Roger Short Memorial Fund 2011 Travel Report
Joshua Barley
1
To the reader
I spent three weeks in Turkey in July and August 2011, funded by the extremely generous
Roger Short Memorial Fund. I am indebted to them for all my adventures.
I wrote an extensive journal whilst there, and finished it in Greece. I then rewrote it in
Oxford in Michaelmas term 2011.
I can only apologise for any factual inaccuracies and false inferences in my quasi‐historical
ramblings. Most of my ‘history’ comes from philhellenes of the first half of the 20th Century.
I also apologise for inconsistencies in the naming of days, chapters and photos. I intended to
name all the days, but ran out of time and inspiration (and desire).
Note on pronunciation
c is pronounced like English j, ç like ch, ı (i with no dot) like uh as in ‘uh‐oh!’, ş like sh; ä, ö
and ü like their German equivalents; ğ is silent but lengthens the previous vowel; r is slightly
rolled (a couple of taps against the palate!).
If you roll the name Çamlıhemşin around your mouth a few times, you will realise that it is
worth learning how to pronounce Turkish words.
There is a very short glossary of Turkish words at the back, which may be helpful.
Oxford, January 2012
2
Contents
Prologue in Istanbul
4
The Tea‐Towers of Trebizond
11
The Pontus
22
The Georgian Throat
34
Van to Kars
47
Epilogue in Edirne
60
Turkish Glossary
63
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Prologue in Istanbul
Monday, 25th July, Istanbul
When the alarm had stopped ringing; dawn had stopped breaking; the train had stopped
whistling; the tube had stopped (altogether); the taxi driver had stopped racing; the customs
officials had stopped complaining; Heathrow had stopped bustling; the runway had stopped
sliding; England had stopped receding; my neighbour had stopped snoring; the aeroplane
had stopped roaring; the customs officials had stopped complaining; the underground had
stopped tottering; the old men had stopped muttering; and when I stopped spinning,
stepped off the tram into a late afternoon in Sultanahmet, felt a breeze through my hair,
everything stopped mattering.
It was overwhelming and liberating. With this feeling I spent my first hours in Istanbul still in
the clouds. In the haze I forgot myself enough to buy an expensive piece of stale bread from
a street‐seller. The rush of speaking Turkish for the first time made up for everything.
Somewhat excessively I said ‘elinize sağlık’1 to the man who made freshly squeezed warm
orange juice outside the Topkapi Palace. I went into a hotel for some more practice and
asked if they had a room. They did! How much was it? A little too much, I’m afraid... streams
of Turkish followed... Well, I had little to say... I beat a hasty retreat and went to find the £10
hostel I’d booked.2
Later, still feeling like a bird, I went to the highest place I could find. It was a fish restaurant,
and I caught the sunset just as it was sinking over Europe. I sat on this island in the sky, with
the Bosphorus in the East, Ayia Sofia in the North, the Blue Mosque in the South, and the
sunset in the West. Above me swifts were wheeling, and below me an earthquake disturbed
the equilibrium. And then, just as suddenly, the serenity was shaken by the call to prayer.
Waves of minarets sprung to life. Smells of rose‐water, apple‐tobacco smoke and grilled
meat mingled. The fish arrived! And what a fish it was! This was Istanbul’s first assault on my
senses, and it was intoxicating. It forbade me leaving soon.
After the fish I set out for music. There was a slightly touristy cafe in the shadow of the Blue
Mosque where two musicians were accompanied by a Dervish dancer. I wasn’t convinced
nor transported, but didn’t have the energy to look for anything else. The baklava and çay
were good. Three girls at the front were singing every word, and I desperately wanted to ask
them about the music. In the end I asked a lone Moroccan man who could speak neither
English nor Turkish. In French he told me nothing interesting. On my way back to the hostel
a man stopped me and said I could drink raki with his friends, and listen to music. I excitedly
and gratefully accepted. His ‘friends’ were a young Scotsman who worked in a call centre (in
Scotland), and a double‐bass player studying at the Royal College of Music. Home wasn’t as
far away as it felt, and I went to bed.
1 The formal phrase for complimenting a cook.
2 The ‘Istanbul Hostel’. I can recommend this place, and I think it is probably the cheapest place in the area.
4
26th July, Istanbul
Ne mutlu Türküm diyene...
How exciting mundane tasks become in Istanbul! I had a little shopping to do, and needed a
haircut. The Grand Bazaar was the arena. The first thing I did was to buy an instrument: I
was feeling the lack of my guitar. Anyway, who knows when it could come in useful? I
thought it might make me look harmless and innocent. When I slung it over my shoulder, it
looked remarkably like a gun... It is called a cura3, and has three double‐strings, a long neck,
and a small bulging body decorated with red and white stripes, like a kind of armadillo; its
frets are not all semitones, infuriatingly; it twangs rather limply, because it has no sound
hole. It will do!
The barber was very useful for practising Turkish. It went on for hours: we talked, drank tea,
played the cura, went on the internet, and every few minutes he removed another
millimetre of hair. When he washed my hair (which he did several times) he thrust my head
forcibly under the tap and massaged it vigorously while repeating my name over and over
again, laughing every time. When it was done he covered me in perfumes that stung. Every
time he attacked my freshly shaven cheeks with a handful of this stuff he exclaimed
‘Josh...yapmak!’. My incomprehension made him do this all the more. Squirming, I whipped
out my dictionary: ‘yapmak: to set on fire’. ‘Anladım!’ (‘I understand’), I shouted and he
stopped. We both erupted in laughter. There was one more thing: ‘hair‐gel?’ ‘YOK’ I said,
emphatically. Nonetheless I emerged with my hair greased into a centre parting and
smelling of rosewater. The gun was slung over my back. I was feeling more Turkish by the
minute. I stayed for one more tea, sitting outside the shop and talking Greek to an old
barber. He said he’d learned Greek from tourists. I wondered... he was very good, and had
no English whatsoever... My barber came out and told us that in fifteen years everyone
would be speaking Turkish. I replied that in fifteen days I hoped I would.
Istanbul was proving something of a money drain. Just to look at the rows of lanterns,
carpets, Turkish delight, baklava, scarves, instruments, tea glasses, coffee cups,
backgammon sets etc. seems to cause a hole to open in my pocket. And I was still fuelling
the indulgent habit of buying things just to practise Turkish. Luckily, çay costs next to
nothing... I sat down in the garden of the tomb of Mahmud II. It was my first Turkish tea
garden and it whet my appetite for more. They are the perfect respite from the afternoon
sun. It was cool and shady and the tombs were covered by dappled light and cats.
Wandering around the tombstones a hand gripped me by the back of the neck. Taken aback,
I was frog‐marched to a chair nearby, where the aggressor forced me to drink another tea,
whilst telling me Mahmud II’s life story. I didn’t understand a word. I tried my pocket
dictionary for ‘was he the one who got rid of the Janissaries?’, but to no avail. He was, as it
happens.
5
3 To clarify: pronounced ‘jura’
Dappled light and cats in the garden of the tomb of Sultan Mahmud II
The man kissed me on both cheeks and I set off for the Bosphorus. I passed shops packed to
the rafters with instruments and steadfastly refused to look inside. When it came to it, my
baptism in the Bosphorus was strangely disappointing. Perhaps it’s not something to do
alone. Perhaps it’s not something to do at all. It was the first time I had felt any loneliness.
The sinking sun didn’t lift my spirits but nor was it particularly romantic. It’s an austere piece
of water. Almost every book I’ve read that even mentions Turkey says that there is nothing
on earth like approaching Istanbul by sea, but I didn’t get this feeling – and I’m overly
susceptible to the sunset over the sea! I suppose it was the chattering tourists around me...
The scattered domes and minarets tumbling down to the grey sea actually left me cold. So
much for Patrick Leigh Fermor and Rose Macauly. But then, circular boat tours are
inherently disappointing. If I’d walked all the way across Europe to find this view, I’m sure I
would have felt differently. It is austere like the sea, and it doesn’t glitter either in the
sunset. It’s not a view of vitality and youthful magnificence, but of wisdom and experience.
On land I stood on the Galata Bridge with the fisherman and watched the remains of the
sunset, wondering what to do. The man in the music shop had told me to go to Taksim
Square to find some Turkish music, so this was where I went. When I reached the huge main
square, I realised just how vague the suggestion was. There I stood, hardly being able to
cross the road, expecting to stumble across a grimy dive filled with tobacco smoke and raki,
with a cura under the arm of every old man. I asked someone vaguely for ‘Turkish music’.
‘Over there’, he pointed, ‘lots of music!...too much music!... more music than you can shake
a stick at!’ (He didn’t say this. In fact, I think he did shake his stick in that direction). A
student with a bağlama gave me the name of a place, ‘Otantik’. This was promising. I was
now on that astonishingly bustling street that goes off Taksim, that seems permanently
thronged. It is all neon and vibrant. It has a completely different feel from the nargiles of
Sultanahmet. After some time I glanced down a side street and saw, in neon, ‘Otantik’. I
couldn’t quite believe my luck, until I saw a solitary guitar player, looking like he was about
to start an Oasis song. I asked the man on the door where Turkish music was to be found,
and he pointed inside. I kept walking through the side streets. There was the James Joyce
pub. Neon was everywhere still. I asked a Turkish delight seller and she pointed round the
corner. There it was again! – another ‘Otantik’. I eagerly went inside. No music was to be
found. As I wandered morosely back to Taksim, ‘Otantik’ caught my eye again! This was too
much now. But I went closer and heard encouraging sounds. A worn flight of spiral stairs led
up from the sign. This must be it. But was I even welcome here? I had cold feet, and went
and bought a pancake. Quickly I realised how ridiculous this was, and ate the delicious
pancake in a hurry. I returned to the forbidding stairs and went up. There was the same man
who had been on the door of the first Otantik. I asked if I could come in. ‘But this is Turkish‐
people‐music’ he said, in English. Well, yes, I thought. Anyway he showed me in.
6
It was nothing like I expected. Hardly anyone was there, and it was immaculately done up.
Two musicians, with bağlama and cura, sat in front of microphones at the end of the room.
Two girls dressed to the nines sat to one side, and a couple of elegant families were at two
other tables. I ordered raki. Soon enough my head was swirling and pulsing to the driving
beat and melancholy melodies. In the ‘audience’ we were catching each other’s eyes and
gently nodding, and tapping the beat on the tables. It was mesmerising. Every few minutes
the suave waiters would place a napkin with a note on it beside the musicians. Their pursed
lips would briefly relax into a smile. I realised they were requests! I looked down, and saw
that I had three blank napkins for myself. This is a wonderful custom.
Too soon I realised it was midnight. Worried that public transport might be yok, so to speak,
I hurried out unwillingly. Indeed, it was yok¸ but the views from the taxi over the Bosphorus
were magnificent. I indulged myself further by practising the phrase ‘üstü kalsın’ (‘keep the
change’) on the taxi driver.
27th July, Istanbul
The Comnenes’ calling
I had to go to Ayia Sofia before I left. I don’t know of another building that overcomes you in
the way this does. It is sublime in the aesthetic sense of being incomprehensible. Like the
way a huge waterfall is sublime, you feel it in the pit of your stomach... and it makes you
want to fall to your knees! Which, of course, is what it’s supposed to do. And for centuries,
this is what people have done, in one way or another – until now. And my heart sinks
slightly that it is abused as a ‘museum’. It’s like seeing a dragon with clipped wings lighting
street lamps with its fire; or Mozart playing on a melodica; it’s the lion in the cage. God has
been turned into a toy who makes a noise when children put their thumbs on a button, and
turn... the warrior has fallen to his knees and is playing thumb wars; Pavarotti is singing
nursery rhymes. None the less, nothing can stop your jaw dropping when you walk in. But
alongside the awe, the experience is not unearthly so much as slightly uneasy. The fabulous
mosaics in the gallery are tantalising suggestions of what once was. Despite its every
splendour, Ayia Sofia feels like an unsatisfactory compromise.
Now, the Comnene Emperor’s mosaic reminded me that I too must head to Trebizond
imminently...!
I stopped in a really fantastic bookshop, where I could have bought everything. It’s on the
way from Ayia Sofia to the Grand Bazaar, on the right. Nearby I bought the most enticing
selection of baklava I could find – for academic reasons... how does it compare with the
Greek? Not as indulgent, but more various; in fact, the baklava I’ve seen in normal Turkish
cafes is rather similar to the Greek, although smaller and less voluptuous. I wonder, how
significant is this from an anthropological point of view? I began thinking…
7
With a fresh supply of Turkish delight in my bag, I headed for the East and Trebizond. I will
now stop calling it Trebizond, as it hasn’t been Trebizond since 1461 when it became
Trabzon. In any case, I was set on a journey to the other side of the Black Sea. If only there
was still a boat... and a camel...
