.

5. Option-click (Mac OS) or Alt-click (Windows) the Create New Layer button ( ) Note: Choosing New Layer from
at the bottom of the Layers panel. In the Layer Options dialog box, change the the Layers panel menu ( ) will
name to Pattern Front, and then click OK. also create a new layer and open
the Layer Options dialog box.

Alt-click the Create New Layer button to open the dialog box.

6. Option-click (Mac OS) or Alt-click (Windows) the Create New Layer button ( )
at the bottom of the Layers panel. In the Layer Options dialog box, change the
name to Labels, and then click OK.

7. Drag the Pattern Front layer to the Create New Layer button. This creates a copy
of the layer and names it “Pattern Front copy.” Double-click directly on the new
layer name in the panel, and change it to Pattern Back.

Drag a layer to the Create New Layer button.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 557

Discussion Topic Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

The Shirt Front layer has a white triangle
in its upper right corner. Why is it there?

Note: Depending on your Create Sublayers
operating system, the selection
color of objects (the bounding Next, you’ll create a sublayer, which is a layer nested within a layer.
box) may be different colors, and
that’s okay. Try It!

1. Click the layer named Shirt Front to select it, and then click the Create New
Sublayer button ( ) at the bottom of the Layers panel to create a new sublayer
in the Shirt Front layer.

Note: To create a new sublayer Click the Create New Sublayer button.
and name it in one step, Option-
click (Mac OS) or Alt-click 2. Drag the left edge of the Layers panel to the left to make it wider so that you can
(Windows) the Create New more easily read the layer names.
Sublayer button or choose New
Sublayer from the Layers panel 3. Double-click the new sublayer name (Layer 6, in our case), change the name to
menu to open the Layer Options Front Collar, and then press Enter or Return.
dialog box.
The new sublayer appears directly beneath its main layer, Shirt Front, and is
selected. Creating a new sublayer opens the selected layer to show existing sub-
layers. Sublayers are used to organize content within a layer without grouping or
ungrouping content.

Double-click the sublayer name and type a new name.

4. Click the disclosure triangle ( ) to the left of the Shirt Front layer to hide the
content of the layer.

The current appearance of the Layers panel.
558 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

558 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

Layers and Color Try It! step #1 is a really helpful tip
that’s worth walking through as a class,
By default, Illustrator assigns a unique color to each maybe twice!
layer in the Layers panel. The color displays next to
the layer name in the panel. The same color displays Each layer has a unique
in the artwork bounding box, path, anchor points, color.
and center point of a selected object.

You can use this color to quickly locate an object’s
corresponding layer in the Layers panel, and you can
change the layer color to suit your needs.

—From Illustrator Help

Editing Layers and Objects

By rearranging the layers in the Layers panel, you can change the stacking order of
objects in your artwork. On an artboard, objects in layers that are higher in the Layers
panel list are in front of objects located on layers lower in the list, and each layer has
its own stacking order as well. Layers are useful for a variety of reasons, including
the ability to move objects between layers and sublayers to organize and more easily
select your artwork.

Locating Layers

When working in artwork, there may be times when you select content on the art-
board and then want to locate that same content in the Layers panel. This can help
you to determine how content is organized.

Try It!

1. With the Selection tool ( ), click to select the yellow/green sleeves on the shirt
below the word “Front.” Click the Locate Object button ( ) at the bottom of the
Layers panel to reveal the group of objects within the Layers panel.

Clicking the Locate Object button will open the layer so that the layer content
can be seen, and the Layers panel will scroll, if necessary, to reveal the select-
ed content. With an Illustrator file that has a lot of layered content, this can be
helpful. In the Layers panel, you will see the selection indicator to the far right of
the <Group> object (it’s the small colored box to the far right in the figure that the
arrow is pointing to), as well as the two <Path> objects in the group.

Click Locate Object to find an object in the Layers panel.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 559

TEACHING TIP Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

In step #2 at the bottom of the page, be 2. In the Layers panel, double-click the <Group> text (the second instance of <Group>
sure your blue bounding box (the one denoted by the light blue selection indicator), and rename it Front Sleeves.
that shows what you’ve selected) includes By default, when content is grouped, a group object is created that contains
the two diagonal lines where the shirt the grouped content. Look on the left end of the Control panel to see the word
cuffs would end. “Group” in the selection indicator. Renaming a group doesn’t change the fact
that it’s a group, but it can make it easier to find in the Layers panel.

Rename a group object. A group object is identified as a Group on the Control
panel.

3. Choose Select > Deselect.

4. Click the disclosure triangle ( ) for the main Shirt Front layer to hide the con-
tents of the layer (you most likely will need to scroll up in the Layers panel
to see it).

The Shirt Front layer is the only layer with a disclosure triangle because it’s cur-
rently the only layer with content on it.

Moving Layers and Content Between Layers

Next, you’ll move the artwork to the different layers so that the artwork is better
organized and later add content from another Illustrator file.

Try It!

1. Choose View > Outline to enter Outline mode.

2. In the artwork, using the Selection tool ( ), drag a marquee selection across the
artwork for the Back shirt content to select it (see the figure for what to select).

Drag across the artwork with the All objects within the marquee are
Selection tool. selected.

In the Layers panel, notice that the Shirt Front layer name has the selected-art
indicator (color square); an arrow is pointing to it in the figure.

560 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

560 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 Discussion Topic

Selected-art indicator. What happens to the artwork bounding
box when you complete step #3? Why
Also notice that the color of the bounding box, paths, and anchor points of the se- did it happen?
lected artwork matches the color of the layer. If you want to move selected artwork
from one layer to another, you can either drag the selected-art indicator to the right
of each sublayer or drag the selected-art indicator to the right of the layer name.
3. Drag the selected-art indicator (the little blue box) from the right of the
Shirt Front layer name straight up to the right of the target icon ( ) on
the Shirt Back layer.

Click the selected-art indicator. Drag to move the object to a new layer.

This action moves all of the selected artwork to the Shirt Back layer. The color of
the bounding box, paths, and anchor points in the artwork changes to the color
of the Shirt Back layer, which is red.

4. Choose Select > Deselect.

5. Choose View > GPU Preview if available or View > Preview on CPU if not.

6. Click the disclosure triangle ( ) to the left of the Shirt Front layer to show the
layer content. Drag the bottom of the Layers panel down to see more layers.

7. Click the <Group> layer that contains the Front type shapes, press the Shift key Note: Keeping layers and
and click the Back <Group> object to select both sublayers without selecting the sublayers closed can make it
artwork on the artboard. Drag either <Group> object to the Labels layer at the easier to navigate content in the
top of the list. When the Labels layer is highlighted, release the mouse button. Layers panel.

Shift+click to select multiple layers Selected content moved to a new layer.
and then drag.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 561

Discussion Topic Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

What are two ways to move artwork from Note: Be careful not to drag the This is another way to move artwork between layers. Any content that is dragged
one layer to another? layer into one of the other layers. to another layer is automatically at the top of the layer stack on that layer.
If the Shirt Back and Shirt Front
TEACHING TIP layers disappear, you can choose 8. Click the disclosure triangle ( ) to the left of the Shirt Front layer to hide the
Edit > Undo Reorder Layers and layer contents.
In steps 10-14, what you see on your then try again.
artboard will change very little. The big 9. Shift-click the Shirt Front and Shirt Back layers to select them. Drag either of
changes are in the Layers panel. them up, below the Labels layer in the Layers panel. When a line appears below
the Labels layer, release the mouse button to reorder the layers.

