[BAHASA INGGERIS] BUKU TEKS SAINS KOMPUTER TINGKATAN 4

Scenario 292 Analysis of entities, attributes, relationships and cardinality. transitive function dependencies and determinants that are not primary keys. (d) Enter the data. (a) Concept design using ERD. 1 Identify (e) Test the database adequately. A guide to converting 2NF to 3NF relations. queries, forms and reports. Computer Science Form 4 (c) Build an interface that uses objects like (a) Choose a Database Management System that (b) Build a database based on a relational schema. Translate the schema into a relational table: (b) Modify the database system when necessary. relationship and make normalization. suitable tuning. relationship. Translate the ERD into a schematic (a) Monitor database system performance and create (b) Logical design using schematics which is transitively dependent along with a copy of its determinant into a new relation. The remaining attributes are grouped as a new relation. 2 Collect attributes The development of human capital under the 9th and 10th Malaysia Plan organizes skills workshops such as the 1MalaysiaGrip program for the country's youth to improve their ability and mastery of knowledge. To find out the effectiveness of the program, a database system was developed to keep records of the participants' achievements in the tests for the courses taken. The database stores the personal details of the participants, details of the courses offered and details of the participants' performance in the tests. The database system allows users to enter participant information, course information and participant achievement information for tests taken for each course. Users can find personal details and test achievements for all participants or each individual participant in the achievement report. Did you know? you ? 2 Designing 3 Build 4 Maintain A 10337 10-2 Block C, Panorama, Subang 10555 10359 134 South Query, Ipoh, Perak 10337 Name 10359 Student ID 10359 Student ID Address Sarah 10337 Grade Student ID Alan Kelantan A 10555 Adam 227 Prima Condo, Kubang Kerian, A 10555 Jaya, Selangor Machine Translated by Google

(b) Registering participants. Participant registration form, list of instructor information, list of workshop participation, list of test results. System name Skill Course Participant Management System. (c) Entering test results. Objective To record all program participants, courses taken and achievements. Data sources (d) Looking for records of the participants' achievements. (a) Enter course information. Usage No. KP, course code, results Course test details code participant details course details participant details course details optional course code Figure 2.4.2 Data flow diagram for the Skills Course Management System CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE (b) Research data forms and manual report samples. (a) Research how data is produced and used by the system and related entities. (c) Produce a data flow chart. 1 Research the usage and the necessary data. course details COURSE PARTICIPANTS Participants Participants TEST Planning and analyzing 1. User questionnaire about the objectives, uses and sources of data for the database to be built. PARTICIPANTS TEST Enter course information COURSE Enter test achievement information Participants Participants Register participants COURSE Produce a report of the results test details participant details 293 course details Machine Translated by Google

To facilitate conceptual design, sketch the ERD diagram and do the analysis. See Figure 2.4.3. In the ERD above, a PARTICIPANT can take more than one COURSE and each COURSE has more than one PARTICIPANT (cardinality M:N); each PARTICIPANT can take one or more TESTS and each TEST can be taken by one or more PARTICIPANTS (cardinality M:N); and each COURSE has only one TEST (cardinality 1:1). gender and address. TEST Concept design b Identify attributes for each entity, for example PARTICIPANT has KP No., phone number, COURSE a Identify the list of entities: PARTICIPANT, COURSE, TEST. PARTICIPANTS c Identify the attribute that is a unique identity to the entity to be used as a key attribute. For example, No. KP becomes a unique identity to the PARTICIPANT entity; code as a unique identity to the COURSE entity; and both No. KP and code as a unique identity to the TEST entity. Designing Address KP No Computer Science Form 4 Name Instructor Gender Course code Figure 2.4.3 ERD for the database for the professional development workshops program KP No there is Date Telephone Code Instructor Name register Address take Decision 294 Machine Translated by Google

CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Table 2.4.1 0NF Non-Normalized TEST Table Sketch a table that can be used to store the data in the ERD. Test the table by collecting sample data and display the data collected in the table. Name the table as TEST. The raw TEST schedule is shown as in Table 2.4.1. The table below is not normalized or in 0NF form. 93400 Kuching, Kuala Lumpur 4436 Development mud TRAINING 10, Mid Valley 5-Mar 16 mud Passed 900926- ENGLISH 07-1523 4040 Network C3, Lorong Alor 8, SEA Park, mud 08-7755 COMPUTER ICON Flaming, Test 05-6552 Vivien F. 900413- Botany, 31650 Greetings 57000 Kuala 29-Feb 02-9352 Computer TRAINING Android ACTIVE Java Certified 5-May 16 mud 10, Mid Valley 5-June 16 C-0806, Guesthouse Business ICON City, 59200 Kuala Petaling Jaya, mud Adam 011- 4555 Programming Ying 10B, Cheras, Dr Ismail, 60000 02-5532 16 City, 59200 Kuala Software F Java Certified Date 950216- Certified Instructor Lot 1, Technology Residences, Sri Passed Petaling Jaya, M Computer 4656 Communications Computer ACTIVE 3A, Damansara C-0806, Guesthouse ICON 900502- Gg, 59200 Kuala 3954 Network Sarawak Teng C-0806, Guesthouse 15-Apr 16 mud Use it 2222222 silver M SOLUTIONS M Selangor 011- M Address 16 3952 Technician Root, 25050 Address PEAK SYS O'Donnell 012- M Edward Alam, Selangor Passed 2-Mar 16 Passed 93400 Kuching, 6678999 Car Range Sarawak 900422- Car Range Lot 453, Pavilion, 3, Meru Jaya, City, 59200 Kuala COMPUTER 29-Feb 16 16 012- 8-Mar 16 012- Computer 9, Merchant SS2,47410 Amy Tan 900426- 3244566 Code SYS 93400 Kuching, 016- Passed 5555555 TRAINING Ipoh, Perak 850415- mud 02-3355 012- 2, Section 13, Passed COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 10, Mid Valley Passed Lot 453, Pavilion, ICON Fail Gg, 59200 Kuala City, 59200 Kuala TRAINING mud CAMBRIDGE 15-Aug Majid Selangor 931211- 56000 Kuala 890705- Java Certified Kuala Lumpur Passed Microsoft 1133568 12, Garden Decision 010- mud 55, Garden Abdul Park MALAYSIA, ICON Bryan Ng 870120- 4040 Network Hartamas, 50490 4042 Technology Certified Selangor SOLUTIONS Gg, 59200 Kuala English TRAINING mud Main, 47400 Computer 03-5556 10, Mid Valley Gg, 59200 Kuala Passed 016- Chin Xiao M 10, Mid Valley 18, Taman Tun 5-Mar 4555 Programming 4160 Development 3333333 12-A, Bukit Kiara Instructor Passed Computer 4555 Programming Course INNOVATION 1-Mar 16 Kuantan, Pahang 1111111 3953 Securities F 3592 Technician Passed Xavier Sarawak Certified Dorothy C-0806, Guesthouse M Certified 93400 Kuching, City, 59200 Kuala mud SYS 31650 Ipoh, Charles 01-8577 Passed 3333222 ACTIVE Passed Petaling Jaya, 02-5555 Square, 47410 Course 3-Mar Sarawak Marissa Name No. KP Telephone Gender F COMPUTER 3333566 02-9234 29-Feb 16 4444444 4-Mar 16 40100 Shah 012- SYS Lot 453, Pavilion, 16 4436 Development 295 Machine Translated by Google