I arrived at that Grand Bazaar of bus transportation – the Otogar – in the early afternoon,
and before long I had several people squabbling to take me to Trabzon. One was slightly
cheaper than the rest (around £30) and I was promised all manner of things: internet,
computer, film, TV... I blew away all this hot air (presumably) and asked if there was cold air
conditioning on the bus. This was met with such contemptuously rolled eyes that I didn’t
inquire further, but assumed this was a ‘yes’.
I hung around in the waiting room of the company drinking çay and trying to play the cura,
to the amusement of the few other people. Half an hour later I still hadn’t worked out how
to tune it. There was an extraordinarily good‐looking and strikingly well‐dressed young
student in the corner of the blank room. He was going home to his village in the South East.
I had never seen anyone like him, with his dark, slightly gaunt, but unblemished face, his
carefully combed hair and his elegant purple shirt and pointed shoes. To me he was a
tantalising box of mysteries. He soon left the room, alone, in his mysterious way. Looking
back, I think he was almost certainly a Kurd.
There was a woman who brought us tea. Shortly before the bus was due to depart, she
invited me to have some food. I was only too happy to accept, and she gave me a delicious
aubergine and beef stew with rice, and the cold cucumber and yogurt soup called cacık. A
man joined us, seemingly unattached to the company and to the woman who worked there.
Quite why he happened to frequent the upstairs section of this obscure bus company in a
corner of the Otogar I have no idea. ‘Do you not have anything better to do?’ sprang to
mind, not to for the last time. I don’t say this with distaste, but with a mixture of
bemusement and amusement (bamusement, if you will), and pleasure that I clearly broke
the monotony of his day (perhaps of his week). I was still at the stage in my Turkish where
the most basic conversations resulted in utter hilarity. My enjoyment of them was inversely
proportional to the level of interest that they afforded. Musabi (as he made me call him,
affectionately) had taken to suggesting I marry every girl who came into the office. But I had
a bus to catch.
This was perhaps also the first time I noticed something that made me uneasy: there was
Fatma, preparing me food, giving me tea, and catering for my every need. And there was
Musabi, playing the fool, and referring to her as my ‘anne’ (‘mother’). Fatma was practically
silent. Now she is another faceless headscarved woman to me. I would not have
remembered her name had I not written it down.
The bus was about to leave, we suddenly realised, and I was packed off and waved goodbye.
I stepped on the bus, and could hardly breathe! It was stiflingly hot, and, I have to say,
8
smelled terrible. But I was in high spirits, so it didn’t matter. Just as the bus was leaving, and
I had two seats to myself, a short, stocky man bounced up next to me to take the last seat
on the bus. ‘Selamün aleyküm’ he said. I was so bowled over by this wonderful expression –
which I had been waiting to hear – that I lost my wits and forgot the appropriate response
‘aleyküm selam’. I stuttered a ‘Merhaba’ and kicked myself for it. He was a strange‐looking
man, with a pronounced lower jaw, quite a square face, glasses, and considerable stubble.
He had a brusque manner, and I decided not to trouble him too much with my Turkish. We
had 18 hours together, after all. In any case, I soon fell asleep. I woke up when he prodded
me to see the view. I was glad – we were just passing over the Bosphorus: ‘Manzara güzel,
değil mi?’ (‘Nice view, isn’t it?’), he said. ‘Çok güzel’ (‘very nice’).
Thankfully the air‐conditioning had come on and I slowly remembered how fantastic Turkish
buses are. There was a carpet that felt like sheepskin, and vast leg‐room. And, quite
spectacularly, the screens on everyone’s seats – which had remained forbiddingly black –
suddenly sprung into action, and afforded every passenger with an excellent internet
connection. I wrote an email, which was surreal (not in content). There was also a large
selection of films and music. A conductor was on hand to provide tea, coffee, juice...
‘Maşallah’ was written on the front of the bus. I couldn’t have agreed more.
My neighbour had taken me under his wing. Whenever we made a stop at a service station
he treated me like a pet who needed to be fed, watered and toileted. He acted like I was
capable of doing absolutely nothing by myself, but not in a patronising way: rather with an
air that he was fulfilling his duty to me. I was glad of his company. On one occasion I did not
accompany him to the bathrooms of the service station, and was met with a stern reprisal
when he returned. Our conversations were by now becoming somewhat formulaic. When
we were eating soup, ‘çorba güzel, değil mi?’ (‘the soup is good, isn’t it?’). ‘Çok güzel’. When
we were drinking tea, ‘çay güzel, değil mi?’ ‘Çok güzel’. The second part of his questions was
always delivered with such force that it was more like a challenge for me to say ‘no’.
I drifted in and out of sleep, of course...I tried to ignore the sharp application of brakes and
communal gasp of the passengers; and the sight of car wrecks at the road side...; I glared at
the boy constantly making sound effects to whatever game he was playing when he wasn’t
crying. Despite these things, I was contented. Again, it was the excitement of this journey
into the black night that kept my spirits up.
9
Chapter 1 – The Tea‐Towers of Trebizond
28th July, Trabzon
Unquenchable Laughter
When I ‘woke up’ – not that you really wake up on this kind of journey – we were driving
into a fireball‐wave breaking over the horizon. These first flames revealed a rugged and
sparse landscape, orange (was that the fire?), with small patches of crops and spurs of
minarets rising dramatically. The minarets were a perfect complement to this landscape. I
had failed in my attempts to track the progress of the bus. Perhaps, like Mithridates, we
were on the road to Sinope... perhaps we passed Samsun, I don’t know. What I remember is
my neighbour waking me up and pointing out of the window – ‘Karadeniz’. And there it was!
– the Black Sea, lapping sedately beneath our window, apparently completely covered in a
grey film. It wasn’t beautiful, but it was like an awesome slumbering monster. Like Ayia
Sofia, it was lying dormant. There was no Jason setting out for Colchis... the Greeks had all
settled... and been unsettled... Xenephon’s cries of thalassa had stopped echoing... the
Venetian merchants had all been wrecked... Kasım and Yakup had finally launched the fatal
blow to Byzantium... now its muscles are only flexed by cargo and Russian tourists. It does
give you a thrill to be beside a sea so immersed in myth and history.
The scenery was changing, as the Pontic Alps began. We drove along at the foot of deep
green mountains, grey cloud above and grey sea to our left. My neighbour had ceased with
his simple and direct manner, and was chattering away. We were both too tired to care that
I didn’t understand. When I asked him to show me where he lived, however, I woke up: on
the map he pointed exactly to the region where Pontic Greek is spoken. Could it be...? I was
burning to ask... but I couldn’t... would it be insensitive?... still, it was tantalising... I mean,
he certainly didn’t look like a Turk... but then, most people don’t look like Turks in this
area... I didn’t ask.
Coming into Trabzon, everything was rather grey. Several people pointed out Ayia Sofia to
me, perched amid the concrete, overlooking the sea. We passed the sports ground where a
‘Youth Olympic Games’ was taking place. This was the pride of the city at the time and it
was generally assumed to be the reason for my presence. And then there was some more
concrete, and then some more, and then I was set down amid some concrete. My neighbour
nodded and walked off. Everyone else dispersed.
The dolmuş taking me into town took a similarly tortuous route to my Turkish conversations.
We passed sign after sign pointing to the centre; we raced up steep narrow lanes with
children playing games with the cars, and women running after them brandishing shoes; we
went right out into wasteland before the steep descent back down into the city. No, this
wouldn’t do: up we went again, around another maze, and back again, appearing on the
edge of a large, tree‐lined, fountain‐filled square. It was Atatürk Alanı. It was very smart!
10
Geri had fixed me a place to stay at the Catholic Church. Despite it being only a couple of
hundred metres away, it was half an hour before, dripping with sweat from the humidity, I
saw a neon cross perched on a building painted pale yellow and dark pink. Now, Trabzon
has a reputation for ultra‐Nationalism, partly because of the murders of the Catholic Bishop
last year and the murder five years ago of a Catholic Priest inside the very church I was going
to. So at first I was slightly wary about publicising where I was staying – I had no idea how
people would react. Of course, as we will see, my fears were unfounded, but nevertheless I
faltered when a man asked where I was going, moments after I had spotted the neon cross.
Before I could respond, he said ‘Santa Mariya Kilisesi?’ (i.e. the Church). Again I faltered.
‘Umm... galiba... evet...’ I said absurdly (‘I think..yes...’). ‘Eh, Mustafa’, the man shouted,
‘he’s going to Santa Mariya’. I felt a hundred eyes on me. I looked down and scratched the
back of my head. Mustafa graciously confirmed to me where I was going, and I rang the bell.
The gate looked impossibly firmly locked. But it swung open!...to reveal... more pink
buildings, nice shrubbery... a man popped out like a kindly sparrow. ‘Is Nico here?’ I asked in
my broken Turkish. The man smiled, cocked his head and said, ‘Josh?’ ‘Nico?’ I replied. We
warmly shook hands and I felt relief wash over me. It was a wonderful moment: I knew I had
reached my destination and was in safe hands. Nor was it a moment too soon, for I was
about to fall over with exhaustion. Nico showed me to my room. I washed... should I sleep?
No, I would re‐energise myself! So I made contact with a friend of mine in Trabzon and we
agreed to meet in an hour. I went to the nearest lokanta and had lentil soup. I was
ravenous, and it was delicious. I was soon in fits of laughter with the people who worked
there, for no apparent reason other than the joy of the bizarre encounter. Me, 21 years old,
solitary, English – from Oxford no less! – had just walked into their restaurant! It’s not so
much hilarity as joy. I had many such experiences in Turkey. It reminds me of the
‘unquenchable laughter’ of the gods in the Iliad, but I’m not sure why.
I went to meet my friend Pınar. I didn’t know her well (as you might expect...I mean, she is
from Trabzon after all...) and we were both shy when we met. She loves her city. She took
me to the House of Kanuni – Süleyman the Magnificent – which is a wood‐panelled house
filled with traditional folk items, such as costume, musical instruments, copperware. It
didn’t relate much to Kanuni, but I didn’t mind, though I was sad not to find any of his
poetry. It is next to the Orta Hisar Camii – formerly the Chrysokephalos Church. Pınar then
took me to Boztepe – the hill behind the city – for tea.
And here with Pınar, among the semavers, looking over the Black Sea, was where it really
began. I imagine that the city’s critics (i.e. almost anyone who has ever written about this
place in recent years or told me about it)4 can’t have been here. Or at least, they can’t have
properly been here. Here is where you understand the legends of Trebizond. It is cool, quiet
and misty. Deep green emerald forests rise above you, and grey sea, mingling imperceptibly
with the sky is in front. The atmosphere is almost tropical, but not overbearing. There are
11
4 With the exception Geri!
myths of gardens with strange, enormous fruits... The semaver tea is like drinking a breeze
blown through a tropical fruit grove. You can imagine the Comnene Emperors, with their
hats shaped like the tulip tea glasses, lined with marten fur, and topped with crane feathers,
and their famously beautiful wives, sipping this stuff in such lush gardens among misty
battlements... although, if you choose to do so, you would be wrong. However much it
seems like it is, this cannot have been the drink of Emperors – it was introduced to the area
less than a hundred years ago. Still, it feels like it has grown with the mountains
themselves... and visions of Manuel and Alexius Comnenus swirl in its regal red syrup...
The tea was endless, and Pınar’s company was a joy. She was unassuming and intelligent.
How she loved Trabzon... how hard, I heard, for Turks to come to England... how easy for me
to go there... We walked up the hill and drank again the Black Sea. On the way down we
stopped to watch the sunset: a faint red disk dropping over the headland. We passed the
Kızlar (Girls) Monastery, unfortunately closed. Pınar insisted I try the drink called şırah,
made with Trabzon’s special large dark cherries – Karavişne. Maşallah! It was a wonderful! –
a sweet, heady, syrupy nectar. Trabzon is full of treasure, if you know where to look. Pınar
left me in Atatürk Alanı like another jewel dropping behind a headland. Since we’d met
there, hours before, the grey dullness had started to glint... Incidentally, her full name
literally means ‘White Rose Spring’, I think.