Reorder layers by dragging.

10. With the Selection tool, click the white shirt shape for the shirt labeled Front on
the artboard. Choose Edit > Cut.

11. Select the Pattern Front layer in the Layers panel, and choose Edit > Paste In Front.
The cut artwork is pasted onto the layer named “Pattern Front” in the same location.

Select the Pattern Front layer. Paste the content to a new layer.

12. Click to select the other white shirt shape under the Back label on the artboard.

13. Choose Edit > Cut, select the Pattern Back layer, and then choose Edit > Paste
In Front.

14. Choose Select > Deselect, and you can see what the Layers panel should now
look like in the figure.

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562 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

Rearrange your layers so that your Layers
panel looks like the one at the top of the
page (if it doesn’t already).

The current appearance of the Layers panel. Note: You can also Option-drag
(Mac OS) or Alt-drag (Windows)
Duplicating Layer Content the selected-art indicator to
duplicate content. You can also
In previous lessons, you’ve worked with the Edit > Copy and Edit > Cut commands. select the Front Sleeves row in
You can also use the Layers panel as another method for duplicating layers and other the Layers panel and choose
content. Next, you’ll duplicate content between layers. Duplicate “Front Sleeves” from
the Layers panel menu to create
Try It! a copy of the same content.

1. Click the disclosure triangle ( ) to the left of the Shirt Front layer to show the
layer content.

2. Press the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, and click the Front Sleeves sub-
layer to select the content on the artboard. You may need to scroll down in the
panel or make the panel taller to see it.

3. While still pressing the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, drag the Front
Sleeves row up onto the Shirt Back layer. When the layer is highlighted and a plus
sign (+) appears to the right of the pointer, release the mouse button, and then
release the key. Leave the artwork selected on the artboard.

This copies the Front Sleeves content onto the Shirt Back layer. Notice that the
new copied artwork has a red color on the bounding box, paths, and anchor
points, indicating that it’s on the Shirt Back layer now. Dragging with the modifier
key copies the selected content. This is the same as selecting the content on the
artboard, choosing Edit > Copy, selecting the Shirt Back layer in the Layers panel,
and then choosing Edit > Paste In Place.

Alt+dragging a layer copies it to a
new location in the panel.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 563

Discussion Topic Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Two things happened on the artboard in 4. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Shirt Front layer to hide the contents,
step #5. What were they? Undo and redo and click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Shirt Back layer to see its contents.
if you need to verify.
5. With the yellow/green sleeves artwork still selected on the artboard, Shift-click
the white shirt shape on the right side of the artboard (under Back) to select both
objects. Release the Shift key. Click again on the white shirt shape to make it the
key object. Click the Horizontal Align Center button ( ) in the Control panel to
align the objects to each other.

Note: You can also Command- Use an option on the Control panel
click (Mac OS) or Ctrl-click to align two objects.
(Windows) layers or sublayers
in the Layers panel to select 6. Choose Object > Arrange > Send To Back. In the Layers panel, notice that the
multiple, nonsequential layers. stacking order of the sublayers on the Shirt Back layer is now different, reflecting
how the artwork is arranged on the artboard.
Note: Layers can merge only
with other layers that are on 7. Choose Select > Deselect.
the same hierarchical level
in the Layers panel. Likewise, Merging Layers
sublayers can only merge with
other sublayers that are in the To streamline your artwork, you can merge layers, sublayers, content, or groups to
same layer and on the same combine the contents into one layer or sublayer. Note that items will be merged into
hierarchical level. Objects can’t the layer or group that you selected last. Next, you will merge content into a new
be merged with other objects. layer and then merge a few sublayers into one.

Note: Choose Merge Selected Try It!
from the Layers panel menu
to merge selected content into 1. In the content for the Shirt Back layer in the Layers panel, click the top <Path>
a single layer. The last layer you object in the Layers panel to highlight it, and then Shift-click the bottom
select determines the name and <Path> object in the layer to select four <Path> objects.
color of the merged layer.
2. Click the Layers panel menu icon ( ), and choose Collect In New Layer to cre-
ate a new sublayer (in this case) and put the <Path> objects in it.
The objects in the new sublayer retain their original stacking order.

3. Double-click the thumbnail to the left of or directly to the right of the new layer
name. In the Layer Options dialog box, change the name to Shirt Back Stitching,
and choose Light Red from the Color menu. Click OK.
Changing the layer color to match the main layer isn’t necessary. The Layer
Options dialog box has a lot of the options you’ve already worked with, including
naming layers, Preview or Outline mode, locking layers, and showing and hiding
layers. You can also deselect the Print option in the Layer Options dialog box,
and any content on that layer will not print.

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564 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

Can’t see the Shirt Front Stitching on your
artboard? Zoom in on the shoulder of
any sleeve.

Select the objects. Collect the objects in a new layer. The new layer renamed.

Next, you’ll do the same thing to the stitching artwork on the Shirt Front layer.

4. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Shirt Back layer to hide its
contents, and click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Shirt Front layer
to show the contents.

5. Command-click (Mac OS) or Ctrl-click (Windows) the four <Path> objects on the
Shirt Front layer, as you see in the first part of the following figure, to select them
all (they have shaded circles to the far right of their names).

6. Choose Collect In New Layer from the Layers panel menu ( ) to create a new
sublayer (in this case), and put the <Path> objects in it.

Ctrl+click to select noncontiguous Selected objects collected in one layer.
objects.

7. Double-click the new sublayer name (see the previous figure), and change the
name to Shirt Front Stitching by double-clicking the name in the Layers panel.
Press Enter or Return to accept the name.

8. In the Shirt Front layer, drag the remaining <Path> object up into the <Group>
object above it.

The <Path> object is now a part of the group (<Group>), but it appears on top of
the other objects in the group.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 565

TEACHING TIP Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Point out the second part of step #9,
“This changes the stacking order of the
artwork in your project and is the same
as choosing Object > Arrange > Send
to Back.”

Drag the remaining <Path> object to a <Path> object is now combined
new location. with <Group>

Look at the collar on the shirt under the word “Front” (on the artboard). After
completing the next step, take a look at it again.

9. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the <Group> object to show the con-
tents. Drag the top <Path> object to just below the bottom <Path> object in the
group. When a line appears, release the mouse button.

This changes the stacking order of the artwork in your project and is the same as
choosing Object > Arrange > Send To Back.

Note: If you want to merge Changing stacking order by dragging objects.
layers or groups, you could also
select the layers or content to 10. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the <Group> object to hide the con-
merge in the Layers panel and tents of the group.
then choose Merge Selected
from the Layers panel menu 11. Click the top <Group> object to select it in the Shirt Front layer. Command-click
( ). In the case of the two (Mac OS) or Ctrl-click (Windows) the other <Group> beneath it in the layer to
groups you selected, it simply select both (see the figure for what to select). Drag the selected <Group> objects
creates a single group that onto the Front Collar sublayer to move them.
contains the artwork from the
original two groups. If you were
to merge selected sublayers, a
single sublayer would be created.

