ArdhMagthi Prakrut

5. Hy$S>-ZrB©

‘ Hy$Q>ZrVr’ hr EH$ ‘mZdr ~w{ÕMmVw¶m©Mo loîR>Ëd ñnîQ> H$aUmao AmMaU ‘mZbo OmVo. O§oìhm
EImXm eÌy qH$dm {damoYH$ ~bembrAgob Voìhm Hy$Q>-ZrVrMm Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z eÌyda [H§$dm {damoYH$mda
‘mV Ho$br OmVo. ¶m Hy$Q>ZrVrMm Cn¶moJ àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV Ho$bm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
¶m Hy$Q>ZrVrbmM ‘J{Z‘r H$mdm’ ¶m ZmdmZohr AmoiIbo OmVo. ¶m Hy$Q>ZrVrMm, J{Z‘rH$mì¶mMm Cn¶moJ
H$ê$Z N>ÌnVr {edmOr ‘hmamOm§Zr ñdamÁ¶mÀ¶m eÌyda ‘mV Ho$bobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.

¶m Hy$Q>ZrVr{df¶r Am¶©-MmU³¶m§Zr {dñV¥VnUo J«§WaMZmhr Ho$bobr AmT>iyZ ¶oVo. ¶m
Hy$Q>ZrVr‘ܶo Ho$di nwéfm§MmM g‘mdoe ZìhVm Va {ó¶mhr Hy$Q>ZrVr‘ܶo {ZnwU hmo˶m. ˶mMr AZoH$
CXmhaUo àmH¥$V gm{h˶mV AmT>iyZ ¶oVmV.

gXa nmR>m‘ܶo A^¶Hw$‘ma Am{U J{UH$m Amnë¶m ~w{ÕMmVw¶m©À¶m à^mdmZo Hy$Q>ZrVrMm
Cn¶moJ H$ê$Z ~bmTç> àXçmoV amOmg ¶wÕ^y‘rVyZ H$go nidyZ bmdVmo. Vo ñnîQ> Ho$bobo Amho.

{dXçm϶mªZrhr A^¶Hw$‘mamMr àoaUm KoD$Z Amnë¶m OrdZmV ¶e àmßV H$amdo Ago ¶m
nmR>mVyZ ñnîQ> Ho$bo Amho.

gXa nmR> A§~XodgyatZr {b{hboë¶m "Amdí¶H$gyÌQ>rH$m' J«§Wm‘YyZ KoVbm Amho.

EÎmmo {d hþ AUwd[ag§ amohB amogoU am¶{Jh-Z¶a§ &
{Z¶-~b-Jpìd¶-{MÎmmo gw-n¶§S>mo M§S>n‚mmoAmo &&1&&
Vmo go{UEU ^{UAmo A^¶-‘§Vr qH$ {n qMVgw Cdm¶§ &
Z¶añg OoU Io‘§ g§Om¶B V¶Uw A^EU &&2&&

42

nwa-n[aga-nwhB©E VoU {ZhmUr-H$¶m H$U¶-H$bgm &
g‘¶§ ‘wg§{T>-‘mo½Ja-Vmo‘a-Pg-{Zgr¶-gËWoqh&&3&&

nwÊUa{d H$på‘ {d d[ago nwìd-nAmoJoU amo[h¶§ Z¶a§ &
Vmo A^EU ^{UAmo ‘gm‘§Vm VwÁP gìdo {d &&4&&

‘h {nCUm YU-XmUoU ^oB¶m OB Z nƒAmo VwÁP&
Vm n[aga-Ya{UdrT>§ I{UC§ {Zñg§{H$¶§ Hw$Ugw' &&5&&

Vmo VËW M§S>n‚mmo¶-ZadB Om IUmdE Imo{U§ &
Vm {Z¶B H$U¶-H$bgo {Zgm¶-YU-nhaU-JUo ¶ &&6&&

nopÀN>¶ AVwÀN>-CÀN>{b¶-H§$n-n[aJ{b¶-go¶-g{bbmohmo &
{Z¶-I§Ydma-{daB¶-ga³IUmo Zm{gD$U JAmo &&7&&

Zmg§Vñg Agog§ {n by{S>¶§ go{UEU Vñg ~b§ &
Ord§Vmo C‚moqU nÎmmo {H$ÀN>oU nwU am¶m &&8&&

h³Ho$B {ZE Vo {d hþ ^U§{V E¶ñg H$maUmo Z d¶§&
Vm Xod EËW AËWo A^¶-nd§MoU hmo¶ìd§ &&9&&

AdJ¶-gã^mdmo ^UB, "ZpËW gmo H$moB ‘ÁP AËWmUo &
Omo Hy$S>-H$dS>-~wpÕ§ ~§{Y¶ AmUoB Bh A^¶§' &&10&&

V§ {Zgw{UD$U {dÞdB, "ZadB§ M‘a-hm[aUr J{U¶m &
AmBggw Xod, ‘§ P{Îm OoU ~§{YD$U V§ AmUo{‘ h§ &&11&&

Vmo ZadBUm ‘pÁP‘-d¶mAmo B¶amAmo gÎm-J{U¶mAmo &
VrE gh W{da-n[a¶U-nm¶mAmo no{g¶mAmo bhþ§ &&12&&

VÎmmo g‘w{U-g¶mgpå‘ {gp³IC>§ gìd‘od {JhY呧&
nÎmm n[any¶§Vr {VËWm{U H$‘oU am¶{Jh§ &&13&&

VËW ny¶§Vr {Jhn{S>‘m g§nÎmm A^¶ñg ^dUpå‘ &
AmJ¶mAmo nwÀN>B A^EU§, ‘Bh H$Amo Vwã^o' &&14&&

43

‘pÁP‘-d¶mU ‘ÁPmAmo Vñg EJm H$hoC>§ AmT>Îmm &
{ZgwUgw gmd¶, EB©E ^d-{daÎmmE gwh-M[a¶§ &&15&&

C‚moUrE Bã^ñg ^m[a¶m Vñg Am{g ‘U-BÆ>m &
nwìd-H$¶-H$å‘-n[aUB-dgoU {dhdÎm§ AUwnÎmm &&16&&

^d-Cpìd½Jm H$mD$U {VËW-OÎmmAmo {Z¶-Z¶[a¨&
J§VyU§ nìd‚m§ KoÎmw§ H$aoB Vd-ƒaU§ &&17&&

~r¶-{XUo A^Amo J§VyU VmAmo Am‘§VE g{Jho &
^{UAmo ¶ Vmqh, Vw‘§ {M¶ Hw$U EËW ^mo¶U§&&18&&

gå‘moh-H$m[a-~hþ-{dh-dËWw-Ow¶§ nmBAmo n¶§ Vm{h &
VoU ngwÎmmo g§Vmo Adh[aAmo ahdaoU A^Amo &&19&&

ZrAmo C‚moUrE VrE {Z¶-am¶-nm¶-nmgpå‘ &
np³IÎmmo ¶ Z[a§XoU V¶Uw ~mo„m{dAmo Ed§ &&20&&

"ao H$ËW J¶m ~wÕr ‘{hbm-‘oÎmoU O§ Bh-Am{U¶m &
Yå‘-ÀN>boU N>{bAmo nmdmE B‘mE gmo ^UB &&21&&

B¶ ^{UE ZaUmhoU {Z¶{bAmo Vh g-d¶U-{Z¶boqh&
Oh Z A‘w¸$mo g¸$B {Z¶-Z¶ao J§Vw§ EÎmmo ¶ &&22&&

(A§~yXodgy[a-{daB¶ ‘"Am»¶mZH$‘{UH$moed¥{Îm' JmWm 183-210)

AUwd[ag§ - à˶oH$ dfu eãXmW©
Agog§ - ~mH$sMo, am{hbobo
AdJ¶ - AdJV, OmUrd hmoUo ^d - g§gma, OÝ‘
AmBggw - AmXoe XoUo ^wÎm - ^moOZ H$aUo
AUwnÎmm - àmßV hmoUo ‘wg§{T> - EH$ àH$maMo eó
AËWmU - amOXa~ma ‘mo½Ja - EH$ àH$maMo eó
gwn¶§S> - A˶§V, àM§S>, ^¶§H$a
gmd¶ - lmdH$

44

Cpìd½J - d¡am½¶, CX²{d¾ hmoUo g³H$B - e³¶
{VËWOÎmm - VrW©¶mÌm {Z¶{b¶ - ~§{XñV H$aUo
Yå‘ÀN>b - Y‘m©À¶m ZmdmZo ’$gdUyH$ n¶§ - XÿY
nmBAmo - nmOUo, {nʶmg XoUo g‘¶§ - EH$Ì, g‘yh
nm¶mAmo - nm¶r, nm¶Xi

ñdmÜ`m`

H¥$Vr H$am

1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) A^¶Hw$‘mamZo àXçmoV amOmMm nam^d H$gm Ho$bm?
2) J{UHo$Zo A^¶Hw$‘mamMo AnhaU H$go Ho$bo?
3) A^¶Hw$‘mamÀ¶m ~wpÕMmVw¶m©da n[aÀN>oX {bhm.

2 H$moU Vo {bhm.

1) Xadfu amOJ¥h ZJamda AmH«$‘U H$aUmam

2) Y‘m©À¶m ~hmʶmZo A^¶Hw$‘mamg ’$g{dUmar

3) lm{dH$m§Zm Kar ^moOZmgmR>r Am‘§ÌU XoUmam

2) AmH¥$Vr nyU© H$am. Hy$S>-ZrB J«§WH$ma
JǤW

3 g‘mZmWu eãX {bhm.

1) am¶m 3) n¶

2) ‘{hbm 4) YU

4 ê$no AmoiIm.
1) I{UC§$ 2) n{bD$U 3) qMVgw 4) ^U§{V 5) J§VyU§ 6) H$mD$U

5 g§X^m©g{hV ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am.
1) "Vw‘§ {M¶ Hw$U EËW ^mo¶U§ &'
2) "ao! H$ËW J¶m ~wÕr ‘{hbm-‘oÎmoU O§ Bh-Am{U¶m &'
3) "Yå‘-ÀN>boU nmdmE B‘mE &' mmm

45

6. {H${gdmbñg OrdU§

dV©‘mZH$mbrZ eoVH$è¶m§Mo OrdZ {Xdg|{Xdg
g§H$Q>J«ñV Am{U Xþ:IXm¶H$ hmoV Amho. eoVr ì¶dgm¶
Z nadS>Umam hmoV Amho. ˶m‘wio {Zame Pmbobm eoVH$ar
AmË‘h˶oH$S>o diV Amho ho A˶§V Xþ:IXm¶H$ Amho.

àmH¥$V gm{h˶mVrb eoVH$ar ‘mÌ g§H$Q>mg Z
Km~aVm ‘moR>çm Y¡¶m©Zo g§H$Q>mda ‘mV H$aV Agbobm {XgyZ
¶oVmo,na§Vw AmË‘h˶oMm Adb§~ H$aV Zmhr. CbQ> O‘rZ
{H$Vrhr H$R>rU, IS>~S>rV Agbr Varhr Zm§Ja YaUmè¶mÀ¶m
hmVmV e³Vr Agob Va IS>~S>rV O‘rZhr gwnrH$ hmoVo. ¶m
{dMmam§MoM eoVH$ar JmWmgßVeVr J«§WmV AmT>iVmV, na§Vw
AmË‘h˶m Ho$ë¶mMo EH$hr CXmhaU {XgV Zmhr.

Voìhm AmOÀ¶m eoVH$è¶mZo JmWm gßVeVr‘Ümrb
eoVH$è¶m§Mm AmXe© S>moiçm§g‘moa R>odyZ Y¡¶m©Zo eoVr Ho$ë¶mg
Z¡amí¶ ¶oUma Zmhr. VgoM AmË‘h˶m Ho$ë¶mZo g§H$Q> Va Q>iV Zmhr CbQ> Vo dmT>Vo. ho bjmV KoD$Z
eoVH$è¶mZo AmË‘h˶oMm ‘mJ© gmoSy>Z Y¡¶m©Zo eoVr H$amdr Agm ¶m nmR>mMm CÔoe Amho. gXa JmWm
hçm hmbH$dtZr {b{hboë¶m "JmWmgßVeVr' ¶m àmH¥$V J«§WmVyZ KoVë¶m AmhoV.

1. n§H$-‘BboU, N>rao¸$-nmBUm {XÊU-OmUw-dS>UoU &
AmU§{X‚mB h{bAmo nwÎmoU ìd gm{b-N>oÎmoU &&567&&

2. ’$bhr-dmhU§ nwÊUmh-‘§Jb§ b§Jbo Hw$U§VrE &
gB©A ‘Umoah-Jpã^UrA hËWm WahapÝV &&165&&

3. H${T>U-Iadra-no„U-hb ìd nËWa-{d{U½J¶-Ap½JH$Uo
YMbmo-Am¶[a¶-nho H$ñg {d gwhoU dƒ§{V &&795&&

4. Vh n[a‘{b¶m JmodoU VoU hËW§ {n Om U Amo„oB&
gm {ƒA YoUy EpÊh¨ noÀN>gw! Hy$S>-Xmo{hUr OmAm &&637&&

46

5. Ydbmo {OAB Vwh H$E, Ydbñg H$E {OApÝV {JÆ>rAmo&
{OA V§~o! Aåh {d Or{dEU JmoÆ>§ Vw‘mAÎm§ &&638&&

6. EËW ‘E a{‘Aìd§ Hw$Qw>§~-g‘§ qM{VD$U {h¶EU&
nm‘a-H$a-goA-C„m {UdAB Vwdar d{d‚mpÝV &&358&&

7. AßnÎm§ nÎmA§ nm{dD$U Ud-a§JA§ h{bA-gmoÊhm &
CAh! VUwB© U ‘mAB é§Xmgw {d Jm‘-aÀN>mgw &&241&&

8. noå‘-Cå‘B¶mB ‘E CdD$T>mo h{bA-nwÎm-~wÕrE&
’§$go{‘ Omd, ’$égmo VU-nw[agmo Jm‘-gr‘mE &&745&&

9. Ud-H$på‘EU CA-nm‘aoU XÆz>U nmC-hmarAmo &
‘moÎmìdo OmoÎmA-n½Jhpå‘ Adhm{gUr ‘w¸$m &&692&&

10. A{b{h‚mB n§H$Abo hbm{b-MbUoU H$b‘-JmodrE &
Ho$Ama-gmoA-ê§$^U-V§g-{Æ>A H$mo‘b-MbUmo &&690&&

11. A§VmohwÎm§ S>ÁPB, OmAm-gwÊU-Kao h{b¶-nwÎmmo &
C³ImA-{UhmUmB§ ìd a{‘A-Ç>mUmB§ noÀN>§Vmo &&373&&

12. {U¸$å‘mqh {d N>oÎmmqh nm‘amo UoA dƒB dgB§&
‘A-{nA-OmAm-gwÊUBA-Joh-Xþ³I§ n[ahaÝVmo &&169&&

13. JhdBUm ‘wA-goah-Sw>§SA>-Xm‘§ {Ma dhoD$U&
d½J-gAmB§ UoD$U Ud[aA A‚mmKao ~Õ§&&172&&

14. gwh-nwpÀN>AmB h{bAmo ‘wh-n§H$A-gwa{h-ndU-{Uìd{dA§&
Vh {nAB nAB-H$Sw>A§ {n Amogh§ Oh U {UÆ>mB &&317&&