296 Characteristics of the 1NF structure: Converts a 0NF table to a 1NF structure Each row contains atomic data. That is, in one line, one attribute is not allowed to contain more than one data. A table must have at least one key attribute. Computer Science Form 4 Table 2.4.2 1NF structured TEST table 850415- 3244566 Lot 453, Pavilion, 01-8577 016- City, 59200 Kuala 29-Feb 16 M 16 57000 Kuala 012- 3592 Technician Ying Bryan Ng 870120- 10, Mid Valley ACTIVE COMPUTER 4444444 Passed Lot 453, Pavilion, Certified 950216- Passed Passed Date 4042 Technology Square, 47410 Computer Name No. KP ACTIVE Kuantan, Pahang Ipoh, Perak 02-9234 F 18, Taman Tun ACTIVE 890705- 4160 Development ICON Abdul INNOVATION Gg, 59200 Kuala Vivien F. 900413- Majid 931211- mud City, 59200 Kuala 011- 3954 Network 31650 Ipoh, Lot 1, Technology 56000 Kuala Fail mud 012- COMPUTER 02-9352 ENGLISH Gg, 59200 Kuala C3, Lorong Alor Charles M 016- Address 3953 Securities Sarawak Phone Gender Passed 03-5556 55, Garden F 850415- 29-Feb 16 Botany, 31650 Passed 4040 Network TRAINING Petaling Jaya, Passed Passed Kuala Lumpur mud TRAINING 1111111 TRAINING 10, Mid Valley Amy Tan 900426- 4436 Development Gg, 59200 Kuala Alam, Selangor Petaling Jaya, Bryan Ng 870120- 4040 Network 900422- 4444444 SYS Xavier 012- 15-Apr 16 Dorothy Code 5555555 4555 Programming Flaming, SYS 5-Mar SYS Java Certified Botany, 31650 TRAINING Abdul Residences, Sri Ipoh, Perak Certified 2, Section 13, Java Certified 8, SEA Park, Passed 93400 Kuching, 10, Mid Valley C-0806, Guesthouse 02-9234 Business 93400 Kuching, 012- Marissa mud 2, Section 13, 3333566 1-Mar 16 Passed Computer Passed 02-9352 6678999 SOLUTIONS 07-1523 Bryan Ng 870120- City, 59200 Kuala 93400 Kuching, M 05-6552 M F 4436 Development Decision Android M Certified Address SOLUTIONS Petaling Jaya, 55, Garden 1111111 4656 Communication Dr Ismail, 60000 SOLUTIONS 3A, Damansara Software Greetings 08-7755 mud TRAINING 900926- 4-Mar 10, Mid Valley 02-3355 3333333 012- Park MALAYSIA, mud mud Computer 4444444 silver SYS Car Range 8-Mar 16 012- mud Use it 9, Merchant 5-Mar 16 Instructor Computer Root, 25050 3952 Technician Instructor M 1133568 Botany, 31650 012- 011- Ipoh, Perak Java Certified Computer PEAK Passed Selangor Alam, Selangor Chin Xiao 10, Mid Valley C-0806, Guesthouse Adam M 3, Meru Jaya, City, 59200 Kuala 5-June 16 02-5555 mud 29-Feb 16 10B, Cheras, CAMBRIDGE 02-9352 Computer Selangor Bryan Ng 870120- C-0806, Guesthouse 02-5532 4444444 Passed 900502- Course M 93400 Kuching, Teng 16 2-Mar 16 mud Ipoh, Perak 3-Mar 16 Greetings ICON 55, Garden 15-Aug 16 40100 Shah Hartamas, 50490 SS2,47410 ICON Sarawak ICON Gg, 59200 Kuala M 012- City, 59200 Kuala Sarawak 2222222 Main, 47400 C-0806, Guesthouse 40100 Shah O'Donnell Passed Certified Edward 012- COMPUTER mud 02-9352 M Sarawak 3333222 010- 4555 Programming 12, Garden ICON Test COMPUTER 12-A, Bukit Kiara 55, Garden Car Range Course 4555 Programming Botany, 31650 5-May 16 M Selangor Kuala Lumpur Lot 453, Pavilion, English Microsoft Machine Translated by Google

TEST (name, nokp <KP> , phone, gender, address, Course code <KP>, course, instructor, instructor address, test date, results) 297 For example, look at the recurring attributes for the names of participants Abdul Salam and Bryan Ng in the following table: Name, KP No., Telephone, Gender and Address. These attributes depend on the KP No. only. Refer to the data collected in the 0NF table and identify the attribute name for each data column. Identify unique attributes in each record row. Note that the combination of attribute No. KP and course codes are unique for each row. Therefore, both attributes are suitable to be used as primary keys. 2NF logical design Let's normalize 1NF to 2NF. Check if there is an attribute that does not depend on both attributes No. KP and Course code. Partial functional dependency is an indication of the separation of the attributes involved to form a new table. Remove attribute groups that depend on attribute No. KP only. 1NF logical design Note that the conversion to 1NF does not reduce the repetition. For example, because Mr. Abdul Salam sat for two course tests, Mr. Abdul Salam's details were repeated twice. Another example is Mr. Bryan Ng. Mr. Bryan Ng has attended three skills workshop tests. For the Certified Automotive Network Development skills workshop, Mr. Bryan Ng had to take the test twice because he failed the first time. Therefore, 1NF tables are still not suitable for implementation in database systems. CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Table 2.4.3 Identify recurring attributes from non-normal table data Botany, 31650 93400 Kuching, 012- SOLUTIONS Passed C-0806, Guesthouse 1111111 Ipoh, Perak ICON SYS 4040 Network Name No. KP Telephone Gender Car Range Ipoh, Perak 02-9352 Course 5-May 16 5-Mar 16 012- Abdul 55, Garden Sarawak 1111111 Computer Address M Gg, 59200 Kuala 012- Address TRAINING 15-Apr 16 M 4444444 Certified 3592 Technician Botany, 31650 10, Mid Valley Bryan Ng 870120- 55, Garden Passed mud Greetings 15-Aug 16 Passed ACTIVE Course ICON Computer 4444444 Instructor 02-9352 M 2, Section 13, Bryan Ng 870120- Abdul Ipoh, Perak City, 59200 Kuala SOLUTIONS Instructor Botany, 31650 C-0806, Guesthouse Certified M Date Passed M 4436 Development 40100 Shah 02-9352 TRAINING 4042 Technology mud 012- Ipoh, Perak Gg, 59200 Kuala Greetings Decision 3953 Securities 850415- Lot 453, Pavilion, 5-June 16 COMPUTER 2, Section 13, 4444444 Car Range Alam, Selangor 012- mud 850415- Android 10, Mid Valley Computer 02-9234 93400 Kuching, 55, Garden SYS 40100 Shah Test Certified 55, Garden 4444444 Fail ACTIVE City, 59200 Kuala Bryan Ng 870120- Botany, 31650 Lot 453, Pavilion, 02-9234 Passed 2-Mar 16 Sarawak 012- Bryan Ng 870120- Code M COMPUTER Alam, Selangor mud 02-9352 4436 Development Machine Translated by Google

PARTICIPANT (_name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address, zip code) PARTICIPANT (name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address) EXAMINATION ((name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address), course code TEST (nokp <KP> <KA>, course code <KP>, course, instructor, instructor address, test date, result) <KP>, course, instructor, instructor address, test date, results) TEST (nokp <KP> <KA>, course code <KP>, course, instructor, instructor address, test date, result) EXAMINATION (nokp <KP> <KA>, course code <KP> <KA>, test date, result) EXAMINATION (nokp <KP> <KA>, Course code <KP>, course, instructor, Instructor address, COURSE (Course code <KP>, course, instructor, Instructor address) PARTICIPANT (name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address) test date, result) For example, in the group (nokp <KP> <KA>, Course code <KP>, course, instructor, Instructor address, Exam date, result) attributes course, instructor and instructor address can be specified exclusively using Course code only. Therefore, the group (Course code, course, instructor, Instructor address) can be separated as a new group. Note that Coursecode in the new group is also a foreign attribute. The original group EXAM maintains the codeCourse attribute along with the No attribute. KP to exclusively determine the test date and test results of the participants. Notice the new relationship scheme. Analyze whether there are still partial functional dependencies in the new schema. In the TEST group, there is still a partial functional dependency on the primary key attribute of codeCourse. Two groups of attributes result from the split: the old normalized group TEST and a new group given the entity name PARTICIPANT. Identify the key attribute in the PARTICIPANT group. Then, make the key attribute No. KP in the PARTICIPANT group as a foreign key to the TEST group. The new schema group is now in 2NF form because there is no longer a partial dependency between any attribute with any primary key attribute: Computer Science Form 4 298 Machine Translated by Google

Are there key and foreign attributes to join two originally joined tables? If this transfer is not done, there may be a lot of data repetition for both instructor attributes and instructor addresses in the Course table. The removal of these two attributes from the original group makes the relational schema in 3NF form. In the Course table, the instructor attribute and Instructor address attribute are common attributes. However, the two attributes are closely related and therefore can be grouped together. Make the instructor attribute the primary key in the new group. In the COURSE origin group, the instructor attribute becomes the foreign key. Name the new group COURSE INSTRUCTORS. Consider the data in the 3NF table. Are there still repeated data? 3NF logical design 299 COURSE (Course code <KP>, course, instructor <KA>) COURSE (Course code <KP>, course, instructor, Instructor address) INSTRUCTOR_COURSE(instructor <KP>, addressInstructor) COURSE (Course code <KP>, course, instructor, Instructor address) PARTICIPANT (name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address) PARTICIPANT (name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address) PARTICIPANT (name, nokp <KP>, phone, gender, address) TEST (nokp <KP> <KA>, course code <KP> <KA>, test date, result) TEST (nokp<KP> <KA>, codeCourse <KP> <KA>, test date, result) TEST (nokp <KP> <KA>, course code <KP> <KA>, test date, result) Table 2.4.4 3NF structured table for PARTICIPANTS CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Address Abdul Salam 850415-02-9234 012-1111111 M Gender silver Telephone 55, Taman Botani, 31650 Ipoh, No. KP Kuching, Sarawak F 870120-02-9352 012-4444444 M Name 12, Taman Kenyalang, 93400 10B, Cheras, 56000 900426-02-5555 011-3333333 Brian Ng Kuala Lumpur Alam, Selangor Amy Tan 2, Section 13, 40100 Shah Adam Majid 900926-01-8577 012-2222222 M Machine Translated by Google