29th July, Trabzon
Pınar had recommended I go to Ayia Sofia in the morning, and have breakfast there. I had
barely spoken the name Ayia Sofia when I was whisked off on the dolmuş. In Turkey you
don’t need maps and timetables – they probably wouldn’t help, anyway – you just need
people. Next to the church is a tea garden. I went there first and whet my appetite for the
church. I had the traditional kahvaltı (breakfast) of tomatoes, cucumber, cheese, olives,
sausage, bread, butter and jam. There were copper pans of fried eggs, scrambled eggs,
omelettes, and something that looked like melted cheese flying around to the other tables,
and I felt quite hard done by. I asked what else there was; what looked like melted cheese is
called kaymak, which means ‘cream’ – that would do! The waiter raised his eyebrows but
obliged. I looked over at one of the girls working in the kitchen; she had an angular face,
with a sharp chin... she looked Eastern European; there was a man who had red and slightly
bulging cheeks, who was almost a Mongolian eagle hunter... when the kaymak arrived the
whole ethnographic face of Trabzon became one as it stared at me, confronted by this
enormous frying pan of... melted cheese, apparently. I leaned back, rubbed my hands
together and pretended it was just another normal day in Trabzon...
Several heart‐attacks closer, I crawled over to see the church. It (along with the tea‐garden)
is steeped in the same semi‐tropical aura as Boztepe, and it conjures up a similar world...
Trabzon is worth it for these pockets of paradise! Those Trapezuntine black cherries –
Karavişne – were growing, amongst palm trees, in front of the honey‐coloured church. The
12
Black Sea is visible through the North‐South porches. If you think I am too romantic in all of
this, I urge you to look at this picture:
The three‐arched porches are the Trapezuntine style. I’ve noticed mosques with similar
porches. They also remind me of Palermo Cathedral. The cupola is in the Pontic style, and is
very elegant. The building is so light and refined; so refreshing in the humidity. I often
wonder about the connection between buildings and landscape (and people...). The jagged
minarets of Anatolia fit in wonderfully; but the gleaming white minarets of the Pontus seem
out of place. I can only imagine what this place must have been like when it was part of a
whole convent... and when the rest of Trebizond was not a cement factory. It is also worth
remembering that even while the Empire of Trebizond was flourishing (1204‐1461), the
population of the city was very small, perhaps 4000. That fabled Garden of Eden...
Talking of Eden, it is in fact depicted on the South porch of the church, in sculpture. This
kind of sculpture is rare – but not particularly spectacular – and shows the Armenian and
Georgian influence. There are also many Selcuk designs around the porches – e.g.
‘honeycombing’. At the time, however, I had seen neither Armenian, nor Georgian, nor
Selcuk buildings, so this didn’t mean much to me. Nonetheless, its face represents the rich
mixture of people that collided in this region in Mediaeval times, with a Greek heart...
The North East of Turkey is a liminal area (if areas can be such), having been constantly
fought over by the Persians, Arabs, Selcuk Turks, Byzantines, Ottomans, Georgians,
Armenians, Russians, Turks...this is written on the faces of the people of Trabzon and of Ayia
Sofia. In Byzantine times, the Trapezuntine Emperors were renowned for their diplomatic
ability: i.e. their beautiful Turkish wives! This was, perhaps, the time of the most peace in
Trabzon’s history... and then the Ottomans were famously tolerant... but then there was
1923, and what seems to have been the most utterly abominable, backward‐looking and ill‐
devised scheme: the Population Exchange with Greece. The Asia Minor Catastrophe, as the
Greeks call it; for the Turks, the birth of the nation. In the paranoid and destructive
nationalism, everyone was racially levelled, or else levelled with the ground. Everyone is a
Turk now. Questions of identity are complex and sensitive in Turkey, and especially in the
North East. They would preoccupy me for the rest of my trip.
I went into Ayia Sofia’s Greek heart, which pigeons and sparrows have made their home.
The frescoes are astonishing. They reminded me strongly of those at Mystra in Greece, for
they are of the same period (late Byzantine), and both show a more expressive, fluid style
than the earlier rigid Byzantine expression. Angels rush across the lower reaches of the
dome; saints in flowing robes wear deep lines of emotion in their faces. This new artistic
flourishing in the Empire of Trebizond, parallel to the Paleologues in Constantinople
represents the final exhalation of the Byzantine Empire. And it really is the final exhalation
here, as Trebizond outlived Constantinople by eight precious years..! The weeping saints,
the angels taking flight, knew that Mehmet’s hordes were soon to wipe out civilisation for
good... So the Philhellene’s interpretation goes, anyway, and it is a load of rubbish, of
13
speaks of vicious and systematic violence; it seems the mark of elimination, of methodical
and systematic eradication; of paranoia, and fear; it’s quite harrowing. In other parts graffiti
is rife: some in Greek, some in Turkish, some in Cyrillic script. The most bizarre was the
scrawled words HIGHTOWER (if I remember correctly). This bemused me rather than
horrified me.
I left this wreck and sought out the postcard view, which I found easily enough. I was
surprised at how huge it is: hardly any of which can be seen on the inside.
I decided to hitch‐hike back to Maçka. It was about six o’clock and mist was descending, as it
always does. Soon enough a car pulled up and an old woman stepped out. She squashed in
the back with four others and gave me the seat of honour. I was quite bowled over at this
kindness. On the way to Maçka we passed a few more hitch‐hikers, but there really was no
room! I looked up the word for ‘lucky’ and said ‘ben talihli!’ (‘I’m lucky!’). They said the
more common word was şanslı, which struck me as a curious French borrowing (from the
noun chance), with a Turkish adjectival suffix. I have also seen the French charcuterie used –
but written şarküterey – in Turkish! Anyway, I had the usual laughs with this delightful
family, and they set me down on the bus, which left at once.
Back in Trabzon I passed a man sitting drinking tea in exactly the same place I had seen him
on my way to Sumela, and had asked him directions. We recognised each other. ‘Çay?’ he
invited, ‘Tamam’, I accepted, and it was the best decision of my trip so far. Before long
about ten old men had gathered to see this strange and curious animal – an ingiliz! –
crouching on a low stool, sipping tea. A young man from the adjacent shop joined us and
asked where I was from. When my Turkish had run its course he became my translator, as
his English was excellent. His name was Emrah. After a few minutes of talking, I knew I had
struck gold. We started talking about languages, and one man, who claimed to have known
several – in the past, of course – said (in Turkish) ‘learn any language except Kurdish’. Emrah
translated and I laughed awkwardly. We exchanged glances. As if on cue, a man came with
his shopping and squatted in front of me. He looked markedly different, and was eyed
suspiciously by the men. His face was triangular, he was darker, and his head was cocked to
one side; he sat on his haunches, looking at me with remarkably compassionate eyes. ‘Ben
Kürtce’ (I’m Kurdish) he said, without prompting. ‘We are one people (i.e. with the Turks),
we live under the same God.’ The men were looking away and grunting a little. But this Kurd
was a breath of fresh air: direct, honest and generous. He made sure he bought me
something from the shop before he left.
Emrah was also generous, and he called up some hotels for me in my next destination. We
didn’t get anywhere with that but by now I had moved inside and was sitting on another low
stool in his father’s shop. I was entrenched there for the next couple of hours. I had to make
up some ground in telling him exactly what I was doing here (I had become used to giving a
very potted version of events to people who asked): no, I wasn’t exactly staying with a
friend; no, I wasn’t exactly just gezmek‐ing (this untranslatable verb means something like
15
‘wander around’/‘make a tour’); do you know about the Romeyka speakers?...well, you see,
now, I’m studying ‘Classics’... etc. He is studying Chinese in Ankara; he had been in the same
class as the boy who shot the priest in the church five years ago: we are all exactly the same
age. I would have given five Sumelas for this time we shared. All the time his beautiful sister
Esrah was watching on silently from the other side of the counter. At last I had to leave, and
I postponed my travelling so that we could meet the next day. I almost skipped into town
after I left the shop, and went to find a kebab. I walked into a shop and laughed. So did they.
30th July, Trabzon
I was pleased to have another day in Trabzon, and I took the morning leisurely, stopping in
firstly with my friends in the lokanta to have lentil soup. It is a fine meal for any time of the
day. I went to find the Yeni Cuma Camii (New Friday Mosque). I was enjoying walking these
streets around the Atatürk Alanı. A toothless old man recognised me and pointed me out to
his friend as the one who knew Turkish. The Yeni Cuma Camii used to be the church of St.
Eugene, who was the patron saint of Trebizond. It is difficult to find, and soon enough I
asked for directions. I was met with the usual flurry of gestures, shouts and arms thrown
around me, and was sat down to drink çay, supplemented by watermelon and grapes.
A ludicrously friendly man (even by Turkish standards) then led me to the mosque, eagerly
promising ‘eski’ (‘old’) and ‘yüksak’ (‘high’). He was quite right. It is a very fine and very large
church with another graceful cupola like the one on Ayia Sofia. It is well worth a visit. We
went inside – prayer had just finished – and I enjoyed the cool, civilised and noble
atmosphere, epitomised by small inclines of the head! I wondered a little about the
bareness of mosques; at least, the lack of representations. There seems to be this
progression from West to East of allowing less and less representation: Rome with all its
confessions; Constantinople with its suggestions; here, where everything is hidden (and, I
suppose, simultaneously revealed). ‘There are hundreds of ways to kneel and kiss the
ground’. But I wondered if there were any reasons for this kind of ideological gradient from
west to east. Anyway, I thought of myself in Univ chapel, distracted by our contorted Adam
and Eve, dozing in a sermon. Yes, this was very far removed.
My friend and I wandered back down the hill, where we had more çay with some other
friends. He was so ridiculously keen for me to return, that I began to wonder – just a little –
whether I was the only thing that had ever interrupted the monotony of his tea‐drinking life.
‘I’m always here’ he said, so I knew where to find him. Well, I didn’t doubt that. ‘Görüşürüz’
he called (‘see you’). ‘Inşallah’ I replied, doubting this very much.
I had only been left with about half an hour to see the museum, before meeting Emrah.
Luckily, this is all you need. It is an attractive building, about a hundred years old and
panelled in pine‐wood. It was a government house. There are a large number of boring
artefacts on display, such as various knives and daggers, but the rooms themselves are
beautiful. The most remarkable thing, of course, is that ATATÜRK ONCE SPENT ONE NIGHT
16
THERE! I was suitably impressed. A man took me to the basement to see the archaeological
finds. There is a statue of Mercury which may once have been elegant, and a couple of nice
icons. I remember especially a Dormition of the Virgin.
I went with Emrah to Boztepe (where else?!). With another towering semaver we passed a
very pleasant afternoon. He told me how he had travelled Europe on a shoe‐string, without
his parents knowing, having no money, so sleeping out every night, getting thrown into jail
in Serbia for not having the right documents, and finally managing to hitch a lift all the way
from Ancona to Istanbul. I bashfully kept any ‘exciting’ anecdotes of my own shelved away
in my mind. His parents still know nothing about his trip, which is incredible considering how
close Turkish families are. Pınar had told me that when she first went to University in
England, her father quite literally had a heart‐attack having seen his first‐born leave home.
Emrah told me about the difficulties for young people to get jobs in Turkey. He is
enterprising and independent‐minded, and it was strongly against his parents’ wishes that
he decided to study Chinese: they think it won’t get him anywhere. There seem to be
infinitely more pressures on young Turks, than on me. How easy for me to turn up in this
wonderful corner of the world – and what’s more, I was given money to go! But there was
no bitterness in Emrah, only honesty. He was so gentle and courteous and generous.
Anyway, we both knew all the much more important things that we shared. I can sit here in
Oxford and list the ‘imbalances’ in terms of opportunities/prospects etc., but when we were
sitting there on Boztepe, talking about life and music and love and God, these thoughts
were not even near our minds.
After several hours we went to look for the old citadel of Trabzon. It was surprisingly hard to
find, and even harder still to navigate: after walking down back‐alleys, past people’s
gardens, and ferocious dogs, we came to a very overgrown wall, capped with some
battlements and populated by cats. If you find a good place you can jump onto it and see a
sheer drop on the other side. Maybe we were in the wrong place – though we really had
spent a long time looking and asking – but you can’t really get a feel for the old Comnene
Palace from there. It is probably better to look from a distance and get an idea of the stretch
of the old walls. You can see the relatively small space they enclosed, and imagine a kind of
idyllic Byzantine pig‐pen running down to the sea.
We had pide for supper, and then bought halva: this is another wonder of Trabzon. The food
of emperors, no doubt... I gazed longingly at the jams in the shop, and Emrah offered to
send me some when I was home. We parted company shortly afterwards. It was painful, as I
knew such encounters would be few and far between – and not just in Turkey!