15. qH$ éA{g AmoUA-‘whr YdbmAÝVogw gm{b-{N>Îmogw&
h[aAmb-‘§{S>V-‘whr U{S> ìd gU-dm{S>Am Om¶m &&9&&

16. JmB©C> n§M-Ira§ ^[aC, MÎmm[a n¸$b-~B„m &
g§nÊU§ dmbmd„-aA§, godm {gd§ Hw$UC &&806&&

47

eãXmW©

n§H$-‘BboU - {MIbmZo ‘mIbobo. go¶ - Km‘.
h{bAmo - eoVH$è¶mg. C„m - Amobo.
N>rao¸$-nmBÊU - {MIbmZo ‘mIbobo. {UdAB - noaUo.
gm{b-N>oÎmoU - gmirMo eoV. d{d‚mpÝV - dmT>ë¶mZ§Va.
OmUw - JwS>Km, AßnÎm§ - Z {‘iUmao.
AmU§{X‚mB - AmZ§X XoUo. nÎmA§ - {‘iUo.
dS>UoU - dmT>bobo. ìd - à‘mUo. gmoÊhm - gyZ.
’$bhr-dmhU§ - noaUr H$aʶmMo gmYZ. CAh - nhm.
b§Jbo - Zm§Ja. VUwB© - H¥$e, gS>nmVi.
gB©A - gVr, nËZr, ór. aÀN>mgw - añ˶mV.
Jpã^UrA - ‘ZmV. öX¶mV AgUo. Cå‘B¶mE - CÝ‘mX, CËH$Q>, AmVya.
H${T>U - H$R>rU. CdD$T>mo - dmT>Uo, {Z‘m©U hmoUo.
Iadra - IS>~S>rV. ~wÕrE - {dMmamZo.
no„U - nobZo. gm§^miUo ’§$go{‘ - ñnem©Zo.
Ap½JH$Uo - A{¾À¶m {R>U½¶m. Omd - Ooìhm.
YMbo - Y¡¶© Zgbobo, Xþ~io. ’$égmo - H$R>rU.
nho - ‘mJ©. VUnw[agmo - JdVmZo V¶ma Ho$bobo ~wOJmdUo (nwéf).
dƒ§{V - OmUo . H$på‘EU - H$‘© H$aUmè¶mZo.
n[a‘{b¶m - hmVmiUo, Yma H$mT>Uo. nm‘aoU - Jar~, {~Mmè¶mZo.
JmodoU - JdiçmZo. CA - nhm.
Amo„oB - Amobo hmoUo. nmC-hmarAmo- {eXmoar, ^moOZ, AmUUmè¶m nËZrg.
EpÊh¨ - AmVm. ‘moÎmìdo - gmoS>Uo, ‘moH$io H$aUo.
Hy$S - H$m¡eë¶, MmVw¶©. OmoÎmA - Oy.
Xmo{hUr - Ðmd{dUo, hmVmiUo, nmZm KmbUo. n½Jhpå‘ - KoUo, Xmoar.
OmAm - hmoUo, Pmbo, XoUo. Adhm{gUr - dogU.
{OAB - OJVo. ‘w¸$m - gmoS>Uo, ‘wº$ H$aUo.
H$E - H$[aVm. Am{bh{‚mB - {b{hbobo, R>go, nmD$bIwUm.
V§~o - Vm§~S>r, Vm§~r. hbm{b - Zm§JaUo.
JmoÆ> - JmoR>m. H$b‘-JmodrE - amIU H$aUmar ór.
Vw‘mAÎm§ - Am‘À¶mgmR>r. Ho$Ama-gmoAm- OmoamMm àdmh ñÌmoV.
‘E - ‘r. é§^U - AS>Wim.
{hAEU - ‘ZmV, ‘ZmZo. V§g - ÌñV hmoUo, dH«$ hmoUo.
nm‘a - Jar~ eoVH$ar. A§VmohþÎm§ - ‘ZmV.
H$a - hmV. S>ÁPB - OiUo.

48

OmAm - nËZr. nwpÀN>AmB - {dMmanyg. Mm¡H$er H$aʶmgmR>r.
C³ImA - CISy>Z Q>mH$Uo. n§H$A - H$‘i.
{UhmUmB§ - nwabobr g§nÎmr. gwa{h - gwJ§{YV,
ìd- à‘mUo, g‘mZ. ndU - dmè¶mZo.
{U-H$å‘mqh - H$m‘ ZgVmZmhr. {Uìd{dA§ - W§S> Ho$bobo.
UoA - ZgUo. {nAB - {nUo.
‘A - ‘aUo, ‘¥V hmoUo. nAB - ñd^md, ‘wimVM.
n[ahaÝVmo - H$‘r hmoUo, ZîQ> hmoUo. {UÆ>mB - Z R>odUo, g§n{dUo.
JhdBUm - J¥hnVr, ‘mbH$. AmoUA - Imbr.
‘wA - ‘¥V, ‘oboë¶m. gU - VmJmMo.
goah - aoS>çmMo. Ydbm-AÝVogw - nm§T>ao Pmbobo.
Sw>§S>A-Xm‘§ - Kw§Jam§Mr ‘mi. ‘§{S>¶ - bmdbo, {d^y{fV Pmbobo.
{Ma - {MaH$mi. U{S>-ZQ>r,
dhoD$U - dmhÿZ. dm{S>Am - dmT>bobo.
d½J - g‘yh. Om¶m - hmoUo, Pmbobo.
gAmB§ - eoH$S>mo. Ira - XÿY.
UoD$U - ZoD$Z. n¸$b - n³d, àm¡T>, VéU, nwîQ>.
Ud[aA - ¶mo½¶ Z dmQ>ë¶mZo. g§nÊU - g‘¥Õ, gwnrH$.
A‚mmKao - Am¶m©Ka, XodVoÀ¶m XodimV. BA - ‘mVr.
~Õ§ - ~m§YUo. {gd§ - AmH$f©U
gwh - gwImMr.
ñdmÜ`m`

H¥$Vr H$am

1 Imbrb àíZm§Mr CËVao {bhm.
1) eoVH$è¶mg eoVmVrb nrH$ H$moUmà‘mUo dmQ>Vo?
2) ~bdmZm§Zr Adb§~boë¶m ‘mJm©Mm H$moUmbm bm^ hmoVmo?
3) JdiçmÀ¶m H$m¡eë¶mMm n[aUm‘ H$moUVm hmoVmo?
4) ZdrZ dó àmßV Pmboë¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m gwZoda H$moUVm n[aUm‘ Pmbm?
5) ZddYyg nmhÿZ Jm|Yiboë¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m ‘wbmZo H$m¶ Ho$bo?
6) nËZrÀ¶m {ZYZmZo, (Xþ:ImZo) X½Y Pmbobm eoVH$ar Amnbo Xþ:I H$go H$‘r H$aVmo?
7) àH¥$VrMr Mm¡H$er H$aʶmgmR>r Amboë¶m eoOmaÀ¶m órMm eoVH$è¶mda H$moUVm n[aUm‘ Pmbm?
8) gm‘mݶ ‘mUgm§Zm H$moU˶m JmoîQ>tMo AmH$f©U AgVo?

49

2 Imbrb àíZm§Mr WmoS>³¶mV CËVao {bhm.
1) nËZrÀ¶m {ZYZmZo ì¶mHy$i Pmboë¶m eoVH$è¶mMr AdñWm ñnîQ> H$am.
2) eoVH$è¶mMo eoVmdarb ào‘ ñnîQ> H$am.
3) Hw$eb d ~bdmZ eoVH$è¶mMo dU©Z H$am.

3 Imbrb eãXm§Zm àmH¥$VmVrb eãX gm§Jm.

1) Zm§Ja 5) eoVH$ar

2) Jdir 6) AmV

3) XÿY 7) nËZr

4) gyZ

4 ê$no AmoiIm.
1) noÀN>§Vmo 4) dƒB
2) Amogh§ 5) N>oÎmogw
3) nm‘aoU

5 dU©~Xb ñnîQ> H$am.
1) N>oÎm 4) H$å‘
2) Jmod 5) ‘w¸$m
3) AßnÎm 6) gwa{h

mmm

50

n[a{gÆ>§

(A) ì¶mH$aU {d^mJ
(~) bohU-H$mog„§
(H$) gÅ>¶-n[aM¶§

51

(A) ì¶mH$aU {d^mJ

ì¶mH$aU ho
à˶oH$ ^mfoMm àmU Amho.
åhUyZ ì¶mH$aU g‘OyZ
KoVë¶mZo ^mfo‘ܶo H$go
n{adV©Z hmoV OmVo qH$dm
^mfoMo VwbZmË‘H$ Aܶ¶Z
H$aʶmg H$er ‘XV hmoVo ho
g‘OVo.

H$moU˶mhr ^mfoMo
Aܶ¶Z H$aʶmgmR>r ˶m
춳Vrg H$‘rV H$‘r EH$m
^mfoMo Va kmZ AgUo
Amdí¶H$ AgVo.

àmH¥$V ^mfm hr g§ñH¥$V ^mfoà‘mUo EH$ àmMrZ ^maVr¶ ^mfm Amho. åhUOo ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm
g‘H$mbrZ ^mfm hmoV. ˶m‘wio ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm§Mm Cn¶moJ ZmQ>ç gm{h˶mV Pmbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
˶mVyZM ¶m XmoÝhr ^mfm§À¶m VwbZmË‘H$ Aܶ¶Zmg àma§^ hmoD$Z àmH¥$V ì¶mH$aU J«§WmMr {Z{‘©Vr
Pmbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. àma§^rMo Oo àmH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m ì¶mH$aUmMo J«§W {Z‘m©U Pmbo ˶m‘ܶo àmH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m
{dX²dmZm§nojm g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ¶m {dX²dmZm§Mo ‘moR>o ¶moJXmZ Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. ˶m‘wioM g§ñH¥$V ^mfoer
VwbZm H$aV H$aV àmH¥$V ì¶mH$aU J«§WmMr aMZm Pmbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo. ˶m‘wio àmH¥$V ^mfoMo ì¶mH$aU
g‘OyZ KoʶmgmR>r g§ñH¥$V ^mfoMr ‘XV hmoVo.

ì¶mH$aU g‘Oë¶mZo ˶m-˶m ^mfoV dm³¶aMZm H$aUo qH$dm g§^mfU H$aʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.
dm³¶aMZm H$aʶmgmR>r gd©Zm‘o, H$mi, AW©, {d^³Vr à˶¶, eãXg§J«h, à¶moJ B. Mo kmZ AgUo
Amdí¶H$ Amho. Va g§Yr, g‘mgmÀ¶m kmZmZo ‘moR>‘moR>çm dm³¶m§Mo bhmZ-bhmZ dm³¶m§V ê$nm§Va
H$aVm ¶oVo. ˶m‘wio dm³¶aMZm gwb^ hmoʶmg ‘XV hmoVo. åhUyZ ì¶mH$aUmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí¶H$
Amho. ˶m ÑîQ>rZo ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mV àmH¥$VmVrb dU©~Xb H$go hmoVmV Vo {Xbobo AmhoV.

àma§^r àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dUmªMm n[aM¶ {Xbobm Amho. ˶mZ§Va g§ñH¥$V Am{U ‘amR>r ^mfoVrb
dUm©Mm àmH¥$VmV H$gm ~Xb hmoVmo Vohr ñnîQ> Ho$bobo Amho. ˶mZ§Va dV©‘mZ, ^yV, ^{dî¶H$mimMo
à˶¶, AW©, {d^³Vr, gd©Zm‘o B. Mo à˶¶ {Xbobo AmhoV. ˶m§Mm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z {dXçmWu dm³¶aMZm
VgoM {Z~§Y boIZ, g§^mfU H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aVrb Aer Anojm Amho.

52

dU©‘mbm -
ñda - (ñdV§ÌnUo CƒmaVm ¶oʶmOmoJm dU© åhUOo ñda)
èhñd ñda - A, B, C, E, Amo
XrK© ñda - Am, B©, D$, Eo, Am¡
Q>rn -
g§ñH¥$V dU©‘mboVrb F$, F¥$, b¥, Eo, Am¡ ho ñda AY©‘mJYr àmH¥$VmV ZmhrV.

(1) àmH¥$V dU©‘mbm

àmH¥$V ^mfm hr EH$ àmMrZ ^mfm Amho. ¶m‘ܶo AY©‘mJYr, ‘mJYr, em¡agoZr, n¡emMr, My{bH$m-
n¡emMr, ‘hmamîQ>´r, An^«§e B˶mXr 18 {d{dY ~mobr^mfm§Mm g‘mdoe hmoVmo. ¶m ^mfoÀ¶m Aܶ¶ZmZo
àmMrZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrMo, g‘mOmMo, ~mobr^mfm§Mo VgoM amOH$s¶ KS>m‘moS>tMohr Xe©Z hmoʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.
EdT>oM Zìho Va AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ ^mfm H$gH$em {dH${gV hmoV Joë¶m ¶mMmhr n[aM¶ hmoʶmg ‘XV hmoVo.
åhUyZ àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dU©‘mbm§Mm {dXçm϶mªZm àW‘ n[aM¶ ìhmdm ¶m AnojoZo àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb dU©‘mbm
nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbobr Amho.

dU©‘mbm

ñda 춧OZ
èhñd ñda XrK© ñda Ag§¶w³V g§¶w³V

1. àmH¥$V ^mfoVrb ñda

1. àmH¥$V ^mfoV A, Am, B. B©, C, D$, E, Amo EdT>oM ñda AmhoV.
2. Eo, Am¡, A…, F$, F¥$, b¥, b¦ ho g§ñH¥$VmVrb ñda Cƒmaʶmg gwb^ ìhmdoV åhUyZ H$mhr ~Xb H$ê$Z

Vo àmH¥$V ^mfoV Ambobo {XgVmV.
3. ñdam§Mr èhñd, XrK© Am{U gOmVr - {dOmVr ñda Aer {d^mJUr Ho$bobr {XgyZ ¶oVo.
4. A, B, C, E, Amo ¶m ñdamg èhñd ñda åhUVmV Va Am, B©, D$ (Eo, Am¡) ¶m§Zm XrK© ñda åhUVmV.
5. A, Am, B, B©, C, D$, E, hçm OmoS>çm gOmVr¶ (g‘mZ) ñdam§À¶m AmhoV, Va A, B, C B˶mXr

ñdam§Zm {dOmVr¶ (doJiçm àH$maMo) ñda åhUVmV.
6. Eo, Am¡, A… F$, b¥ ho ñda àmH¥$VmV Zgbo Var ˶mMo gwb^rH$aU H$ê$Z Vo àmH¥$VmV nwT>rbà‘mUo

Ambobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.