566 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

566 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 Discussion Topic

What are two ways to view only one layer
at a time?

Drag selected layers to move them Note: You cannot merge
into a sublayer. selected content that is not
either a layer, sublayer, or group.
12. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Shirt Front layer to hide the contents. For instance, if you were to
select a <Path> object and a
13. Choose File > Save. sublayer or group in the Layers
panel, the Merge Selected
Pasting Layers command would be available,
but it wouldn’t work.
To complete the shirts, you’ll copy and paste the remaining pieces of artwork
from another file. You can paste a layered file into another file and even keep the
layers intact. In this section, you’ll also learn a few new things, including how to apply
appearance attributes to layers and reordering layers.

Try It!

1. Choose Window > Workspace > Reset Essentials.

2. Choose File > Open. If a panel appears, click Open in the panel. You could also
choose File > Open again. Navigate to the folder holding the data files for this
chapter, and double-click 22Pattern.ai.

3. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

4. Click the Layers panel icon ( ) to show the panel. To see how the objects in
each layer are organized, Option-click (Mac OS) or Alt-click (Windows) the eye
icon ( ) for each layer in the Layers panel to show one layer and hide the oth-
ers. You can also click the disclosure triangle ( ) to the left of each layer name
to expand and collapse the layers for further inspection. When you’re finished,
make sure that all the layers are showing and that they are collapsed.

Layers panel for the pattern.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 567

TEACHING TIP Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Where do you activate the Paste 5. Choose Select > All, and then choose Edit > Copy to select and copy the content
Remembers Layers option? How does to the clipboard.
Paste behave differently when Paste
Remembers Layers is active? 6. Choose File > Close to close the 22Pattern.ai file without saving any changes. If
a warning dialog box appears, click No (Windows) or Don’t Save (Mac OS).
Note: If the target document
has a layer of the same name, 7. In the 22End_xx.ai file, choose Paste Remembers Layers from the Layers panel
Illustrator combines the pasted menu ( ). A checkmark next to the option indicates that it’s selected.
content into a layer of the When Paste Remembers Layers is selected, artwork is pasted into the layer(s)
same name. from which it was copied, regardless of which layer is active in the Layers panel.
If the option is not selected, all objects are pasted into the active layer, and the
layers from the original file are not pasted in.

8. Choose Edit > Paste to paste the pattern content into the center of the artboard.

Paste the pattern to the artboard.

The Paste Remembers Layers option causes the 22Pattern.ai layers to be pasted
as three separate layers at the top of the Layers panel (print3, print2, print1).

Now you’ll move the newly pasted layers into the Pattern Front layer and then
change the ordering of the layers.

9. Drag the bottom of the Layers panel down so that you can see the new layers
(print3, print2, print1) and the Pattern Front layer.

10. In the Layers panel, select the print3 layer (if it’s not already selected), and Shift-
click the print1 layer name. Drag any of the three selected layers down on top of
the Pattern Front layer to move it to the new layer.

The three pasted layers become sublayers of the Pattern Front layer. Notice that
they keep their individual layer colors.

Move the pattern layers to the
Pattern Front layer.

11. Choose Select > Deselect, and then choose File > Save.

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568 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22

Changing Layer Order

As you’ve seen, you can easily drag layers, sublayers, groups, and other content in
the Layers panel to reorganize the layer ordering. There are also several Layers panel
options for commands such as reversing layer ordering and more that can make
reorganizing layers easier.

Try It!

1. Click the print3 layer, and Shift-click the print1 layer name to select all three
layers again.

2. Choose Reverse Order from the Layers panel menu ( ) to reverse the
layer ordering.

The layers before reversing. The layers after reversing.

3. Choose Select > Deselect (if available), and then click the disclosure triangle for
the Pattern Front and Shirt Front layers, if need be, to hide their contents.

Viewing Layers

The Layers panel lets you hide layers, sublayers, or individual objects from view.
When a layer is hidden, the content on the layer is also locked and cannot be
selected or printed. You can also use the Layers panel to display layers or objects
individually, in either Preview or Outline mode. In this section, you’ll learn how to
view layers in Outline mode to make artwork potentially easier to select.

Try It!

1. Select the Zoom tool ( ), and click three times on the gray collar (top part of the
shirt) for the Front shirt to zoom in.

2. Choose View > Outline. This displays the artwork so that only its outlines
(or paths) are visible and you can see the “TEE” text that is hidden.

TEE

Outline view shows the hidden label “TEE.”

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 569

Discussion Topics Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

What happens to the eye icon when its Note: To view layer artwork 3. Choose View > GPU Preview if available or View > Preview on CPU if not.
layer is in outline mode? in Outline mode, you can also
What happens when you Option/Alt-click double-click either the layer Sometimes, you may want to view part of the artwork in outline mode while
on a layer’s visibility icon? thumbnail or just to the right of retaining the strokes and fills for the rest of the artwork. This can be useful if you
the layer name to open the Layer need to see all artwork in a given layer, sublayer, or group.
TEACHING TIP Options dialog box. You can then
deselect Preview and click OK. 4. In the Layers panel, click the disclosure triangle for the Shirt Front layer to reveal
After step #7, the red TEE tag should be in the layer content. Command-click (Mac OS) or Ctrl-click (Windows) the eye icon
front of the gray collar layers. ( ) to the left of the Front Collar layer name to show the content for that layer
in Outline mode.

Note: This will hide and show all Ctrl+click the eye icon to show content.
other layers, even sublayers on
the Shirt Back layer. Displaying a layer in Outline mode is also useful for selecting the anchor points
or center points on objects.

5. Select the Selection tool ( ), and attempt to click the “TEE” text. You’ll most likely
select the group of content that is on top of it.

6. Click the Locate Object ( ) button at the bottom of the Layers panel to see
where the selected group is in the Layers panel. Drag the left edge of the Layers
panel to the left so you can see more of the layer names.

7. Choose Object > Arrange > Send To Back to send the selected group to the bot-
tom of the Front Collar layer.

8. Command-click (Mac OS) or Ctrl-click (Windows) the eye icon ( ) to the left
of the Front Collar layer name to show the content for that layer in Preview
mode again.

9. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

10. Option-click (Mac OS) or Alt-click (Windows) the eye icon ( ) to the left of the
Shirt Back layer to hide the other layers.
Hiding all layers except those that you want to work with can be very useful.

11. Choose Show All Layers from the Layers panel menu ( ).

12. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of each of the layers to ensure that they
are all closed.

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570 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

Applying Appearance Attributes to Layers Note: To learn more about The artwork from your print1-print3 layers
working with appearance will land somewhere in the center of your
You can apply appearance attributes, such as styles, effects, and transparency, to attributes, see Lesson 25, artboard between the two shirts. That’s
layers, groups, and objects, using the Layers panel. When an appearance attribute is “Exploring Creative Uses of fine for now. You’ll move them later.
applied to a layer, any object on that layer takes on that attribute. If an appearance Effects and Graphic Styles.”
attribute is applied only to a specific object on a layer, it affects only that object, not
the entire layer. Note: Clicking the target icon
also selects the object(s) on the
Next, you’ll apply an effect to an object on one layer, and then you’ll copy that effect artboard. You could simply select
to another layer to change all objects on that layer. the content on the artboard to
apply an effect.
Try It!