Table 2.4.5 Table 3NF TEST Computer Science Form 4 4040 1-Mar-16 Fail 950216-05-6552 010-5555555 M Sri Hartamas, 50490 Kuala 4436 8-Mar-16 Passed Address Passed No. KP F 3593 15-Aug-16 Decision Kuala Lumpur 900422-02-5532 016-1133568 M 4555 Chin Xiao Ying 931211-07-1523 012-3333222 3592 mud 3954 29-Feb-16 Charles Petaling Jaya, Selangor 900413-02-3355 012-6678999 M 5-Mar-16 Passed Telephone Edward Xavier 900502-03-5556 011-3244566 M 4042 3-Mar-16 Passed Passed 8, SEA Park, SS2,47410 3, Meru Jaya, 31650 Ipoh, 4555 2-Mar-16 Passed 4160 29-Feb-16 Use it Marissa C3, Lorong Alor Akar, 25050 15-Apr-16 Passed Gender Petaling Jaya, Selangor silver 4555 5-May16 Passed Passed F 4040 18, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, 60000 O'Donnell Course code 5-Mar-16 Passed Kuantan, Pahang 12-A, Bukit Kiara Residences, 4436 4-Mar-16 Passed 3A, Damansara Utama, 47400 Vivian F. Test Date Passed Passed Name Dorothy Teng 890705-08-7755 016-3333566 3592 4656 5-June-16 29-Feb-16 300 Machine Translated by Google

3954 4436 TRAINING ICON Computer Security COMPUTER SYS 4160 Lot 453, Pavillion, 93400 Kuching, Sarawak 10, Mid Valley City, 59200 Kuala Lumpur PEAK INNOVATION 3592 Business English Communication CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH COMPUTER SYS Certified Mobile Network Development 4042 4040 COMPUTER SYS Microsoft Software Development 4556 ACTIVE SOLUTIONS Computer network COMPUTER SYS 4555 CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH 9, Merchant Square, 47410 Petaling Jaya, Selangor C-0806, Wisma Gg, 59200 Kuala Lumpur 3593 Certified Computer Technician PEAK INNOVATION Certified Java Programming ACTIVE SOLUTIONS Instructor's Address TRAINING ICON Course code Course Android technology Instructor ACTIVE SOLUTIONS TRAINING ICON Instructor Computer network Lot 1, Technology Park MALAYSIA, 57000 Kuala Lumpur Table 2.4.6 Table 3NF COURSE Table 2.4.7 Table 3NF INSTRUCTOR_COURSE CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE All of the above 3NF tables do not have repeating data rows and have full functional dependencies to the primary key attributes of their respective tables. Tables of 3NF tables can be linked to each other through primary and foreign key attributes. 301 Machine Translated by Google

302 2.4.2 Developing a Database System with a Graphical Interface Using Database System Development Software According to SDLC To Solve Problems (b) Create a new table named PARTICIPANTS. From the main menu, go to the Create tab and click Table. (a) Refer to the schematic: 1 Build a database, Skill Workshop Test. After that, click Save and enter the name of the PARTICIPANT. PARTICIPANT (name, number, phone, gender, address) 2 Build the Participant table: 3NF structured tables can now be implemented in database systems. Use Microsoft Access to process 3NF structured tables in 2.4.1. The steps are, Computer Science Form 4 Figure 2.4.4 Building a Skills Workshop Test database Machine Translated by Google

(c) Add the attributes to the table. Make sure the table is in Design View mode. CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Figure 2.4.5 Building the Participant table Figure 2.4.6 Participant table attributes 303 Machine Translated by Google

255 Participant's full address for correspondence. Computer Science Form 4 Yes gender address Yes (c) Add the attributes to the table. Make sure the table is in Design View mode. (d) Define primary key. To generate a composite key, select both attributes and click the key icon in the Design tab of the main menu. Both attributes can be selected simultaneously with Yes 20 Use input 000-0000000 14 Use the expression Like "######-##-####" in the Validation Rule. name (b) Create a new table named TEST. From the main menu, go to the Create tab and click Table. Table 2.4.8 Properties for Test table attributes 255 Must be a Malaysian citizen. Nope TEST (Course code, Test date, result) Size Text 3 Build a Test schedule: (d) Define primary key. 304 Figure 2.4.7 Test table attributes Text telephone Text enough 10 Use the expression "Male" or "Female" only in the Validation Rule. After that, click Save and enter TEST as the table name. Text Mandatory Data Type? (e) Determine the properties for each attribute. Description Yes (a) Refer to the schematic: Attribute name Text Machine Translated by Google

(c) Add attributes to the tables. Make sure the table is in Design mode Yes decision After that, click Save and enter COURSE as the name of the table. COURSE (codeCourse, course, instructor) course code 4 Build a Course schedule: test date Nope (e) Determine the properties for each attribute. Course. Format ####. Use the Lookup Wizard to connect to the Coursecode attribute in the Course table. in the Validation Rule. 305 Description Nope View. press the "Ctrl" key on the keyboard and use the mouse to select both lines of attributes. Text – In month(b), day(h) and year(t) format such as bb/hh/yyyy. Example: 8/31/2016 (b) Create a new table named COURSE. From the main menu, go to the Create tab and click Table. Text (a) Refer to the schematic: Mandatory Data Type attribute name? Table 2.4.9 Properties for Test table attributes Figure 2.4.8 Primary key from KP No. and Course code 10 Composite keys and foreign keys to tables 2 Use the expression "Pass", "Fail" or "Absent" CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Size Text Machine Translated by Google

(a) Refer to the schematic: Table 2.4.10 Properties for the attributes of the Course table (e) Determine the properties for each attribute. Format ####. 5 Build a schedule of Course Instructors: (d) Define primary key. 5 Unique auto-numbers per course. Primary lock. 100 The name of the supplied skill. 100 Name of registered organization providing training services. 306 Description Figure 2.4.9 Course table attributes Yes Computer Science Form 4 Size Yes Yes View. Text Text (b) Create a new table named CourseInstructor. From the main menu, go to the Create tab and click Table. After that, click Save and enter Course Instructor as the table name. (c) Add attributes to the tables. Make sure the table is in Design mode Course code Instructor Text COURSE_INSTRUCTOR(instructor, addressInstructor) Mandatory Data Type attribute name? Course name Machine Translated by Google

11 Use the switchboard to combine forms and reports in one Table 2.4.11 Properties for the attributes of the Course Provider table (e) Determine the properties for each attribute. 255 Name of registered organization providing training services. The name must be unique. Made primary key. 10 Prepare a report for the list of all participants who passed. (d) Define primary key. Description 8 Enter the data through the form. 9 Prepare a query for the list of all the participants who passed. Size Figure 2.4.10 Attributes of the Course Instructor table 7 Display the tables as forms. instructor Attribute name 6 Display the relationship between the tables. Yes Yes CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE 307 Text Instructor address Text "interface". Mandatory Data Type? 255 Correspondence address of the organization that teaches the course. Machine Translated by Google

301 10 Booking 2 See the following example table: #Vendor Quantity Superior White A4 Paper (i) 1 (a) Explain the purpose of using the Entity Relationship Diagram (Entity Relationship Diagram - Department 288 300 3 Referring to question 2, produce the following normal form relationship schemes: Participants 12/7/2016 200 (iii) 1003 7/13/2016 #Order Vendors Crayon 12 sticks Goose M M 12/7/2016 30 (iv) 3NF ERD). Manager Product Rerama Sdn Bhd (i) 0NF register 1001 200 300 Angkasa Sdn Bhd Rainbow 12 color pencils N Date Customers 606 250 Computer Science Form 4 (b) Explain the relationship for each ERD drawing shown. (ii) 605 300 Rerama Sdn Bhd (ii) 1NF 1 290 Talk #Product 1002 7/13/2016 Kinabalu Sdn Bhd 308 make manage Pilot ink pen Goose Pen 1 1001 Rerama Sdn Bhd (iii) 2NF Formative Training 2.4 1 1004 7/14/2016 30 20 Identify suitable unique data as primary key candidates. Machine Translated by Google