17
Chapter 2 – The Pontus
31st July, Çaykara
With the Greek‐speakers of the Black Tea
I was heading East of Trabzon, to look for the Pontic Greek speakers. I knew they lived in the villages
south of Of (confusing as that may sound), but not much more. Emrah had given me some sound
advice; Peter Mackridge had given me little.5 I walked across Trabzon once more and found a bus
going to the village of Çaykara – in the heart of Pontic Greek territory. The road East of Trabzon
crossed several broad grey rivers discharging lumberingly into the grey Black Sea... the deep green
climbed up to our right like a very large and mossy rock... at Of we ourselves climbed into it and
wound through the mist and the streams until we came to a horse‐shoe bend in the river, with
another river running parallel and then converging with the first (both quite torrential, even at this
time of year). Çaykara was encased inside the two rivers like a foot in a sock. There was a dirt road
leading into the village. It was raining a little.
In the tea house next to the bus stop, I was ignored at first, to my immense surprise: was I just the
next in a long succession of cura‐wielding Oxford students to have turned up on their doorstep?
When I got up to pay, the man next to me waved my money aside without a word. I asked if there
was a pansiyon nearby. ‘Ah! Türce biliyorsun!’ (‘you know Turkish’) they all erupted. ‘Var, Var!’
(‘There is!’) they said in a delightfully affirmative way, and one of them showed me the way. Well,
there was no Greek yet, though I had my ears pricked. For a moment I felt rather overwhelmed and
lost by the prospect of trying to find traces of this nearly‐extinct – not to mention politically‐sensitive
– sub‐dialect of Anatolian Greek, isolated as I was in this damp and misty village. I felt something like
an archaeologist – but lost, and with no tools, and not even knowing what I was looking for. A
linguist‐archaeologist scrabbling around in the dirt for an ancient passive infinitive, or something... I
laughed. WHAT ON EARTH AM I DOING HERE?! The kindness of the Roger Short Fund came into my
mind, and I persevered.
‘Kimsin?’ (‘who are you’) asked Yakup, who owned the lokanta‐pansiyon. What a lovely‐sounding
and direct Turkish question! (Who needs Greek anyway!) ‘Oh’, I replied, having been just pondering
this very question. ‘You know, I’m just gezmek‐ing to be honest... I’m just a gezmek‐er really...’
Apparently this explanation sufficed – every Turk seems to think his town is the ‘çok güzel’‐est of any
town, and therefore no further explanation is required. Really, I have to say, being in Çaykara does
probably warrant a better explanation than this... Incidentally, its name means ‘Black Tea’. This
name has come into use relatively recently, I think, as all these places previously had Greek names –
many of which are still used. We were joined by Ömer, wearing an apron: it was lunchtime! I asked
what was cooking. Now, Ömer had reddish hair, short and combed backwards, and a lot of reddish
stubble. His square face broke very readily into an enormous smile and a bellowing laugh. He was a
character. I wish I could describe better how he looked. I remember him so vividly.
‘Ela, ela’ he grinned, waving his hand downwards to beckon me over. Now my heart leapt! – this was
Greek! The first fragments appear under the archaeologist’s brush! I played dumb: ‘Ela?’ I said,
5 Very distinguished ex‐professor of Modern Greek at Oxford, who perhaps knows more than anyone else
about Pontic Greek.
18
frowning. ‘Gel!’, he replied – the Turkish equivalent, ‘come!’ I grinned madly inside and went to see
what there was. Rice, beans, two meat casserole‐type dishes... the usual. I had rice and beans, not
that it matters. My brain was on fire! But I cooled it off with talk of Cat Stevens – i.e. Yusuf Islam.
This was excellent common ground with me, Ömer and Yakup. Ali – the young son of Ömer – joined
us as well. They asked me about religion, and felt it was a shame I didn’t go to church more. They
asked if there were mosques in England. ‘Var, var’, I was pleased – and rather proud, actually – to
confirm. Yakup put me on the phone to his nephew, who spoke English shyly.
Now, the time had come, I thought: ‘When you said Ela before...’ I began. Immediately Ömer broke
in, ‘Rumca’. Well, this was easy enough!6 ‘Rumca?’ I asked sheepishly. ‘Yes. Here is Rumca...kalos!7...
Ben Rum’ (‘I am Roman’, as it were...!). Well this was even more interesting: a devout Muslim man
describing himself by a term that is used (I think) exclusively by Christians elsewhere. ‘You see’, I
said, ‘I know some Greek...’ ‘It’s not Greek, it’s Rumca’, he asserted. ‘But a long time ago...’ I didn’t
understand the rest, but I knew the gist anyway. I left it at that for the moment: I didn’t want to
touch nerves, and anyway, I’m not doing any research. But it was fascinating that Ömer defined
himself as Rum. I wondered... did he mean that he specifically was Rum? After all, he did look
different (and he himself claimed that his and his son’s hair was ‘sarı’ – blonde). Or did he mean that
this area is a ‘Rum’ area? In any case – and this is the interesting thing – it certainly seemed possible
to be a Muslim, a Turk and a Rum. I think of Ömer triumphantly in this respect: he was proud of his
Rum heritage, and seemed to be entirely free of horrible nationalist complexes, while understanding
that it is good to have a common identity with the people who surround him.
I had delicious rice pudding – sütlaç – and then was shown to my room, some four storeys up,
overlooking the phosphorescent Solaklı River. The name means ‘on the left’, I believe. Irritatingly I
didn’t manage to ascertain whether the other river was called ‘on the right’: this was an annoying
loose end I needed to tie up. I asked Ali whether he knew Rumca. He smiled and said ‘As’ (‘a little’).
I strolled around the village, first walking along the Solaklı and then along the main street. It did have
its charm: a bustling, functioning, slightly ramshackle village. I saw the other river and asked two
boys what its name was. They didn’t really understand and thought I was asking their names – for
my use of suffixes is still not good! – and then thought I was asking how to say ‘river’ in Turkish.
Anyway, I eventually got an answer, which sounded very different from ‘on the right’. It was a minor
failure. Anyway, I thought I would test the water, linguistically speaking: ‘Kalos, değil mi?!’ I said,
pointing at the river. They just stared at me, baffled, so I left them, wondering what they would tell
their parents.
I sat in the main tea‐house in town and waited. Presently I was invited to join a table of what looked
like the village’s likely lads. They were grinning inanely, and drinking çay or oralet – a kind of warm
orange squash. The usual conversation ensued...gezmek, gezmek, gezmek... quickly we started
talking about religion – it is a preoccupation of this area. Yes, they were very devout, they said... the
conversation swiftly and seamlessly moved on to whether I preferred Turkish or English women...
and again seamlessly onto the subject of whether I would care to go to the ‘sex house’ (the only
6 Rumca is the Turkish name for Pontic Greek, literally meaning ‘Roman’: this label is attached to the people
considered the descendents of the Byzantine Empire, East of Greece (i.e. because the Byzantine Empire was
the Eastern Roman Empire...)
7 The Greek (and evidently Rumca) word for ‘good’.
19
played like a ‘cello. It is called the lyra in Greece, where it is also a traditional folk instrument). It was
actually quite idyllic, if I forgot about the touristic development. I convinced myself that this scene
wasn’t just a gimmick for the tourists – anyway, he played it very well. It had a sweet and fluty sound
(not as harsh as I expected), coupled with the driving rhythms of the Black Sea Music, and reminded
me of all the babbling streams around here. He sang in Turkish. I asked if he knew anything in
Rumca. He did, apparently, but immediately went on to play something else in Turkish. I agreed to
bring my cura later, and took one of the bikes.
It was nice to get out of Uzungöl. After riding past the go‐kart tracks (yes, more than one) and the
horrible trout farms, the road became deserted, and the landscape idyllic. I cycled along the stream,
where wagtails were flitting up if on springs, catching insects, and fluttering back down like leaves;
dippers were skimming and diving. I stopped to talk to some men selling honey at the side of the
road. They were an amusing pair. I told them I was a student at Oxford, which caused quite a stir, to
my surprise. One pointed to the other, ‘He’s a professor at Oxford... Professor of bees!’ By way of
proof, the professor performed some horrific antics with his insects, which were buzzing about the
honey. He caught one in mid‐air and made it sting his fingernail; he licked the poison off before
grimacing and spitting it out. He caught another and actually pulled out its sting! It was gruesome. I
tried some of the honey – a large spoonful, with the comb. Needless to say, it was out of this world. I
asked if it was ‘deli bal’, jokingly (the ‘mad honey’ that actually killed some of Xenephon’s ten
thousand. This stuff does actually exist, made from the Pontic Azalea!). They reassured me that it
wasn’t, and then went back to their lounging‐by‐the‐stream‐life. I wondered how many people
actually passed by here, let alone bought their honey. Their life seemed very tranquil. But what
about the idyllic life of the bees! – every day going up above the trees to their flower‐meadow high
in the mountains. This was worthy of Hippolytus!
I continued my own intrepid but fruitless climb, passing a few men fishing, several lost‐looking cows,
and a man reading the Qur’an in the dappled light under a tree. The bike was one of the worst I have
ever ridden, and the going was tough. I soon stopped, washed a little in the stream, and read The
Towers of Trebizond. My rest was interrupted by the unwelcome thought of bears! – which actually
do inhabit these mountains. I couldn’t get this thought out of my head, and decided to return.
The journey back was pure bliss, and I hardly touched the pedals for about half an hour. I started
thinking about Pontic Greek. The most interesting thought was about the word/phrase eşi bağo. It
seemed fairly obvious that the latter part of this phrase corresponds to the verb παω (pronounced
like pow – as in wow!) in Greek (meaning ‘I go’). Only a week or two previously I had read that Greek
παω comes from the ancient (υ)παγω, but the ‐g‐ has been lost in Modern Greek. It is fascinating to
see it still there in Rumca. What makes it more fascinating is that ğ is not actually pronounced in
Turkish (it just makes the preceding vowel long). What I’m wondering is: how did Mehmet know that
there was a ‘g’ in Rumca eşi bağo?8 The obvious answer is that he pronounces the word with a long
‘a’ and therefore he must spell it with a ğ. If this is the case, then is it just coincidental that he wrote
a ğ? He was aiming to reflect his pronunciation, and coincidentally wrote something that looked like
it contained the history of the word. But this is not only unsatisfying to a linguist‐archaeologist, it is
also rather strange: it seems too much of a coincidence! And why would he pronounce it with a long
‘a’? The equivalent word is not pronounced with a long ‘a’ in standard Modern Greek (but then, they
8 NB As far as I am aware, Rumca is not written down (at least, not in a standard way).
22
do not have a long ‘a’ in Standard Modern Greek! – do they in Rumca? I don’t know). I suppose it is
possible that in both Rumca and Standard Modern Greek, the ‘g’ was lost and caused the ‘a’ to
lengthen (pretty much the same thing as happened in English daughter). The long ‘a’ became short
in SMG, but stayed long in Rumca, and so now can be represented ‘ağ’.
It’s just that it seemed as strange as if I asked someone who didn’t know how to write English (but
could speak it) to write the word ‘daughter’, and they managed to spell it correctly. The more I think
about this, the more complex it becomes: it involves knowing about any traditions of writing down
Rumca, as well as the sound system of Turkish, as well as the linguistic developments of Greek in
different areas. But would it not be incredible if what Mehmet had written down for me actually
encased the ancient history of this word! I don’t know, perhaps it wouldn’t...!
Enough linguistics.9 Back in Uzungöl I walked up to the more traditional‐looking village. It certainly
was that, and it felt like a different world. Rustic chalets and dirt tracks; old men and women with
colourful head‐scarves staring at me from balconies. Soon I was out the other side of the village,
where I saw a large ball of grass moving towards me. When it came closer, I saw an old woman
beneath it, horizontal to the ground. She can’t have been more than 2 feet from the ground, bent
double. I felt very strange all of a sudden. This was an image of poverty I had not expected in the
least. I am not sure what she was carrying – it seemed like fodder of some kind. I think tobacco was
being grown nearby, but it wasn’t that. I saw another woman working in the fields below. I actually
felt crestfallen. It was a strange mixture of worlds here. I thought of screaming children on the go‐
kart track. Was that the only alternative to this old, traditional lifestyle? Neither seemed desirable.
It was time to meet Yusuf – the kemence player – so I fetched my cura and found him again. He
tuned it and played it quite well. When he played his kemence I would hold my cura and pretend to
play, and lots of German‐Turkish girls took photos of us. My complete ineptitude on the instrument
was little obstacle to my satisfaction. Yusuf taught me a couple of things, but I felt like I had to learn
a completely new mindset, and perhaps way of life, even to play the simplest tunes on this
instrument. Besides, my incompetence was being revealed. So I just posed...