1. Click the disclosure triangle to the left of the Pattern Front layer name to show
its contents, and then click the target icon ( ) to the right of the print1 layer in
the target column.

Click the target icon to select content.

Clicking the target icon indicates that you want to apply an effect, style, or trans-
parency change to that layer, sublayer, group, or object. In other words,
the layer, sublayer, group, or object is targeted. The content is also selected in
the Document window. When the target button appears as a double-ring
icon (either or ), the item is targeted; a single-ring icon indicates that
the item is not targeted.

2. Click the Opacity link in the Control panel to show the Transparency panel.
Choose Overlay from the Blending Mode menu, which shows as Normal
by default.

For the print1 layer, the target icon ( ) in the Layers panel is now shaded, in-
dicating that the layer has at least one appearance attribute (a blending mode)
applied to it.

Options on the Blending Mode menu.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 571

REVIEW THE Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers
VOCABULARY
3. Click the target icon ( ) to the right of the print2 layer in the Layers panel.
Clipping mask An object or group of 4. Click the Opacity link in the Control panel to show the Transparency panel.
objects that masks artwork below it so
that only the artwork within the shape Choose Luminosity from the Blending Mode menu, which shows as Normal
is visible. by default. Change the Opacity to 20.

Clipping mask Change the opacity of the object.

An object or group of objects 5. Choose Select > Deselect.
that masks artwork below it so
that only the artwork within the 6. Choose Window > Workspace > Reset Essentials.
shape is visible.
Creating a Clipping Mask

The Layers panel lets you create clipping masks to control whether artwork on a
layer (or in a group) is hidden or revealed. A clipping mask is an object or group of
objects that masks (with its shape) artwork below it in the same layer or sublayer, so
that only artwork within the shape is visible.
Now you’ll create a clipping mask for the pattern for each shirt. As you create the
clipping mask, you’ll learn about working with Isolation mode so that you can focus
on specific parts of the artwork.

Try It!

1. Choose Window > Layers to open the Layers panel. Click the disclosure triangle
to the left of all main layers to hide their content. Select the layer named Pattern
Front, and choose Enter Isolation Mode from the Layers panel menu ( ).

Display the artboard in Isolation mode.

When a layer is in Isolation mode, objects on all layers except that layer are
dimmed and temporarily locked, much like when you enter Isolation mode for

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572 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIP

a group, so that you can easily edit items being isolated without affecting other Rearrange your layers so that your Layers
layers. The Layers panel now shows a layer called Isolation Mode and a layer that panel looks like the one in step #2 (if it
contains the Pattern Front layer content. doesn’t already).

2. In the Layers panel, click the disclosure triangle for the Pattern Front layer to
reveal the layer contents. Choose Select > All, and then Shift-click the selection
column (little red box) to the right of the <Path> object (the shirt shape) in the
Layers panel to deselect it.

Shift+click the selection column.

3. With the Selection tool selected, drag any of the selected shapes on the artboard
to the left and onto the shirt shape until it’s positioned roughly as in the figure.

Drag the pattern object to position it on Note: Deselecting the artwork
the shirt. on the artboard is not necessary
to complete the next steps, but
In the Layers panel, a masking object must be above the objects it masks. You it can be helpful for viewing the
can create a clipping mask for an entire layer, a sublayer, or a group of objects. artwork.
You want to mask the content in the Pattern Front layer, so the clipping object
needs to be at the top of the Pattern Front layer, which is what you did in the
previous section.

4. Choose Object > Arrange > Send To Back.

The white shirt shape will now be on top of the pattern artwork on the
Pattern Front layer.

5. Select the Pattern Front layer to highlight it in the Layers panel. Click the
Make/Release Clipping Mask button ( ) at the bottom of the Layers panel.

Click the Make/Release The sublayer name is underlined to indicate it is a
Clipping Mask button. clipping mask.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 573

TEACHING TIP Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

Point out the second yellow note, a Note: To release the clipping The name of the <Path> sublayer is underlined to indicate that it is the masking
reminder that in addition to pressing the mask, you can select the Pattern shape, and it has been renamed to “Clipping Path.” On the artboard, the <Path>
Escape key, you can also double-click Front layer again and click the sublayer has hidden the parts of the pattern content that extended outside of
in a blank area of the artboard to exit same Make/Release Clipping the shape.
Isolation Mode. Mask button ( ).
6. Click the selection column for the <Clipping Path> layer to select the shirt path.
Change the Fill color to Black in the Control panel.

Note: You can also double-click Click the selection column for the <Clipping Path> layer.
in a blank area of the artboard to
exit Isolation mode. 7. Press the Escape key to exit Isolation mode.
Next, you will practice creating a clipping mask by performing the same steps on
the Back shirt.

8. In the Pattern Front layer, click the print1 layer, and Shift-click the print3 layer to
select all three layers.

9. Option-drag (Mac OS) or Alt-drag (Windows) any of the layers to the Pattern
Back layer to copy them there. Make sure you release the mouse button and
then the modifier key.

Alt+drag layers to copy them.

10. Select the Pattern Back layer, and choose Enter Isolation Mode from the Layers
panel menu ( ).

11. Drag a selection marquee across the pattern objects to select them all. Be-
gin dragging to the right, and as you drag, press the Shift key to constrain the
movement. Drag them into position as you see in the figure. Release the mouse
button and then the key.

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574 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 TEACHING TIPS

Drag to select the pattern Drag the selected objects to position them. At the end of the Try It! clipping mask
objects. sequence, you may find it helpful to
examine the Layers panel of the 22End.
12. Choose Object > Arrange > Send To Back to put the pattern content behind the ai art file as a class. Point out where the
white shirt. clipping mask layer of each side of the
shirt is in relation to the pattern it masks.
13. Select the Pattern Back layer to highlight it in the Layers panel. Click the
Make/Release Clipping Mask button ( ) at the bottom of the Layers panel. Encourage students to experiment with
simple clipping mask exercises of their
14. Click the selection column for the <Clipping Path> layer to select the shirt path. own, perhaps using the shirt outline from
Change the Fill color to Black in the Control panel. this exercise.

15. Double-click in a blank area of the artboard to exit Isolation mode.

Completed project. Note: For a complete list of
shortcuts that you can use with
Now that the artwork is complete, you may want to combine all the layers into the Layers panel, see “Keyboard
a single layer and then delete the empty layers. This is called flattening artwork. shortcuts” in Illustrator Help
Delivering finished artwork in a single-layer file can prevent accidents, such as (Help > Illustrator Help).
hiding layers or omitting parts of the artwork during printing. To flatten specific
layers without deleting hidden layers, you can select the layers you want to flat-
ten and then choose Merge Selected from the Layers panel menu.