53

(A) ñdam§Mo ~Xb

1) Eo - E, AB Agm ~Xb hmoVmo.
H¡$bmg = Ho$bmg, H$Bbmg d¡Hw§$R> = doHw§$R> (doJ§wR>), dBHw§$R>
d¡ar = do[a, dBar H¡$H$¶r = Ho$JB, H$BH$¶r
‘¡Ìr = ‘oËVr, ‘BËVr g¡Ý¶ = goÝZ, gBÝZ, goZm
X¡d = Xod, XBd

2) Am¡ = Amo, AC hmoVmo. Jm¡V‘ = Jmo¶‘ H$m¡em§~r = H$mog§~r, H$Cg§~r
Jm¡ar = Jmoar, JCar Jm¡S> = JmoS>, JCS> H$m¡VwH$ = H$moC¶, H$CC¶
Zm¡ = Zmod, ZC Jm¡ad = Jmoad, JCad ¶m¡dZ = OmodÊU§
Zm¡H$m = ZmoH$m, ZCH$m nm¡a = nmoa, nCa H$m¡‘wXr = H$mo‘wB©, H$C‘wB©
Am¡fY = Amogh, AC>gh

3) Am, B©, D$ ¶m AmXç ñdam§da AZwñdma Amë¶mg èhñd hmoVmo.
nm§gw = n§gw dm§{N>¶ = d§{N>¶ ‘m§g = ‘§g
nm§S>d = n§S>d nm§{S>˶ = n§{S>ƒ jm§V = I§V

4) Am, B©, D$ ¶m ñdam§nwT>o OmoS>mja Amë¶mg ˶mMo èhñd‘ܶo n[adV©Z hmoVo.
Ymݶ = YÞ ^m¶m© = ^‚mm narjm = n[a³Im
ny{U©‘m = nwpÊU‘m Vrd« = {Vìd Xrjm = {X³Im
nyd© = nwìd H$s{V© = {H${Îm amÁ¶ = a‚m

5) àmH¥$V‘ܶo (A…) {dgJm©EodOr "Amo' Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
am‘… = am‘mo Xod… = Xodmo Z¥n… = {Zdmo

6) F$ = A, B, C, E, [a hmoVmo.

1) F$ = A K¥V = K¶ ‘¥Xþ = ‘C H¥$îU = H$Êh
‘¥V = ‘¶ V¥U = VU ‘¥Ë¶w = ‘ƒw V¥îUm = VÊhm
H¥$V = H$¶

54

2) F$ = B ‘¥fm = {‘gm J¥h = {Jh $H¥$îU = {H$gZ
F$fr = Bgr ÑT> = {XT> Z¥n = {Zd $H¥$e = {H$g
‘¥J = {‘J
‘¥fm> = ‘wgm. d¥X²Y = dw–> $‘mV¥ = ‘mC>
3) F$ = C ^«mV¥> = ^mC. {nV¥ = {nC> d¥{ï> = dw{Q²>R>
F$Vw = CVw,CC.
àmd¥f = nmCg.

4) F$ = E hmoVmo.
J¥h = Joh

5) F$ = [a d¥f^ = [agh F${f = [a{g
F$U = [aU F${X²Y = [a{X²Y

(~) àmH¥$VmVrb 춧OZ

춧OZo (ñdam§À¶m ‘XVrZo CƒmaVm ¶oʶmOmoJm dU© åhUOo 춧OZ)

Q>rn -

1) g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb "L>²' Am{U "Äm²' ¶m 춧OZmMm AY©‘mJYrV Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. ˶m§Mo AZwñdmamV
ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

2) g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb {dgJ© AY©‘mJYrV Zmhr. ˶mEodOr "Amo' hmoVmo.
3) AZwZm{gH$mnwT>o 춧OZ Amë¶mg ˶mMm AZwñdma H$aʶmMr àWm Amho. CXm. d§H$, g§I, A§O{b, H§$n

n¶§S>
4) ‘amR>r dU©‘mboVrb i, j, k hr 춧OZo AY©‘mJYrV ZmhrV. Varhr ˶m§Mo ê$nm§Va hmoD$Z Vo àmH¥$VmV

¶oVmV.

1) àmH¥$VmV "e', "f' EodOr "g' dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

eer = ggr eV = g¶ ^yfU = ^ygU

H¥$fr = {H$gr ‘{hfr = ‘{hgr ‘yfH$ = ‘ygH$, ‘yg¶

2) àmH¥$VmV i, j, k hr 춧OZo Cƒmaʶmg H$R>moa Agë¶mZo ˶m§À¶mEodOr "i' = b, j =
$³I, ÀN>, N>, I Am{U k = U Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.

1) i = b, H$‘i = H$‘b, Zi$ = Zb, ’$i$ = ’$b

55

2) k = U, kmZ = UmU, kmV$ = UmV,Um¶, kmZoída$ = UmUoga

3) j = ÀN>, >³I d¥j = ê$³I, ê$ÀN> djñWb = dÀN>ËWb, d³IËWb
jra = Ira jU = IU,

Cƒma ñWmZ dJ© 춧OZo

H§$R> H$ H²$, I² J², K², L²>
Vmbì¶ M M², N>², O², P², Äm²
‘yY©Ý¶ Q> Q>², R²>, S>², T²>, U²
X§Ý˶ V V², W², X², Y², Z²
AmoîR> n n², ’²$, ~², ^², ‘²,
(H§$R>, Vmbì¶, ‘yY©Ý¶, X§V) AÝVñW ¶², a², b², d²
Cî‘ dU© g²
‘hmàmU h²

A) "H$ Vo n' dJm©Vrb n{hë¶m Mma 춧OZm§Zm ñne© 춧OZo åhUVmV.

1) ñne© 춧OZo ~bmZo gdmªV A{YH$ AgVmV.
2) ˶m§À¶m ~bmMm H«$‘ CVaVm Amho "H²$' ho gdmªV bhmZ Am{U "^²' ho gdmªV ~bdmZ Amho.

~) "L>², Äm², U², Z², ‘²' ¶m 춧OZm§Mm Cƒma H$mhr à‘mUmV ZmH$mVyZ hmoVmo. åhUyZ ˶m§Zm AZwZm{gHo$
åhUVmV.

1) AZwZm{gHo$ ~bmZo Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mMr åhUOo ñne© 춧OZmhÿZ H$‘r ~bmMr AgVmV.

H$) "¶², a², b², d²' ¶m 춧OZm§Zm AÝ˶ 춧OZo åhUVmV.

1) à˶oH$ AÝ˶ñW 춧OZm§Mo Cƒma, ñWmZ {^ÝZ {^ÝZ AgyZ gd© AÝ˶ñW 춧OZo ~bmZo {Vgè¶m
H«$‘m§H$mMr åhUOo ~bmZo gdmªV H$‘r ~bmMr AmhoV.

2) ¶mÀ¶m‘ܶo "d², b², a², ¶²'åhUOo "d²' gdmªV ~bdmZ Am{U ¶² ho gdmªV H$‘r ~bmMo Amho.

S>) "g²' ho Cî‘ ì¶§OZ Amho. ¶mÀ¶m Cƒmam‘ܶo BVa 춧OZm§À¶m VwbZoZo ’w$ß’w$gmVrb hdm A[YH$ ~mhoa
nS>Vo.{edm¶ Kf©U à{H«$¶mhr hmoVo. åhUyZ ¶mbm Cî‘ dU© åhUVmV. Cî‘ dU© ~bmZo H$‘r Amho.
(Varhr A§VñW 춧OZmnojm A{YH$ ~bdmZ Agë¶mMo ‘mZbo Amho.)

B©) "h²' ¶m 춧OZm§Mm Cƒma H$aV AgVmZm ’w$ß’w$gmVrb hdm A{YH$ à‘mUmV ~mhoa nS>Vo åhUyZ ¶mg
‘hmàmU åhQ>bo OmVo. (àmU åhUOo hdm) "h²' Mo X²{dËd Ho$ìhmM hmoV Zmhr.

56

1. Ag§¶w³V 춧OZm§Mo ~Xb

춧OZm§À¶m ~Xbm‘ܶo àm‘w»¶mZo Ag§¶w³V Am{U g§¶w³V Ago XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV. ˶m‘ܶohr AmXç,
‘ܶ, AÝ˶ Ago {d^mJ {XgyZ ¶oVmV. AmXç åhUOo AJmoXaMo, AZmXç åhUOo AJmoXa Zgbobo (‘ܶ,
AÝ˶, {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m§Zm AZmXç Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo.)
1) eãXm§À¶m Ama§^r "¶' Agob Va àmH¥$VmV ˶mMo "O' hmoVo.

¶mÌm = OÎmm ¶mXd = OmXd ¶Wm = Ohm
¶moJr = OmoJr ¶‘wZm = O‘wUm ¶‘ = O‘

2) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "H$' Mo Ho$ìhm§ "I' hmoVo. H$n©a = Ißna
H$sbm = Irbm Hw$ãOm = Iw‚mm, IwOm Hw$i = Iwb

3) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "n'Mo Ho$ìhm "’$' hmoVo.
nwéf = ’$ég naew = ’$agw n[aIm = ’${bhm n[aK = ’$[ah

4) eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "¶'Mo Ho$ìhm "V' hmoVo.
¶wî‘X = Vwåho

5) eãXmÀ¶m àma§^r Agboë¶m "e' "f' "g' Mo Ho$ìhm "N>' hmoVo.
emd = N>md gwYm >= Nw>hm fÊ‘wI = N>å‘wh fîR> >= N>Æ>

6) AmXç "j' Mo Ho$ìhm "I>' hmoVo.
jra = Ira jU >= IU joÌ = IoÎm j{̶ >= I{ËV¶

7) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç "J¥' = K hmoVo
J¥h = Ka

8) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm O = P hmoVo.
O{Q>b = P{Q>b, P{S>b

9) Ho$ìhm AmXç M = V hmoVo.
{M{H$ËgH$ = {V{JÀN>J

57

10) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç V = M, N> hmoVo.
VwÀN> = MwÀN>, Nw>ÀN>, ˶mJ = M¶, N>¶

11) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç V = >Q hmoVmo.
VJa = >QJa

12) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç X = >S hmoVo.
Xmh = >Smh Xh = >Sh X§e = >S§g

13) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AmXç Z = U hmoVmo.
ZXr = UB© Za = Ua Z‘mo = U‘mo
Zm‘ = Um‘ Zmar = Umar ZyU§ = UyU§

1) "¶' lwVr = Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç (‘ܶ AÝ˶) {R>H$mUr Agboë¶m H$, J, M, O, V, X Ag§¶w³V
춧OZm§Mm bmon H$ê$Z "A, qH$dm ¶ {b[hbo OmVo. ¶mbmM "¶' qH$dm "A' lwVr Ago åhUVmV.

1) H = ¶ H$UH$ = H$U¶ CXH$ = C¶¶ emoH$ = gmo¶

OZH$ = OU¶ ZaH$ = Za¶ ZmH$ = Zm¶

gH$b = g¶b bmoH$ = bmo¶ H$mH$ = H$m¶

2) J = ¶ ZJa = Z¶a gmJa = gm¶a ‘¥J = {‘¶
‘Ja = ‘¶a AmJa = Am¶a gmJ = gm¶

3) M = ¶ AmMma = Am¶ma CnMma = Cd¶ma dMZ = d¶U
$ H$dM = $H$d¶ ZrM = Zr¶ H$mM = $H$m¶

4) O = ¶ gwOU = gw¶U JO = J¶ nyOm = ny¶m

5) V = ¶ erVb = gr¶b JrV = Jr¶ [nVm = {n¶m

6) X = ¶ nmX = nm¶ öX¶ = {h¶¶ doX = do¶

58

2) "h' -lwVr = I, K, W, Y, ’$, ^' hr 춧OZo AZmXç Ag§¶w³V {R>H$mUr AgVrb Va ˶m
춧OZmMm bmon hmoD$Z ˶m {R>H$mUr "h' {b{hbo OmVo. ¶mbmM "h' lwVr åhQ>bo OmVo.

1) I = h ‘oIbm = ‘ohbm gwI = gwh ‘wI = ‘wh

ZI = Zh emIm = gmhm gIr = ghr

2) K = h ‘oK = ‘oh amKd = amhd bKþ = bhw
g§K = g§h

3) W = h aW = ah ZW = Zh H$Wm = H$hm
ZmW = Zmh ¶Wm = Ohm

4) Y = h ‘Yw = ‘hþ ‘JY = ‘Jh ~{Ya = ~{ha
‘Ywa = ‘hþa X{Y = X{h {d{Y = {d{h

5) ’$ = h {d’$b = {dhb ‘w³Vm’$b = ‘wËVmhb g’$b = ghb

6) ^ = h ñd^md = ghmd bmo^ = bmoh Z^ = Zh
{Ì^wdZ = {Vhþ¶U ew^ = gwh à^y = nhÿ

3) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç Ag§¶w³V "R>, W, ‘ = T>' hmoVmo.

R> nmR> = nmT> nrR> = nrT> $ H$R>moa = H$T>moa

W àW‘> = nT>‘> {e{Wb> = {g{T>b $n¥Ïdr = nw{T>dr

Q> eH$Q> = $g¶T> {dH$Q> = {d¶T> $

‘ {df‘ = {dgT>

Ag§¶w³V 춧OZm§Mo ~Xb

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ àmH¥$V ^mfog gm‘mݶm§Mr ~mobr^mfm åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo. H$maU gm‘mݶ bmoH$m§Zm
H$R>moa qH$dm g§¶w³V 춧OZmMo Cƒma H$aUo H$R>r>U hmoVo. ˶m‘wio Cƒmaʶmg gmo߶m 춧OZm§MmM àmH¥$V ^mfoV
A{YH$ dmna Ho$bm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. WmoS>³¶mV Cƒmaʶmg H$R>moa Agboë¶m 춧OZm§Mm àmH¥$V
^mfoV gmo߶m dUmª‘ܶo ~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo. ˶mbmM 춧OZm§Mo ~Xb åhQ>bo OmVo. ¶m‘ܶo 춧OZm§Mo X²{dËd
H$aUo, gmonoH$aU, gwb^rH$aU H$aUo, AZwZm{gH$sH$aU H$aUo, dUm©J‘, dU©bmon, dU©~Xb, dU©{dn¶©¶,
ñda{d^³Vr AmXr AZoH$ àH$mao g§¶w³V 춧OZm§Mm ~Xb Ho$bm OmVmo.

59

1) AmXç g§¶w³V 춧OZm§Mm bmon …
àmH¥$V ^mfoV eãXm§À¶m àma§^r Ho$ìhmM OmoS>mja ¶oV Zmhr. ˶m‘wio OmoS>mjamVrb H$‘r ~bmÀ¶m
춧OZmMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo.

H«$‘ = $H$‘ ^«‘U> = ^‘U à^mV> = nhm¶ àW‘> = nT>‘

à^m = nhm d«V = d¶ ÜdO> = Y¶ d«U> = dU

2) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç g§¶w³V 춧OZmVrb H$‘r ~bmÀ¶m 춧OZmMm bmon H$ê$Z A{YH$ ~bmÀ¶m
춧OZmMo X²{dËd Ho$bo OmVo. (åhUOoM A{YH$ ~bmMo 춧OZ XmoZ doim {b[hbo OmVo.)

^³V = ^ËV ^¾> = ^½J Y‘©> = Yå‘ MH«$ = M³H$

a³V = aËV b¾> = b½J $ H$‘©> = $H$å‘ H$U© = $H$ÊU

3) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm AZmXç g§¶w³V 춧OZmVrb A{YH$ ~bmÀ¶m 춧OZmMo X²{dËd Z H$aVm ˶m dJm©Vrb
àW‘ dUm©g X²{dVr¶ Am{U V¥Vr¶ dUm©g MVwW© 춧OZ OmoS>bo OmVo.

ì¶mK« = d½K AW© = AËW AY© = AX²Y

n϶ = nËW ‘yI© = ‘w³I àñVa = nËWa

4) AZwZm{gH$sH$aU …- àmH¥$VmV Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm g§¶w³V 춧OZmVrb H$‘r 춧OZmMm bmon H$ê$Z (X²{dËd
Z H$aVm) AZwñdmamMm dmna H$obm OmVmo. ¶mbm AZwZm{gH$sH$aU åhUVmV.