The fog had descended completely and it was almost time to break the fast. Everyone was with their
families or friends for the first feast of Ramazan and I felt rather isolated. Luckily I managed to find
the lokanta, so avoided the hideous lake‐side restaurants. This was one of the few charming places
in Uzungöl. Another was the little bakery where crowds queued up towards sunset to get the
wonderful Ramazan bread: round, flat like focaccia, and almost uncooked in the middle, so it is very
soft and doughy. In these places I warmed to Uzungöl... I had a good hearty meal of pilaf, beans and
Ramazan bread. The water came in large silver jugs, crafted into fish, brought by the beautiful
daughter of the owner. Like all Turkish girls I had seen, she stayed behind that invisible barrier of
womanly modesty.
9 Though I note that the ‘b’ of bağo is also interesting: Greek ‘p’ has become voiced. This confusion of voicing
seems a feature of the area (as it often is in rural areas): e.g. the two men selling honey said ‘bal’ very much
like ‘pal’.
23
August 2nd, Çamlıhemşin
Bob Dylan with the Laz
Mainly because yesterday had been so uneventful, I decided to hitch‐hike out of Uzungöl. I took a
last walk around the lake, where two ruddy shelducks where drawing the gold out of the sun. I
stuffed myself with breakfast, guessing lunch would be hard to find. It was the typical breakfast of
bread, honey, jam, cheese, olives, tomatoes, cucumber, tea, tea, tea...
As it happened, the bus was the first vehicle to approach my outstretched arm. I could hardly refuse
this! It took me back to Of, where I took the dolmuş to Rize. I was aiming further East, but wanted to
make a stop at the home of Turkish tea. A pilgrimage, in fact! Getting off the bus at Rize I was
greeted like the prodigal son, by the men passing the time of day at the bus stop. ‘Maşallah!’ they
exclaimed upon hearing a few words of Turkish. It is hard to describe the pleasure of hearing this
word – especially when applied to YOU! It has a feeling a reverence about it, quite unlike O‐M‐G!
I was led to the famous (relatively speaking) Botanik Çay Bahçesi (Botanical Tea Garden), but given
no promises that it would be open during Ramazan. The climb up from the sea was exhausting and
the humidity oppressive. Rounding the last corner, sweat pouring down my face, I saw palm trees
and magnolias ahead. It really looked like the tea garden’s tea garden... but the rows and rows of
tables were all empty. One man was playing with a hose‐pipe, alternately spraying a bust of Atatürk
and a cat; a disabled man was trying to speak, and being misunderstood; a postman and another
couple of men were lounging lazily doing nothing. ‘Çay var mı?’ (‘Is there tea’) I asked, desperately.
Slowly, surely, heads were inclined upwards, eyes were closed, throats were bared, tongues were
clicked: Yok stood in front of me like an enormous wall. I stuttered: the Yok wall is unassailable. If
something’s ‘yok’, it’s really ‘yok’ and there’s no two ways about it. Atatürk looked down on me
sadly.
I sat at a table under a magnolia tree, and wondered what I could do. The garden, at least, was
beautiful, but how was I to get the necessary and perfect complement to it? Help was at hand, in the
shape of my cura, lying next to me like a live weapon. The men spotted it, and they asked if I could
play it. I got it out and played the few lines that Yusuf had taught me. No reaction. I mumbled a bit,
embarrassed, and had another idea... I quickly retuned and started strumming it like a guitar. ‘My
love, she speaks like silence...’ I began (Bob Dylan). They loved it! They sang along – not that they
could! – and cheered. By ‘The bridge at midnight trembles’, however, I sensed they were tiring, so
brought the song to a quick conclusion. But the deal was done! ‘Yeşil çay?’ one of them offered. I
gladly accepted, and it was the first green tea I’d had in Turkey. It was good, though I preferred the
normal tea. Well, I got that too! It was blissful, and the Garden thus reached its true fulfilment. I was
given a tour of the çay plantation, which was enjoyable, if marred by my lack of Turkish botanical
vocabulary. I heard they pick tea for three months of the year. Near the tea something else was
growing – kiwi fruit! Maşallah! Never having seen kiwi fruit growing, I thought this showed quite
how exotic the place is. But since then I have seen kiwis in Greece, and have heard that they grow
abundantly in Italy. Soon I was on my way, a bag of Rize tea the richer. On my way down the hill I
turned around to see the disabled man running after me as fast as he could. When I turned he
stopped, and stared until I was out of sight. It was really a vision of trying to escape...
At the bus‐stop a man gave me his phone to talk to his friend. This was becoming standard practice.
24
Çamlıhemşin is, perhaps, the most musical place name I have ever come across.10 If it conjures up
babbling mountain streams in pine‐forests, then it is a fitting name. If it does not, it will do so
shortly. It is near touristy (relatively speaking) Ayder, of the hot springs, which I wanted to avoid. My
fears were borne out when I heard Australian voices on the dolmuş. I hid at the back but they joined
me. A red‐haired man sat in between us. The Australian girls were fine, but you just do not want to
meet them in this kind of place. They were going to Ayder. ‘Why are you going to the place
beginning with C, and not Ayder?’ I mumbled a bit, before engaging my Turkish neighbour in
conversation. ‘Oooh, where did you learn Turkish?’ I mumbled some more, and carried on talking to
the red‐haired man. He was a tea‐picker! He wasn’t very warm, but lightened up when I said that I
was in no way connected with the people on the other side of him. He was strangely discouraging
about me going to Çamlıhemşin instead of Ayder. I suppose he doesn’t want tourism in his home; or
more likely he couldn’t fathom why a tourist would go to an untouristy place. I suppose he was not
familiar with a particular breed of English gezmek‐ers... Nonetheless, he expressed his deep respect
for the English, which amused me.
And then he came out with something particularly interesting: ‘Ben Laz’ (I am Laz). It was said in the
same matter‐of‐fact way in which Ömer had said ‘Ben Rum’. I had heard of the Laz people, who live
in this part of the North East – between Rize and Hopa (roughly) – and are famous for being bakers
and seafarers. The Laz language is still spoken around here, and is part of the Caucasian Group,
related to Georgian. Again, I was fascinated by the question of identity. Like Ömer, he did look
slightly different, but I got the impression he was identifying the area as Laz, not merely himself. He
certainly didn’t seem to be labelling himself as different. The interesting thing was that in this area I
noticed more Turkish flags flying than anywhere else I had been. You clearly can be a Laz and a Turk.
There was another puzzle – Çamlıhemşin was obviously a place of the Hemşin people – hence its
name – and I was sure they were separate from the Laz. I knew that they too had their own
language. These questions would have to wait, for we soon arrived in the village, thick with mist and
drizzle. It was a lively main street with slightly ramshackle wooden houses, not unlike Çaykara. The
women here are covered in tassels and beads, reds and purples. The pansiyons in the village were far
too expensive (against all the odds!), and I was directed to one outside the village. I asked a
carpenter the way, who advised against walking. His father was driving that way soon and would
give me a lift. While we waited they got me to play the cura. Now I knew what to do! A dozen of
them lapped up the potted Dylan. I asked them about the Laz language. It was spoken, they said, but
hardly at all. We didn’t get much further. In any case, I appeared to touch no nerves whatsoever.
The lift was in a red truck – as trucks are in these mountains – carrying large pine logs. The driver
had no teeth, and it was altogether very rustic. Setting off into the mist I wondered what on earth I
could do if this was all a wild‐goose chase, or if the pansiyon had no room. But when I was set down
in front of the rickety, half‐wooden, half‐anything else hotel in the middle of nowhere, and saw an
old man sitting in front of it with a kind of white peaked farmers cap which looked rather like a
fashion statement, I knew I had struck gold. The man chuckled knowingly when he saw me jump out.
Without a word he led me into a large sitting room with imperial‐Russian looking furniture (which it
probably was...), a lot of wood panelling, and a few shelves of books. There were books on Modern
French architecture, Don Quixote in Turkish! (abridged), Daniel Defoe (in English). For Idris was a
25
10 To clarify, it is pronouncede chamlihemshin
In the late afternoon we reached Yusufeli. It was a tiny place (considering it is the capital of a
province), with dusty red roads, lined with flimsy buildings. Children run around after you here. The
whole place may soon be underwater, if the dam goes ahead. I went to the first hotel I came to,
which was cheap13, hot and nothing worked. How brilliant! I got a thrill from being in such an awful
hotel – this does have its charm! – and it felt in keeping with the surroundings. I wandered to get a
feel for the place, but quickly tired of this: there really isn’t anything here; nor was any çay to be
found; and people were irritable with hunger. There was an extraordinarily tantalising smell of
bread, which I imagine must have been driving everyone mad.
After sunset, the town began to buzz like a bee that is recovering consciousness. I went to what
seemed like a normal lokanta. It was crammed with people, and I was given a place at a table with a
couple of local boys who were rather shy. There was excellent food: pots and pots of different stews,
as well as rice, lentil soup, döner. The boys recommended I have the döner, but I tried to be
independent and get something myself. When it came to it I panicked and pointed at some
indiscriminate green been dish. I think you should always put yourself at the mercy of the local
people – especially where food is concerned!
I began to realise that no one was paying, for anything at all! I couldn’t quite believe it, but I was
sure I didn’t have to. I made my way out very slowly after my sumptuous meal and tea, and said
goodbye to all the waiters, who were very courteous. No, they didn’t expect any money. Maşallah, I
thought, what kind of a place is this! Truly a gift. I supposed it had something to do with Ramazan.
And the courteousness and energy of the waiters, who ate after everyone else... really, it was
amazing.
Now the town was in full flight, so to speak, and I went into a nearby tea house. Here I was adopted
by a man who was impressed that I went to Oxford (Maşallah!) and said he had a friend who knew
philosophy, who he would take me to. For the time being, however, we had little to say, so we just
sat and drank tea, making the odd comment: a bit like Turkish men! Soon we decided to play
backgammon – a bit like Turkish men! – and he took me to a place overlooking the river where all
the local lads were drinking tea, plaing cards, billiards, tavla. Embarrassingly I had almost forgotten
how to play tavla, and he ended up making most of my moves for me. He has certainly been left
with a lower opinion of Oxford students, I regret. We crossed the rickety bridge back to the main
town and found his philosophical friend. Now, this man was clearly the intellectual powerhouse of
the area. He sat bolt upright on some steps and looked sidelong at me, pouting from underneath a
flat cap. My friend seemed excited about what he thought would be a meeting of minds, but he
must have been let down. The language barrier prevented us from grazing together in the high
pastures of philosophy, and we instead settled for discussing hotel prices. Silence followed.
Anyway, I had my sights on the real high mountain pastures of tomorrow, and I soon went to bed. I
regretted not staying longer: the town was awake at last, with the clicking of tavla and cheers of
those watching the Trabzonspor match. The river roared ominously in the background.
29
13 About £8 I think.
August 4th, Altıparmak
Ithaca in the Kaçkar
Do you remember the bees of Uzungöl, flying every day to their flower‐meadows, high in the
mountains? Well, Yusufeli had ceased its buzzing, and I set off in search of a yayla of my own.
No dolmuş was leaving for the higher mountains until the afternoon (my first transport let‐down,
incidentally; but I think we can forgive Yusufeli this). I had no mind to wait in the town, so set off on
the one road which leads upwards. I was aiming for a small village called Altıparmak. From there, I
thought, I could walk up to a yayla. No vehicle passed me for almost half an hour, let alone picked
me up. I had started trudging back towards town when, by a great coincidence, a large black four‐
wheeled drive vehicle came by and proved amenable. There was a small man inside who said very
little, and I was slightly worried he might leave me in the middle of nowhere. Luckily, Parhal (as
Alstıparmak is also called) is almost the first habitation you come to after Yusufeli. Nonetheless it is
an hour’s journey. The landscape was still craggy and precipitous, though the river was lined with
poplar trees and other vegetation. High up a red castle grew out of the red rock.
Parhal was right on the tumbling stream, and – so it seemed – mainly consisted of pansiyons. I think
it is quite popular with hikers. It was very quiet. I found another little wooden cabin at the top of a
pansiyon, overlooking the river and mountains. It was perfect. The wife of the owner was rather
large – as most women seem to be in this area – with a very charming round face. She made me an
incredibly complex and tasty version of scrambled eggs, and gave me a map to the yayla: called
Amanasket. The map made it seem about five minutes away, but I was told it would take five hours.
How wonderful to be going for a walk! I was so overcome with joy at the feeling of freedom, that I
felt I could almost fly up the mountain with the bees. My joy also overcame the unease I should have
been feeling that the road I was on didn’t correspond with the map in any way! Two brightly‐
coloured women, one of whom was carrying a large axe – as most people seem to do here – made
some very ‘yok’ noises at me and told me I was going the wrong way. I had to go back to Parhal and
take another road, following another stream.