16. Choose File > Save, and then choose File > Close.

Using Technology to Improve
Professional Communication

Today’s businesses rely heavily on technology to facilitate the communication pro-
cess. In fact, many of the technologies you might use in your personal life, including
Facebook and Twitter, are also used in business. You can use not only social media
outlets but also personal information management systems such as those available
on any smartphone to organize contact information, appointments and tasks, web-
site favorites, and other data that can help you work efficiently.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 575

Discussion Topic Lesson 22 Organizing Your Artwork with Layers

How can you use the internet to promote Smartphones and tablets also allow you to stay in touch with clients and colleagues
yourself as a designer? using a variety of communication methods:

• E-mail for written communications and transferring information by attachment

• Texting for quick, short written messages

• Voicemail for verbal messaging

• Face-to-face applications such as Facetime and Skype for real-time personal
interactions

• In-phone cameras to capture pictures or videos to transmit project details

The Internet provides rich opportunities for designers to communicate with clients
and potential clients. Today’s graphic designers frequently have their own website
and design blog. A website serves as an online portfolio, with each navigable sec-
tion offering a categorized view of the designer’s work. For example, there might
be a section for visual identities, print, motion, web design, and so on. If a physical
portfolio is not available for someone considering your design services, your design
website will always be accessible.

Writing and publishing a design blog can be a very handy promotional tool for a
designer. It keeps clients and colleagues informed about current projects, and it can
increase traffic to your site. It’s a great way to establish yourself as an active member
of the community of graphic designers. A design blog forces you to practice struc-
turing your thoughts about design into clearly written text. Graphic designers are, of
course, known to be primarily visual people, but writing is another way to have an
impact on the field and market as a designer who thinks clearly and manages infor-
mation in an organized fashion.

Standard business software applications provide additional ways to help you
communicate.

• Word-processing programs let you create documents for communication such
as letters, memos, and reports.

• Spreadsheets let you store and analyze information, and then generate charts
and graphs to use as visual aids for reinforcing your message. You can also
use spreadsheet functions to help you create budgets and invoices and
track payments.

• Database programs let you store data and generate reports you can use to
communicate information about the data.

• Presentation programs let you create slide shows for communicating in both
formal and informal settings. You might create an informal presentation of just
a few slides, for example, to share design ideas with colleagues. For showing
the progress of a project to a client, you can prepare a formal presentation that
follows best practices for restrained theme, organized introduction of topics, and
a minimum of sounds and animations that might be distracting to your audience.

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576 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Organizing Your Artwork with Layers Lesson 22 Comprehension Check

Review Project 1. To hide a layer, click to deselect the
eye icon to the left of the layer name
In small groups, develop a survey about how your classmates use current technology in the Layers panel. Select the blank,
methods to communicate. Include categories such as e-mail; websites and blogs; leftmost column (the Visibility col-
written communications such as tweets and text messages; and face-to-face options umn) to show a layer.
such as Skype. You may want to create an informal presentation to capture ideas as
you brainstorm. Then use the survey to collect the information. Enter the information 2. You reorder layers by selecting a layer
into a spreadsheet program and use it to create a chart to visually communicate the name in the Layers panel and drag-
survey results. Create a formal presentation to share the survey information with your ging the layer to its new location. The
class. Include an introductory slide, slides for each survey question, and a slide on order of layers in the Layers panel
which you embed the spreadsheet chart that shows results. Add visual interest with controls the document’s layer order—
pictures of some of the communication devices covered in the survey, and add tran- topmost in the panel is frontmost in
sitions and animation as desired. Show your presentation to the class and explain and the artwork.
interpret the data shown in the spreadsheet chart. Discuss how presenting the data in a
slide show and having a visual aid such as a chart affect the communication process. 3. The color for a layer controls how
selected anchor points and direc-
Comprehension Check tion lines are displayed on a layer
and helps you identify which layer an
1. How do you hide layers? How do you show individual layers? object resides on in your document.

2. Describe how to reorder layers in a file. 4. The paste commands paste layered
files or objects copied from different
3. What is the purpose of changing the color for a layer? layers into the active layer by default.
The Paste Remembers Layers option
4. What happens if you paste a layered file into another file? Why is the Paste Re- keeps the original layers intact when
members Layers option useful? the objects are pasted.

5. How do you apply an effect to a layer? How can you edit that effect? 5. Click the target icon for the layer to
which you want to apply an effect.
LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 577 Then, choose an effect by using the
Effect menu or by clicking the Add
New Effect button in the Appearance
panel. To edit the effect, make sure
that the layer is selected, and then
click the name of the effect in the
Appearance panel. The effect’s dialog
box opens, and you can change
the values.

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FOCUS AND ENGAGE Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

Introduce the Lesson Lesson 23 Overview

Share a photograph—or a physical In this lesson, you’ll learn how to do the following:
example—of sunglasses with gradient
lenses. What do students notice about • Create and save a gradient fill. • Adjust the opacity of color in a gradient.
the color of the lenses? As you review the
skills listed in the Lesson 22 Overview, • Apply and edit a gradient on a stroke. • Blend the shapes of objects in intermediate steps.
share that in this lesson students will learn
to add a gradient fill—a graduated blend • Apply and edit a radial gradient. • Create smooth color blends between objects.
of two or more colors—as well as patterns
and blends of shapes and colors to their • Add colors to a gradient. • Modify a blend and its path, shape, and color.
Illustrator artwork.
• Adjust the direction of a gradient. • Create and paint with patterns.
TEACHING TIP
To add texture and interest to your artwork in Illustrator, you can apply gradient fills, which are graduated blends
With the class—before students open the of two or more colors, patterns, and blends of shapes and colors. In this lesson, you’ll explore how to work with
23Start.ai file and begin the Try It! exercise each of these to complete a project.
on the next page—open a blank Illustrator
document, draw a rectangle, and fill it Note: If you don’t see Reset Opening the Project File
with the default orange-yellow gradient Essentials in the workspace
to demonstrate. If time permits, have stu- switcher menu, choose Window In this lesson, you’ll explore various ways to work with gradients, blend shapes and
dents do the same and experiment with > Workspace > Essentials before colors, and also create and apply patterns.
the options that appear in the Gradient choosing Window > Workspace > Before you begin, you’ll restore the default preferences for Adobe Illustrator CC.
panel. Point out the color stop sliders Reset Essentials.
on the gradient panel, and note that the Try It!
color change doesn’t take effect until you
release each color slider. 1. Start Illustrator and then immediately hold down Ctrl+Alt+Shift (Windows) or
Command+Option_Shift (Mac OS) to reset the default settings.

2. If prompted, click Yes to confirm that you want to delete the Adobe Illustrator
Settings file.

3. Choose File > Open, navigate to the folder holding the data files for this chapter,
and double-click 23Start.ai to open it.

4. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

5. Choose File > Save As, navigate to the location where your instructor directs you
to save files for this chapter’s projects, and rename the file 23End_xx.ai. Leave
the Format option set to Adobe Illustrator (ai) (Mac OS) or the Save As Type op-
tion set to Adobe Illustrator (*.AI) (Windows), and then click Save.