(Alw) = (Añgw) A§gw dH«$ = (d³H$) d§H$ d¶ñg = d¶§g

5) Vmbì¶rH$aU …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm X§Ë¶ (V, W, X, Y) 춧OZmEodOr Vmbì¶ (M, N>, O, P) 춧OZmMm
Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo. ˶mg Vmbì¶rH$aU åhUVmV.

g˶ = (gËV) gƒ§, {dXçm = {d‚mm, n϶ = nÀN> (nËW)

6) ‘yY©Ý¶rH$aU …- g§¶w³V 춧OZm‘ܶo X§V (V, W, X, Y) 춧OZo AgVrb Va ˶mÀ¶m OmJr ‘yY©Ý¶
춧OZmMm (Q>, R>, S>, T>) dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. ˶mg ‘yY©Ý¶rH$aU åhUVmV.

à{V‘m = n{S>‘m àW‘ = nT>‘ AY© = AS>²T>, AXY

à{VnÞ = n{S>dÞ H¥$V = $H$S>, H$Q> D$Üd© = CS>²T>

7) dUm©J‘ …- g§¶w³V 춧OZmÀ¶m Cƒma gwb^VogmR>r EImXçm dUm©Mm bmon H$ê$Z EImXçm ~mhç A,
B, C AmXrMo AmJ‘Z hmoVo.. ˶mg dUm©J‘ åhUVmV.

ñÌr = $BËWr {d¶ = $Bd C³V = $dwËV

60

8) gdU©bmon …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm Cƒma gwb^VogmR>r g‘mZ CƒmaU Agboë¶m dUm©Vrb (EH$mnwT>o EH$
AgVrb Va) EH$mMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo. ˶mbm gdU©bmon åhUVmV.

öX¶ = $({h¶¶) {h¶ Zddam = $Zdam Zddar = $Zdar

CXþ§~a = $(CC§~a) C§~a JwaamIr = $JwamIr

9) dU©bmon …- ‘mZdr ñd^mdm‘wio KmB© JS>~S>rZo ~mobV AgVmZm Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm (AZmXç, AmXç)
AZmdí¶H$ 춧OZmMm bmon Ho$bm OmVmo.

XodHw$b = (XodCb) XoCb Aaʶ = $aÊU amOHw$b = $(am¶Cb) amCb

ZyZ§ = $ZyU§, UyU§

10) dU©-{dn¶©¶ …- Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm ~mobʶmÀ¶m JS>~S>rV eãXm§Vrb dUmªMm H«$‘ ~Xbbm OmVmo. ˶mbm
dU©-{dn¶©¶ åhUVmV.

dmamUgr = $dmUmagr ZwH$gmZ = ZwgH$mZ {ZS>i = {ZT>i

T>Umb = $T>bmU AmbmU = AmUmb {MH$Q>Uo = ${MQ>H$Uo

T>në¶m = $T>b߶m ‘ahQ>²R> = $‘haQ>²R> {S>gH$i = ${S>H$gi

11) ñda^{³V …- H$mhr H$R>moa 춧OZm§Mo CƒmaU H$aUo H$R>rU hmoVo Voìhm ˶mÀ¶m gmonoH$aUmgmR>r g§¶w³V
춧OZo {d^³V Ho$br OmV. ˶mg ñda^³Vr åhUVmV.

aËZ = $a¶U ^m¶m© = $^m[a¶m Y‘© = $Ya‘

gyÌ = $gyVa N>ÌnVr = $N>VanB> H$‘© = $$H$a‘

12) àmH¥$VmV Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm k = $Þ, ÊU hmoVo.
g§km = $gÞm, gÊUm gd©k = $gìdÊUw àkm = $nÞm, nÊUm.

13) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm àmH¥$VmV "íZ, ñZ, îU, ËñZ, Ýh = $Êh' hmoVmo
àíZ = $nÊh ñZmZ = $ÊhmU ‘ܶmÝh = $‘ÁPÊh
CîU = $CÊh OmoËñZm = $OmoÊhm

14) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm àmH¥$VmV "í‘, î‘, ñ‘, ú‘ = åh' hmoVmo.
H$mí‘ra = $H$åhra D$î‘ = $Cåh bú‘U = $båhU
{dñ‘¶ = ${dåh¶ ~«måhU = $~åhU

61

15) àmH¥$V‘ܶo ¶©, Xç = $‚m hmoVo.
Am¶© = $A‚m H$m¶© = $H$‚m {dX²çm = ${d‚mm
^m¶m© = $^‚m ‘X²ç = $‘‚m AmX²ç = $A‚m

16) àmH¥$VmV ³‘, Ë‘ = ßn hmoVo.
ép³‘Z = $épßnU AmË‘m = $Aßnm

17) àmH¥$VmV Ëg, ßg = $ÀN> hmoVmo.
dËg = $dÀN> CËgd = $CÀN>d Aßgam = $AÀN>am

(2) gd©Zm‘o

àmH¥$V, g§ñH¥$V d ‘amR>rVrb VwbZmË‘H$ Aer gd©Zm‘o nwT>rbà‘mUo {Xbobr AmhoV.

nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. Ah§ h§ (Ahåm²) ‘r d¶§, Aåho (d¶‘², Amdm‘²) Amåhr

{Û. nw. Vw§ Vw‘§ (Ëd‘²) Vy Vwåho, VwÁPo (¶wdm‘²) Vwåhr

V¥. nw. gmo (g…) Vmo Vo (Vm¡) Vo

gm (gm) Vr Vm (Vm…) ˶m

V§ (VV²) Vo Vm{U (Vm{Z) Vr

H$mo = $$H$moU (nw§.) H$mB§ = $$H$moUVr H$m = $H$moU (ór), Ho$ = $$H$moUVo
Vd = $VwPm, VwPr, VwPo
B‘mo Egmo = $hm (nw§.) ‘‘ = $‘mPm, ‘mPr, ‘mPo Ho$[ag§ = $H$em àH$mao
B‘m, Egm = $(ór) hr
E¶ñg = $¶mMm (nw§.) B‘§ = $ho (Z.nw§.) EE = $(nw§.) ho
E¶mE = ${hMm (ór.)
B‘mB§ = $hr (ór)

AåhmU§ = $Am‘Mm, Am‘Mr, Am‘Mo

62

(1) Xe©H$ gd©Zm‘o d {d^³Vr

1) E¶ (EVX) = hm, hr, ho 2) B‘ (BX‘²) = hm, hr, ho 3) A‘w (AXg²) = hm, hr, ho
E¶ (EVX²) hm (nw.)

H$maH$ E. d. A. d.
H$Vm© (à.) Eg, Egmo EE
H$‘© ({Û.) EE
H$aU (V¥.) E¶§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) EEU, EEU§ EE{h, EE{h§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) E¶mU, E¶mU§
A{YH$aU (gßV.) E¶ñg
E¶mAmo EE{hÝVmo
E¶§{g, E¶på‘ EEgw, EEgw§

E¶ (EVX²) ór (hr)

H$Vm© (à.) Egm E¶m, E¶mAmo, EB©Amo

H$‘© ({Û.) E¶§ E¶mAmo, EB©Amo

H$aU (V¥.) E¶mE E¶m{h, E¶mqh

g§àXmZ (M./f.) E¶mE E¶mU, E¶mU§

AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) E¶mAmo E¶m{hÝVmo

A{YH$aU (gßV.) E¶mE E¶mgw, E¶mgw§

H$Vm© (à) B‘ (BX‘²) nw. (hm) B‘o
H$‘© ({Û.) B‘o, B‘m
H$aU (V¥.) A¶§, B‘mo, ‘o B‘o{h, B‘oqh
g§àXmZ (M./f.) B‘§ B‘mU, U§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) B‘m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) B‘oU§, B{‘Um, B‘mgw, gw§.
B‘mE
B‘mE
B‘mE

63

B‘ (BX‘²) ór (hr)

H$Vm© (à) B¶§, B‘m B‘m, B‘mAmo, B‘r
H$‘© ({Û.) B‘§ B‘m, B‘mAmo, B‘r
H$aU (V¥.) B‘m{h, qh, B‘r{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) B‘mE, B‘rE B‘mqg, B‘mU§, B‘§
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) B‘mE, B‘rE, B‘rgo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) B‘m{hÝVmo
B‘mAmo, B‘rAmo B‘mgw, B‘mgw§, B‘§
B‘mE, B‘rE, B‘rgo

Q>rn …- "A‘w' ¶m Xe©H$ gd©Zm‘mMr ê$no àmH¥$VmV {deof AmT>iV ZmhrV. "gmhþ' ¶m CH$mamÝV nwqbJr
Zm‘mà‘mUo "A‘w' Mr ê$no hmoVmV. Varhr àW‘m, X²{dVr¶m Am{U gßV‘rMr ê$no Imbrbà‘mUo hmoVmV.

H$Vm© (à.) Ah, A‘y, Agmo A‘wUmo, A‘y
H$‘© ({Û.) A‘w§ A‘wUmo, A‘y

A{YH$aU A¶på‘, BApå‘, AAwpå‘ A‘ygw$, A‘w
(gßV‘r)

(2) g§~§YXe©H$ gd©Zm‘o

1) O (¶X²) = Omo, Or, Oo
O (¶X²) nw. (g§~§YXe©H$ gd©Zm‘o)

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
H$Vm© (à.) Omo Oo
H$‘© ({Û.) O§
H$aU (V¥.) Oo, Om
g§àXmZ (M./f.) OoU, OoU§ Oo{h, Ooqh
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) Oñg Ooqg, OmU, OmU§
A{YH$aU (gßV.) OmAmo Oo{hÝVmo
Oogw, Oogw§
O§{g, Opå‘

64

O (¶X²) ór. (Or)

H$maH$ E. d. A. d.
H$Vm© (à.) Om OmAmo, OrAmo
H$‘© ({Û.) O§ OmAmo, OrAmo
H$aU (V¥.) Om{h, Omqh, Or{h
g§àXmZ (M./f.) OmE, OrE Omqg, OmU
AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) OmE, OmAmo, OrE, Orgo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) Om{hÝVmo
OmAmo, OrAmo Omgw, gw§
OmE, OrE, Orgo

(3) àíZmW©H$ gd©Zm‘o

1 H$ ({H$åm²) nw. (H$moU)

H$Vm© (à.) H$mo, H$mo Ho$
Ho$, H$m
H$‘© ({Û.) H§$ Ho${h, Ho$qh
Ho$qg, H$mU, H$mU§
H$aU (V¥.) Ho$U, Ho$U§ Ho${hÝVmo
Ho$gw, Ho$gw§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) H$ñg

AnmXmZ (n§.) H$mAmo

A{YH$aU (gßV.) H§${g, H$pñg¨, H$på‘

H$ ({H$‘²) ór (H$moU)

H$Vm© (à.) $H$m H$mAmo, H$sAmo
H$‘© ({Û.) $H§$ H$mAmo, H$sAmo
H$aU (V¥.) H$mE H$m{h, [h§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) H$mE H$mU, U§
AnmXmZ (n§.) H$mE, H$mAmo H$m{hÝVmo
A{YH$aU (gßV.) H$mE, H$sgo H$mgw, gw§

65

(4) gd©Zm‘m§Mo {d^³Vr à˶¶

Ah§ (Añ‘X², ¶wî‘X²) = ‘r, Amåhr

H$Vm© (à.) Ah§, h§ Aåho, d¶§
Aåho, d¶§, Uo
H$‘© ({Û.) ‘§, ‘‘§, ‘o Aåho{h, Aåho{h§
AåhmU§, U§, Umo
H$aU (V¥.) ‘B, ‘E, ‘o AåhmAmo, Aåho{hÝVmo
Aåhogw, Aåhogw§
g§àXmZ (M./f.) ‘‘, ‘o, ‘h, ‘ÁP

AnmXmZ (n§.) ‘‘mAmo, ‘ËVmo

A{YH$aU (gßV.) ‘B, ‘E, ‘‘§{g

Vw§, Vw‘§ (Ëd‘² - ¶y¶‘²) = Vwåho, VwÁPo

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
Vwã^o, Vwåho, VwÁPo
H$Vm© Vw§, Vw‘§, Vw‘o Vwã^o, Vwåho, VwÁPo, ^o
Vwã^o{h, Vwåhmo{h, VwÁPo{h
H$‘© Vw‘§, Vo VwåhmU, U§, Vwã^mU, U§
Vwã^o{hÝVmo, Vwåho{hÝVmo
H$aU (V¥.) VwE, Vw‘o, VE, Vw‘E Vwã^ogw, Vwåhogw, VwÁPogw§

g§àXmZ (M./f.) Vd, Vo, Vwh, Vwåh, VwÁP

AnmXmZ (n§.) Vw‘mAmo, Vw‘§Vmo

A{YH$aU (gßV.) Vw‘§{g, Vw‘på‘, VB

(V¥Vr¶ nwéfr gd©Zm‘o)
gmo (g… VX²) = Vmo (nw.)

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
H$Vm© gmo, go, g Vo
H$‘©
H$aU (V¥.) V§ Vo, Vm
g§àXmZ (M./f.) VoU, VoU§ Vo{h, Voqh
AnmXmZ (n§.) Vñg, go, Vo Voqg, VmU, VmU§
A{YH$aU (gßV.) VmAmo VoqhVmo
V§{g, Vpå‘ Vogw, Vogw§

66

gm (V- VX²) = ór (Vr)

H$Vm© gm VrAmo, VmAmo
VrAmo. VmAmo
H$‘© Vo Vm{h, Vm{h, Vr{h
Vmqg, VmU, U§,
H$aU (V¥.) VmE, VrE Vm{hÝVmo
Vmgw, Vmgw
g§àXmZ (M./f.) VmE, VrE, Vrgo, VmAmo

AnmXmZ (n§M‘r) VmAmo, VrAmo

A{YH$aU (gßV.) VmE, VrE, Vrgo

(3) H$mi (Tense)

à˶oH$ ^mfoV dV©‘mZ, ^yVH$mi, ^[dî¶H$mi Agbo Varhr àmH¥$V‘ܶo dV©‘mZH$mi Am{U
^{dî¶H$mimMmM A{YH$ dmna hmoV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo. àmH¥$V ^mfoV ^yVH$mimMm ’$ma H$‘r à‘mUmV
dmnabm OmV Agbobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.

1) dV©‘mZH$mimMo à˶¶ (Present Tense)

1) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V ^mfoV ‘yi {H«$¶m§Zm H$mimMo à˶¶ OmoSy>Z {H«$¶mnXmMr {d{dY ê$no V¶ma Ho$br
OmVmV. ˶mbm YmVwgm{YVo åhUyZ g§~moYbo OmVo.

2) YmVyMo (1)A, (2) Am, E, AmoH$mam§V Ago XmoZ JQ>, {d^mJ Ambobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV.
3) YmVyÀ¶m AÝ˶ AjamÀ¶m Cƒmam‘YyZ H$moU˶m ñdamMm Cƒma hmoVmo ˶mdê$Z ˶m YmVyMo dJuH$aU,

JQ> nmS>bobo {XgyZ ¶oVmV. CXm. gwU (¶mVrb A§Ë¶ "U'À¶m CƒmamVyZ "A' ñdamMm Cƒma hmoVmo
åhUyZ) hm YmVy> AH$mamÝV Amho.
^U "A'H$mamÝV YmVy Amho.
Jm (¶mÀ¶m CƒmamV "Am'ñda Amho åhUyZ) AmH$mamÝV YmVy Amho.
Om - AmH$mamÝV YmVy
Xo - EH$mamÝV YmVy
Zo - EH$mamÝV YmVy
hmo - AmoH$mamÝV YmVy
darb YmVy§Zm dV©‘mZ, ^yVH$mi, ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶ OmoSy>Z {H«$¶mnXmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.