Foreign key ERD Storage method Hierarchy Scheme Attributes Model Object Computer Base System Characteristics of the desired data Relationship File processing system Manual Oneto-many Integrity 3NF Model Cardinality Query Report 1NF Model Relationship RESCAN Schedule 309 Oriented CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Not too much Model Main key Normalization Entity Many-to many Macro, switchboard Stick to it Data = raw facts 9 2NF Network One-to-one SDLC can reach Database system Machine Translated by Google

A Model of Entity Relationships 10 Which is the CORRECT statement for activities such as adding, amending and deleting records from a file? _________ 7 The following is the procedure 2 B primary lock. each record in the database is known as a _________ 1 The following are advantages of using a database over a list EXCEPT A is easier to build and maintain. 310 Objective Questions C consistency check. 3 A group of records is known as D file maintenance D attributes. E facilitates the reorganization of data. C Record E Normalized data model data validation EXCEPT B Network data model is a category of information in a database. C is a foreign key. A data type. B prevent excesses. D extrapolate the data. is a data model that C is a foreign key. C multimedia database. Answer all the questions. D numerical review. _________ E normalization E table. A enters the data. D Attribute E Table 9 In some tables, the primary key consists of more than one attribute known as _________ A validation 6 A database management system (DBMS) has the following operations EXCEPT D attributes. B primary lock. C easy to share information. A Primary lock E updates the data. _________ D column. D object-oriented database. 2 B looks at the data. _________ A composite key. B backup 5 The database that is commonly used now is A list. _________ A range check. C Hierarchical data model D maintains data integrity. B Foreign key used for conceptual design of databases by showing relationships between entities. E relationship. E object relational database. _________ E normalization check. A database. 4 Attributes that have a unique value for C data search. 8 B primary lock. B relational database. Computer Science Form 4 SUMMATIVE TRAINING B completeness check. D A rational data model E table. C range check C is a foreign key. Machine Translated by Google

_________ Database ] 5 Fill in the blanks. (e) A number like 123 can be stored in a data type _________ (d) What is the difference between a primary key and a non-key field? Common file system 2NF CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE [ [ [ [ [ [ [ (b) The unique attribute contained in each record is known as _________. (a) Entities are represented by relational tables. (b) Entities are divided into main entities and foreign entities. (c) Foreign keys are used as links between tables. (d) Each entity should have one primary key. (e) Foreign keys must be unique. (f) Database functions include gathering and reorganizing data. (g) A relational data model allows for many-to-many relationships. (h) Normalization is the process of recording data once to reduce ] with entities. 1 A database can be defined as a collection 2 Give an example of a database usage scenario. ] _________. (b) Distinguish attributes from entities using appropriate example entities, distinguish between attributes (c) Discuss the difference between the following terms: Normal shape ] [ if no calculation is required. Structured question 8 (a) What is the purpose of data normalization? Description 311 7 Explain the difference between a normal file system and a database system. 3NF ] repeated data. or data type _________. (c) The set of programs that handle the database responsibilities of an organization is known as _________. (c) Differentiate between primary key and foreign key. 1NF 4 Determine whether the following statements are "true" ( ) or "false" ( ): 3 Discuss the advantages of using a database over a regular file system. Answer all the questions. ] ] 6 (a) What is meant by entity? (b) What are the characteristics of Non-Normalized (0NF) tables? ] (a) When constructing a database table, it is important to ensure that each record is Machine Translated by Google

always need to update data for his business. (a) What are the disadvantages of using a file system for the task? 312 manage Talk 1 Company ABC has a file with 30 data attributes and over 1000 records. ABC Company Problem solving which contains attributes such as item type, item ID, quantity and price. The ERD should also store the date and time of the transaction and the name of the cashier. Computer Science Form 4 Manager (c) 1Malaysia Clinic has only one visiting doctor. The doctor may serve in other 1Malaysia clinics on different days. N make (ERD) to plan and document the design. Cardinality Booking (b) A patient can be referred to one or more specialist doctors. A specialist doctor treats many patients. (a) Explain to your employer the benefits of using Entity Relationship Diagrams M 10 ERD drawings for the following scenarios: (b) What are the advantages of using a database for the above purposes (if any)? 9 Identify the cardinality in the following examples. 3 The census in 2010 showed that the state of Selangor has the highest population in Malaysia. The following table shows the population_of selangor, placing the main cities in Selangor according to population: Department Participants Answer all the questions. M (d) Nadia applies for an international passport because she wants to travel to the island of Bali. Each applicant can only have one passport. Each passport is specific to one applicant. (b) Design a suitable ERD that shows a customer buying an item 1 1 Example Customers (a) A teacher can teach more than one subject but each subject can be taught by only one teacher. 2 You work in a stationery shop in your place during the semester break. Your employer plans to develop a database system to record all transactions. Your employer asks for your opinion on database design. 1 register Machine Translated by Google

Kajang 1004 300 245,182 497,067 #Product Vendors Kinabalu Sdn Bhd 2010 300 silver 671,282 7/13/2016 290 Crayon 12 sticks Goose 2010 George Town 740,200 Johor Bahru 605 Pilot ink pen 2010 2010 Selangor 1001 30 City 601,534 7/13/2016 288 20 Angkasa Sdn Bhd Rerama Sdn Bhd 2010 Subang Jaya Date 30 606 Goose Pen 2010 Ipoh Population Shah Alam 1002 200 Rerama Sdn Bhd CHAPTER 2 DATA BASE Rerama Sdn Bhd Year 2010 Klang #Order 12/7/2016 Product 250 1,553,589 Johor 2010 Typing Sharp 1003 200 Rainbow 12 color pencils 757,892 448,000 7/14/2016 300 2010 Penang 1001 #Vendor Quantity 10 state 1,113,851 12/7/2016 301 Superior White A4 Paper (c) Change the scheme to 2NF. 4 Study the following scenario: (e) Sketch the tables with the data in 3NF. (b) Change the scheme to 1NF. (d) Change the 2NF scheme to 3NF. Explain why you did so. (a) Change the above table to a relational scheme. and the following sample data table. Answer the questions given. (c) Change the 1NF scheme to 2NF. Explain why you did so. (b) Change the 0NF scheme to 1NF. Explain why you did so. 5 Suppose you are given a 0NF schema (#Order, Date, #Product, Product, Quantity, #Vendor, Vendor) (c) Can a primary key be added to an entity? Referring to the above scenario, suggest the need for an additional primary key. (a) Identify repeating groups of data. (b) Change the data model above to a relational schema. Define a primary key and a foreign key for each relational key. [Note: The statistics above are examples and not actual values.] (a) Draw the ERD for the above scenario. "A soccer player at the Malaysian Sports Council (MSSM) level must have details such as full name, identity card number and jersey number. A football player is also one of the team members. A football team must have a name, the name of the school, the state represented, the name of the coach and the name of the accompanying teacher. The maximum number of football players is 15 people per team. This football team will participate in a series of matches. Each game only allows two ball teams to compete. The details of the match, are the place, date and time.” 313 Machine Translated by Google

produce display prototypes and screen designs humans and computers » Quantitative evaluation report on display and screen design » How to evaluate interactive products based on the purpose and basic principles of interactive design » Application of the interaction design process in the developed program In this chapter, you will learn: » How to » The need for interaction Computer Science Form 4 Interaction is an action or active relationship between one and another. In this era of globalization, humans and computers need each other in addition to being the main medium in the development and development of various fields. Human-computer interaction involves the study of how computer technology affects human work and activities. CHAPTER 3 • What would happen if computers had no interaction design • How can we produce an attractive and accessible prototype satisfy users? which is attractive and not user friendly? • What is the importance of computers to humans? HUMAN INTERACTION AND COMPUTER Think... 314 Machine Translated by Google

Interaction Design 3.1 In order to produce a good interaction design, there are several principles that need to be followed. Every product or application needs to meet the importance of this principle so that the product produced can meet the goal of usability, which is that users find it easy to learn, have a good effect when using it and provide a satisfying and enjoyable experience. One example of an application that reaches this level of usability is Instagram where users can easily use the menus provided, allowing users to communicate and follow the progress of an issue and feel happy and satisfied when they finish using it. Interaction design allows users to communicate and interact with a product or application. The design needs to take into account the acceptance of users of various ages and environments. Simple and attractive design and display will make many users want to use it in their daily life. For example, the use of WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Telegram, airplane ticket reservation system and so on. Therefore, the principles of interaction design are very important and need to be paid attention to because the developed applications are very compleThe display and menu provided are very simple and easy to use by various walks of life. Interaction design is an important aspect and needs to be emphasized when developing a product or application because an attractive and easy-to-use design will make users comfortable and enjoy using the product or system. Design is the layout of text, images, buttons and menus in a product. While interaction is the human action while using the product. The five design principles that need to be emphasized are: 315 STANDARD CONTENTS LEARNING STANDARDS CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION 3.1.1 Study the interaction needs between humans and computers 3.1.2 Evaluate interactive products based on the purpose and basic principles of interactive design Machine Translated by Google

