e-Proceeding ICo-ASCNITech2022

I am privileged to give the congratulatory address for this year’s ICo-ASCNITech 2022 conference. On behalf of the advisory board, I am delighted to welcome attendees and participants to ICo-ASCNITech 2022. It is great to witness an impressive array of renowned invited speakers, academicians, educators, professionals, researchers from here and abroad, and all the conference participants. A conference of this size and scope takes many hours of preparation and hard work by diligent and exuberant teams of individuals. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude and congratulate the organising committee of the International Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering, Information and Technology (ICo-ASCNITech 2022) who have made an exceptional effort to ensure the success of this international conference. Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia and Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia have been working together in a spirit of collaboration since the conference’s first inception in 2017 with a mission to provide sharing platform to disseminate the latest research findings related to various disciplines (multidisciplinary), including the fields of science and technology, skills, education and social sciences. The conference centred on the theme of “Sustainability IR 4.0 driven by Research of Applied Science, Engineering, Information and Technology” to recognise and celebrate the latest technologies, tried-and-true teaching methodologies, hypotheses, cutting-edge techniques and advanced practices as we navigate the Fourth Industrial Revolution while leaning towards the aspirations TVET has to offer to the community. ICo-ASCNITech 2022 aims to actively be a part of the knowledge-sharing chain as rapid development in products and services across the globe has always thrived to be in line with the consumers’ behaviour especially now that many of us are adapting to post-COVID-19. No doubt ICo-ASCNITech 2022 will give you more opportunities for intellectual challenges, cross-cultural exchanges, and dynamic networking experiences as we gather to impart extensively research findings and fresh perspectives to the beneficiaries. The conference also will help advance our understanding of IR 4.0 and TVET education while contributing our expertise in community-based endeavours and interventions. Thank you once again to all of ICo-ASCNITech 2022 colleagues, members, attendees and connections for making this conference a wonderful experience. The committee is immensely grateful to you for your support. Ts. Zainab binti Ahmad Director-General Department of Polytechnic & Community College Education Malaysia FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF DPCCE i

First of all, I would like to congratulate the organizing committee of the International Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering, Information and Technology (ICoASCNITech 2022) who have made an effort to ensure the success of this international conference. My heartiest appreciation and to Politeknik Negeri Padang (PNP), Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan (PIS) and Sinaran Ilmu Learning & Consultancy for relentless efforts in turning this international conference into a reality. The conference theme, “Sustainability IR 4.0 Driven by Research of Applied Science, Engineering, Information and Technology” is one such endeavour to bring together local and overseas researchers, academicians, industry professionals, government officers involve in technical & education teachers and TVET students to deliberate on theoretical underpinnings and practical implications in the fields of various disciplines (multidisciplinary), including the fields of science and technology, skills, education and social sciences to forge emerging ideas and move forward in the fields ever-changing landscape. I am confident that the array of presentations and seminar in the conference schedule will provide excellent opportunities to create better networking between fellow participants. I believe that ICo-ASCNITech 2022 will definitely provide chances for intellectual challenges, intercultural interactions, and exciting networking opportunities as we get together to share in-depth research findings and novel viewpoints with the recipients. I also would like to express my gratitude to the guest speakers and presenters for ICoASCNITech 2022 for sharing their expertise, viewpoints, and experiences and for providing a place for reflection, as well as to the attendees for taking part in the conference to advance both personally and professionally. I sincerely hope that all of you could continue working together after this conference to promote and utilise the potential of research data. Best of luck with your presentations, and I hope you have a great time and gain a lot of insights from the conference. We anticipate that your participation in this virtual conference will be rewarding and inspire fresh research projects and collaborations. I wish all of you an exciting sharing experience and anticipate seeing all of you again in future events. Dr Riam A/P Chau Mai Director Research & Innovation Centre, Department of Polytechnic & Community College Education, Malaysia FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR OF RIC, DPCCE ii

Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh and greetings to all. The improvement of higher education quality becomes an increasingly important issue. One of the most important contributions resides in what and how we learn through the improvement of educational processes. The fourth International Conference (ICo-Asnitech 2022) particularly provides a collaborative environment to academicians, researchers and practitioners to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects including science and technology, engineering, business, linguistic, education and social science. Our goal is to offer a worldwide connection between teachers, students, researchers and lecturers, from a wide range of academic fields, interested in exploring and giving their contribution in educational issues. This proceeding will furnish researchers and academicians of the world with an excellent reference book. I trust also that this will be an impetus to stimulate further study and research in all these areas. I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to organizing committee for their efforts, behind the scenes, in organizing the events and activities of this conference. I would also like to thank all of the reviewers, who performed admirably in reviewing the submissions. Without their talent, dedication, expertise and hard work of the committee in reviewing the submitted papers, this conference would not have been possible. Lastly, thank you to the authors and participants for their contributions. Your contributions help to make this conference as outstanding as it has been. Thank you. Dr. Surfa Yondri Director Politeknik Negeri Padang Indonesia FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR OF PNP, INDONESIA iii

Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Warabakatuh & Salam Sejahtera. We are grateful to the organizing committee, who have arranged such a beautiful event. I wholeheartedly welcome all the delegates across the country. Sinaran Ilmu is a Human Resource Development service institution founded by young professionals with a business field at a training provider. This conference is aligned with our vision to be one of the forums for leading, teaching, and sharing knowledge and insights for individuals and groups. We are honoured and delighted to collaborate with PNP and PIS as a co-organizer. This year’s conference emphasises on the theme: “Sustainability IR 4.0 Driven by Research of Applied Science, Engineering, Information and Technology”. It aims to bring together leading academic educators, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Applied Science, Engineering, Information and Technology. We hope you enjoy the conference and we hope that you find the papers published here interesting and full of future research potential. We would also like to express our gratitude to all the contributors, namely the authors, reviewers, and all, who have made this conference possible. Particular and heartfelt thanks to PNP and PIS again for accepted us to be in this meaningful sharing event. Pn Norhayati binti Daud Managing Director 2 Sinaran Ilmu Learning & Consultancy FOREWORD BY MANAGING DIRECTOR OF SILC - iv

FOREWORD BY DIRECTOR OF PIS, MALAYSIA Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabaratuh and Salam Sejahtera, It is high time for academics and researchers alike to share their knowledge and expertise while we are recovering from the adverse effects of Covid-19 pandemic. Hence, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan is once again privileged to host ICo-ASCNITech and gather academia across the region to present their papers. Therefore, it is a great privilege for us to present the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering, Information and Technology (ICo-ASCNITech 2022) to the authors and delegates of the event. We hope that you will find it useful, exciting and inspiring. Feel free to keep yourself updated with the latest development particularly in the fields of science and technology, skills, education and social sciences. You may benefit immensely from latest findings and results presented by each and every researcher who has signed up for this conference. We are very grateful to the organizing committee who have worked very hard to ensure that ICo-ASCNITech 2022 conference run smoothly. Roman was not built in a day. The saying perfectly reflects all the good work done by every committee member who has played their roles well and put every jigsaw piece together to form a big picture. Efforts taken by reviewers who have contributed to improve the quality of papers by providing constructive critical comments; improvement and corrections to the authors are greatly appreciated. Last but not least, it is hoped that this conference will encourage research to flourish. I personally believe that research culture should be imparted to every educator to bring about change in the areas of science and technology, skills, education and social sciences. It is my goal to see this conference be held annually so that together we can make a change for the betterment of our future. Thank you. Ts. Noor Aidi binti Nadzri Director Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan Malaysia v -

MANAGING DIRECTOR OF SINARAN ILMU LEARNING & CONSULTANCY CONTENTS vi - x 1 COLOUR SENSOR DETECTION TOWARD VARIOUS SURFACE ROUGHNESS Sofian Abd Samad, Nazahiah Salleh, Khairul Nazry Talib Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 1 - 8 2 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEMI AUTOMATED CORN SHELLER MACHINE Khairul Nazry Talib, Hamid Salamon, Sofian Abd Samad Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 9 - 14 3 A DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC DISINFECTANT HANDWAVE SANITIZER Maisarah Mahizan, Nur Farah Syaza Daud Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 15 - 21 4 LOW COST REMOTE OPERATED VEHICLE (ROV) FOR UNDERWATER SURVEILLANCE Muhamad Nor Nodin, Zailani Ab Ghani, Mohamad Zaidi Ahmad Yusoff Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 22 - 27 5 SOCIAL DISTANCING REMINDER SMARTWATCH FOR PREVENTING COVID19 DISEASE Nurnisha Shazriena Sumadi, Arfah Ahmad Hasbollah Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 28 - 33 6 ORGANIC COMPOST FERTILIZER PROCESSING MACHINE FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES Nor Hidayu Shahadan, Ishak Taman, Saipol Hadi Hasim, Hanifah Jambari Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia 34 - 41 TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING Table of Contents FOREWORD DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNIC & COMMUNITY COLLEGE EDUCATION DIRECTOR OF RDIRECTOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION CENTRE, DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNIC & COMMUNITY COLLEGE EDUCATION DIRECTOR OF POLITEKNIK NEGERI PADANG, INDONESIA DIRECTOR OF POLITEKNIK IBRAHIM SULTAN, MALAYSIA i ii iii iv v vi