6. In the Illustrator Options dialog box, leave the Illustrator options at their default
settings, and then click OK.

7. Choose Reset Essentials from the workspace switcher in the Application bar.

578 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

578 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 REVIEW THE
VOCABULARY
Working with Gradients
Gradient fill A graduated blend of two or
A gradient fill is a graduated blend of two or more colors, and it always includes a Gradient fill more colors.
starting color and an ending color. You can create different types of gradient fills in A graduated blend of two or
Illustrator, including linear, in which the beginning color blends into the ending color more colors. Gradient color stop The point at which
along a line, and radial, in which the beginning color radiates outward, from the center a gradient changes from one color to
point to the ending color. You can use the gradients provided with Adobe Illustrator CC Note: The Gradient panel you the next.
or create your own gradients and save them as swatches for later use. see will not match the figure, and
that’s okay. TEACHING TIP
You can use the Gradient panel (Window > Gradient) or the Gradient tool ( ) to
apply, create, and modify gradients. In the Gradient panel, the Gradient Fill or Stroke Gradient color stop In the Try It! activity, you’re going to cre-
box displays the current gradient colors and gradient type applied to the fill or stroke The point at which a gradient ate a gradient for the sky and save it as a
of an object. changes from one color to the gradient swatch.
next.
A. Gradient G. Opacity

A I B. Fill box/ H. Location

J Stroke box I. Gradient type

B K C. Reverse J. Stroke gradient
Gradient type
C
D L D. Gradient K. Angle

E M midpoint L. Aspect ratio

F E. Gradient slider M. Delete Stop

G F. Color stop

H

Tools in the Gradient panel.

In the Gradient panel under the gradient slider, the leftmost gradient stop labeled
“F” in the previous figure is also called a color stop. This marks the starting color;
the right gradient stop marks the ending color. A gradient color stop is the point at
which a gradient changes from one color to the next. You can add more color stops
by clicking below the gradient slider, and double-clicking a color stop opens a panel
where you can choose a color from swatches, color sliders, or the eyedropper.

Applying a Linear Gradient to a Fill

With the simplest, two-color linear gradient, the starting color (leftmost color stop)
blends into the ending color (rightmost color stop) along a line. To begin the lesson,
you’ll create a gradient fill for the yellow background shape to simulate a blue sky.

Try It!

1. Using the Selection tool ( ), click to select the large yellow rectangle in
the background.

2. Change the Fill color to the gradient swatch named “White, Black” in the Control
panel. The default black-and-white gradient is applied to the fill of the selected
background shape.

Click the “White, Black” gradient.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 579

Discussion Topic Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

In step #1, first bullet, how can you Editing a Gradient
tell that the Fill box is selected in the
Gradient panel? Next, you’ll edit the colors in the default black and white gradient you applied.

Try It!

1. Open the Gradient panel (Window > Gradient), and perform the following:
• Make sure that the Fill box is selected (circled in the figure).
• Double-click the white, leftmost gradient stop to select the starting color of
the gradient (an arrow is pointing to it in the figure).
• Click the Swatches button ( ) in the panel that appears.
• Click to select the light-gray swatch named “Sky 1.”

Make sure the Fill box is selected and double-click the left gradient stop.

2. Press the Escape key or click in a blank area of the Gradient panel to close the
Swatches panel.

3. In the Gradient panel, perform the following:

Double-click the right gradient stop and click the Color button.

• Double-click the black color stop on the right side of the gradient slider to
edit the color in the Gradient panel (circled in the figure). In the panel that
appears, click the Color button ( ) to open the Color panel.

• Click the menu icon ( ), and choose CMYK from the menu, if CMYK values
aren’t showing.

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580 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 TEACHING TIP

• Change the CMYK values to C=40, M=4, Y=10, and K=0. Note: To move between text In step #4, the image on the Show
fields, press the Tab key. Press Swatch Kinds Menu button changes
• After entering the last value, click in a blank area of the Gradient panel to Enter or Return to apply the last depending on which swatches are
return to the Gradient panel. value typed. currently visible.

The following figure shows the gradient so far.

Revised gradient applied to the image. Note: Like most things in
Illustrator, there is more than
Saving a Gradient one method for saving a gradient
swatch. You can also save a
Next, you’ll save the gradient in the Swatches panel. gradient by selecting an object
with a gradient fill or stroke,
Try It! clicking the Fill box or Stroke box
in the Swatches panel (whichever
1. Click the Gradient menu arrow ( ) to the left of the word “Type,” and then click the gradient is applied to), and
the Add To Swatches button ( ) at the bottom of the panel that appears. then clicking the New Swatch
The Gradient menu lists all the default and saved gradients that you can apply. button ( ) at the bottom of the
Swatches panel.
Click the Type arrow.

2. Click the Swatches panel icon ( ) on the right side of the workspace to open
the Swatches panel. In the Swatches panel, double-click the “New Gradient
Swatch 1” thumbnail to open the Swatch Options dialog box.

Double-click the new gradient swatch.

3. In the Swatch Options dialog box, type Sky in the Swatch Name field, and then
click OK.

4. Click the Show Swatch Kinds Menu button ( ) at the bottom of the Swatches
panel, and choose Show Gradient Swatches from the menu to display only gra-
dient swatches in the Swatches panel.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 581

TEACHING TIP Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

In step #1 at the bottom of the page, if The Swatches panel lets you sort colors based on type. So if you want to only
the gradient annotator doesn’t appear, go show gradient swatches in the panel, for instance, you can temporarily sort the
back and select the Gradient tool. swatches in the panel.

Note: You can hide the gradient Choose to show only gradient swatches.
annotator (bar) by choosing
View > Hide Gradient Annotator. 5. With the rectangle still selected on the artboard, apply some of the different
To show it again, choose View > gradients to the shape fill by selecting them in the Swatches panel.
Show Gradient Annotator.
6. Click the gradient named “Sky” (the one you just saved) in the Swatches panel to
make sure it is applied before continuing to the next step.

7. Click the Show Swatch Kinds Menu button ( ) at the bottom of the Swatches
panel, and choose Show All Swatches from the menu.

8. Choose File > Save, and leave the rectangle selected.

Adjusting a Linear Gradient Fill

Once you have painted an object with a gradient, you can adjust the direction, the
origin, and the beginning and end points of the gradient using the Gradient tool.
Now you’ll adjust the gradient fill in the background shape.

Try It!

1. Select the Gradient tool ( ) in the Tools panel.
With the Gradient tool, you can apply a gradient to the fill of an object or edit an
existing gradient fill. Notice the horizontal gradient annotator (bar) that appears in
the middle of the rectangle. The bar indicates the direction of the gradient. The
larger circle on the left shows the starting point of the gradient (the first color
stop), and the smaller square on the right is the ending point (the last color stop).

Gradient annotator bar.
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582 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 TEACHING TIP

2. Position the pointer over the bar in the gradient annotator. After step #3, notice that the angle in the
Gradient panel changed to 90°.
Note: If you move the pointer
to different areas of the In step #4, you’re reversing the start-to-
gradient slider, the appearance end direction of the gradient, so it’ll more
of the pointer may change. blue at the bottom and fade to white at
This indicates that different the top. In step #5, you’ll tilt that gradient
functionality has been activated. to an 80° angle.

Point to the annotator bar to change its appearance.

The bar turns into the gradient slider, much like the one found in the Gradient
panel. You can use the gradient slider to edit the gradient without opening the
Gradient panel.

3. With the Gradient tool, Shift-click the top of the artboard and drag down to the
bottom of the artboard to change the position and direction of the starting and
ending colors of the gradient in the background rectangle. Release the mouse
button, and then release the key.