1 Consistency —Any changes that occur on the display will attract the user's attention or disrupt the user experience. All elements need to remain in the same position so that the user will feel comfortable while using the application. If the elements are moved without reason and purpose, the user's focus will be disturbed. The design needs to be consistent in terms of presentation and functionality across all interfaces. For example, the position of the Close button on the Microsoft Windows interface 2 Ability to make observations (perceivability)—Users who use the application for the first time will observe all aspects of the interface. Indicators or interaction buttons should be easy to identify. If interaction indicators/buttons are difficult to detect, users will feel uncomfortable. The best user experience is when the user can use the application comfortably and without hesitation. For example, the Facebook interface has been updated several times since its launch. Users will definitely need time to identify the new position of interaction buttons every time this interface is updated. 316 is in the upper right corner. Microsoft Windows users who are new to Apple MacBook must feel awkward because the position of the Close button on the MacBook interface is in the upper left corner. Computer Science Form 4 Close Close Machine Translated by Google

3 Learnability —In general, interaction design should be easy to learn, and easy to remember. Logically, users only use the interface once, but at the same time, they learn it and remember anything learned forever. For example the WhatsApp application. Users only need to use the application once to learn how the application operates. 4 Ability to expect (predictability) — CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION 317 Users will remember how to use an application with just one use of the application. Good and effective interaction design can make users anticipate what will happen in the process flow of the application before the user uses the application. For example, users can guess what will be displayed when pressing the emotion icon on the WhatsApp application. Machine Translated by Google

5 Feedback (feedback)—Feedback can provide real insight into the interaction design and information about the outcome of the interaction design. Designers use feedback to make improvements to the interaction design that has been produced. Provide feedback if users need it. The feedback given should be meaningful. Failure to provide the desired feedback, may lead to inappropriate repetition of any actions, mistakes and errors. For example, when the user presses the public button Individual Work 44 Principles of Interaction Design Arissa and Hui Ling plan to visit their friend Amani in Kuching, Sarawak in conjunction with Amani's birthday party. They chose to board a Mas AirLine (MAS) plane to go to Kuching. So, they opened the website www.masairline.com.my to book tickets online. Based on the situation above, identify the usability features of the MAS website and discuss the five principles of interaction design 318 in the Facebook program, the program will provide feedback by displaying several options as below. Try to imagine if the user presses the public button but the program does not display anything? Another example of feedback is 'loading'. The program shows that it is executing the commands required by the user. These five principles work together in a system. The design principle has been met successfully when users are able to continue to understand and use the interface easily, efficiently and comfortably and the content of the application can be delivered effectively. Computer Science Form 4 Machine Translated by Google

Did you know? you ? 3.1.1 Human-Computer Interaction Requirements 3 Reduce after-sales costs—If the product does not work perfectly, the consumer will send the product for repair. This will increase the cost after sales. There are several reasons why human-computer interaction is necessary, namely: When computers were first developed, only trained experts were able to use them. At that time, computers were large and expensive. Such computers can only be obtained in the field of industry and research. Nowadays, computers are small and easily available and become important devices used in various fields. The majority of computer users today do not receive intensive training, unlike 30 years ago. 4 Reduce development costs—Avoid implementing features that users don't like and inefficient products. If these two things are avoided, development costs can be saved. 1 Gaining demand in the market—Consumers want to buy or use products that have high usability, are safe, useful, functional and in the long run, are more helpful and enjoyable for users in their daily lives. This shows that the interaction between humans and computers is becoming easier. Interaction between humans and computers is a process, dialogue or activity carried out by humans to interact with computers. The interaction between humans and computers needs to be clear, intuitive and natural so that it can be used by users from various walks of life. The interaction between humans and computers takes aspects of everyday life and uses those aspects in planning to develop software and devices. For example, the folder icon on the computer "interface" allows the user to immediately understand that we can store digital documents in folders, just like the folders in the office where we store paper documents. 2 Increase productivity—Ability to produce output from a given set of inputs more quickly by optimally using employee resources, technology and systems and converting inputs into useful outputs. 319 The First Mouse The mouse is an important computer control device. The prototype mouse was produced in 1964 and was made of wood with a button on the top. Two iron wheels on the bottom of the mouse will record the movement of the X and Y axis which will then move the arrow on the computer display. http://www.goo.gl/1HClal To see a picture of the mouse, you can visit the website below. CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Machine Translated by Google

5 Expanding activities and increasing human experience— Technological infrastructure for a new area will be developed to provide opportunities for people who want to expand activities and increase experience in their lives. 6 Social computing— Web development trends goo.gl/THbgO8 Science Innovation This video shows the difference in human interaction with computers in the past, present and future. Computer Science Form 4 Computer Among the interactive products that can be taken to evaluate is Facebook. Before evaluating this product, users need to know what the purpose and requirements are for using this Facebook page. One of the main purposes of using this site is to communicate with new and old friends from all over the world and share various things and issues. In addition, there are also users who like to use Facebook pages to gain popularity, spread positive or negative influence, provide tips and knowledge and so on which depends on the intention of the user himself. Every product that is developed needs to be evaluated so that the product can give satisfaction to the user. As a wise user, users should know how to evaluate an interactive product. There are many methods that can be used to evaluate an interactive product such as interviews, observations, questionnaires, group discussions, reflections and so on. Based on the Facebook page, one of the evaluation methods that can be used is a questionnaire method where users can evaluate the usability of the product based on the basic principles of design such as Table 3.1. generate a social interactive environment to create opportunities to communicate or social relationships between people. Humans will not only interact with machines or computers, rather humans will interact with other humans through the use of computers. 320 3.1.2 Evaluating Interactive Products Based on the Purpose and Basic Principles of Interactive Design Machine Translated by Google

Table 3.1 Sample Questionnaire Form to Evaluate Product Usability CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION 321 This app takes me to the exact page I want. Does the website add new navigation buttons frequently? Main Function of Application / Website / System / Product I understand all button and menu functions shown in this application. Sometimes I get annoyed with this app because unnecessary ads are displayed as well. The ability to anticipate Question End. Ability to make observations Mark (ÿ) if Yes and (X) if No Name of App / Website / System / Product evaluated Facebook The navigation buttons are placed in a group on the application display. This application lists the places that are near me when I press the nearby places button. Social Networking Feedback Yes (ÿ) I can't make sure the Facebook account is the real account owner or not especially when it comes to celebrity accounts. (x) Platform I easily understood this application and did not need to be taught many times to use it. When pressing any button, I know what will be displayed next. Some navigation buttons make me wonder, what will be displayed if I press that button. Thank you If the language setting is changed, do all the navigation buttons change according to the selected language? Date Consistency This application makes a search when I enter a name in the search field. I can't see photos of friends who haven't accepted my friend request. The names and icons used on the buttons are very easy to understand. Category Application / Website / System / Product Basic principal Can be learned Day by day I'm getting better at using this app. Assessment iOS / Windows / PC / Android … Nope I can still use Facebook even though the menu is placed at the top. Some navigations take a long time to render. I use all the navigation buttons provided every time I use this application. The settings of this app allow me to change it as I want. Application / Website / System / Product Version (*if any) Are the navigation buttons always on the left? Machine Translated by Google

1 Form of Likert Scale (1932). This form is used to see how far 3 = Disagree clear, firm, and consistent. user consent to the product developed. After the user fills in this questionnaire, an analysis needs to be made to examine which principles are most agreed upon (marked "YES") and which principles are less effective (marked "NO"). Then, make a summary statement from the analysis. 2 = Strongly Disagree Circle your answer choices based on the following scale: As a good evaluator, the evaluator should know how to build an evaluation instrument, especially a questionnaire. Before constructing a questionnaire, the evaluator must first know about the concept and form of the instrument to be produced. To create a questionnaire, several things need to be taken into account, namely how to construct questions and form answer options. 1 = Not Sure 5 = Strongly Agree The answer options are divided into two types of options, namely: 2 Forms of the Guttman Scale (1944). This form of questionnaire aims to obtain data that 4 = Agree 322 Computer Science Form 4 1 3. 3 2 5 5 Consistency Tick (ÿ) if Yes and Yes (ÿ) Feedback Scale 1 4 Question 5 Scale 4 1. 3 2 1 Understood 2 5 5 4 4. 3 1 (X) if No answer 1 4 Question 3 2 3 Item 4 Consistency 5 2 No (X) Item 1 4 2. 3 2 Machine Translated by Google