7 IMPLEMENTATION OF STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL FOR MANUFACTURING PROCESS IMPROVEMENT (METAL BED FRAME BRACKET) Zuhaila Mohammad, Noorilyana Abu Bakar, Mohd Norazizul Fadli Abu Bakar Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 42 - 49 8 OPTIMIZING THE NABEEZ FORMULATION IN TERM OF TPC, DPPH AND VITAMIN C Nor Hairul Palal, Rahimawati Abd Rahim, Nor Hashina Bahrudin Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Malaysia 50 - 57 9 WATER HEAD INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE USING YFS201 IN THE WATERFALL AREA Yusmahaida Yusoff, Zuraida Osman, Zarina Mohd Suhaimi Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 58 - 62 10 FABRICATION OF 3-IN-1 ONION FRIED MACHINE (OFM) FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES Noorilyana Abu Bakar, Nik Nor Fatihah Nik Mood, Muhammad Imanuddin Ishak Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 63 - 70 11 SMART POWER SOCKET MONITORING BASED ON ACS712 Noor Ainniesafina Zainal, Norhanis Nadhirah Harol Annual Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 71 - 77 12 IOT SMART AVAILABILITY OF THE POLYTECHNIC IBRAHIM SULTAN (PIS) LECTURER MODULE BY USING RFID Farhana Norazman, Wan Mohd Rumaizi Wan Taib, Muhammad Nur Hadi Che Ibrahim Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 78 - 86 13 DEVELOPMENT OF SORTING COLOUR BY USING ARDUINO Siti Fatimah Mardan, Nor Farhana Falil, Nur Qistina Nabila Abdul Aziz Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 87 - 92 14 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE HELMET DRYER MACHINE Zuhaila Mohammad, Mohd Norazizul Fadli Abu Bakar, Mohd Azri Abd Lateb Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 93 - 100 15 DESIGN OF MINI PLASMA REACTOR FOR TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE DESTROYERS USING A PLASMA ARC CUTTING MACHINE Royas Putra, Aulia Sayuti, Yona Mayura Andalas University, Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 101 - 111 16 MIXED DURABILITY PERFORMANCE ASPHALT CONCRETE WEARING COURSE (AC-WC) USING LIME ASH AS FILLER SUBSTITUTION Lusyana, Mukhlis, Ernita Suardi, Alfino Busry, Ghina Pujadany Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 112 - 118 17 THE EFFECTS OF PALM FIBERS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Mukhlis, Zulfira Mirani, Takdir Alamsyah, Adinda Shaffira, Rifqie Adityo Fawzar Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 119 - 125 vii

18 GAMIFICATION IN TEACHING MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING AT POLITEKNIK BANTING SELANGOR DURING COVID-19 Hanis Rasyidah Abdullah, Nur Raihana Sukri, Intan Liyana Ramli, Politeknik Banting Selangor, Malaysia 126 - 132 19 OCCUPATIONAL STRESS: ANALYSIS OF POLYTECHNIC ACADEMICIANS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC USING MODIFIED HSE UK MANAGEMENT STANDARDS Segar Rajamanickam, Mohamad Amirul Azwan Mohamed Yusof, Khairol Adha Ahmad Politeknik Seberang Perai, Shaziman Sdn Bhd, Politeknik Mukah, Malaysia 133 - 141 20 THE USE OF MULTISIM LIVE SIMULATOR IN CONDUCTING PRACTICAL FOR THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT COURSE AT THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, IBRAHIM SULTAN POLYTECHNIC: A STUDY OF STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS" Siti Noor ShaadahAli, Maisarah Mahizan Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 142 - 149 21 A CDIO APPROACH ON DIPLOMA IN MARKETING FINAL YEAR PROJECT Nur Dalila Zainal, Nor Azzila Azmi, Nik Zuraini Nik Mahmood Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah, Malaysia 150 - 159 22 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 3R (REUSE, RECYCLE, REDUCE) CONCEPT IN OPTIMIZING THE CONSUMPTION OF CARPET WASTE. Sharuddin Mohd Dahuri, Nor Hakimah Ahmad Subri, Aliff Ab Tahir Politeknik Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia 160 - 168 23 ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY AND INSTITUTIONAL FEEDBACK FOR STUDENTS WITH HEARING PROBLEMS AT POLITEKNIK IBRAHIM SULTAN USING THE WEKA APPLICATION Ismalyza Mt Arif, Rafiuddin Rohani Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 169 - 175 24 READINESS, SUITABILITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF TBEM4U APLICATION FOR BASIC TAKAFUL BASIC EXAMINATION (TBE) AT POLYTECHNIC MALAYSIA Muhammad Nazri Abdul Halim, Faizah Sahbudin, Saipol Hadi Hasim Politeknik Metro Johor Bharu, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 176 - 185 25 THE USAGE OF ISSUE FINDER TO IMPROVE THE STUDENT’S ANSWERS IN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING QUESTIONS IN BUSINESS LAWE Siti Fatimatuz Zahra Hussin, Nur Asikin Aziz, Rafiuddin Rohani, Politeknik Metro Johor Bharu, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 186 - 194 EDUCATION AND TVET STUDIES viii