Holding down the Shift key constrains the gradient to 45-degree angles.

Drag from top to bottom with the Gradient tool.

4. With the Gradient tool, Shift-click below the bottom of the artboard, and drag up
to just past the top of the artboard to change the position and direction of the
starting and ending colors of the gradient in the background rectangle. Release
the mouse button, and then release the key.

Drag from bottom to top.

5. With the Gradient tool, position the pointer just off the small white square at the
top of the gradient annotator. A rotation icon ( ) appears. Drag to the right to
rotate the gradient in the rectangle, and then release the mouse button.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 583

Discussion Topic Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

Where else could you go to change the
Stroke width?

Note: Entering the gradient Use the rotation icon to change the gradient angle.
rotation in the Gradient panel,
rather than adjusting it directly 6. Double-click the Gradient tool in the Tools panel to show the Gradient panel.
on the artboard, is useful when Ensure that the Fill box is selected in the panel (circled in the figure), and then
you want to achieve consistency change the rotation angle in the Angle field to 80 and press Enter or Return.
and precision.

With the Fill box selected, change the gradient angle.

7. Choose Object > Lock > Selection to lock the rectangle.

8. Choose File > Save.

Applying a Linear Gradient to a Stroke

You can also apply a gradient blend to the stroke of an object. Unlike a gradient
applied to the fill of an object, you cannot use the Gradient tool to edit a gradient on
the stroke of an object. A gradient on a stroke, however, has more options available
in the Gradient panel than a gradient fill. Next, you will add a series of colors to a
stroke gradient to create a frame for the artwork.

Try It!

1. Select the Selection tool ( ) in the Tools panel, and click the red stroke on
the edge of the artboard to select that rectangle. Choose 18 pt from the
Stroke Weight menu in the Control panel.

Adjust the stroke weight using the Control panel.
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584 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 TEACHING TIPS

2. Click the Stroke box at the bottom of the Tools panel, and click the Gradient box Note: Depending on the After Step #4, after you zoom in on the
below the Fill box to apply the last used gradient (the light gray to blue for the resolution of your screen, you top-right corner of the rectangle, move
rectangle fill). may see a double-column your Gradient panel off to the right if it’s
Tools panel. in your way.

Select the Stroke box. Note: Depending on the This sequence may take a few tries, but
resolution of your screen, the the result is worth it. What students are
3. Click the word “Transform” or X, Y, W, or H in the Control panel to show the Transform options may appear doing is using a custom gradient to cre-
Transform panel. Make sure that Constrain Width And Height Proportions is directly in the Control panel. ate a realistic-looking frame around the
turned off ( ) and that the center point of the reference point locator ( ) is image. The multi-colored gradient gives
selected. Change Width to 14.75 in and Height to 6.25 in. the illusion of depth to the frame.

In step #1, the Apply Gradient Across
Stroke button is the third in the left-to-
right sequence of three buttons.

Use the Transform panel to set exact measurements. Note: You can apply a gradient
to a stroke in three ways: within
This will ensure that the stroke fits within the bounds of the artboard. a stroke (default) ( ), along a
stroke ( ), and across a stroke
4. Select the Zoom tool ( ) in the Tools panel, and drag across the upper-right ( ).
corner of the selected rectangle to zoom in to it.

Edit a Gradient on a Stroke

For a gradient on a stroke, you can choose how to align the gradient to the stroke:
within, along, or across. In this section, you’ll explore how to align to a stroke and
also edit the colors of the gradient.

Try It!

1. In the Gradient panel, click the Stroke box (if not already selected) circled in
the following figure to edit the gradient applied to the stroke. Leave Type as
Linear, and click the Apply Gradient Across Stroke button ( ) to change the
gradient type.

2. Double-click the blue color stop on the right, and click the Swatches button ( )
to show the swatches. Click to select the swatch named “Border 2.” Click outside
the panel to accept the selection.

Zoom into the corner. Edit the stroke gradient type. Adjust the color stop color.
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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 585

Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

3. Double-click the leftmost color stop (the white color), and with the Swatches
button ( ) selected, click to select the swatch named “Border 3.” Press the Es-
cape key to hide the swatches and return to the Gradient panel.

4. Position the pointer below the color ramp and between the two color stops,
to add another color stop. When the pointer with a plus sign ( ) appears, click
to add another color stop as you see in the middle part of the following figure.

5. Double-click that new color stop and, with the swatches selected ( ), click the
swatch named “Border 1.” Press the Escape key to hide the swatches and return
to the Gradient panel.

Edit the leftmost color stop. Add a new color stop. Change the color of the
color stop.

6. With the color stop still selected, change the Location to 80%.

For the next few steps, you’ll discover how to add more colors to the gradient by
dragging copies of color stops in the Gradient panel.

Note: You can delete a color Specify a location for the color stop.
in the color ramp by selecting
a color stop and clicking the 7. Pressing the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, drag the selected (mid-
Delete Stop button ( ) or dle) color stop to the left (closer to the leftmost color stop), release the mouse
by dragging the color stop button when you see roughly 25% in the Location value, and then release the
downward and out of the modifier key. See the first part of the following figure.
Gradient panel. Remember that
the gradient must contain at least 8. Pressing the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, drag the rightmost (Border 3)
two colors! color stop to the left. Release the mouse button, and then release the modifier
key when it is positioned at roughly 35%, as you see in the second part of the
following figure.

Duplicate a color stop. Duplicate a second color stop.
586 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

586 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 Discussion Topic

9. Choose Select > Deselect, and then choose File > Save. What’s the difference between a linear
gradient and a radial gradient?

The current appearance of the stroke.

Applying a Radial Gradient to Artwork

As previously noted, with a radial gradient, the starting color (leftmost color stop) of
the gradient defines the center point of the fill, which radiates outward to the ending
color (rightmost color stop).
Next, you will create and apply a radial gradient fill to the windows of the ship
(called portholes).

Try It!

1. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

2. With the Zoom tool ( ) selected, drag from left to right across the white ellipse,
below the red sails on the ship, to zoom in very closely.

3. Select the Selection tool ( ) in the Tools panel, and click the white ellipse.

4. In the Control panel, change the Fill color to the White, Black gradient. Press the
Escape key to hide the Swatches panel.

5. Click the Gradient panel icon ( ) to show the Gradient panel (if necessary). In
the Gradient panel, make sure the Fill box is selected. Choose Radial from the
Type menu to convert the linear gradient in the shape to a radial gradient. Keep
the ellipse selected and the Gradient panel showing.

Change the gradient to a Radial gradient.

Editing the Colors in the Radial Gradient

Next, you’ll use the Gradient tool to adjust the colors in the radial gradient.

Try It!

1. In the Gradient panel, with the ellipse still selected, click the Reverse Gradient
button ( ) to swap the white and black colors in the gradient.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 587

Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

Note: When you double- Reverse the gradient.
click a color stop, you can see
the location in the panel that 2. Select the Gradient tool ( ) in the Tools panel.
appears. As you build this radial
gradient, you can copy the 3. Position the pointer over the gradient annotator (bar) in the ellipse to reveal the
values you see in the figures to gradient slider, and perform the following operations:
closely match the positions of • Double-click the black color stop in the center of the ellipse to edit the color.
the color stops. • In the panel that appears, click the Color button ( ), if it’s not already selected.
• Choose CMYK from the panel menu (if necessary) to show the CMYK sliders.
• Change the color values to C=22, M=0, Y=3, K=0. Press the Escape key to
hide the panel.