After determining the scale to be used, the evaluator can develop the questions in the questionnaire. Construct at least five questions for one measured criterion. The questions that are constructed should cover the positive and negative values of a product developed in order to obtain user data that has various acceptances of the developed product. The questionnaire must have good features such as a clear and easy answer choice space for the user to mark, questions that suit the respondent and clear and unbiased items. Also, try to avoid long-winded questions and questions that can reveal the disadvantages of the product itself. After completing the questionnaire, do not forget to state that the question has ended and give a thank you speech in appreciation of the respondent's willingness to answer the questionnaire. (Note: If the application discussion in this activity is not suitable for use in Teaching and Learning (PdP), teachers and students can choose any other application that is more suitable.) 1 List three interaction activities that users can do with this software which Instagram is an interactive product that is being used nowadays. Based on your observations as a user of the Instagram application, discuss the three questions below: can be used. Teamwork (b) Example Updating status Users can update status by typing text, upload audio, video and photo. (c) (a) 323 Instagram view Display Settings Interactivity CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION View select photos and videos Description 45 Instagram apps Machine Translated by Google

Give your justification for the recommendation. 1 Choose one of the human-computer interaction applications below. Then, discuss in terms basic principles of interactive design used in selected applications. 2 Make an assessment in terms of the five principles of interaction design. Use the table below 3 Suggest improvements (things that already exist to be improved) or new functions (things that don't exist yet but are thought to be very necessary and useful if added) that you think are necessary / important to make this application more effective and easy to use. 2 Match the statements below with the correct design principles. as a guide. • Airplane ticket booking software • Movie ticket buying software Principles Statement Explanation of observations made on the Instagram application Principles Computer Science Form 4 324 Formative Training 3.1 All elements remain in position (e) (a) The same (b) Aiming to make improvements to the interaction design that has been produced Using an application without any confusion (c) Makes the user able to make expectations or assumptions about what will happen Easy to learn and easy to remember (d) Machine Translated by Google

Your answer should be filled in the table below. 5 Your Computer Science teacher assigns you the task of building a simple game titled Let's Spell specifically for preschoolers. Using the basic principles of interactive design, explain the elements and requirements for building the game. After that, compare your answers with the answers of other friends. Make an assessment of their answers and justify your assessment. (a) What is the purpose of this application? How do users use this app? (b) Describe whether this application evokes an emotional response in you? 6 Choose one of the following applications and make an interactive product evaluation of the selected application. 3 Examine the situation below and answer the questions that follow. (c) If your emotional response is negative, what are the suggestions for improvement to be more positive? What would you change to make this app reliable, trustworthy and convincing to produce a more positive emotional response? WeChat, Instagram, Twitter Based on the above situation, the machine does not perform the task and does not respond to Danial's request. Therefore, identify some of the problems and principles that the above ATM machines do not follow. Give suggestions for improvement so that this problem does not happen again. Based on your assessment, answer the following questions: 4 Using the i-Think map and suitable examples, explain the importance of basic design principles in application development. You can explain with suitable examples. 325 Danial wants to withdraw money using an ATM machine. After entering the card and pin number, Danial entered the required amount of money. After a few minutes, no money came out of the machine. The machine display does not show any message. CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Related principles Issues / Problems identified Suggestions for improvement Machine Translated by Google

CONTENTS STANDARD LEARNING STANDARDS 3.2.2 Producing display prototypes and screen designs Figure 3.3 Interaction design process Figure 3.2 Example of display and screen design of the Maybank2u website 3.2.1 Apply the interaction design process in the developed program 3.2.3 Discuss the report from the quantitative evaluation of display and screen design Computer Science Form 4 Figure 3.1 An example of display and screen design of a mobile phone based on the Android operating system Display and Design Screen Prototype Product Interactions Develop Interaction Shape Identify Make an Assessment Alternative Requirements Shape Build Interaction 326 Human life now depends more on the use of interactive products. Display and screen design play an important role in developing a program or software. A simple and complete and user-friendly design should be emphasized by a screen designer. However, a designer will never get the solution right the first time. The process of designing a screen display will go through the same process over and over until it really becomes a good product and meets the needs of users. The interaction design process consists of four basic activities which are establishing requirements (establishing requirements), designing methods or alternatives that can meet those requirements, producing a design prototype so that the prototype can be delivered in line with the product's requirements and making an evaluation of the product's design . To that end, developers of interactive products need to design user "interfaces" that are user-friendly, simple, fun and flexible. Examples of commonly used interactive products are mobile phones, automated teller machines, train ticket purchasing machines and so on. 3.2 Machine Translated by Google

1 Identify Interaction Requirements General Information Product Requirements Analysis The table below is an example of the suggested display and content for the survey form. Users will answer each question can be identified through several methods. Among the methods that are often used are through questionnaires, interviews, action studies, feedback, survey and observation of target groups, online survey forms and many other methods that can be used. The results of the survey from any of these methods will be analyzed to find out the needs from users of what interaction activities are required for the product to be developed. Table 3.2 shows an example of the suggested display and content for the survey form. Product requirements need to be emphasized in order to achieve which is asked. Information about user needs for a product the goal of the product being built, and being able to solve the problems that have been identified. The designer needs to know the target user to use the product to be produced and the goal or purpose of the user to use the product. Designers also need to observe existing products and study solutions to existing problems in other products. In developing an interactive product, user needs, aspirations and expectations need to be discussed, refined, explained and may need to be re-scoped. Suggested solutions Main functional activities Functional activities included in the product (list) Suggest existing solutions from other products Product title Note: Feedback received from several users. Information Setting Interaction Requirements On Design Target groups From that feedback, the main functionality for the program will be the primary criteria in setting product requirements. which will be built Identified issues / problems / needs (from users) 327 you ? Did you know? There are several problems that will arise when design is not given attention, namely, Try to build a simple game using Java NetBeans. Please see this example. (c) increase the error rate (a) reduce the rate of consumer productivity goo.gl/7cwcbj (b) increase the time for users to Table 3.2 Suggested display and content examples for survey forms learn a system CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Mind Test Machine Translated by Google

3 Build an Interaction Prototype 2 Develop Alternative Designs •Simplify and a computer software entrepreneur who belongs to the 50 millionaires in Malaysia. • Support Computer Science Form 4 smooth the learning process to understand the flow content and message. navigate the program. My Malaysia He owns the company Silverlake Axis which sells computer software to banks for more than 25 years. He is also the first millionaire in the field of technology in Malaysia. •Driving style The importance of user interface design is: Goh Peng Ooi is which is free. when establishing the requirements, the designer needs to think of some alternatives that are felt to be suitable to be used to overcome the problem at hand. An alternative design is a proposal of several different design ideas but still able to accurately translate the requirements that have been identified to the processIn this phase, the use of storyboards is essential to understand the workflow of the product to be developed. In addition, sketches of some alternative products also need to be produced with the aim of the user being able to make the best choice. This phase can be divided into two sub components namely conceptual design and physical design. Concept design involves creating a conceptual model for a product and explaining what the product can do, features and how the product looks. Physical design focuses on the details of the product including colors, audio, images, menu design and icons that will be used. The prototype produced also needs to be in line with the requirements the first. defined users such as analysis results obtained from surveys of user needs. To develop a prototype it is not necessary to use software. Various techniques can be used to achieve "interaction", and it is not necessary that this interaction can only be achieved when using software. Every aspect of the "interface" will be taken into account. For example, it is easier if the prototype is sketched on paper. This method is faster and can reduce the cost and time used to identify any problems that may arise in the early stages. How can we generate alternative designs? Generation An interaction prototype is generally an initial representation of the product to be developed to enable the product to be studied and tested. This initial product is also used to get feedback from users before the actual product is released to the public. Alternative designs can come from observations of other product designs, similar designs, and from the process of inspiration and creativity resulting from the designer's own experience. Users will be actively involved in developing the design prototype by providing feedback on the product design from every aspect. After obtaining the results from the methods used These sources can be very close to the intended new product, such as a competitor's product, or an earlier version of a similar system, or something completely different. 328 Did you know? you ? Machine Translated by Google