26 A NEW REBRANDING SME PACKAGING DESIGN CONCEPT FOR DFF INDUSTRIES SDN BHD VIA ILLUSTRATION Nurulkusuma Adnan, Muhammad Rizqin Husnan Junan Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 195 - 200 27 DEVELOPING A SMART MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACTIVEWEAR JACKET Nurrul Asmar Azhan, Muhammad Helmi Abu Bakar, Nafsiah Sairi Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 201 - 207 28 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE BEFORE AND DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A CASE STUDY ON TECHNOLOGY AND INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR COMPANIES ON THE IDX FOR THE 2018-2021 Wiwik Andriani, Rangga Putra Ananto, Eka Rosalina, Wina Nofrima Fitri, Dandi Aprila Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 208 - 214 29 THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND LOCUS OF CONTROL ON MANAGEMENT OF HOUSEHOLD FINANCE Eka Rosalina, Wiwik Andriani, Fitra Oliyan, Asratul Rahmi Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 215 - 222 30 REDEFINING DIGITAL BANKING Willson Gustiawan, Maya Permata Sari, Mega Dwi Septivani, Rahmat Eka Putra, Rifdatul Husna Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 223 - 229 31 DEVELOPING ALAMI’S ADVENTURE ADVERGAME FOR PROMOTING ECO TOURISM ACTIVITIES AT KELAB ALAMI TANJUNG KUPANG Umi Kalthom Ramin, Nur Nasyrah Aainaa Mohd Nasri, Mazlisa Mohd Isa Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 230 - 240 32 TTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEWING TECHNIQUE TUTORIAL APPLICATION (SWAP) ON THE LEARNING PROCESS OF STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS Mastura Abu Bakar, Nurul Aini Mohamed, Nor Rofizah Joharii Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 241 - 247 33 MANAGEMENT CASH WAQF IN WEST SUMATERA: CASE STUDIES ON YAYASAN WAKAF ARRISALAH Gustina Gustina, Syukri Lukman, Muhammad Rizki Prima Sakti, Mohamad Fany Alfarisy Politeknik Negeri Padang, Andalas University, Indonesia University College of Bahrain, Bahrain 248 - 257 34 ANTHROSCALE: AN INNOVATIVE HUMAN ANTHROPOMETRY MEASURING TOOL FOR ERGONOMIC FURNITURE DESIGN Nazirah Mat Zain Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 258 - 266 ART AND CREATIVE DESIGN & ECONOMICS, BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT ix

35 THE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION (MOBILE APP) FOR THE TOPIC OF PROBABILITY Zainab Ali Taha, Naksa Ahmad Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 267 - 274 36 AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON TEACHING AND LEARNING UNIVERSAL DESIGN THROUGH VIRTUAL REALITY 360-DEGREE VIDEO Syafiza Ab Wahab, Nur Atiqah Daud, Norhaida Hussain Politeknik Balik Pulau, Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Malaysia 275 - 282 37 AN E-GOVQUAL MODEL TO ANALYZE THE E-GOVERNMENT WEB PORTAL SERVICE Devi Utami, Y. Yuhefizar, Josephine Sudiman Politeknik Negeri Padang, Indonesia 283 - 290 38 SOYBEAN RESIDUE-MODIFIED FORMULATION SUSTAINABLE AND HEALTHIER INGREDIENTS IN BREAD FORMULATION Siti Saleha Abdul Azis, Aishah Mohd Marsin, Fariz Mahmod Kolej Komuniti Pasir Salak, Malaysia 291 - 296 39 IMPLEMENTATION OF A HYBRID TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGY FOR A DIGITAL ELECTRONICS COURSE UTILIZING TINKERCAD APPLICATION Nazra Aris Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 297 - 306 40 THE MIRACLE OF HEALING WITH THE FOOD FAVOURITE COLOUR OF THE PROPHET PBUH Noli Kasim, Abdul Rahman Muhammad Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia 307 - 315 41 A STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE E-WARDEN SMARTPHONE APPLICATION UTILIZED BY POLYTECHNIC MERLIMAU MELAKA RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE Nor Farhana Falil Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 316 - 321 42 ‘WORDWALL’ EDUCATIONAL LEARNING TOOLS FOR DEAF STUDENTS TOWARDS STRENGTHENING AL-QURAN LEARNING Siti Suhaila Samian, Rafiuddin Rohani Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 322 - 329 43 STAKEHOLDERS’ PERCEPTIONS OF BENCHMARKING PROGRAMME IN SUPPORTING VILLAGE ENHANCEMENT AND EMPOWERMENT PROGRAM IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA Nor Hidayu Shahadan, Mazlisa Mohd Isa, Siti Adila Mohamad Yazi Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Malaysia 330 - 338 ACTION RESEARCH, COMPUTER AND ICT, SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS & SOCIAL SCIENCE AND HUMANITIES x