Note: For the next steps, zoom Click the Color button to adjust gradient stop colors.
in a little further into the artwork
to more easily see the color Notice that the gradient annotator starts from the center of the ellipse and points
stops in the gradient. to the right. The dashed circle around the gradient annotator when the pointer
is over it indicates that it is a radial gradient. You can set additional options for
radial gradients, as you’ll soon see.

4. Position the pointer beneath the gradient slider, a little to the left of the white
color stop at the right end of the color ramp. When the pointer with a plus sign
( ) appears, click to add another color to the gradient (circled in the first part of
the following figure).

5. Double-click the new color stop. In the panel that appears, click the Swatches
button ( ), and select the swatch named “Window 1.” Change the Location
to 87%. Press the Escape key to close the panel.

Click to add a gradient stop. Select the “Window 1” gradient.
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588 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 TEACHING TIP

6. Pressing the Option (Mac OS) or Alt (Windows) key, drag the color stop you just In Adjusting the Radial Gradient at the
created to the left (see the following figure for how far). Release the mouse but- bottom of the page, you’ve got the port-
ton, and then release the modifier key. hole window gradient ready. Now you just
need to adjust the shape of the ellipse.
7. Double-click the new color stop, and change the Location value to 80% in the
panel that appears. Press Enter or Return to change the value and hide the panel.

Drag the gradient stop Change the location of the stop.
to relocate it.

Once the colors are set in the gradient, you can always delete, add more, or even
change the order of colors.

8. Double-click the leftmost light-blue color stop, and change the Location value Note: When you edit a color
to 70% in the panel that appears. Press Enter or Return to change the value and stop that has a swatch applied,
hide the panel. you can easily see which
swatch is applied because it is
highlighted in the panel.

Change the location of the left color stop. The revised gradient. Note: You may not see the
dotted circle as you drag the end
9. Choose File > Save. of the gradient annotator. That’s
okay. It appears if you position
Adjusting the Radial Gradient the pointer over the gradient
annotator bar first, before
Next, you will change the aspect ratio of the radial gradient, adjust the position, and dragging the right end point.
change the radius and the origin of the radial gradient.

Try It!

1. With the Gradient tool ( ) selected and the ellipse still selected, position the
pointer over the right end of the gradient annotator. Click and drag the black
diamond shape ( ), to the right, stopping just before the right edge of the ellipse
shape, and release the mouse button.
Make sure that you still see some white on the edges of the gradient. If you
don’t, you can drag the diamond shape back to the left a bit. This lengthens the
gradient slightly.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 589

Discussion Topic Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

Why did we leave part of the white
rim visible?

Click the black diamond shape. Drag to adjust the ellipse.

2. In the Gradient panel, ensure that the Fill box is selected, and then change the
Aspect Ratio ( ) to 80% by selecting it from the menu.

Note: The aspect ratio is a value Change the aspect ratio.
between 0.5% and 32,767%. As
the aspect ratio gets smaller, the The aspect ratio changes a radial gradient into an elliptical gradient and makes
ellipse flattens and widens. the gradient better match the shape of the artwork. Another way to edit the as-
pect ratio is to do so visually. If you position the pointer over the gradient on the
Note: You can drag the small selected artwork with the Gradient tool selected and then position the pointer
white dot to the left of the larger over the top black circle that appears on the dotted path, the pointer changes to
white dot to reposition the
center of the gradient without . You can then drag to change the aspect ratio of the gradient.
moving the entire gradient bar.
This also changes the radius of Next, you will drag the gradient slider to reposition the gradient in the ellipse.
the gradient.
3. With the Gradient tool, click and drag the gradient slider up a little bit to move
the gradient in the ellipse. See the figure for approximately where to drag to.

Adjust the position of the gradient slider.

4. Select the Selection tool ( ), and double-click the Scale tool ( ) in the Tools
panel. Change the Uniform Scale value to 60%, and click OK.

Change the scale of the shape.
590 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

590 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION

Gradients, Blends, and Patterns Lesson 23 TEACHING TIP

If you transform a shape with a gradient applied, such as scale or rotate the Applying gradients to the two sails at the
shape (among other types of transformations), the gradient transforms as well. same time creates the appearance that
5. Select the Selection tool in the Tools panel, and Option-drag (Mac OS) or Alt- the same sun in shining on both of them
drag (Windows) the window to the right to create a copy. Position it to the right at the same time. (Separate gradients
of the original, as you see in the figure. would mean separate suns!)

Alt+drag the object to copy it.

6. Choose Select > Deselect, and then choose File > Save.

Applying Gradients to Multiple Objects

You can apply a gradient to multiple objects by selecting all the objects, applying
a gradient color, and then dragging across the objects with the Gradient tool.
Now you’ll apply a linear gradient fill to the sails and edit the colors in it.

Try It!

1. Choose View > Fit Artboard In Window.

2. With the Selection tool ( ) selected, click to select the leftmost red sail shape.
Shift-click the red sail to the right of it to select both shapes.

3. In the Control panel, choose the gradient named “Sails” from the Fill color.
Press the Escape key to hide the Swatches panel, if necessary.

Apply the gradient to both objects.

When you apply a gradient to the fill or stroke of multiple selected objects,
they are applied independently.

Now you’ll adjust the gradient on the shapes so that the gradient blends across
all of them as one object.

4. Make sure that the Fill box at the bottom of the Tools panel or in the Swatches
panel is selected.

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LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION 591

TEACHING TIP Lesson 23 Gradients, Blends, and Patterns

Remind students of the tip in the yellow 5. Select the Gradient tool ( ) in the Tools panel.
note, and don’t miss the additional tip Notice that there is a gradient annotator (a bar) on each of the sails. This shows
provided in step #3 at the bottom of that by applying a gradient to multiple selected objects, the gradients are applied
the page. to each object independently.

6. Drag from the center of the leftmost sail shape to the rightmost edge of the sail
on the right, as shown in the figure, to apply the gradient uniformly as a single
gradient across both shapes.

Adjust the gradient to fill all objects.

7. Choose Select > Deselect, and then choose File > Save.

Adding Transparency to Gradients

By specifying varying opacity values for the different color stops in your gradient, you
can create gradients that fade in or out and that show or hide underlying images.
Next, you will apply a gradient that fades to transparent.

Try It!

1. Open the Layers panel, and click the visibility column to the left of the Water
layer to show its contents as well. Make sure that the Water layer is selected. You
may need to scroll down in the panel or collapse the layers.

Note: Since the units for the Make the Water layer visible.
document are set to inches, you
don’t need to enter the “in.” 2. Select the Rectangle tool ( ) in the Tools panel, and click anywhere in the
Document window. In the Rectangle dialog box, change Width to 15 in and
Height to 2 in. Click OK to create a rectangle.

Create a rectangle.

3. Press the letter D to ensure that the rectangle has the default fill of white and
stroke of black.

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592 LEARNING GRAPHIC DESIGN & ILLUSTRATION