67

1) dV©‘mZH$mimMo à˶¶
{Z¶‘ -
1) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybmM dV©‘mZH$mimMo àW‘ nwéfmMo à˶¶ OmoS>Vodoir AH$mamÝVmMo AmH$mamÝVm‘ܶo

(A = Am) ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Z§Va dV©‘mZH$mimMo à˶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV. (‘mÌ BVa YmVy§Zm Zmhr)

CXm. nmg = nmgm = nmgm{‘

dV©‘mZH$mimMo à˶¶ (nañ‘¡nXr)

nwéf E. d. A. d.
àW‘ nwéf {‘ (Amho) ‘mo (AmhmoV)
{ÛVr¶ nwéf {g (Amhog) h (AmhmV)
V¥Vr¶ nwéf B (Amho) A[ÝV/pÝV (AmhoV)

nmg (AH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb[dUo)

à. nw. nmgm{‘ (nhmVmo) nmgm‘mo (nhmVmo)
{Û. nw. nmg{g (nhmVmog) nmgh (nhmVm)
V¥. nw. nmgB (nhmVmo) nmgpÝV (nmhVmV)

gyMZm …- ^U, gwU, IU, nT>, JÀN>, a‘, B. gd© AH$mamÝV YmVy darb nmg ¶m YmVwà‘mUo MmbVmV.

Om (AmH$maÝV YmVy) Xo (EH$maÝV YmVy)
à. nw. Om{‘ Om‘mo Xo{‘ Xo‘mo
{Û. nw. Om{g Omh Xo{g Xoh
V¥. nw. OmB Om¶pÝV XoB XopÝV

2) ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶

{Z¶‘ -

1) ^{dî¶H$mimÀ¶m à˶¶m‘ܶo "ñg' Mm dmna Ho$bobm AgVmo.
2) dV©‘mZH$mimÀ¶m à˶¶mÀ¶m AJmoXa "ñg'Mm dmna Ho$bm H$s ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶ V¶ma hmoVmV.

(CXm. ñgm{‘, ñgm‘mo)
3) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybm ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶ bmdʶmnydu "A'Mo BH$mam§Vm‘ܶo ê$nm§Va Ho$bo OmVo.

(na§Vw BVa YmVy§Zm H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z H$aVm à˶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.)

68

4) ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶ XmoZ àH$maMo AmhoV. nmg YmVy Mmb{dUo.

1) n{hë¶m JQ>mMo à˶¶ E. d. A.d.
nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. ñg§, ñgm{‘ ñgm‘mo nmpñmñg§, nm{gñgm‘mo
nm{gñgm{‘
{Û.nw. ñg{g ñgh
V¥. nw. ñgB ñgpÝV nm{gñg{g nm{gñgh

nm{gñgB nm{gñgpÝV

gyMZm …- ^U, gwU, IU, nT>, a‘, H$a B. YmVy darbà‘mUo MmbVmV.

"Om' AmH$maÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo. "Xo' EH$maÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo.
à.nw. Omñg§, Oñgm{‘ Omñgm‘mo Xoñg§, Xoñgm{‘ Xoñgm‘mo
{Û.nw. Omñg{g Omñgh
V¥. nw. OmñgB Omñg§{V Xoñg{g Xoñgh
XoñgB Xoñg§{V

gyMZm …- (Jm, Im,Zo, Ko, Xo, hmo ¶m YmVy§Zm darbà‘mUo (H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z hmoVm gai) à˶¶ bmdyZ
^{dî¶H$mimMr ê$no V¶ma Ho$br OmVmV.)

Xþgè¶m JQ>mMo ^{dî¶H$mimMo à˶¶

nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. hm{‘, {h{‘ hm‘mo,{h‘mo

{Û.nw. {h{g {hh

V¥. nw. {hB {h[ÝV

(gyMZm …- ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVyMo BH$mamÝVm‘ܶo ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z à˶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.)

3) ^yVH$mimMo à˶¶

1) AY©‘mJYr- àmH¥$V‘ܶo ^yVH$mimMm A˶§V H$‘r à‘mUmV Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) ^yVH$mimEodOr ~è¶mM doim dV©‘mZH$mimMmM A{YH$ dmna Ho$bobm {XgyZ ¶oVmo.
3) ^yVH$mimV gd© nwéfm§‘ܶo "BËWm' Am{U AZoH$ dMZmVrb gd© nwéfm§‘ܶo "B§gw' ho XmoZ à˶¶M

AmhoV.

69

nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. BËWm B§gw
{Û.nw. BËWm B§gw
V¥. nw. BËWm B§gw

CXm. - ^m{gËWm, JpÀN>ËWm, JpÀN>¨gw, ^p³I¨gw

1) darb à˶¶m {edm¶ "B©A'hm à˶¶ AH$mam§V YmVybm bmdyZhr ^yVH$mimMr ê$no V¶ma H$aVmV.

CXm. nwÀN> + B©A = nwÀN>rA nmg = nmgrA

hU = hUrA ImU = IUrA

2) AH$mamÝVoVa åhUOo Am, E, Amo ¶m YmVy§Zm "gr, hr. hrA' B˶mXr à˶¶ bmdyZ ^yVH$mir ê$no V¶ma
H$aVmV.

CXm. Om = Omgr, Omhr, OmhrA Im = Imgr, Imhr, ImhrA

Xo = Xogr, Xohr, XohrA hmo = hmogr, hmohr, hmohrA

3) ^yVH$mimMr A{Z¶{‘V ê$no … Am{g, Amgr

CXm. d¶ = d¶m{g, d¶mgr

4) AmkmWm©Mo à˶¶

1) Amkm, hþHy$‘, {dZ§Vr H$aVodoir AmkmWm©Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

2) AmkmWm©À¶m à˶¶mV "CH$ma' OmñV AgVmo.

3) ’$³V AH$mamÝV YmVybm "‘w, ‘mo, {h,' ho AmkmWm©Mo à˶¶ bmdVodoir AH$mamMo AmH$mamÝV‘ܶo
ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z Z§Va à˶¶ OmoS>bo OmVmV.

4) Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm {Û, nw. E. dMZm‘ܶo AH$mamÝV YmVyMo ‘yiê$n dmnabo Va MmbVo. Vo g‘OʶmgmR>r {Û.
nw. E. dMZm‘ܶo o ¶m {MÝhmMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.

AmkmWm©Mo à˶¶

nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. ‘w ‘mo
{Û. nw. o, gw,{h, h
V¥. nw. C AÝVw

70

"nmg' AH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo

nwéf E.d. A.d.
à.nw. nmgm‘w nmgm‘mo
{Û. nw. nmg, nmggw, nmg{h nmgh
V¥. nw. nmgC nmgÝVw

(gyMZm …- ^U, gwU, IU, a‘, H$a, hg B. AH$mamÝV YmVy§Mr ê$no darbà‘mUo MmbVmV.)
"Om' AmH$mamÝV YmVy Mmb{dUo

nwéf E.d. A.d.

à.nw. Om‘w Om‘mo

{Û. nw. Om, Omgw, Om{h Omh

V¥. nw. OmC Om¶ÝVw, OmÝVw

5) ë¶~ÝVmMo à˶¶ (g§~§Y H¥$XÝV)

1) Ooìhm dm³¶mV H$ê$Z, KoD$Z, ImD$Z, ¶oD$Z, Aem {H«$¶mnXmMm Cnmo¶J H$ê$Z XmoZ dm³¶o OmoS>br
OmVmV Voìhm ë¶~ÝVmMm (g§~§YH¥$XÝVmMm) Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

2) ë¶~§Vm‘ܶo EH$dMZ, AZoH$dMZ, VgoM àW‘ nwéf, {ÛVr¶ nwéf, V¥Vr¶ nwéf ¶m§Mmhr dmna Ho$bm
OmV Zmhr.

3) ’$º$ AH$mam§V YmVybmM "BD$U' hm à˶¶ bmdyZ ë¶~§VmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.

CXm. nmg + BD$U = nm{gD$U ^U = ^{UD$U

gwU = gw{UD$U. IU = I{UD$U nT> = n{T>D$U

CXm. am‘ Am§~m ImD$Z Kar Jobm.

am‘mo Am‘§ ^p³ID$U (ImD$U) Joh§ JÀN>B&

4) "Am, E, Amo' ¶m YmVy§ZmM ’$º$ "D$U' à˶¶ OmoSy>Z ë¶~ÝVmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.

Om + D$U = OmD$U Im = ImD$U, Jm = JmD$U,

Xo = XoD$U, Ko = KoD$U, Zo = ZoD$U,

hmo = hmoD$U

5) darb à˶¶m{edm¶ "BËVm, EËVm, BËVmU, EËVmU'¶m à˶¶m§Mmhr Cn¶moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

71

6) Vw‘§VmMo à˶¶ (hoËdW© H¥$XÝV)

1) Vw‘§VmMm Cn¶moJ "gmR>r, H$[aVm' B˶mXr AWm©Zo Ho$bm OmVmo.
2) Vw‘§Vm‘ܶohr dMZ Am{U nwéf ZmhrV.
3) nmg +BC>§ = nm[gC§, ^U= ^{UC§, gwU = gw{UC§, H$a = H$[aC§, nT = n{T>C§, IU = I[UC§

4) "Am, E, Amo ¶m YmVy§Zm "C§' hm à˶¶ bmdyZ Vw‘§VmMo ê$n V¶ma Ho$bo OmVo.
Om =OmC§, Jm = JmC§, Im= ImC§, Xo = XoC§, Ko = KoC§, Zo = ZoC§, hmo = hmoC§
CXm. am‘ Am§~m ImʶmgmR>r ~mJoV Jobm.
am‘mo Am‘§ ^p³IC§ C‚mmUo JÀN>B&

(4) {d^³Vr à˶¶

{Z¶‘ -
1) {d^³Vr à˶¶ ho ’$º$ Zm‘ Am{U gd©Zm‘mbmM bmdbo OmVmV.
2) {d^³Vr à˶¶ ho YmVy§Zm ({H«$¶m§Zm) bmdbo OmV ZmhrV.
3) àmH¥$VmV MVwWu / fîR>r Mo à˶¶ g‘mZM AmhoV. åhUyZ àmH¥$Vm‘ܶo MVwWu {d^³Vr ZgVo. MVwWu

EodOr fîR>r {d^³Vr à˶¶mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
4) JÀN> (OmUo, ¶oUo) ¶m YmVygmR>r ‘amR>r^mfoV gá‘rMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vw àmH¥$VmV ˶mgmR>r

{ÛVr¶m {d^³Vr EH$dMZ dmnabo OmVo.
1) {d^³Vr à˶¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ

1) àW‘m (H$Vm©) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb H$Vm© àW‘m {d^³VrZo Xe©{dbm OmVmo. (H$‘© {ÛVr¶m AgVo)
CXm. 1) am‘mo Am‘§ ImB& 2) b¶m nmoËW¶§ nT>B&

2) {ÛVr¶m (H$‘©) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb H$‘© {ÛVr¶m {d^³VrZo Xe©{dbo OmVo. (H$‘m©Mr {ÛVr¶m
dmnaVmV) CXm. am‘mo Am‘§ ImB&

3) V¥Vr¶m (H$aU) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶mVrb {H«$¶m H$moUmH$Sy>Z KS>br Vo Xe©{dʶmgmR>r V¥{V¶m {d^³VrMm
dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. - am‘oU Am‘mo ImB&

4) MVwWu / fîR>r (g§àXmZ) {d^³Vr …- g§~§Y Xe©{dʶmgmR>r fîR>rMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV.
CXm. 1) am‘mo Xgahñg nwËVmo& 2) am‘mo gr¶mE nB ApËW&

5) n§M‘r (AnmXmZ) {d^³Vr …- dm³¶m§‘ܶo "nmgyZ, D$U - hÿZ' Ago Agbo Voìhm n§M‘rMm Cn¶moJ
H$aVmV.
CXm. 1) am‘mo EJ§ Jm‘mC {~A§ Jm‘§ JÀN>B& 2) ‘mbm ({JhmC>) {JhmAmo JÀN>B&

6) gßV‘r (A{YH$aU) {d^³Vr …- {R>H$mU, ñWb (‘ܶo, AmV) Xe©{dʶmgmR>r gßV‘rMm Cn¶moJ
Ho$bm OmVmo.

CXm. 1) am‘mo C‚mmUo H$sbB& 2) am‘mo C‚mmUpå‘& (C‚mmUo) {MQ²>R>B& 3) gr‘m ‘§{Xapå‘ JÀN>B&

72

7) g§~moYZ {d^³Vr …- hmH$ ‘maUo, {Z‘§ÌU XoUo, ~mobmdUo B. gmR>r g§~moYZ {d^³VrMm Cn¶moJ
H$aVmV. CXm. ho am‘, ho ‘mbm, ho ‘mbo.
II) àmH¥$V dm³¶ aMZogmR>rMo KQ>H$

1) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V^mfoV dm³¶aMZm H$aʶmgmR>r H$mimMo à˶¶, gd©Zm‘mMo à˶¶ {d^³VrMo à˶¶
Am{U àmH¥$V eãXm§Mm g§J«h A˶§V Amdí¶H$ Amho.

2) H$moU˶mhr ^mfoVrb dm³¶aMZm H$aVo doir H$˶m©Mo Oo qbJ, dMZ, Agob ˶mà‘mUo {H«$¶mnXmMo
qbJ, dMZ dmnaUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.

3) H$˶m©À¶m qbJ dMZmZwgma H$‘m©bm {d^³Vr à˶¶ OmoS>ʶmV ¶oVmV.

4) dm³¶mV 춳VrMo, dñVyMo Zmd Agob Voìhm V¥Vr¶ nwéfr {H«$¶mnXmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. CXm. am‘
A˶§V e³Vrembr ¶moX²Ym Amho. (am‘mo Aƒ§VgÎmrgmbr OmoX²Y§ ApËW&)

1) ¶m dm³¶mV "am‘'hm à‘wI H$Vm© Amho. ˶mMr àW‘m {d^³Vr (à˶¶) Amho.

2) H$‘m©Mr (OmoX²Ym) {ÛVr¶m dmnabr Amho.

3) am‘ ho Zmd Agë¶mZo dV©‘mZH$mi V¥. nwéfr EH$ dMZr {H«$¶mnXmMm dmna Ho$bobm Amho.