Colour Sensor Detection Toward Various Surface Roughness Sofian Abd Samad1 , Nazahiah Salleh2 And Khairul Nazry Talib3 1,2,3 Department of Mechanical, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor,81700 Malaysia, *Corresponding Author: sofiansamad@pis.edu.my Abstract : An experimental examination was completed to investigate the effect of surface roughness on the detection range of the colour sensor. The target of this study is to find an adequate reading level because of variety sensor reading error when there is a distinction in surface roughness of a similar colour. This study utilizes the Arduino Uno microprocessor and is furnished with a TCS3200 colour sensor to obtain the frequency readings from each colour of ABS plastic which consists of red, green and blue. The outcomes discovered that the higher the roughness value, the lower the roughness value. Each addition in the roughness of the plastic will reduce the frequency readings at 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.6% for ABS plastic red, green and blue respectively. The outcomes discovered that the higher the roughness value, the lower the roughness value. The results introduced here might work with quality enhances in toy producing, clinical hardware, and those engaged with colour related examinations. Keywords : colour sensor, surface roughness, roughness value. 1. INTRODUCTION The colour sensor, otherwise called a light sensor, can be created utilizing discrete parts (eg photoresistors or phototransistors), or on the other hand it works in coordinated methods. In that sense, colour sensors are getting smaller, more accurate, more reliable, and more subdued. Problems occur when there is a difference in color readings on a product that affects the decision to separate products according to color. Referring to Daun et. al., (2018), although the patterns of colour varieties are commonly similar, some degrees of dissimilarity in their intensities must be observed. Increasingly, engineering systems are well understood from a technical point of view; however referring to Martin Leary et al., (2021), an important challenge that remains is associated with the surface roughness produced. 1.1 Colour Sensor Colour Sensor is a colour detector that can identify and quantify a practically limitless range of visible colour and furthermore the colour sensor framework can deal with light reflected from a surface and produce a computerized yield that states the colour of its surface. The use of color sensors is widely used in the automotive and toys industry. Based on Neal N. Xiong et. Al., (2018), the colour and luminance information in the RGB colour space detected by determined the dominant colour first, and then the colour similarity can be calculated with the proposed colour component calculation technique, which generates a colour class map. The colour sensor is an effective tool for quick evaluation. With the accuracy and minimal expense of this sensor technology, it will be feasible to expand the spatial and temporal density extensively (Roxanne et. al., 2018) and very influential on the surrounding light (Poltak Sihombing et. al., 2018) 1.2 Surface Roughness Surface roughness refers to the irregularity of a processed surface in which there are small peaks and valleys isolated by moderately small divisions. Surface roughness is strongly identified with the fit, wear resistance, fatigue resistance, contact firmness, vibration and noise of a mechanical part and significantly affects the life span and reliability of a mechanical item. In most cases, these identifiers belong to the indirect approach and are made by dint of sensors, such as dynamometer, accelerometer, acoustic emission (AE), current and colour sensors (Dongdong Kong et al., 2020 and Mustafa Kuntoglu et al., 2020). 1

Ahmed AlRatrouta et al., (2018) stated that surfaces roughness is associated with lower contact angles and higher interfacial curvature. The variation of both the contact angle and the interfacial curvature increases with the local degree of roughness. Surface roughness is one of the most explored keys in machining (Elzbieta Doluk et. al., 2021). It is realized that the assessment of the surface quality of materials through the dimension and scrutiny of roughness boundaries is a successful method for deciding the quality or standardization of surfaces. Additionally, the ability to compute results locally and through spatial division and hierarchical organization and subdivision of these locations provides engineering professionals with a more accurate control tool for comparison and evaluation of surface quality (Leandro Tonietto et al., 2019). 1.3 Roughness Value The roughness value (Ra) of materials is commonly expressed to identify the change in surface height relative to a baseline. The roughness of solid surfaces is very important for surface interaction, as the surface characteristics impress the actual contact area, friction, wear, lubrication, fatigue resistance, etc (Cagri V.Y. et al., 2020). In addition, surface roughness is also prominent in some conditions, including optical, electrical, and thermal capabilities, colour and appearance. The use of Ra to indicate product quality (Wan-Ju Lin et al., 2019). A change in rouhgnses value can cause a change in height on the surface of a product. This also causes a shadow that will cause a spot on the product to become darker 2. METHODOLOGY Since the study is based on the fundamental colour sensor, all data collection uses the reading of the Arduino microcontroller by performing laboratory experiments. Referring to that, it would easily study the percentage of reflection received from various plastic surface roughness. Later, we will summarize the conclusion and also recommend optimization of the colour sensor to improve the detection rate. 2.1 Colour Sensor Detector The colour sensor detector was built using an Arduino UNO compatible TCS3200 colour sensor set as figure 1 which is used to capture the colour level. The sensor has an array of photodiodes with 4 different filters. A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The photodiode filter’s readings has been selected to detect the intensity of the different colours. The sensor has a current-to-frequency converter that converts the photodiodes’ readings into a square wave with a frequency that is proportional to the light intensity of the selected colour. This frequency is then, read by the Arduino. Figure 2 shows the sensor pinout. The control pins S2 and S3 was used to enable the colour read by the photodiode. Figure 1: Assembly of Colour Sensor Detector. Figure 2: Sensor Pinout. Table 1 below shows the combination of output S2 and S3 used to detect the red, green and blue by setting the low or/and high to their input. Table 1: Arrangement Setting of Output S2 and S3. Photodiode filter S2 S3 Red Low Low Green High High 2