I wasn’t too downhearted and the new path was much more shady, anyway. In fact, it was utterly
enchanting. Water was everywhere – and every drop to drink! It was very green, with flowers all
along the path, and hundreds – literally, hundreds – of species of butterfly and dragonfly and I don’t
know what other kinds of fly... I walked in and out of the shade. There were children playing in the
stream, and hardly anyone on the path. An old man walked past in a flat cap and check shirt,
carrying a bag on a stick over his shoulder. He put his hand on his chest to greet me. He was too
good to be true. I carried on for another hour before stopping to rest by the stream. My map was
proving quite useless, but there was just one track, and I was still so full of joy that it didn’t matter.
Higher, two men were sitting on the other side of the stream in a shady area with a bench, linked to
the path by a couple of logs thrown across the river. They called me over, and I was glad of the rest.
One of them was a very interesting man from Istanbul who gave me a list of Turkish authors to read.
Quite how he happened to be in this remote and secluded spot I don’t know (he wasn’t hiking), but
he seemed to fit right in: a stepping stone of wisdom on my journey up the mountain. The yayla‐
journey was assuming metaphorical dimensions in my mind. He told me I had another two hours or
30
so to go to Amanesket, so I set off again, having added his to the list of email addresses I expect I will
never contact. I hope he remembers me.
The path became steeper and the vegetation thinned out: it was now mainly pine trees ahead. After
half an hour, the dreaded happened: a fork in the road. I shouted aloud in frustration. Left was
smaller and wet; right was dusty and quite well‐used. I hesitated. It was another metaphorical
moment. Right – I took the road more‐travelled, thinking left too small to lead anywhere. In
retrospect – considering that I was aiming for a place inhabited for a short part of the year by a few
cows – the choice of the road‐more‐travelled was a strange one. The road left the stream. I became
more and more convinced that I had gone wrong, but I had committed to it now, and thought my
doubt was perhaps just in my head, so to speak.
I must have carried on on that path for an hour or so, until I came to a tiny white‐washed village. I
asked for Amanesket. The look I received was unbearably, unremittingly yok. The man pointed far
off (in the direction of the other path) and spoke to me in a worried voice and a thick accent (I think
– as I couldn’t really understand him!). He said it was two hours if I cut across the mountains. That
was certainly a bridge too far. ‘Görüşürüz’ I said, to which he replied ‘Inşallah’; and I realised that I
very much hoped Allah didn’t will us to see each other again; at least, not in the near future.
It was pitifully disheartening to walk back the way I had come, and I reassured myself that really the
destination wasn’t the most important thing; and that Amanesket was a bit like Ithaca in this way. I
pressed some flowers and saw a magnificent bird of prey, though I didn’t know what it was. I
reached the fork again. Thick mist was ahead, covering the six fingers (n.b. the meaning of
‘Altıparmak’), and there was a strong wind. I knew I couldn’t make it so I turned back and stumbled
down the mountain. I was some way down when I turned around and by some miracle the mist had
cleared. I thought this was certainly a sign that I should never have gone to Amanesket anyway.
There were more people about now: mainly large women carrying axes, who were all very friendly.
When I was almost in Parhal, I noticed a sign for a pansiyon, with ‘Mehmet’ written beneath it. I
remembered my uncle James and aunt Cesca’s recommendation of a certain Mehmet’s pansiyon
which they had visited (independently) many years ago. I had to go in! The first man I came to
turned out to be the nephew of this Mehmet. It was nicely symmetrical, that the nephew was
meeting the nephew. He spoke English very well, but in an idiosyncratic way. He couldn’t handle
diphthongs, and pronounced ‘ow’ (as in ‘bow’) like Turkish (and German) ö, and ‘ay’ like German ä.
This made the phrase ‘no joke’ – a phrase he was particularly fond of – quite hilarious. He was also
very keen on the word ‘abundance’ (though he pronounced this admirably). When I complimented
his English he said, charmingly, ‘yöu are mäking ä jöke!’ and when I asked if he was fasting he said
that nö, he was actually very slöw... He was called Osman. He took me to Mehmet, with whom
communication was more stilted, but seemed to say he remembered James and Cesca. He was
wearing wellies and watering his vegetable garden, where he grows all the food for the pansiyon. I
was half‐minded to move my belongings and stay there. It had a kind of cable car on a pulley to
transport things from the pansiyon to the road.
Osman gave me lots of tea and Turkish delight, and in return I solved a scam email which he had
received, claiming to be from a certain ‘Dr. Simon Cowell’. He told me, amongst other things, that his
mother gave him birth in Parhal, and that ‘there are töö many bears here’. This latter
pronouncement, both by his peculiar accent and the turn of phrase, sounded like something Queen
31
Victoria might have said. He certainly was not amused. Incidentally, he was preoccupied with the
Royal Family, some of whom had apparently stayed at the pansiyon itself (‘nö jöke!’). We spent a
good deal of time searching the internet for a mysterious royal whose name I have forgotten. There
was no sign of her, and I hope to goodness that she does exist, and that it wasn’t some English
tourist taking advantage of his innocent obsession...
When it was dark I returned to my pansiyon. I passed a woman who told me ‘ben Rus’ (i.e. Russian).
She was rather large but not wielding an axe. Supper, which I ate alone, was soup, rice, meat stew,
salad, grapes and baklava. I went to bed as a thunderstorm was blazing overhead. I was glad not to
be lost on the road to Amanesket.
August 5th, Erzurum
With the Pop Stars of Erzurum
‘Dön’t be läte’, Osman had said to me before I left last night, tentatively promising me a lift with his
cousin Bekir. But as I had noticed before, in Turkey – and during Ramazan especially – plans of the
day before bear little resemblance to the present day. So it was that when I got to Mehmet’s place,
after a breakfast of honeycomb, there was no sign of life. I knew they would be sleeping, putting off
the hours of fasting. A shepherd walked past with his sheep. I got out my cura and waited.
Soon something like a mountain goat bounded up the path to the pansiyon. She was dark and
windswept and devastatingly beautiful. I waved a white flag, and thought that my decision‐making
might become easier. She was looking for the key to the nearby church, and was with a group of
fifteen ‘tourists’. She cursed the ‘lazy Turks’ for not being awake and bounded back down the path.
Soon she was back, having dragged out Bekir’s carcass, sleep still hanging on his head. He managed
to get the key to the church, but told me his car was stuck up the mountain, so I couldn’t have a lift.
I went to the church (following the mountain goat) which is Georgian, and set in the middle of the
woods, which try to hide it. One side of its bulk is revealed, covered in blind arches. It seemed quite
monotonous – if monumental – with this decoration and pitched roof. There was no dome or tower
of any kind. Perhaps there once was, but I know nothing about this church. Its stone is characteristic
of the Georgian churches, and I wonder where it comes from: it doesn’t seem like local rock. Inside
was majestic: a huge space hung with arcades and galleries. It was a shame I didn’t concentrate on it
more, as it was my first and last Georgian church. But I didn’t know that then. Outside two women
were knitting socks.
The group of ‘tourists’ were all English, having come here to look for flowers, birds and butterflies.
Normally I hate meeting English people abroad, but this encounter had that magical air of
randomness. They were so unpretentious, and were ticking species off their lists just as they would if
they were in the Yorkshire Dales. They were slightly confused by me – and my cura – in the wood,
alone – but were happy to give me a lift to Yusufeli. Bekir sent my belongings down on the pulley,
and I took the seat next to Seda – the former mountain goat.
She was a botanist, which was possibly the best thing she could have been, in my opinion. I thought,
perhaps, she had been found washed up beside a mountain stream, and grown up like a flower of
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awe for the teenagers who were gathering excitedly. I played it cool. When you’re a star like Fatih,
you have cool friends.
Then the devastating news came that the music was off for the evening. Fatih would be on
tomorrow... this was heartbreaking for me, and no doubt for his collected supporters. But there
were still the fairground rides. Fatih wanted me to go with him, but I wouldn’t. He even bought me
tickets, but I couldn’t. Magnanimously, he gave the spare ticket to a fan, and boarded the swinging
pirate ship, like a true star. His hard‐core fans (all aged between 13 and 17, I would say) had bought
tickets for the same ride, and when it started swinging, they began chanting... ‘FATIH, FATIH,
FATIH!’... This was too much! I could only shake my head in bewilderment. He was for real!
Although, of course, he really wasn’t. As it turned out, one of the 16 year‐old girls following us was
his ‘sevgili’. She was so horribly made‐up, I could hardly work out what she looked like (strangely,
the same effect as the burka). The whole thing was like a lame version of Western celebrity culture.
It was at once utterly hilarious and utterly depressing. It didn’t particularly become a Ramazan night
in Erzurum, but there it was.
We sat down away from the crush, the three of us – me Fatih and the Sevgili. Fatih and his Sevgili
were getting closer and I was feeling further and further away – though reality had left some time
before. The possibility of conversation had also left some time before, and it wasn’t helped now by
Fatih’s infuriating attempts at Turglish: e.g. ‘On minoo‐tes’ (’10 minutes’). I wanted to leave but he
wouldn’t let me. It felt like he was desperately trying to cling on to this being that had been in
contact with what he thought was the real thing: with the original plastic ‘celebrities’ of the West.
The whole thing was horribly, horribly wrong. Eventually he succumbed and let me leave. I left the
two looking blissfully into each other’s eyes. She was stroking his little beard.
On the way back I stopped for tea in the middle of the road where some old men had set up a
semaver. Ramazan nights are wonderful! I wandered back into the centre. The 2nd‐most‐famous
medrese was now open. What a stroke of luck! I got my first proper taste of Selcuk honey‐combing
and iwan‐ing (another Persian architectural feature – large, open, vaulted halls). There were low
doors leading to cells, for the students, on either side of the hall. Each side had an iwan, and the
central dome was honey‐combed – wonderfully, I thought. But I had never seen it before. In the
square outside, on a stage, two comedians were performing.
I went back to the hotel, stopping in a shop where a man was cutting and sanding sheets of metal.
He was a semaver maker! Erzurum is known for metal‐working. I fought the urge to buy one – it was
only about £13.
36
August 6th, Van
While Fatih and his fellow fasters were fast asleep, I went to explore the city more. It was quiet, cool
and empty. I went first to the citadel, where a sad boy was swinging his legs over the walls alone.
There was a mescit with a honey‐combed dome and a minaret with a commanding view. I wandered
down to the Çifte Minare Medrese. Though unfinished, it is more skilfully ornamented than the
other, and more various. Each of the cells surrounding the inner court are decorated differently; the
court itself is on two levels and arcaded; the portal was again wonderful, and it was rewarding to see
some recurring features of Selcuk art: the rumi‐designs, the stars, the interlacing, the ‘tree of life’,
the eagles again, the honeycombing. It doesn’t feel so much inspired as precise and stately; perfectly
proportioned. Their masonry is thick‐set, with dark‐grey mighty blocks, which are balanced by the
intricacy of ornament.
The other notable Selcuk structure here was the kümbet – tomb – with a cylindrical body and conical
roof, very reminiscent of the dome of an Armenian church. Again these were monumental and
exquisitely proportioned. Behind the Çifte Minare Medrese are three such tombs: the ‘Üç Kümbet’.
The inside felt strangely like the tombs at Mycenae, with a dark dome that gives you the impression
of being in a bee‐hive. The actual burial area below was too numinous for me to enter! I walked back
into town via the Ulu Camii, which was rather formidable in its huge emptiness and bareness, and
mighty pillars.
Lake Van was beckoning (from a considerable distance!) and I made my way to the bus station. I was
sad not to spend more time in Erzurum, not to see it waking up again at sunset, not to hear the
cheers of Fatih’s name again. But time was catching up with me and whispering all the places I
hadn’t been to... Fortunately – or not, as it happened – the station restaurant was probably the only
place in Erzurum serving food, and I had a miserable plate of aubergines and rice, served by an old
oily aubergine. I was cheered up by tea, Turkish delight and The Towers of Trebizond.
The bus to Van is six hours. As usual, it was luxurious. It isn’t so luxurious, however, as to have all the
English films dubbed into Turkish, and so – bizarrely – I watched The Illusionist. It was actually an
excellent film. But I hardly expected to be watching it en route from Erzurum to Van, on roads often
little better than dirt tracks. I was not so absorbed, however, as to let the Pasinler plain pass me by:
a strikingly intact castle and an even more wonderful old stone bridge were memorable sights. The
brown‐green fields were illuminated by streaks of purple flowers.