{d^³Vr à˶¶ (àmH¥$V Am{U ‘amR>r)

H$maH$ EH$dMZ AZoH$dMZ
àW‘m Amo (H$Vm©) Am
{ÛVr¶m (AZwñdma) (H$‘©) Am
V¥Vr¶m EU, EU§ (Zo, H$Sy>Z, À¶m H$adr)
n§M‘r AmC, AmAmo (nmgyZ, D$U, hÿU) E{h, Eqh
MVwWu/fîR>r Añg (Mm, Mr, Mo) qhVmo
gßV‘r E, på‘ (‘ܶo, AmV)
g§~moYZ AmU, AmU§
A Egw, Egw§

Am

(i) "Xod' AmH$mamÝV nwqbJr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo

H$maH$ EH$dMZ AZoH$dMZ
àW‘m Xodmo, Xodo Xodm
{ÛVr¶m Xod§
V¥Vr¶m XodoU, XodoU§ Xodo, Xodm
Xodo{h, Xodoqh
73

n§M‘r XodmC, XodmAmo XodmC, XodmAmo, Xodm{h§Vmo
MVwWu/fîR>r Xodñg XodmU, XodmU§
Xodogw, Xodogw§
gßV‘r Xodo, Xodpå‘ Xod§{g Xodm
g§~moYZ Xod

(gyMZm …- am‘, em‘, JmoqdX, M§X B. gd© AH$mamÝV nwpëb§J Zm‘o "Xod' ¶mà‘mUo MmbVmV.)

(ii) "dU§' AH$mamÝV ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U
X²{dVr¶m dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U
g§~moYZ dU§ dUmB§, dUm{U

(gyMZm …- 1) ~mH$sÀ¶m {d^³Vr "Xodm'à‘mUo MmbVmV 2) "dU§'¶m ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo BVa gd©
ZnwgH$qbJr Zm‘o MmbVmV.)

(iii) "‘mbm' AmH$mamÝV (ór[b§Jr) Zm‘o Mmb{dUo.

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m ‘mbm ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo
X²{dVr¶m ‘mb§ ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo
V¥Vr¶m ‘mbmE ‘mbm{h, ‘mbmqh
n§M‘r ‘mbmE, ‘mbmAmo ‘mbm{hÝVmo
MVwWu/ ‘mbmE ‘mbmU§, ‘mbmU
fîR>r
gßV‘r ‘mbmE ‘mbmgw, ‘mbmg§w
g§~moYZ ‘mbm, ‘mbo ‘mbm, ‘mbmAmo

(gyMZm …- gd© AmH$mamÝV órqbJ Zm‘o "‘mbm'à‘mUo MmbVmV.)
(iv) BH$mamÝV d CH$mamÝV nwpëb§Jr Zm‘ Mmb{dUo

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.

àW‘m ‘wUr ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo

X²{dVr¶m ‘wqU ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo

74

V¥Vr¶m ‘w{UUm ‘wUr{h, ‘wUrqh
n§M‘r ‘w{UUmo, ‘w{UAmo ‘w{U{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>r ‘w[UUmo, ‘w{Uñg
gßV‘r ‘wqU{g, ‘w{Upå‘ ‘w{UU, ‘w{UU§
g§~moYZ ‘wUrgw, ‘wUrgw§
‘w{U ‘w{UUmo, ‘wUrAmo

(v) "gmhþ'(nw. Zm‘)

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m gmhÿ gmhÿUmo, gmhÿdmo
X²{dVr¶m gmh§y gmhÿUmo, gmhÿdmo
V¥Vr¶m gmhÿUm gmhÿhr, gmhyqh
n§M‘r gmhÿUmo, gmhþAmo
MVwWu/fîR>r gmhÿUmo, gmhþñg gmhþ{hÝVmo
gßV‘r gmhþ§{g, gmhþpå‘ gmhÿU, gmhÿU§
g§~moYZ gmhþ gmhþgw§, gmhþg§w
gmhþUmo, gmhþUo

(vi) A{Z¶{‘V Zm‘o

g§ñH¥$V‘Yrb F$H$mamÝV d BVa 춧OZmV eãXm§dê$Z AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$V‘ܶo Or ê$no (eãX) Zm‘o ¶oVmV
˶m§Zm A{Z¶{‘V eãX åhUVmV. ¶m‘ܶo g§~§YXe©H$ JQ> Am{U H$V¥©ËddmMH$ eãXm§Mm JQ> Ago XmoZ àH$ma
Amho.
CXm. 1) {nV¥ = {nC, ‘mV¥ = ‘mC 2) H$V¥© = H$Îmw, XmV¥ = XmB, XmC

(i) "am¶m' (nw. Zm‘)

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m am¶m am¶mUmo, amBUmo
X²{dVr¶m am¶mU§, am¶§, amBU§ am¶mUmo, amBUmo, aÞmo
V¥Vr¶m amBUm, aÞm, amEU amB©{h, amB©qh
n§M‘r amBUmo, aÞmo
MVwWu/fîR>r amBUmo, aÞmo, am¶ñg amB©{hÝVmo
gßV‘r amBpå‘, am¶mg amB©U, amB©U§
g§~moYZ am¶m, am¶, am¶§ amB©gw, amB©gw§
am¶mUmo, amB©Umo

75

(ii) ‘m¶m (ñÌr) Zm‘

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m ‘m¶m ‘m¶amo
X²{dVr¶m ‘m¶a§ ‘m¶amo
V¥Vr¶m ‘m¶mE, ‘mD$E ‘m¶m{h, ‘m¶mqh
n§M‘r ‘mD$E, ‘m¶mC> ‘mD${hÝVmo, ‘mB©{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>r ‘m¶mE, ‘mCE ‘mD$U§, ‘mB©U§
gßV‘r ‘m¶mE, ‘mCE ‘mCgw§, ‘mB©gw§
g§~moYZ ‘m¶m ‘m¶amo

(iii) {n¶m ({nVm) nw. Zm‘

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m {n¶m, {n¶amo {n¶amo
X²{dVr¶m {n¶amo, {n¶ao, {n¶am
V¥Vr¶m {n¶a§ {n¶ao{h, qh, {nC{h, {nBqh
n§M‘r {n¶aoU, {n¶aoU§, {nCUm {n¶ao{hÝVmo, {nC{hÝVmo, {nB{hÝVmo
MVwWu/fîR>r {n¶amU, U§, {nCU§, {nB©U§
gßV‘r {n¶amAmo, {nCUmo {n¶aogw, gw§, {nD$gw§, {nB©gw§
g§~moYZ {n¶añg, {nCñg, {nCUmo {n¶amo

{n¶ao, {n¶apå‘
{n¶, {n¶a

(^mD$, Om‘mC, Aå‘{nC, ‘m¶m{nC, B eãX "{nC' à‘mUo MmbVmV.)
"H$Îmm>'(H$Vm©) nw. Zm‘ Mmb{dUo

H$maH$ E.d. A.d.
àW‘m H$Îmm, H$Îmmamo H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmam, H$Îmm
X²{dVr¶m H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmam, H$Îmm
V¥Vr¶m $H$Îmma§
MVyWu/fîR>r H$ÎmmaoU, H$ÎmmaoU§ H$Îmmao{h, H$Îmmao{h§
n§M‘r H$Îmmañg, H$ÎmwUmo H$ÎmmamU, H$ÎmmamU§
gßV‘r
g§~moYZ H$ÎmamAmo H$Îmmao{hÝVmo
H$Îmmao, H$Îmmapå‘ H$Îmmaogw, H$Îmmaogw§
H$Îmmamo, H$Îmmamo
H$Îmm

76

(5) g§»¶m

g§»¶m dmMH$ eãXm§Mm {d^³Vr‘ܶo Cn¶moJ
1) "EJ' ¶m eãXmMm Cn¶moJ AZoH$dMZr Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm ¶mMm AW© WmoS>ogo, qH${MVgo, H$mhr Agm

hmoVmo. CXm. EJo, EJo{h, EJo{hÝVmo, EJoqg, EJogw

2) Xmo, {V, MC ¶m§Mr ~hþdMZr ê$no hmoVmV. {edm¶ {VÝhr qbJmMr ê$no g‘mZM AgVmV.

3) "n§M'nmgyZ >"Xg' n¶ªVÀ¶m A§H$m§Mr ~hþdMZmVrb hr {VÝhr qbJmMr ê$no g‘mZM AgVmV.

4) 11 Vo 99 n¶ªV Oo gm‘m{gH$ g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX V¶ma hmoVmV. ˶mg§~§YrMm {Z¶‘ -

Xmo = Xþ - Xþdmbg

~o = ~m - ~mdrg, ~m¶mbrg, ~mdÞ, ~mg{Q²>R>, ~mdÎm[a, ~mgrB, ~oUCB

{V = Vo - Voag, Vodrg, VoÎmrg

5) MC = Mmo hmoD$Z nwT>rb 춧OZmMo X²{dËËd hmoVo. MmoBg, MmoÎmrg, Mmo¶mbrg

6) n§M = nU, nÊU hmoVo - nÊUag, nUdrg, nUVrg

7) "N>' Mo ñdamnwdu N>b hmoVo. na§Vw 춧OZ Amë¶mg 춧OZmMo X²{dËd hmoVo.

N>ìdrg, N>Îmrg, N>ßnÊU, N>ÞCB

8) "gÎm' ‘ܶo H$moUVmhr ~Xb Z hmoVm VgmM amhmVmo.

gÎmag, gÎmVrg, gÎmMmbrg, gÎmhÎmar, gÎmmgrB

9) AÆ> = AÆ>m hmoVo. Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm "AQ²>R>'Amho VgoM amhVo.

AQ²>R>mag, AQ²>R>mdrg, AQ²>R>Vrg, AQ²>R>MÎmmbrg, AQ²>R>g{Q>R>, AQ²>R>mgrE

10) "Zd'‘ܶo ~Xb Z hmoVm VgoM amhVo. ZdUCB, 29, 39, 49 B. g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX ‘amR>rà‘mUo "EH$moU
qH$dm EJyU' B. eãX bmdyZ V¶ma H$aVmV.

11) 11 Vo 18 ¶mMr ê$no {VÝhr qbJmV gmaIrM hmoVmV. VgoM ˶m§Mr ê$no ~hþdMZr AgVmV.

12) 19 Vo 48 ¶m§Mr ê$no EH$ dMZmV AgVmV. àW‘m d X²{dVr¶m {d^³Vr "dU' à‘mUo Am{U ~mH$sÀ¶m
{d^³VrV AmH$mam§V qH$dm BH$mamÝV órqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.

13) 49 Vo 58 ¶mMr ê$no ~hþdMZr ê$no hmoD$Z Vo n§M à‘mUo MmbVmV. àW‘m d {ÛVr¶m {d^³Vr ì¶{V[a³V
~mH$sÀ¶m {d^³VrV AmH$mamÝV órqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo hmoVmV.

14) 59 Vo 99 ho eãX ’$º$ EH$dMZmVM AgVmV. àW‘m, d X²{dVr¶m {d^³VrV BH$mam§V ZnwgH$qbJr
Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV. ~mH$s B©H$mamÝV ñÌrqbJr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.

15) n{hbm Xþgam ¶m AWm©Mr {deofUo 1 Vo 6 n¶ªV Imbrbà‘mUo hmoVmV. hr gd© {deofUo AmH$mamÝV
{deofUmà‘mUo MmbVmV.

77

1) n{hbm = nT>‘, nT>‘mo Xþgam = ~r¶, {~B¶, Xmoƒ

{Vgam = VB¶, Vƒ Mm¡Wm = MCËW

nmMdm = n§M‘, n§M‘mo ghmdm = N>Æ>, N>Q²>R>§

Mmam§Mm g‘yh = MC¸$ ghm§Mm g‘yh = N>H²$$

16) 6 À¶m nwT>rb g§»¶mdmMH$ eãXm§Zm, "Bg d A‘' bmdyZ {deofUo V¶ma hmoVmV.

gmVdm = gÎm‘ AQ²>R>‘, Zd‘, Xg‘. AH$amdm = EJmag

20 dm = drgB‘. 80 dm = AgrB‘ / AgrA‘ 100 dm = g¶A‘

1000 dm = ghñgA‘

darb {deofUm§Mr órqbJr ê$no ˶m§Zm "B©' bmdyZ hmoVmV.

CXm. - gÎm‘r, Voag‘r, ~rgB‘r

17) g§»¶mdmMH$ eãXm§nmgyZ "IwÎmmo, hm, gmo' ho à˶¶ bmdyZ A춶o ~ZVmV.

CXm. EH$Xm = gB§, XmoZXm = Xþ³IwÎmmo

gmVdoim = gÎm³IwÎmmo, e§^a doim = g¶gmo

n{hë¶m doir = nT>‘, Xþgè¶m doir = ~r¶, Mma doim = MChm, hOma doim (àH$mao) ghñggmo

18) n{hë¶m doir, Xþgè¶m doir Aem àH$maMr A춶o, ZnwgH$qbJr EH$dMZmV AZwñdma XoD$Z hmoVmV.
CXm. nT>‘ = nT>‘§

~r¶ = ~r¶§, {~B¶§, VB¶§, MCËW§, n§M‘r, Xg‘ B˶mXr

19) "EJ' hm eãX ’$³V EH$dMZmV AmT>iVmo. Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo.

nwéf nwq„Jr ñÌrqbJ ZnwgH$btJr
àW‘m EJo EJo EH$m EJo
X²{dVr¶m EJ§ EJo EJ§ EJ§
V¥{V¶m EJoU EJo{h EJmE EJoU
n§M‘r EJmAmo EJo{hÝVmo EJmAmo EJoU
fîR>r EJñg EJo{g EJmE E½mñg
gßV‘r EJ[å‘ EJ§{g, EJogw EJmE
EJpå‘, EJ§{g

78

nwéf Xmo (nwq„J) {V (ñÌr.) MC (Znw.)

à. Xmo. Xþdo, Xo[ÊU VAmo, {V[ÊU MÎmmamo, MCamo, MÎmm[a

X²{d. Xmo, Xþdo, XopÊU VAmo, {V[ÊU MÎmmamo, MCamo, MÎmm[a

V¥. Xmoqh Vrqh MCqh

n§. Xmo{hÝVmo Vr{hÝVmo MC{hÝVmo

f. XmoÊh§ {VÊh§ MCÊh§

g. Xmogw Vrgw MCgw, MCgw§

(Q>rn … Xmo, {V, MC hr g§»¶m{deofUo ’$º$ AZoH$dMZmVM MmbVmV. EH$dMZmV MmbV Zmhr.)
n§M (nmM ho {VÝhr qbJr gmaIoM MmbVo.)

à. n§M
X²{d. n§M
V¥. n§M{h
n§. n§M{hÝVmo
f. n§MÊU
g. n§Mgw

1) gd© AH$mam§V g§»¶meãX "n§M' à‘mUo åhUOoM "Xod' AH$mam§V nw[„§Jr Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.
2) AmH$mam§V g§»¶meãX "‘mbm' AmH$mam§V ñÌrqbJ Zm‘mà‘mUo MmbVmV.