Blue Low High Pins S0 and S1 was used for scaling the output frequency. Table 2 shows the combination of low and high to scale the following preset values: 100%, 20% or 2%. Scaling the output frequency was worthy to optimize the sensor readings for Arduino. In this project, the output frequency scale was set to 20 % hence the output S0 was high and output S1 was setting up low. Table 2: Arrangement Setting of Output S0 and S1. Output frequency scale S0 S1 2% Low High 20% High Low 100% High High 2.2 Twin Variable Speed Grinder-Polisher Buehler twin variable speed grinder-polisher in figure 3 was used to obtain surface roughness variation by using 240 and 600 mesh particle size. With 600 mesh particle for 10 minutes, it was produced surface roughness at ±0.6μm and ±0.4μm for 240 mesh particle size within the same time. Without any polishing, the Duplo bricks roughness was at ±0.2μm measured with a surface roughness tester. The brick surface was polish with the speed 100rpm for 10 minutes as the parameter setting at figure 4. Silica carbide number 240 and 600 are used to obtain surface roughness of 4 μm and 6 μm respectively. Figure 3: Twin Variable Speed Grinder-polisher. Figure 4: Parameter Setting for Twin Variable Speed Grinder-polisher. 2.3 Surface Roughness Tester The Mitutoyo SJ-301 surface roughness tester as in Figure 5 was capable of taking measurements in any orientation, including vertical and upside down. It was used to measure the surface roughness after the plastic polishing process. The SJ-301 main unit can store up to 5 sets of measurement conditions. An individual measurement can be chosen for each workpiece. When the START/STOP key was pressed in measuring mode, the probe begin to travel. When measurement was finished, the display show the measured value. The evaluation length was predefined with standard length 2.5mm within three times measuring range. Figure 6 shows the location of probe attached to the tester. Figure 5: Mitutoyo SJ-301 Portable Surface. Figure 6: Portable surface roughness tester with the probe. 3

Figure 7 below is a sample of the results that have been obtained using the surface roughness tester. All the data that have been found have been recorded in table 3. Figure 7(a): 0.2 µm Figure 7(b): 0.4 µm Figure 7(b): 0.6 µm Figure 7(a),(b),(c): Example of Surface Roughness Tester Results. Table 3: Surface Roughness Reading For Entire Sample. No. of sample Surface roughness reading (μm) Red Green Blue Sample 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sample 2 0.4 0.4 0.4 Sample 3 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.4 Surface Topography and Composition After all the reading is recorded, image surface topography is taken using the Mitutoyo toolmaker microscope. Figure 8 has shown Mitutoyo toolmaker microscope while table 3 has shown surface topography taken on every plastic samples that have different surface roughness sizes. 4

Figure 8: Mitutoyo Toolmaker Microscope. Table 3.5: Surface Topography and Composition No. of sample Red Green Blue Sample 1 0.2 μm Sample 2 0.4 μm Sample 3 0.6 μm 5

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION According to Poltak Sihombing et. al., 2018, colour sensor can detect the orang fruit colour influenced by surrounding light. This emphasizes again that the colour level is very important for the color sensor to detect the correct frequency reading. Every frequency generated from colours like red, green and blue is recorded in the table and mapping with the available colour levels. Any change in the colour level of each surface roughness can be seen in the graph. 3.1 Red Sample Red frequency obtained from sensor output parameter which output frequency scale S0: high, S1: low was set and photodiode filter S2: low, S3: low to detect the red colour. Figure 9 shows the plot of frequency when the surface roughness for red sample 1 at 0.2 μm, sample 2 at 0.4 μm and sample 3 at 0.6 μm. It shows that the frequency decrease 0.5% for every 0.1 μm roughness increase. This reduction is due to increased distance between the sensor and the detection area. Besides, it is also due to the dark zone of the detection area. Figure 9: Graph Frequency (Hz) Versus Roughness (μm) for Plastic Red Sample. 3.2 Green Sample Green frequency gained from sensor output parameter which output frequency scale S0: high, S1: low was set and photodiode filter S2: low, S3: low to detect the green. An average frequency identified from colour sensor to the plastic green with different roughness 0.20 μm, 0.40 μm and 0.60 μm respectively. Figure 10 shows the plot of frequency when the surface roughness for green sample 1 at 0.2 μm, sample 2 at 0.4 μm and sample 3 at 0.60 μm. It shows that the frequency decrease 0.7% for every 0.1 μm roughness increase. This decrease is because of expanded separation between the sensor and the detection zone. Plus, it is likewise because of the dull zone of the detection region. 6