We were in noticeably Kurdish territory now. Those low mud‐brick pyramids were in evidence –
what are they?! – as well as tents, tarpaulin, stick‐twirling haggard shepherds, chickens, cattle,
sheep, goats, big‐wheeled horse‐drawn carts, They seem like the cowboys of Turkey. The other
definitive sign of Kurdish territory seems to be military camps everywhere you look, unfortunately.
We stopped in Ağir, just as it was revealed that the death of the would‐be queen had been, in fact,
an illusion! I was in high spirits.
The road worsened; we passed an overturned lorry that looked as helpless as an insect on its back. I
hate this kind of sight.
But all was forgotten when on our right appeared shining deep blue Lake Van, decorated with the
setting sun. I won’t forget that sight. But the Turks didn’t seem so romantic, and they closed the
37
curtains to avoid the glare. All around were shepherds with small flocks, lit up in gold among gold
crops. We followed the lake for an hour or so more and reached Van at dusk. As another bus drove
us into town, I waited for us to leave the boring single‐storey monotonous suburbs and come into
the centre of town. We never did, for modern Van is all like this: I can see it only in grey, flat
greyness. I suppose this is what you might expect from a city built by a nomadic tribe.
I went to find a hotel. The streets felt charged, almost hostile. But perhaps this was because I wasn’t
used to it. I found a charmless hotel – the Aslan – easily enough and went to eat. I caught the end of
another Ramazan feast and had a wonderful meal of soup, pilav, aubergine and meat stew, salad,
and a spicy red paste, seemingly uncooked, which they squash into balls that feel like un‐fried patis.
They were excellent. The food was noticeably different – more coriander, and more meat. A small
fight broke out just next to the restaurant. I had never seen this before in Turkey. But the waiters
were charming, and the tea was good, so I was happy.
I had a final walk around the town. I found the busy pedestrian area which is, I suppose, the centre.
A man called me over and I had some mulberry tea with him. He was a Kurd – like the majority here
– and clearly well‐educated (with good English). He told me a lot, and grounded some of my initial
impressions of the city: he described it as a place of tension, resentment, and antagonism. Politics
was all people talked about, apparently, and all they wanted to know was what side you were on. He
bemoaned that no one talked about poetry or the arts... I asked about the Kurdish language and
culture and he was bitter, like everyone, it seems. ‘It’s like Ireland!’ he exclaimed, somewhat
surprisingly, and I wondered how much this is true. For one thing, we don’t write on the mountains
of Ireland, ‘how happy I am to say I’m English’, as they do all over this area.14
Out of all the racially distinct people I had met, the Kurds are the only ones who feel separate from
Turkey. It’s possible to be Laz/Rum/Hemşin and be a Turk, it seems, but if you are a true Kurd, you
aren’t a Turk. Why is this? I suppose there are so many more of them than the other minority groups
(who aren’t really minority groups, because they see themselves as Turks). Almost 20% of Turkey is
Kurdish, I believe. Their language and cultural traditions are much more alive than those people
further north, whose cultural heritage is now nothing but a curious eccentricity, a museum piece.
The end of the distinct Rum and Armenian presence in Turkey occurred decisively and horrifically at
the start of the century. The same process of (attempted) cultural levelling has been directed at the
Kurds, though over a longer period of time. I hope it is not as horrific and that it doesn’t prove as
decisive.
In any case, the Kurds are bitter, and Van is bitter and charged. So I went back to the hotel quickly.
And there I met a persuasive man who coaxed me into an atrociously bad decision – to go on a tour
the next day.
I was beginning to get ill.
14 Atatürk’s phrase ‘Ne mutlu Türküm diyene’ – ‘How happy is the one who says "I am a Turk"’ – is scrawled
over the mountains.
38
Chapter 4 – Van to Kars
August 7th, Van
And the first illness I came down with was regret. It turned every decision into the wrong one, and
constantly whispered this in my ear. It weighed down my rucksack.
In any case, however, the over‐priced tour was a very poor decision. I knew this as soon as I met my
fellow tourists (what horror when I realised I was a tourist!). Of course, they were very nice people,
but we’ve been through that... I remembered too late that no matter what you are seeing, you have
to experience it exactly as you want, otherwise it’s a waste of time. And you can’t feel any magic in a
site when you arrive in a minibus with fifteen people who you don’t know, walk around with them
and then meet back at a pre‐ordained time on the bus.
Anyway, this is uninteresting: though, unfortunately, it is exactly what I was thinking about at the
time, and it was gnawing on my mind. Gnawing like the rodent‐like man who had tricked me into
coming on this trip. He was very suspicious of me because I knew some Turkish. Still, at this stage I
was willing to sacrifice all these problems of being a tourist for the chance to see the ‘Selcuk
Cemetery’ we had been promised: which, I assumed, was the famous and enormous one at Ahlat.
We went first to Çavuştepe, which is an old Urartian site – the very ancient kingdom that held sway
in the Van area around 1000BC. The liberal use of quasi‐religious terms to describe features of the
site suggested that we really know hardly anything about these people: everything was a place of
‘ritual’. There is one good thing here, which is the remarkably preserved cuneiform inscription on
part of a basalt wall. It is extraordinary how perfect these stones are, especially compared to the rest
of the site, and I still don’t really believe they haven’t been restored, or perhaps chiselled out by the
local crack‐pot who claims to know the Urartian language, and sells his own inscriptions to tourists.
I ate honey‐comb and watched the bee‐eaters swooping around like kites. My group was absurdly
preoccupied with buying Urartian inscriptions – I hadn’t thought them such an academic lot! – and I
was itching to go to Aghtamar (the island on the lake).
We went to Hoşap castle, which is picturesque, but the romance was taken away by the clamour of
my group. It’s an old Kurdish castle, and it is just outside a modern tiny Kurdish village. There is little
to see on the inside, but you can look out over the battlements towards Iran. A scruffy black and
white woodpecker‐shaped bird was poking its head round the corner of the battlements on the
other side. The main gate of the castle is very impressive, though I don’t exactly remember the
decoration, apart from a large tear drop. It felt very different from the other places I’d been – I
couldn’t place it in a cultural tradition. Perhaps this is because I didn’t recognise Kurdish designs.
There were very rugged Kurdish people selling things outside. I was dying to go to Aghtamar.
But the next stop was the ‘Selcuk Cemetery’ and I wanted to go to Ahlat almost as much as I wanted
to go to Aghtamar. I knew it was far, and wondered how long it would take. We drove towards
Aghtamar and I was a little bemused. A few miles before the ferry we stopped and I saw a couple of
kümbets of the window. It slowly dawned on me that this was the cemetery: two kümbets and a few
grave stones. At first it was bitterly disappointing, but I also realised that it would have been almost
impossible that we were going to Ahlat: it must be three hours away. Anyway, I made the most of
the cemetery where we were. The gravestones were wonderfully weathered and ornately decorated
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with inscriptions. They are very varied, and stand at different angles. They are the size of humans,
and have lives of their own: they are all different in decoration, colour, decay, size... they are
incredibly noble. I can only imagine what Ahlat must be like, where a whole population of these
tombstones stretch for miles, literally, with a backdrop of mountains.
I disturbed a hoopoe in the parched grass.
We drove to the ferry to Aghtamar. Apparently the island used to be completely surrounded by
walls. There also used to be a mole connecting it to the mainland. The only sign of the former
importance of the island is, of course, the church. There is a feeling of unease behind the natural
beauty of the Lake, and its area: a feeling of emptiness. The church proclaims the majesty of the
Armenian civilisation at its peak a thousand years ago, but it is completely alone. I found myself
wondering what has happened in the intervening millennium, apart from destruction.
The red mark on the island grew taller and loomed much larger than I had imagined. All the
Armenian and Georgian churches emphasise height. It is also marvellously situated. We disembarked
and I waited for the crowds to pour through the church before going in myself. The external carving
– another distinctive feature of Armenian and Georgian churches – was captivating, if slightly vulgar
to someone who hasn’t seen it before! There are biblical scenes, domestic scenes, a whole system of
mythical and non‐mythical animals, four large evangelists, other saints... I remember Jonah and the
Whale, as I suppose most people do. The ‘whale’ is a winged griffin‐like creature, which has been
imported from Persian mythology: the Armenians, not living near the sea, had no idea what a whale
was! Inside is high, again, which is the result of the small ‘nave’, if you can call it that. It feels like you
are in a vertical space, rather than a horizontal one. The whole effect is of a kind of chamber which
will project your prayers upwards as if from a fire up through a chimney. The frescoes which cover
the whole church are hard to make out, but do not seem exceptional. I had the church to myself for
ten precious minutes before I heard the next boat arrive and a clamour outside. I felt like Thomas
Becket, or something.
As it happened, one of my assassins was an Englishman called Andrew and his Italian girlfriend
Antonella, who were couch‐surfing in Van. We seemed to have very similar sensibilities, and I was
very happy of their company. I was also incredibly happy to hold a normal conversation again. The
joy at words flowing freely out of my mouth once more! We agreed to go swimming. On the way I
was told by the rodent that we only had ten minutes left on the island. I seized hold of myself,
uncharacteristically, and told him I wouldn’t be staying for the rest of the tour. Anyway, their last
stop was only to see the cats of Van, that was all (they have different coloured eyes).
So I floated around Lake Van for a while with Andrew and Antonella (it is six times more salty than
the sea). It is utterly idyllic there. If there is a silver lining to the complete lack of Armenian remains
(excepting the church) then it is the wonderful almond trees that have replaced them. As I was going
to have some tea, I bumped my head very heavily on one of these. I readjusted to see that I was
standing in front of a table with a group of smiling Kurds and a place ready for me. I sat down. They
had come from Van, where they lived, to pass a relaxing afternoon on Aghtamar. They were very
amiable, and my Turkish was going well. They offered me a lift back to Van and I took them up on it.
We took the second to last boat back, and just missed the sunset. My condition of regret was such
that this mis‐timing weighed on my mind considerably. When you’re on Lake Van, you can’t afford to
miss the sunset from the boat.
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August 9th, Kars
Despite my long rest, there was something weighing heavily on me when I woke up and laboriously
drew the curtains, from where I could see the Işak Paşa Palace – my destination for the morning.
I shared a taxi with two other Dutch people and we sped past Ararat and a past a circling raptor, and
headed up towards the Iranian border (which we could see). My companions told me there was a
twenty‐mile/three‐day queue to cross the border. I wished the taxi would stop and let me look at
the serene raptor circling.
The Işak Paşa Palace is not a particularly significant work of architecture. At least, that’s how it
seemed to me: it’s just a huge and lavish palace built by a very wealthy person in the 18th Century,
with an eye for sensuous detail and ornament, but not on the integrity of the whole building. It’s a
kind of magpie’s nest. As such, it is not particularly important. But there it stands, a more than
stately pleasure dome, its minaret bright with sinuous rills (incidentally, the minaret rises
ambitiously out of the very drum of the mosque, to give it more height), a huge shell the colour of
the earth. Inside is a glittering parade of many different architectural and ornamental styles (not
only Turkish ones). On the portals, the Selcuk decoration was prevalent, similar to the portals I had
met at Erzurum, but here combined with Baroque elements. In one of the courtyards stood a
familiar kümbet, but decorated with neo‐Classical pillars and Armenian external sculpture. It wasn’t
even a kümbet, actually, I think it was a ventilation device. Here was another portal, jaw‐droppingly
enormous and completely encircled with intricate floral decoration. In the extensively arcaded
mosque were elaborate Selcuk ornamentations, but with even greater finesse. The most splendid of
all the rooms was the ‘hall’, covered in blind arches, and with other decorated arches. Here there
used to be birds painted all over the roof and glass plates painted with flowers inside the blind
arches.
For all this splendour, the building lacks unity. Indeed, it is hard to describe it as a single building. It is
more like a box of chocolates. From the outside, it looks almost like a barracks! I looked out over the
hill‐side towards Iran, with its mosque and Byzantine fortifications, before going back into town.
I was heading for Kars, and dragged myself onto the dolmuş to Iğdir. It was packed and I didn’t see
the spectacular views of Ararat that I had been promised. By the end of the journey I was wilting, but
a charming man took me under his wing and walked me across town, right to the desk of the bus
company. There I met my old Dutch friends and we waited for the bus to Kars.
This bus turned out to be the one exception to all the wonderful buses I had been on, and I was
seated next to an extraordinarily agitated German man. He was complaining to someone on the
phone that he had only been in Turkey two hours and had already had enough! I wondered: How?!
and Why?! After ten minutes we took a tea break and this sent his fury to a new level. I was
resolutely ignoring him.