79

g§»¶mdmMH$ eãX

A§H$ A§H$ {deofUo
1) EJ / E³H nT>‘, nT>‘mo
2) Xmo / Xþ / ~o / ~rA Xmoƒ / ~r¶ / {~B¶
3) {V / Vo VB¶ / Vƒ / {VÊh§
4) MC / Mm / Mmo MCËW / MCÊh§>
5) n§M / nÊU / nU n§M‘ / n§M‘r
6) N> / N>b N>Q²>R>§
7) gËV gËV‘ / gËV‘r
8) AQ²>R> / AQ²>R>m AQ²>R>§, AQ²>R>‘r
9) Zd / Zd‘ Zd‘, Zd‘r
10) Xg / Xh Xg‘, Xg‘r
11) E³H$mag / E¶mah /B¸$mag EJmag‘§
12) Xþdmbg / ~mag ~mag‘§
13) Voag / Voah VoagԤ
14) MCXg / MmoX²Xg MCag‘§
15) n§Mah / nÞag n§Mag‘§
16) gmobg gmobgԤ
17) gËVag gËVag‘§
18) AQ²>R>mag AQ²>R>mag‘§
19) EJyUdrg EJyUagԤ
20) drg drgBԤ
21) EJdrg / E³H$drg
22) ~mB©g / ~mdrg 80
23) VoB©g / Vodrg
24) MCdrg
25) nUdrg

26) N>ìdrg 54) MCdÞ
27) gÎmmdrg 55) nUdÞ
28) AQ²>R>mdrg 56) N>ìdU / N>ßnÊU
29) ACUVrg 57) gËVmdÞ
30) Vrg 58) AQ²>R>mdÞ
31) EJVrg/E³H$Vrg 59) EHy$>Ug{Q²>R> / ACUg[Q²>R>
32) ~ËVrg 60) g{Q²>R
33) VoËVrg 61) EJg{Q²>R> /E¸$g{Q>²R
34) MmoËVrg 62) ~mg{Q²>R>
35) nUVrg 63) Vog>{Q²>R>
36) N>ËVrg 64) MCg{Q²>R>
37) gÎmVrg 65) nUg{Q²>R>
38) AQ²>R>Vrg 66) N>md{Q²>R>
39) EJyUMËVmbrg/ EJyUMmbrg 67) gËVg{Q²>R>
40) Mmbrg / MËVmbrg 68) AQ>²R>g{Q²>R>
41) E³H$ / EJMËVmbrg 69) EJyUgËV[a
42) ~m¶mbrg 70) gËV[a
43) Vo¶mbrg 71) EJ / E³H$gËV[a
44) MC¶mbrg / Mmo¶mbrg 72) ~mdËV[a
45) nU¶mbrg 73) VodËV[a
46) N>¶mbrg 74) MmodËV[a
47) gr¶mbrg 75) n§MhËV[a
48) AQ²>R>MËVmbrg /AQ²>R>¶mbrg 76) N>mdËV[a
49) EJyUnÞmg 77) gËVhËV[a
50) nÞmg 78) A>Q²>R>hËV[a
51) EJmdÞ / EH$mdÞ 79) EJyUmgrB
52) ~mdÞ /~mdÊU 80) AgrB
53) VodÞ 81) E³H$mgrB /EJmgrB

81

82) ~mgrB 93) VoUCB
83) VogrB 94) MCUCB
84) MCgrB 95) n§MmUCB
85) n§MgrB 96) N>ÊUCB
86) N>grB 97) gËVUCB
87) gËVmgrB 98) AQ>²R>mUCB
88) AQ²>R>mgrB 99) ZdUCB
89) EJyUZCB 100) g¶¶§
90) ZCB 200) ~o /Xmo g¶mB§
91) E³H$m / EJmUCB 300) {Vg¶ / {VpÊUg¶mB§
92) ~oUCB 1000) ghñg§

82

(6) àmH¥$V g§Yr

àñVmdZm -

à˶oH$ ^mfoÀ¶m ì¶mH$aUm‘ܶo g§Yrg ‘hÎdnyU© ñWmZ Agbobo {XgyZ ¶oVo. g§Yr‘wio eãXm§Mo AmH$ma
g§{jßV hmoʶmg ‘XV hmoVo. Va g§Yr {dJ«hm‘wio eãXmoƒmamg gwb^Vm ¶oVo. g§Yr {Z¶‘mZwgma g§YrMo
1) ñdag§Yr 2) àH¥${V^mdg§Yr 3) CX²d¥Îmñdag§Yr 4) A춶ñdag§Yr 5) 춧OZg§Yr Ago nmM àH$ma
({d^mJ) nS>VmV.

g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV XmoZ ñda qH$dm EH$ ñda, EH$ 춧OZ qH$dm 춧OZ - 춧OZ EH${ÌV Ambo Varhr g§Yr
hmoVmo. VgoM {dgJ© Am{U ñda qH$dm 춧OZ, EH${ÌV Ambo Varhr g§Yr hmoVmV.

AY©‘mJYr àmH¥$VmV {dgJ© Zgë¶mZo àmH¥$VmV {dgJ©g§Yr ¶oV Zmhr. VgoM àmH¥$V hr ~mobr^mfm
Agë¶mZo d gwb^rH$aU ho ~mobr^mfoMo à‘wI d¡{eîQ>ç Agë¶mZo g§ñH¥$Và‘mUo àmH¥$VmV ~è¶mM {R>H$mUr g§Yr
hmoVmoM Ago Zmhr. àmH¥$VmV WmoS>r’$ma {e{WbVm Agbobr {XgyZ ¶oVo åhUyZ àmH¥$VmVrb gd© g§Yr{Z¶‘mMm
n[aM¶ AgUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.

ñda g§Yr

ñda g§YrMo 1) XrK© g§Yr 2) JwU g§Yr (3) èhñd g§Yr (4) g§Yr {ZfoY (5) ñdabmon g§Yr B. àH$ma AmhoV.

1) XrK©g§Yr - (A) XmoZ gOmVr ñda EH$Ì Ambo AgVm ˶m§Mo XrK© ñdam§‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo. åhUOoM
A AWdm Am ñdamnwT>o A qH$dm Am ho ñda Amë¶mg ˶m XmoÝhr ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va "Am' (XrK©) ‘ܶo

hmoVo. (A + A = Am/ Am + Am = Am)

Ord + AOrd = OrdmOrd Bh +AmJ‘U = BhmJ‘U Jm‘ +AUw½Jm‘ = Jm‘mUw½Jm‘

H$bm + Am¶[a¶ = H$bm¶[a¶ a¶U +AmJamo = a¶UmJamo Vhm + A{d = Vhm{d

am¶m + A{^goAmo = am¶m{^goAmo Ohm + A{d = Ohm{d Xþh + Amdhm = Xþhmdhm

{OU + Amb¶ = {OUmb¶ Yå‘ + AYå‘ = Yå‘mYå‘ JU + A{hdB = JUm{hdB

{d‚mm + Amb¶ = {d‚mmb¶

A + Am = hmoVmo, na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o Oa AZwñdma qH$dm OmoS>mja Agob
Va ˶mMo XrK© ñdamV ê$nm§Va Z hmoVm èhñd (A) ñdamVM ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

{^³I + AQ²>R>m = {^³IQ²>R>m Xd + Ap½J = Xdp½J Or{d¶ + AQ²>R>m = O>r{d¶Q²>R>m

Oå‘ + A§Va = O呧Va Z + ApËW = ZpËW aËV + AÀN> = aËVÀN>

‘aU + A§Va = ‘aU§Va H$moh + Ap½J = H$mohp½J

83

(~) B AWdm B À¶m nwT>o B qH$dm B© Amë¶mg ˶mMo ê$nm§Va XrK© B© ‘ܶo hmoVo.

CXm. ‘w{U + Bga = ‘wUrga Z§Xr + Bga = Z§Xrga nwhdr + Bga = nwhdrga

‘w{U + BUmo = ‘wUrUmo X{h + Bga = Xhrga H${d + B©ga = H$drga

bÀN>r + Bgamo = bÀN>rgamo

B© + B© = B© hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdamÀ¶m nwT>o Oa AZwñdma qH$dm OmoS>mja Ambo
Va ˶m§Mo XrK© ñdamV ê$nm§Va Z hmoVm èhñd (B) M hmoB©b.

CXm. ‘w{U+ BÝX = ‘w{UÝX, H${d + BÝX = H${dÝX, ‘{h + BÝX = ‘{hÝX

(H$) C AWdm D$ ¶m ñdamnwT>o C qH$dm D$ ho ñda Ambo AgVm ˶m XmoÝhr (H$) ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va
XrK© (D$) ñdam‘ܶoM hmoVo.

CXm. gmhÿ + D$gd = gmhÿgd dhÿ + D$gd = dhÿgd

‘hÿ + D$gd = ‘hÿgd ~hÿ + CXJ§ = ~hÿXJ§

YoUw + D$gd = YoUygdmo ~hÿ + Cd¶ma = ~hÿd¶ma

C + D$ = D$ hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdamnwT>o OmoS>mja {H$§dm AZwñdma Amë¶mg ˶mMo
ê$nm§Va XrK© (D$) ñdamV Z hmoVm èhñd ñdamV hmoVo.

CXm. gmhÿ + CÎm‘$ = gmhþÎm‘ $

Xþê$ + CpÁP¶m$ = Xþé{ÁP¶m

2) JwUg§Yr - (A) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶mnwT>o "B' qH$dm "B©' ho ñda Amë¶mg ˶m XmoÝhr
ñdam§Mo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘ܶo hmoVo.

CXm. am¶m + Bgr = amE{g Ohm + Bd = Ohod ‘hm + B{g = ‘hog

Za + Bga = Zaoga VoU + Bd = VoUod X‘ + Bga = X‘oga

Bh + Bd = Bhod I¶ + B©ga = I¶aoga

A+B = E hmoVmo na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o OmoS>mja qH$dm AZwñdma Agob Va
˶mMo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘ܶo Z hmoVm èhñd (B) ñdam‘ܶo ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

CXm. Za + B§X = Z[a¨X (Za|X) Z + BÀN>B = {ZÀN>B (ZoÀN>B)

‘hm + B§X = ‘qhX (‘h|X) Oh + BÀN>B = O{hÀN>B

gwa + BÝX = gw[a¨X MaU + B§YU = MaqUYU Xod + BÝX = XoqdX

‘hm + B{S²>T>¶ = ‘{h{–¶ {OU + BÝX = {OqUX

~) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶m nwT>o "C' AWdm "D$' ho ñda Amë¶mg ˶m XmoÝhr ñdam§Mo
ê$nm§Va "Amo' ‘ܶo hmoVo.

84

CXm. Vñg + Cd[a = Vñgmod[a {H$g + C¶ar = {H$gmo¶ar

Ohm + CB¶§ = OhmoB¶ ‘hm + Cd¶ma = ‘hmod¶ma

‘hm + D$gd = ‘hmogd Ohm + C{M¶ = Ohmo{M¶

EJ + D$U = EJmoU Zrgmg + Cgmg = Zrgmgmogmg

‘mg + Cddmg = ‘mgmoddmg

A + C = Amo hmoVmo. na§Vw Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb ñdam§À¶m nwT>o OmoS>mja qH$dm AZwñdma Agob
Va "Amo' Z hmoVm èhñd (C) ñdamV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.

CXm. Z¶a + C‚mmU = Z¶é‚mmU nw[ag + CËV‘ = nw[agwËV‘

a¶U + C‚mb = a¶Uw‚mb Hw$b + Cã^d = $Hw$bwã^d

VoU + CËV§ = VoUwËV§ ^¶ + CpìdJ = ^¶wpìdJ

gìd + CËV‘ = gìdwËV‘ aËV + Cßnb = aËVwßnb

H$) A AWdm Am ¶m ñdam§À¶m nwT>o "E'hm ñda Amë¶mg ˶mMo ê$nm§Va "E' ‘ܶoM hmoVo.

CXm. Ohm + Ed = Ohod M + Ed = Mod Vhm + Ed = Vhod

Bh + Ed = Bhod EJ + EJ = EJoJ $Ho$U + Ed = Ho$Uod

Z + Ed = Zod EH$ + EH = EHo$H$

Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm n{hë¶m eãXmVrb eodQ>À¶m dUm©da AZwñdma Agob Va àW‘ ˶mMm "‘'~Xb
H$ê$Z Z§Va g§Yr {Z¶‘mZwgma g§Yr Ho$bm OmVmo.

CXm. EJ§ + EJ§ = EJ‘oJ§ [H§$ + EËW = {H$‘oËW E³H§$+ E³H$§ = E¸$‘o³H§$

V§ + AmgÞo = V‘mgÞo qH$ + Eg = {H$‘og OwËV§ + E‘§ = OwËV‘o¶§

V§ + Ed = V‘od Ed§ + AmB = Ed‘mB O§ + Ed = O‘od

{ddoJ§ + EC§ = {ddoJ‘oC§ AÞ§ + AÞ = AÞ‘Þ

3) ñdabmong§Yr - Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm g§Yr H$aVodoir Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb àW‘ ñdamMm bmon hmoD$Z "¶,
a, ‘' ¶m ~mhç dUm©Mo AmJ‘Z hmoD$Z g§Yr Ho$bm OmVmo. ¶mbm ñdabmon g§Yr åhUVmV.

A) "a' AmJ‘Z g§Yr

{Y + AËWw = {YaËWw nwU + A{d = nwUa{d {Z + A§Va = {Za§Va

Xþ + Mm[aUr = XþamMm[aUr {Z + AmZ§X = {ZamU§X Xþ + A§Jwb = Xþa§Jb

{Z + AUwH§$nm = {ZamUwH§$nm MC + A§Jwb§ = MCa§Jwb {Z + Cn‘m = {Zén‘m

~) "¶' AmJ‘Z g§Yr

85

Xþ + A§Jwb = Xþ¶§Jwb V + AU§Va = V¶U§Va V + AmgÞo = V¶mgÝZo

H$) "‘' AmJ‘Z g§Yr

^dB + AmBUmo = ^dB‘mBUmo

4) A춶 ñda g§Yr - A춶mnydu ñda Amë¶mg ˶mMm bmon hmoVmo.

Ho$U + A{n = $Ho$Um{d, Ho$U {d, (Ho$U{n ¶oWo "A' Mm bmon Pmbm.)

qH$ + A{n = {H$‘{d, [H§$ {n gw¶Um + A{n = gw¶Um {d

V§ + A{n = V§$ {n nw[agmo + B{V = nw[agmo {ËV

nT>‘§ + B{V = nT>‘§ {V {XQ>²R>§ + B{V = {XQ>²R>§ {V

qH$ + B{V = qH$ {V Vhm + B{V = Vh{ËV

XrgB + B{V = XrgB {ËV ZpËW + B{V = ZpËW {ËV

{XQ>R>§ + B{V = {XQ>R>§ {V

5) X²{dËd g§Yr - Ho$ìhm Ho$ìhm Xþgè¶m eãXmVrb n{hë¶m dUm©Mo X²{dËd H$ê$Z g§Yr Ho$bm
OmVmo.

V + H$å‘ = V³H$呧 g + {^³I = gpã^³I

{Z + H$éUm = {Z³H$éUm V + IU§ = V³IU§

Omd + Ord = OmdÁOrd Xþ + OUmo = Xþ‚mUmo

{Z + Zoh = {ZÞoh/{ZÊUoh

mmm

86

(~) bohU-H$mog„§

(i) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$V dm³¶aMZm
(ii) AY©‘mJYr - àmH¥$VmV {Z~§Y boIZ
(iii) An{R>V CVmao

87

1. AY©‘mJYr-àmH¥$VmV H¥$Vr H$am.

1. ‘r emioV OmVmo. 2. am‘mZo amdUmbm ‘mabo.

Ah§ nmT>gmb§ JÀN>m{‘& am‘oU amdU§ hAmo&
3. Jwê§$nmgyZ kmZ bm^Vo. 4. gw§Xar H$m aS>Vog?

JwéqhVmo UmU§ bã^B& gw§X[a, qH$ é¶{g?
5. Xþgè¶mbm hgy ZH$m. 6. ‘hmdramZm Z‘ñH$ma

‘m hggw na§& Z‘mo ‘hmdra§&
7. H$moëhm dZmV Jobm. 8. ZX¶m§‘ܶo J§JmZXr loîR> Amho.