Figure 10: Graph Frequency (Hz) Versus Roughness (μm) for Plastic Green Sample. 3.3 Blue Sample Blue frequency acquired from sensor output parameter which output frequency scale S0: high, S1: low was set and photodiode filter S2: low, S3: high to detect the blue. An average frequency sensed from colour sensor to the plastic blue with different roughness 0.2 μm, 0.40 μm and 0.60 μm separately. Figure 11 shows the plot of frequency when the surface roughness for blue sample 1 at 0.20 μm, sample 2 at 0.40 μm and sample 3 at 0.60 μm. It shows that the frequency decrease 1.6% for every 0.1 μm roughness increase. Figure 11: Graph Frequency (Hz) Versus Roughness (μm) for Plastic Blue Sample. 4. CONCLUSION The colour sensor TCS3200 was used to read the red, green and blue colour on ABS plastic. Various surface roughness on the plastic causes the frequency read by colour sensor to vary greatly and it also affect the colour level. The roughness samples of 0.2 μm, 0.4 μm and 0.6 μm had been prepared to prove every hypothesis. As a result, each colour has different frequency readings and each frequency must be mapped to get the correct colour level. Every increment in the roughness of the plastic will reduce the frequency readings at 0.5% for plastic red colour, 0.7% for plastic green colour and 1.6% for plastic blue colour. The result was expected due to the change of distance when there is a high degree of roughness and thus causing error in the frequency readings. 7

5. REFERENCES Daun S., Jong-Sik M., Yujin L., Jiye H., Daeil J., Dong-Jin K., Jiyoung M., Eunjin J., Jin-W.O., Hoeil C., 2018. Feasibility of using a bacteriophage-based structural colour sensor for screening the geographical origins of agricultural products. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, volume 197, pp. 159-165. Martin Leary, Mahyar Khorasani, Avik Sarker, Johnathan Tran, Kate Fox, David Downing, Anton Du Plessis, 2021. 7 - Surface roughness, In Additive Manufacturing Materials and Technologies, Fundamentals of Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Metals, Elsevier, Pages 179-213, Xiong, N., Shen, Y., Yang, K. et al., 2018. Colour sensors and their applications based on real-time colour image segmentation for cyber physical systems. EURASIP Journal on Image Video Proc. Roxanne Y., Elena A. Mikhailova, Julia L. Sharp, Christopher J. Post, Mark A. Schlautman, Patrick D. Gerard, and Michael P. Cope. 2018. Predicting Soil Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen at the Farm Scale Using Quantitative Colour Sensor Measurements. Agronomy 8, no. 10: 212. Poltak Sihombing, Faddly Tommy, Sajadin Sembiring and Nogar Silitonga, 2018. The Citrus Fruit Sorting Device Automatically Based On Color Method By Using Tcs320 Color Sensor And Arduino Uno Microcontroller. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1235. Dongdong Kong, Junjiang Zhu, Chaoqun Duan, Lixin Lu, Dongxing Chen, 2020. Bayesian linear regression for surface roughness prediction, Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, Volume 142, 106770. Mustafa Kuntoğlu, Abdullah Aslan, Danil Y. Pimenov, Khaled Giasin, Tadeusz Mikolajczyk, and Shubham Sharma. 2020. "Modeling of Cutting Parameters and Tool Geometry for Multi-Criteria Optimization of Surface Roughness and Vibration via Response Surface Methodology in Turning of AISI 5140 Steel" Materials 13, no. 19: 4242. Alratrout, Ahmed & Blunt, Martin & Bijeljic, Branko. 2018. Wettability in complex porous materials, the mixedwet state, and its relationship to surface roughness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Elzbieta Doluk, Rudawska, A.,Kuczmaszewski, J., Miturska-Baranska, I, 2021. Surface Roughness after Milling of the Al/CFRP Stacks with a Diamond Tool. Materials, 14, 6835. Tonietto, L., Gonzaga, L., Veronez, M.R. et al., 2019. New Method for Evaluating Surface Roughness Parameters Acquired by Laser Scanning. Scientific Reports 9, 15038. Çagri Vakkas Yıldırım, Turgay Kıvak, Murat Sarıkaya, Şenol Şirin, 2020. Valuation of tool wear, surface roughness/topography and chip morphology when machining of Ni-based alloy 625 under MQL, cryogenic cooling and CryoMQL, Journal of Materials Research and Technology, Volume 9, Issue 2, pp 2079-2092, Wan-Ju Lin, Shih-Hsuan Lo, Hong-Tsu Young, and Che-Lun Hung. 2019. Evaluation of Deep Learning Neural Networks for Surface Roughness Prediction Using Vibration Signal Analysis. Applied Sciences 9, no. 7: 1462. 8