3.2.1 Applying the Design Process 4 Make Product Design Evaluation 1 Identify Interaction Requirements There are three very important keywords in interaction design, namely: 3 Iteration is inevitable. This is because of the design 1 Focus on user needs and evaluation of the built prototype. the first must have errors. 2 Identify, document and agree on specific uses and user goals based on experience. 329 Figure 3.4 The finished prototype CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION you ? Did you know? Forms of Interaction in Arrangements Developed Ways product or design by the user. The evaluation is measured in various criteria such as the number of mistakes made by the user while using the product, whether or not the product is attractive, whether or not the product matches the needs and many more. Interaction design requires maximum user involvement during the development process and this will increase the chances that the product will be accepted by the users. Alternative designs are evaluated through an interactive version of the design and the results will be given feedback in the next design. In interaction design, the way in which the user interacts with the product is considered the driving force behind the design and thus we focus on observable and measurable behavior. From the SDLC analysis phase, product requirements and knowing why a product is built need to be identified. Try to think about the interactive product to be built and what you want the product to do for you. Collect feedback from target users on the functionality of the product they want. See example Table 3.3. Evaluation is the process of determining usability and acceptability Interaction design refers to the process of designing the structure or flow patterns of a program or software. Interaction design will go through four processes as discussed. Let's explore and explore this interaction design process one by one. To apply this interaction design process, we will refer to a simple application which is "Program to Count Two Numbers". Machine Translated by Google

Table 3.3 Analysis of the need to solve the problem Computer Science Form 4 An alternative design is a sketch of several designs that will be proposed by the designer produced through the reflection of the designer's own ideas, existing products, the results of user feedback surveys and so on. Create at least two alternative designs. In implementing this alternative design, several examples of storyboard sketches have been prepared. See Figure 3.5(a) and Figure 3.5(b) which follows. 1. Users can use a simple calculator as one form of problem solving that can display the calculation results of any inputted number. 2. Exit: the user exits the system. Identified issues/problems/needs/goals (from users) Product title Program to Count Two Numbers 3. Display the calculation answer once the operator is selected. Additional / special functional activities included in the product (list). Target groups Suggested solutions 1. Input two numbers. 3. View the output display of the result of the selected mathematical operation. 2. Choose a mathematical operator. Produce a specific application program to help students get answers from mathematical calculations involving two numbers and four mathematical operations, namely addition (+), subtraction (–), multiplication (x) and division (÷). Observations from existing solutions from other product products 1. Make a mathematical calculation involving the input of two numbers. 2. Select the desired mathematical operations (ie add (+), subtract (–), multiply (x) and divide (÷)) to be processed into output. Main functional activities (list the main functions that the product / program can perform) Grade 3 students 1. Reset : to reset the existing input value to "null". Students can: 2. Users can use the Search Engine of websites such as "Google.com" which can display the results of calculation answers by processing mathematical statements typed in the search field. 330 2 Develop Alternative Designs Based on observation / survey: Machine Translated by Google

Text box: Calibri, 18pts, Bold, Alignment (alignment): middle Type of writing: Alignment (alignment): middle Background color: liquid gray Type of writing: Title: Two Number Counting Program: Calibri 16pts, bold, blue Background color: yellow Title: Two Number Counting Program–Calibri 16pts, bold, blue Label: Calibri 14pts, Bold This alternative design sketch will be demonstrated to selected users. The product design sketch before and after the input is entered and the resulting output after the operation button is selected and clicked will be sketched either using paper, cardboard, computer software and so on. This demonstration can help users to make preferred alternative design choices. Label: Calibri, 14pts, Bold Text box: Calibri, 18pts, Bold, 331 Figure 3.5(a) Example of alternative design 1 Figure 3.5(b) Example of alternative design 2 CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION 3 The user enters a second data input 1 The answer will be displayed after the user clicks the desired operation button. 2 3 1 2 The user enters the first data input Description Description Operation Operation The user enters a second data input Answer 1 No. Labels Answer the desired Text 3 Text 2 5 = The user enters the first data input 4 Number 1 Number 1 Number 2 No. Labels Number 2 No. Box 2 No. Box 1 The answer will be displayed after the user clicks the operation button 4 Description 3 Description Machine Translated by Google

3 Build an Interaction Prototype 4 2 70 11 3 100 15 5 30 Once the alternate design and storyboard sketches are ready, both will be distributed to users for evaluation. This sketch will be distributed to 20 different users namely teachers and students. A total of five teachers and 15 students were selected to make a preferred alternative design choice. Users will be given the opportunity to comment on the alternative design. The findings will be used to produce a better prototype design based on user comments as well as the required requirements. The results of the alternative design selection are as in the table below. Table 3.5 shows the comments given by users. Through the results of this finding, the percentage of users choosing Alternative Design 2 is higher than Alternative Design 1 which is 70%. Therefore, the designer will adopt Design Alternative 2 and will improve it according to user comments. 332 Comment Control button color Vary the colors in the screen display so that it looks cheerful and suitable for 3rd grade students. Number” Category Title alignment should be placed in the top center of the "interface". Text color changed to black. Text Box frame color 1, Student Yellow color (alternative 1) and liquid gray (alternative 2) are not suitable for use. Change it to a dark gray color. Control button color changed to liquid blue. Background color Title "Counting Two Program Percent (%) Amount Features on the design Respondent Respondents 4, 5, 7, 20 Teacher The "Reset" and "Exit" control buttons should be separated from the operation control buttons. Respondent 19,10,3 Alternative Design 1 Control buttons Text Box 2 and Text Box 3 Alternative Design 2 Respondent 19,10,3 Table 3.4 Examples of alternative design selection results Respondent 17 Table 3.5 User Comments Computer Science Form 4 Machine Translated by Google

The background color is changed from light gray to darAlign the application title in the center. The text color is changed to black Vary the color of input and output data frames. The "Reset" and "Exit" control buttons are separated from the "operation" control button. Color changed to liquid blue. Operation control buttons “+”, “–“, “x” and “÷” are changed to liquid blue color. 4 Making an Evaluation on Product Design Through the comments given by users, the designer will improve Alternative Design 2. The result is as Figure 3.6 below. 333 CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Figure 3.7 An example of a screen design display prototype that has been completed and improved Figure 3.6 Improvements on Alternative Design Prototype 2 After prototyping the design, the improved prototype is again evaluated by users. This evaluation is the final evaluation where the product has been implemented using computer software. Figure 3.7 below is a display of the screen design that has been completed. Machine Translated by Google

Figure 3.8 Example of a Prototype Quantitative Evaluation Instrument "Two Number Counting Program" Computer Science Form 4 After the display and screen design prototypes are produced, a display and screen design evaluation instrument needs to be built. The evaluation instrument must meet the criteria required by the user during the analysis phase and the problem survey is carried out. The following is an example of an assessment instrument made based on the "Two Number Counting Program". To make a final evaluation of this product design, five teachers and 20 students were selected to be users and evaluate the product. 3 Determine the type of feedback users can provide. Example: Answer "Yes" or "No". Steps to build an assessment instrument: (Designers can also use other instrument scales such as the Likert Scale) Figure 3.8 is a qualitative evaluation instrument for the screen display design that has been produced through their observation of the screen design. 2 Build a survey question by focusing on what will be discussed. The question must be within the scope and function of the screen display only. 1 Determine the target users who will be given an attempt to evaluate the screen display. 334 Third graders 2. Math operation control buttons are user friendly. users. Mark (ÿ) if your answer is Yes and mark (ÿ) if your answer is No. 5. Does not contain spelling mistakes. Interactivity Screen Design 7. Adjust the language used to be easy to understand. Project title 4. The "Exit" button works well. 1. Simple and simple screen design. No (ÿ) Project Objectives Target 3. The navigation system provided is easy to identify and friendly 1. Pupils can fully control the control buttons of mathematical operations. Teacher/Student user category 4. The display size is appropriate. 3. Operation control buttons correspond to each mathematical calculation. Category 6. Not causing students to get lost in exploration. users Criteria 8. No technical interruptions while using this program. 5. The "Reset" button works well. Program to Count Two Numbers Yes (ÿ) Enables third graders to quickly count two numbers automatically 2. Selection of appropriate and attractive colors and icons. Machine Translated by Google

Prototyping actually allows interaction between humans and computers, to gain experience using the product in a real environment and to study the use of the product in imagination. The steps to follow to produce a display prototype and screen design are as follows. 1 After starting a new project, select 'jForm' and sketch the 'Swing Containers Panel' like Figure 3.9. Click the border on the 'Properties' window. Type the name "Program to Count Two Numbers" on "Title" and make 'Justification' to 'Center'. Change the 'jForm' background color to gray in the 'Properties' window column. Refer to Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11. Netbeans is one of the platforms for the Java programming language that allows users to build prototypes of screen displays well. To produce a display prototype and screen design for the "Program to Count Two Numbers", Netbeans Java software was used. Have you ever heard the word prototype? Do you know what that means? Prototype refers to the initial impression of a product to be developed which will go through a process of evaluation and improvement repeatedly until obtaining a prototype that can be accepted by the targeted user. Prototypes are not necessarily produced using software but can also be produced using paper, electronic images, video simulations and cardboard. 3.2.2 Producing Prototypes 335 you ? Did you know? Display and Design Screen and screen design is a technique to produce a real screen display and design. Prototype have some specific goals, namely, Prototype display analyzed to enable the designer to study problems on the prototype. •as an artifact •as one Figure 3.9 jForm for the designer to solve the problems found in the prototype. CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION beginning to build a display and screen design. •for example •as an artifact that which allows the designer to produce a better display. Machine Translated by Google