{g¶mbmo dUpå‘ JAmo & ZB©gw J§JmZB© goÆ>§ ApËW&
9. ‘r àmH¥$V ^mîmm {eH$Vmo /{eH$Vo. 10. Vy ZmM, Vmo JmB©b.

Ah§ nmB¶§ ^mg§ {g³Im{‘ / nT>m{‘& Vw‘§ Zƒ, gmo JmBñgB &
11. Vw¶m gmS>rMm a§J H$moUVm Amho? 12. ‘m§Oa XÿY {nVo.

Vd gmS>rE H$mo dÊUmo? ‘‚mmamo XþÕ§ {n~B&
13. ~«åhXodmZo OJ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. 14. Zrbm ~mJoV Ambr.

~§^XodoU O¶§ {Zp呶§ & Zrbm C‚mmU§ EB&
15. Vy VoWo Om. 16. aËZ g‘wÐmV nS>bo.

Vw‘§ VËW JÀN>gw& a¶U§ g‘wÔpå‘ nS>B &
17. {dXçm϶m©Zo Aä¶mg H$amdm. 18. b{bVm ^moOZ H$ê$Z Pmonbr.

N>ÎmoU AÁP¶U§ H$m¶ìd§& b{b¶m ^w§{OD$U gwÎmB&
19. H«$moYmZo gd©Zme hmoVmo. 20. gd© Ord gwImMr BÀN>m H$aVmV.

H$mohoU gìdUmg§ hmoB& gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>§{V&
21. VwPm {ච{‘Ì H$moU? 22. Vwåhr BH$S>o ¶m.

Vd H$mo {nA§ {‘Îmmo? Vwåho EËW AmJÀN>h&
23. Vmo XþH$mZmV Jobm. 24. nmnH$m¶m©Mm {Y³H$ma Agmo!

gmo AmdU§ JAmo {YaËWw! nmd H$‚mñg&
25. ^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho. 26. H$mdim H$mim AgVmo.

^mahmo ‘‘ Xog§ ApËW& H$mJmo H$Êh§ ApËW&
27. ‘r g˶ ~moboZ. 28. ‘r ‘moamMo {MÌ nmhVo.

Ah§ gƒ§ dBñgm{‘ & Ah§ ‘moañg {MÎm§ nmgm{‘&
29. Vy S>moiçm§Zr ~KVmog. 30. ~{hUrMm ~{hUrbm Z‘ñH$ma!

Vw‘§ ZoÎmoqh nmg{g & ^BUrE ^BqU Z‘mo¸$ma§&

88

2. {Z~§Y boIZ

1. C‚mmU§

C‚mmU§ nƒoJZ¶añg Jm‘ñg ¶ gmohm ApËW& Z¶añg ‘ÁPR>mUo C‚mmU§ ApËW& VËW
{d{dhn¶mañg é³Img§{V / CÁOmUo {d{dhn¶mañg b¶md„r {d ApËW& gìdm b¶md„rE Cd[a¨
{d{dh-dÊUñg ’w$ßn§ ApËW& VoU gìdo C‚mmU§ gw§Xa§ {XÆ>B & Z¶amAmo gìdo BpËW-nwégm nB{XUo C‚mmUo
JÀN>§{V& H$mo {d ‘m¶m-{n¶m {Z¶{Z¶m ~mbH$m {d KoÎmyU C‚mmUo JÀN>§{V& VËW ~mbm {d{dhn¶maoU
H$sbm H$aopÝV& OoÆ>-bmoJm é³Iñg N>m¶mE {MÆ>§{V&

C‚mmUñg EJ§ ^mJo nm{Ug§½Jmb¶§ {d ApËW& Vpå‘ nm{Ug§½Jmb¶på‘ d½K-grh-hÎmr-Amg-
dmUa-{‘JmB {d{dhnmUr g§{V& C‚mmUñg ~rA§ ^mJo EJ§ gamoda§ {d ApËW& Vpå‘ gamodañg Vrao
h §g-M ¸$d m¶- ‘moa -‘D $ar- Am B n³ Ir {dh a§{V.&

C‚mmUñ g EJ§ ^mJo H$s bmIoËV§ ApËW& VËW { d{dhn¶ mañg {H $bm-dË Wy {d ApËW& VmAmo
dËWy{U K oÎmyU gìdo ~mbH$m H$s{bD$U {Z¶{Z¶§ ‘Umoa§OU§ H$aopÝV& VoU H$maUoU gìdo OUm C‚mmU§
nB{XUo JÀN>pÝV&

2. nmCgH$mbmo

nmCgH$mbmo gìdH$mbpå‘ goÆ>§ ApËW& VoU gìdo Ordm nmCgH$mbmo AB©d {n¶§ ApËW& E¶§
nmCgH$mbmo MCa-‘mgñg ApËW VoU E¶§ MmVwa‘mg {Îm Zm‘oU {d g§~mohB& amo{hUr Z³IÎmmAmo
nmCgH$mbñg Ama§^§ hmoB& EE MCamo ‘mgo {d AmJmgmAmo ‘ohm Ob§ d[ag§{V& {d‚my {d E¶på‘ H$mbo
AmJmgo Zƒ§{V & ‘ohm {d CƒgaoU J‚m§{V& ndUmo {d g{U¶§ g{U¶§ gìd-R>mUo ‘ohmU§ ZoB& gìd-
R>mUo ‘ohm JpÀN>D$U Ob§ d[ag[ÝV& VoU gìd-R>mUo OboU n[anwÊU§ hmopÝV& ZB-gamodamB§ {d ObnwÊU§
hmoD$U dhpÝV&

EE nmCg-H$mbo {H${gdmb§ {d ~hþb§ AmU§X§ hmoB& {H${gdmbmo {Z¶-IoÎmo J{ÀN>D$U n[añg‘§
H$[aD$U n^y¶§ YÞ§ {n¸$dB& gìd-nwhdr {d h[a¶§ hmoB& é³I-b¶m-d„r {d nÎm-’w$ßn-’$boU
n[anwÊU§ hmoB& VoU gìdo nmUr {d AmU§XoU {dha§{V& Ed§ n¶mao nmCgH$mbo gìdo OUm gwhoU {MQ²>R>pÝV&
VoU H$maUoU gìdo H$mbpå‘ nmCgH$mbmo goÆ>§ ApËW&

3. ‘‘ Xogmo

^mahmo ‘‘ Xogmo A{ËW& ^mahXogo nmMrU-H$mbo ^ahmo Zm‘ EJ§ am¶m hmoËWm& Vñg Zm‘oU ‘‘
Xog§ ^mah-Xog§ {Îm Zm‘oU g§~mohB& ‘‘ Xog§ ‘‘§ AB©d {n¶§ ApËW& ‘‘ Xogo {d{dh-Yå‘-n§W-OmBE
bmoJm dgpÝV& Vo gìdo bmoJm {Z¶-{Z¶-Yå‘-g¸$VrE n‘mU§ AmU§XoU OrdU§ O¶pÝV& ‘‘ Xog§
{d{dh-Yå‘-na§nam ApËW V§ {n gìdogw EJVm {d ApËW& VoU H$maUoU ‘‘ Xogñg g³H$VrE na§namE
‘‘§ A{h‘mU§ ApËW&

89

‘‘ Xogñg CÎma-{XgmE, {h‘mb¶-nìd¶§ ApËW& Xp³IU-{XgmE qhX‘hmgmJa§ ApËW&
npÀN>‘-{XgmE Aa~rg‘wÔ§ ApËW& nwìd-{XgmE ~§Jmbñg g‘wÔ§ ApËW&

‘‘ Xogo J§Jm-O‘wUm-~åhnwÎmm-gVbO-{H$gUm-JmoXmdar-H$mdoar AmBAmo ZB¶m ApËW&
B‘mAmo ZB©qh ^mah^y‘r g{‘Õ§ hmoB&

‘‘ Xogo nmMrU-H$mbo M§XJwÎm-‘mo[a¶-g‘amQ>-AgmoJ-gmVdmhU-h[ag-OmYd-{gdam¶-
AH$~amB AUoJm ñmìdgoÆ>-am¶nw[agm hmoB§gw& EE gìdoqh amnw[agoqh ^mahXog§ EJ-N>Îm§ AmU¶Uñg
‘hmH$‚m§ H$[a¨gw&

^Jd§ ‘hmdra§ - ^Jd§ ~wÕ-~gdoga-JmS>Jo ‘hmamAmo, UmUogamo, VwH$mam‘-Omo{V~m ’w$bo ‘hßnm
Jm§Yr AmB¶m ‘hmnw[agoqh g‘mOñg n~mohU§ H$[aD$U gm‘m{OH$-g‘Vm {Zå‘mU§ H$apÝV& VoU H$maUoU
A‚m Xogñg AI§S>Îm§ Am~m{h¶§ ApËW& VoU H$maUoU gìdo bmoJm gwhoU OrdU§ OJpÝV& Vñg ‘‘§
Xogñg A{^‘mU§ ApËW&

4. ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo

{OUYå‘mo ^maVr¶-na§namAmo EJ§ Y呧 ApËW& {OUYå‘mo MC>drgm {VËW§H$am hmopÝV& Vpå‘
{VËW¶apå‘ ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo A§{V‘mo {VËW¶amo ApËW& Vñg {Vgbm-{gÕËWmo ‘m¶m-{n¶m ApËW&

g‘mOpå‘ {d{dhm AÊUm¶-Aƒm¶ma-qhgm{X XÆz>U ‘hmdrañg ‘Upå‘ g§gmamAmo {daÎm§ OmAmo&
VoU Vrgpå‘ d[ago ‘w{U{X³I§ KoB& Xþdmbg-d[ago C½J-Vd§ H$[aD$U Ho$dbUmU§ nmdB&

Jmo¶‘mB-E¸$mag-‘mhU-grgm ‘hmdrañg JUham ApËW& ^Jd§ ‘hmdramo Jm‘mUwJm‘§ {dhma§
H$[aD$U gm‘ÊU-OUm Vñg ~mobr-^mgm-AÕ‘mJhr-^mgmE [hAmodEg§ H$aoB&

^Jd§ ‘hmdramo OUm CdEg§ H$aoB, "^mo ^ìd Ordm ! {Z¶-H$å‘ñg Aßnm-H$Îmm , Aßnm {ƒ¶
{dH$Îmm ¶& {Z¶§ Aßnm {ƒ¶ {‘Îmmo A{‘Îmmo ¶& Ordmo O§ H$呧 H$aoB Vñg n^mdoU gwh-Agwh§ M ’$b§
^w§OB& gìdo Ordm gwh§ BÀN>pÝV Z Xþ³I§ BÀN>§{V& VoU gìdo Ordm gwh§ H$呧 H$aoh& gwh§ H$å‘oU Ordm
gwh§ hmoB&

Ed§ n¶mao ^Jd§ ‘hmdraoU gìdo OrdmU§ H$„mUH$maH§$ Aqhgm-Yå‘ñg CdEg§ H$[aD$U {OU-
Yå‘ñg goÆ>Îm§ d–dB&

5. JUog-Cgd§

^maVr¶-g³H$VrE N>U-CñgdmU AB©d§ ‘hÎm§ ApËW& E¶§ N>U- CñgdmAmo ^maVr¶ g³H$VrE
na§namE ¶ n[aM¶§ hmopÝV& N>U-Cñgd-H$mbo gìdo OUm EH$R>mUo AmJpÀN>D$U namoßna§ Aƒ§V§
Am¶anwìd¶§ ddhma§ H$apÝV.

^maVr¶-Cñgdpå‘ JUog-Cñgd§ AB©d ‘hÎmnwÊU§ Cñgd§ ApËW& E¶§ Cñgd§ Xg-{XUo ApËW&
{Q>bH$-‘hmoXEU E¶§ Cñgdñg Ama§^§ H$aoB {V H$mo{d OUm ‘ÊUpÝV & H$mo {d OUm ‘hßnm Omo{V~m-

90

’w$bo ‘hmoXEU Ama§^§ H$aoB {V ‘ÊUpÝV&
E¶§ Cñgd§ Xþdo n¶mam ApËW& H$mo {d OUm {Z¶-{Z¶ {Jhpå‘ JUog-‘wÎmrE nBÇ>mnUm H$aopÝV&

H$mo {d OUm gìdO{U¶§ R>mUo JUog-CËgdñg nBÆ>mnUm H$[aD$U JUog-Cñgd§ H$aopÝV&
E¶§ Cñgdñg Ama§^§ ^ÔnXo gwÕ-MCËWr {XUo hmoB AU§VMCËWr {XUo ¶ g‘Îm§ hmoB& E¶på‘

Xg-{XUo bmoJm {Z¶{Z¶-{Jho gÕmnwìd¶§ nyO§ H$aopÝV& gìdO{U¶-JUog-Cñgdo {d bmoJm E¸$-R>mUo
AmJpÀN>D$U JUogñg nyO§ H$aopÝV& gìdO{U¶§ µJUogCñgdpå‘ {d{dh H$‚mH$呧 hmopÝV& gìdo OUm
E¶på‘ H$‚mH$å‘på‘ gh^mJoqh AmU§X§ KopÝV& VoU H$maUoU JUogCñgd§ gìdo OUm AB©d {n¶§ ApËW&

6. gwnw[agmo

nmMrU-H$mbmAmo ^mah^y‘r g§V-gwnw[agmU Oå‘^y‘r {Îm n{gÕ§ ApËW& E¶på‘ ^mah^y‘rE
Vpå‘ Vpå‘ H$mbo AUoJmU g§V-gwnw[agmU§ O呧 hmopÝV& Vpå‘ ‘hmnw[agogw ^Jd§ ‘hmdra-^Jd§ ~wÕ-
UmUoga-VwH$mam‘-am‘Xmg-H$~ra-~gdoga-‘hmßnm Omo{V~m ’w$bo-JmS>Jo‘hmamO-AmBAm AUoJm
‘hmnw[agmU g‘mdog§ hmopÝV&

E¶mU§ ‘hmnw[agmU§ ìd AUoJm BpËW-a¶Um {d hmopÝV& g§V ‘ram-OUm~mB©-H$ÊhmonÎmm-A{hë¶mXodr
AmBAm AUoJm BpËW-‘hßnm{d hmoBËWm& EE gìdo ‘hßnm g‘mOñg AmX[ag-{h¶qMVJ-‘½JX[agJ§
ApËW& VmU gìdmU ghmd§ Aƒ§V§ g§V§ ApËW& EE gìdo gwnw[agm gƒ‘½Jñg Adb§~§ H$aopÝV VoU
VmU§ gwßnw[agm {Îm Zm‘oU g§~mohB &

gwnw[agñg {h¶¶§ AB©d X¶mOwÎm§ hmoB& gwnw[agmo {Zƒ§ ‘hþad¶U§ d¶B& gwnw[agmo gìdnm{U‘ÎmmU§
{h¶§ qMVoB& ApÝV‘-Xgmgw {d Apßn¶-d¶U§ U ~mo„B& gwnw[agñg ‘oÎmr nmhmU-aoh ìd Xrh-H$mb§
aohoB& gwnw[agmo Opå‘ R>mUo dgB V§ R>mU§ {d n{dÎm§ hmoB& gwnw[agñg nmgo H$mo {d OmB gmo gwh§ nmdB& Ed§
n¶mao gwnw[agmo nwhdrE ^ygU§ ApËW&

mmm

91