In the break I joined a man for tea and watermelon. He asked me about my cura and I humoured
him with a song. When I looked up, half the bus had gathered round. I was buoyed up by this and
returned to the bus feeling fresh. The cold expressions of all the passengers had transformed to
smiles – except the German. But he was intriguing me more and more as he thumbed through
various charts, maps and books about Azerbijan. I had to stop ignoring him...
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He had straw‐like hair combed back over his head and one earring. As it turned out, he was
returning from Iran by land, having just asked his girlfriend’s parents for their daughter’s hand in
marriage. Shyly, with his first smile, he told me what their answer had been. In Germany he had a
small business selling parts for biotic limbs, or something. He talked and talked. To him Iran was the
peak of civilisation and these rude and lazy Turks couldn’t hold a candle to Iranians. He had travelled
through Azerbijan to Turkey, but hated it there as well. We saw an Armenian church in the distance.
He wasn’t interested in churches. The only time he’d been to one was when he was running away
from the police in – was it Georgia, or Armenia? – and ‘monastery’ was the first word that came into
his head when he jumped into a taxi.
But what he loved beyond anything was train lines. Not the trains themselves, he was quick to add,
but the actual lines. In fact, he was so agitated because he desperately wanted to take the train from
Kars to the Armenian border, which had recently been restarted. He thought its days were
numbered and so this was literally the chance of a lifetime. Of course he would come straight back
on the train, but this wasn’t the point. As he said with a shrug of his shoulders, he just wanted to
‘tick another (line) off the list’. I imagined that his run‐ins with the police – of which there were
several – were for the sake of this hobby. Recently he had bribed someone in – was it Azerbijan? – to
buy him a ticket for a rare line, which foreigners weren’t allowed to use. He was also walking a
tightrope by having an Iranian girlfriend, and he described to me the complex system of fake
telephone numbers he had to hide his tracks and not arouse suspicion. The exceptionally large
number of pictures of railways he had on his camera was also potentially incriminating, and so he
had two different memory cards – one solely for the trains. But what if the police found this one
hidden away?! His life was littered with unexploded mines, or so he thought.
He told me many things that not a lot of people know, such as why in the old Soviet Union bridges
are always doubled if there is more than one track. But as his stories washed over me, I was again
descending into delirium. And all the while the toothless, grinning men on the bus were trying to
entice me into playing another song.
We reached Kars station the minute the train was leaving, and the German leapt after it. At his
descent, the atmosphere suddenly changed: the silent entreaties for music became a general
clamour and I unwillingly obliged, though I had nothing to play. So I twanged away for a couple of
minutes until we arrived, whereupon a man with an absurdly hoarse voice and a mouth of gold teeth
kissed me squarely on the forehead and bundled me off the bus.
My two Dutch friends had been on the bus all the while and now I threw myself into their hands. I
had energy for nothing except following them to their hotel. I was very lucky they were there. The
hotel was reasonable and I fell flat on the bed with great relief. At that moment the heavens
opened, closely followed by my bowels.
At dusk I walked to the station to try to change my reservation to Istanbul: I had decided I should
have my own compartment, as I wasn’t feeling well, and it would only cost a few pounds more. I
need not say whose train knowledge came in useful here. And there he was when I reached the
station! He had made it onto his Armenian train and was ecstatic. No one was there to help me
about my ticket, but I would return. So I walked with the German back into town, where he had
some ‘work’ to do. I didn’t ask further. On the way he insisted on photographing the train he would
be taking later. Guards were watching on quizzically, and I did my best to disassociate myself.
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Miraculously he trod on no landmines (metaphorically speaking), and we wandered on happily, still
not knowing each other’s names. He seemed to show a genuine concern for my health, which was
touching.
Lost on my way back to the hotel, I stumbled into a tea house replete with old farmers, Persian‐
looking cushions, and a wood‐fired semaver.
I rested some more before forcing myself to find some food. It was late and I hadn’t eaten since an
early breakfast. A man named Jelil, who organises tours to Ani and is famous, I was told, in the
Lonely Planet, took care of me. Vinegar was the thing for my condition, apparently. He took me to a
fancy restaurant where we ordered this and this only. I couldn’t resist his kindness, of course, so I
drank half a glass of diluted vinegar. We left the restaurant. I found a spicy kebab elsewhere. What I
would do for that meal now! But then... I left most of it and went again to the station.
I do not know how so many communication difficulties arose at the station, but it wasn’t for around
twenty minutes that I realised that what the man wanted from me was a receipt for my previous
ticket. In trying to find the English word, his electronic translator managed to offer me, firstly, ‘Sinai
Investigations’, followed by ‘foundry’. It was a wonderfully infuriating scene. At length I was taken to
the head of the Doğu Expresi (Eastern Express) train, who used the powers of Google Translate to
tell me exactly what he wanted. I couldn’t provide it, so I couldn’t change my ticket. He assured me,
however, that I would be able to sleep, and sent me with one of his minions to inspect the train
myself. I wasn’t convinced, but the whole thing was so bizarre that I cheered up.
August 10th, the Doğu Expresi
On the Banks of the Barley Tea
One of the Dutch people woke me, as I was late for the bus to Ani. For all my complaints about
fellow‐tourists, these two proved my saviours more than once. I think the vinegar must also have
been a saviour, since I felt actually quite healthy as we sped East of Kars, through a Kurdish
countryside: wagon‐wheel carts being pulled by horses; broad‐rimmed hats; tarpaulin...
The walls of Ani appeared, vast, red and imposing. This North stretch of the wall really is fantastically
mighty, and decorated with reliefs of eagles, lions and crosses. The city was abandoned a few
centuries ago and left to rot. In its heyday (around 1000AD) it was the capital of Armenia and bigger
than any contemporary city in Europe. I know very little about the Armenians, apart from their dusty
red churches with conical domes. The names of their important people sound like dangerous insects.
Ani is a ruin to beat all other ruins: a huge, empty, windy plain dotted with astonishing, but
crumbling, monuments. Martins inhabit the walls, hoopoes the grass, and bats the basements. Only
very minor attempts have been made at restoration, and only very recently. You are alone to
wander the rusty shells.
I first followed the walls westward and came to a palace, built on the side of the gorge. The
basement was pitch‐black and filled with the screams of bats. It was one of the most atmospheric
ruins I have been to: you feel like you are the first person to set foot here for hundreds of years. This
wonderful feeling can survive only as long as the site is neglected. Nonetheless, I’m pleased I felt it. I
walked to the remains of a church with large squat pillars, which apparently had fallen down just a
few years after it was built. This means that for about 99% of its life it has been a wreck (St Gregory
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of Gagik). The church of St. Gregory, my next stop, is intact and undergoing restoration. Some
distance to the south is the Citadel, flying the Turkish flag. As you continue round to the East there is
one surviving mosque, with a minaret, from where the Arpa Çay ravine falls down steeply and
dramatically (with glee, I realised that this means ‘Barley Tea’ literally). Armenia is on the other side.
The best buildings are on the eastern side, and I came first to the Cathedral. There is grass growing
on the roof – an odd similarity with the modern neighbouring village – and the dome is completely
gone, so open to the sky (this makes for a spectacular effect from the inside). Inside is cavernous:
the piers soar upwards without any impression of weight. Outside is decorated with blind arches and
inscriptions. Further along stood the Church of the Redeemer: or, half of it. It looks like lightning has
struck it in two, such is the exactness of the jagged split. In fact, this almost is what happened: half
fell down in a storm. My last stop was the Church of St. Gregory of Tigran Honents, on a shelf above
the gorge. It was formerly part of a monastery, I believe. It is the best preserved of the churches,
even with some frescoes. Again, it is high like Aghtamar, though less elegant in its height: it feels a
bit like it is standing on tip‐toes, stretching for more and more height.
Despite having come with about ten others, I don’t think I saw even one of them on the site. If you
need a justification for wandering around ruins,15 I think you can find it at Ani. Here you have the
romance of seeing the remains of a fallen empire, on a huge scale (the Ozymandias effect, you could
say) – birds and bats making their homes where once Emperors did. Secondly, you have the romance
of (what feels like your own) archaeological discovery of a beautiful and awe‐inspiring civilisation
(the Tutenkhamun effect, you could say), as you are so alone. Thirdly, you have the extraordinary
experience of seeing beauty in decay (the Ani effect, I have to call it, as I don’t know anything else on
this scale): cathedrals open to the sky, churches cut in half, all of them rediscovering beauty.
Back in Kars I went up to the citadel. It’s important to find this kind of place: like Boztepe in Trabzon,
it was a haven sitting above a slightly hellish city. On the walls were set up wood‐fired semavers, and
I drank tea overlooking the city, with a back‐drop of desolate mountains. Kars is a place of harsh
battles in the snow – right up into the 20th Century – and you can imagine bearded Russians in high
boots and fur hats stamping along these walls, now smoking not with canons but with extravagant
tea‐pots. Incidentally, the city was under Russian rule for most of the 19th century, and until the First
World War.
But I couldn’t stay long, as I had business to attend to in the town: more than anything I now wanted
to buy a semaver! So I set off in search of metalworkers. Soon I came to the right area, and was
accosted by two young lads who took it upon themselves to be my bargainers/translators/side‐kicks.
We went through shops piled high with all kinds of pots and pans, and eventually found a
metalworker with a wood‐fired semaver standing proudly on display. It was very cheap. Of course, it
hit me just how incredibly impractical it would be to carry this anywhere, let alone back to England.
Let alone on Ryanair. (Let alone to use it!). Regretfully we walked away. Then something caught our
eyes in a nearby shop: a smaller, electric semaver made of porcelain, decorated in fabulous dark
blue and gold designs. I was sold. Smiles all round. It was very reasonable as well – £20 at the most.
The shop‐keeper wrapped it up and put it in a box. And then... my feet went cold again. This may
have been smaller than the previous semaver, but it was just as heavy. What was I thinking?! Again I
would have problems even getting this to the railway station. My unease was sensed. He wrapped it
15 I’m thinking of you, Chris Lack.
46
For the sunset I went south, passing the traditional Turkish houses, with precariously‐hanging
wooden balconies supporting rooms. There is a similar style in Greek Thrace and Macedonia. Before
I reached the river I was stopped by a policeman (the border is close). He demanded my passport,
which I couldn’t give him. He was displeased. So I rooted around in my wallet and showed him all the
cards I had. He looked through them with a frown, until, upon reaching my Bod Card, his grim
expression dissolved and his eyes brightened: ‘Oxford?’ he asked. And with a smile and a wink he let
me through. I crossed two Ottoman bridges (the larger one spectacular) and had tea watching the
sunset over the wide Meriç River. I wandered back and the moon was rising purple on the other side
of the bridge. The lights were coming on on the Selimiye, directly ahead, and the muezzin was
distantly audible.
On the edge of town I asked one of the horse‐and‐cart drivers if he would take me to Greece the
next day. How indulgent, yet fantastic, that would be. He would! But there was something suspicious
in his manner. He called over his friends and we discussed the prospect conspiratorially in lowered
voices. After some deliberation he gave me a ludicrously high price. I told him so. ‘But’, he whispered
urgently, ‘you will need a Visa to go to Greece. I looked confused... ‘Visa var!’ (‘I have a Visa’) I said.
Now he looked confused. ‘But...’ he whispered again, ‘you will need a passport to go to Greece’.
Again, ‘passport var’. Now he looked distinctly perplexed, ‘Well just take the bus then!’ I thought
about it, and decided, yes, it would probably be best just to take the bus. I bid them good night. It
was a shame, but it’s good to know how to travel without documents from Turkey to Greece, should
the need arise.
Back in town I visited the hamam. It’s a wonderfully traditional hamam, much more austere and
intimidating than the one in Doğubeyazıt; nor was I alone this time; nor did they provide the shorts
that were so useful there. I was doing something wrong, and a man was attempting to tell me what
this was, and it all got very awkward and uncomfortable.
I emerged refreshed none the less, and ate a kebab behind the statue of Sinan, looking at his
mosque.
August 14th
I walked out early, looking like a pedlar, with musical instruments, tea pots, fruit‐shaped soaps,
normal soaps, honey, tea, mulberry tea, halva, baklava and Turkish delight: the many sensuous
wonders of Turkey clinking in my bag, and many more whirling around my mind. I took the bus to
the village near the border and the bus driver took me to the border itself, for which I gave him all
my remaining Turkish coins. Whereupon I walked into Greece! In the first village I came to, I had
‘Greek’ coffee and ‘Greek’ baklava. It’s strange, but I’ve never tasted anything more Greek in my life.
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