Number 1 Figure 3.12 Drawing 'Label' on top of 'jForm' Answer Computer Science Form 4 Figure 3.10 jPanel Properties Number 2 Figure 3.11 Typing "Program to Count Two Numbers" on Title = Operation you ? Did you know? 2 Drag and drop the 'jLabel' Swing Control as shown in Figure 3.12. Layout the labels like a storyboard sketch. Change the names of 'jLabel1', 'jLabel2', 'jLabel3', jLabel4 and 'jLabel5' on the text field in the 'Properties' window to Number 1, Operation, Number 2, Answer and the “=” symbol respectively. 3 Drag and drop the 'jTextField' Swing Control as shown in Figure 3.13. Layout text fields like storyboard sketches. Clear the names jTextField1, jTextField2 and jTextField3 in the 'text' column in the 'Properties' window. For jTextField3, click the 'editable' box on the 'Properties' window. This is to make the data in the answer box immutable. JLabel is often a component used to display short text. practically, JLabel can be used to display icons that are small images as well as icons along with text. 336 Machine Translated by Google

Change the labels 'jButton1', 'jButton2', 'jButton3', 'jButton4', 'jButton5' and 'jButton6' in the 'text' section of the 'Properties' window to the operation symbol symbols as sketched on the storyboard. Color the background of the control button blue. story. Number 2 CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Answer box Box Figure 3.13 Drawing the text field 'jTextField' on top of 'jForm' Number 1 Figure 3.14 Layout of 'Label' and "jTextBox" on top of 'jForm' Box you ? you ? Did you know? Did you know? 5 Drag and drop the Swing Control 'jButton' as shown in Figure 3.15. Layout the control button ('jButton') like the prototype sketch. 4 Adjust the size of the text field as specified in the board is the information that changes during the interaction session and that change needs to be displayed to the system user. There are four types of jButton, namely jButton(), jButton(icon), jButton(String, text) and jButton(String, text and icon). Dynamic information Display information Static information is information that does not change during an interaction session. is one of the interaction styles. There are two types of information display which are static information and dynamic information. 337 Machine Translated by Google

Individual Work Reset Figure 3.15 Sketching the control button 'jButton' on top of 'jForm' + Produce a Prototype Computer Science Form 4 Get out x 338 1 You have been assigned by the teacher to build a system for automatically calculating the marks and average marks of the students in your class. The program must be able to read input from the user and display the output to the user. For that purpose, you need to conduct an analysis of the problem. Build an assessment instrument. Distribute to students who have been identified as respondents. 2 You need to build a display prototype for a program that can convert units of measurement from feet to meters. The display prototype must have space to accept input from the user and a control button to convert the measurement unit from feet to meters. Once the display prototype is produced, discuss it with your friends to determine whether the display prototype meets the assessment instrument or not. 3 Produce a display prototype for a program to calculate the volume of a pyramid. The display must be able to accept input from the user and display the answer after pressing the count control button. 46 you ? Did you know? the screen is advised not to use excessive colors on a display and not connect meaning with color for example red means hot. This will affect users with vision problems. Use of color very important to design screen display. Colors that are not used correctly will create an unattractive "interface". Designer The size of text, field boxes, control buttons should be adjusted as needed after evaluation by the user. Refer to Figure 3.7 on page 333 which shows the improved prototype of the "Two Number Counting Program". Machine Translated by Google

Quantitative evaluation is an evaluation done to statistically measure the effectiveness of a product. Quantitative evaluation can be measured and expressed in the form of numbers or percentages according to the presentation style. Quantitative evaluation can be analyzed from data obtained from the total number of users and their level of satisfaction as determined by surveys or interviews. The results of this survey have been transformed into a more specific form using percentages. Refer to Table 3.5. 3.2.3 Discussing the Report from 0 25 96 15 0 1 0 users Item 100 92 4 2. User-friendly math operation control buttons. 100 7. Adjust the language used to be easy to understand. 0 PERCENT (%) 8 10 0 4 25 100 8. There were no technical problems while I was using this program. 25 1. Simple and simple screen design. 96 0 25 8 100 0 23 0 Yes (ÿ) No (ÿ) Yes (ÿ) No (ÿ) 4. The display size is appropriate. 0 Shape 3. Operation control buttons correspond to each mathematical calculation. 0 95.1 5. Does not contain spelling mistakes. 0 23 0 6. Not causing students to get lost in exploration. 25 60 0 25 2 100 Screen 24 4. The “Exit” button works well. 2. The selection of colors and icons is appropriate and attractive. 24 100 No 1 5. The "Reset" button works well. 25 0 100 40 Interactivity 4.9 Amount 1. Pupils can fully control the control buttons of mathematical operations. 0 2 100 3. The navigation system provided is easy to identify and user-friendly. 25 0 92 Table 3.5 Quantitative evaluation of display and screen design obtained from the feedback of 25 users CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Quantitative Assessment of Display and Screen Design Average 339 Machine Translated by Google

95.1% 4.9% Screen Forms of the Two Number Counting Program User Ratings of Display and Design The use of more harmonious colors, i.e. pastel color combinations should be included in the screen display. Based on this quantitative evaluation analysis, although the percentage of users who gave positive answers for this screen design display is high, various suggestions for improvement should be provided so that this "Two Number Counting Program" can always be updated with the passage of time. Among the improvements that can be suggested are: The analysis for Table 3.5 is obtained from a questionnaire that has been distributed to 25 users who use the "Two Number Counting Program". From the table, it was found that 92% of users liked the screen design compared to 8% of users who did not like the screen display. Overall, users who gave a positive answer that is "Yes" to the display and screen design is higher which is 95.1% compared to the answer "No", 4.9%. See the pie chart shown below to see a graphical comparison of these user responses. 2 Color plays a role in attracting the attention of users. 3 Operation buttons can also be built using option buttons such as "drop down menu", "radio button" and "check box". 1 Operation button added for other mathematical operations such as square, square root and so on. These operation buttons are added according to user level requirements. Assessment of Heuristic evaluation the display and design of the "graphical interface" that has been produced is very important. Yes which is often used in "graphical interface" design is 'Jacob Nielsen's ten Heuristics'. There are actually two types of assessment, namely quantitative assessment and heuristic assessment. What is heuristic evaluation? Heuristic evaluation Nope is a rule developed in a certain period of time as a result of "trial and error" of a product. you ? Did you know? Figure 3.16 Pie chart of user feedback on display and screen design Program to Count Two Numbers Computer Science Form 4 340 Machine Translated by Google

The challenge of designing displays and screens CHAPTER 3 HUMAN AND COMPUTER INTERACTION Teamwork Formative Training 3.2 2 Explain what happens in the interaction design process? Then, suggest improvements. It should be remembered that every improvement must be in line with the objectives that you have determined in the early stages of planning. Collect the information obtained from the assessment. Suggest improvements after display and screen design evaluation instruments are run. It's time for you to design the display and screen design. Do this task in pairs. 6 From the analysis of the evaluation instrument that has been carried out on the display and design prototypes 4 From the screen display prototype you have produced, build a display and screen design evaluation instrument. In your evaluation instrument, also include user profiles such as age and gender. Provide space for users to provide free comments. Then, collect user comments. Test the display prototypes and screen designs you've produced by giving users an evaluation instrument. Collect the assessment instruments that have been filled out by the user. (c) Program your application using Java programming or tools. 5 Make an analysis of the evaluation instrument that has been carried out by your target users. (d) Test your application with cooperation from your target users. Collect and develop the feedback you receive. Does your application meet your desired objectives? Suggested titles are: (a) Set and define your objectives. Program to calculate the volume of a cylinder. Your display must have a text box for the user to enter input data such as the radius and height of the cylinder. Also provide "Calculate", "Reset' and "Exit" command buttons. (b) Draw a flowchart for the application you want to build. Don't forget to think about what your target users want to do continuously and make sure that every display produced can make it easy for users to do what they want without involving too much interaction. Company Y wants to develop a system for its water vending machines. The company's desire is to print a receipt that shows the money given, the price of the water purchased and also the remaining money. 1 What is meant by interaction design? Discuss the appropriate graphical interface and how the above solution is implemented. Build a userfriendly "interface". Develop the solution to the problem in a Java programming environment. You can refer to https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dH-5UMpntJc as a guide. 3 You are required to design display prototypes and screen designs. form screens, produce display prototypes and new screen designs that have been improved with comments from your target users. 47 341 Machine Translated by Google