Design And Development of Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine Khairul Nazry Talib 1 , Hamid Salamon 2 And Sofian Abd Samad 3 1,2,3 Department of Mechanical, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor,81700, Malaysia, *Corresponding Author: khairulnazry@pis.edu.my Abstract : The corn sheller machine separates maize kernels and cobs. The corn sheller is an equipment invented for maize shelling that can increase corn husk productivity with less time operation. This semi-automated corn sheller machinery is significantly more effective and efficient than hand-picking corn. The operational principle of the corn picker is that the tool is driven by two pulses: the sheller pulley and the driving motor pulley. The sheller pulley and the drive motor pulley both revolve at the same time when the tool is powered by the drive motor. The purpose of this research is to design, develop and learn about the mechanical corn threshing tool's construction design, tool function, operating principle, and working capability. A series of experiments utilizing the same amount of capacity revealed that the semi-auto corn sheller machine saves more than 60% of operating time compared to manual operation. At the completion of the study, it was discovered that the time required to complete all tests using the manual method is rising and the interval between tests is 0.3, while the time required to complete all tests using the semi-automatic corn sheller machine is decreasing and the interval between tests is 0.17. The average time to complete 3 corn cobs manually is 3.24 minutes while the average time with the same number of corn and using a semi auto corn sheller machine is 1.23 minutes. Keywords : Corn, Corn Sheller , Semi-Automated. 1. INTRODUCTION Zea mays L., also known as corn, is a short-term crop that is commonly farmed in Malaysia and other nations. It is composed of sweet corn and grain maize, the second- and third-most significant crops in Southeast Asia after rice. Sweet corn is Z. mays saccharate, whereas grain corn is either Z. mays indurate or Z. mays indentata (Tan and Wong 2007). The planting season for these two types of maize differs. Sweet corn has a cultivation cycle of approximately 70 days, but grain corn has a cultivation time of approximately 100-110 days, 67 days per season. When the husks and stalks of sweet corn are still green and moist, they are harvested. In contrast to grain corn, which is harvested when the corn cobs are browned and ripe. Shelling is a significant post-harvest technology activity in which the kernels are separated from the cobs for use as seed, fodder, oil extraction, and to manufacture value-added products while still maintaining end product quality (Singh and Singh, 2010). The time-consuming and laborious traditional method of removing the kernels from cobs involves pressing with fingers or a sickle. The corn pearls are removed off the cobs using maize shellers, which can be powered or operated manually. The device used for plucking corn has developed into a fantastic tool for splitting maize kernels. This is so that a small business or household can benefit from the machine's ability to do tasks fast. However, using the current tools still results in discomfort and inefficiency. The lengthy process time and the machine's continued production of maize grain residue serve as indicators of inefficiency. The development of a semi-automated maize sheller machine was the aim of this study. This machine will make it easy to separate the corn kernels from the cobs effectively and with a faster time compared to manually. This machine was developed to address issues experienced by maize farmers, particularly by small businesses and households that continue to remove corn kernels from the cob by hand. Additionally, some traders remove each individual corn kernel from the cob by hand. According to Patil,(2013) maize kernels are often manually plucked from the cob in rural regions then it takes so long to complete the task manually, it is a waste of time and effort. 1.1 Types of Corn Sheller Simple hand-held tools: Simple hand-held tools are commonly used in the process of maize shelling. A hand-held metallic apparatus for shelling maize is shown below. It is made up of teeth that protrude perpendicularly from the inside of the cylindrical wall. The device is tapered to fit the similar shape of the 9

maize cob as well as the different sizes. It works well, but it is incredibly sluggish because it can only process one cob at a time, reducing the availability for large-scale production. It is mainly useful at the home level. This method will often damage the corn kernels separated from the cob. In order to reduce damage to corn kernels, the process needs to be done slowly and with less pressure applied to the corn cob. Figure 1 : Tapered Cylindrical Metallic Shelling Device, (Gemplers, 2017) Hand sheller in this technique is a classic procedure that, in general, is still valid today. The result of the ploughing is assured to be clean, and the ploughing damage that occurs is minimal, but the capacity by implementing this approach is drastically reduced. With this technique, a worker can shell 8 to 15 kg of maize an hour (Patil, et.al, 2014) Figure 2 : Hand Sheller Technique. Mechanical manual shellers: Mechanical shellers are useful for small and medium-scale maize production. According to Adeleye et al. (2015), mechanical threshers are mostly used by large-scale maize producers. The procedure is based on friction, which is given to the maize kernels by teeth from enormous rotary discs. The cobs are put into the drum where the shelling disc is placed through the hopper. Shelling occurs as the disc is rolled. Anant and Arunkumar (2014). This mechanical manual sheller have a limitation where it requires human labor throughout the process. Figure 3 : Mechanical Manual Sheller 2. PRODUCT DESIGN To produce this Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine project has been divided into several different process steps. This is meant to improve the efficiency with which this project is developed. Drawing and sketch are involved in this process. This sketch process is the inventor’s method of sketching the project to be produced. This process does not require specific dimensions. This process only requires an idea or illustration of the design of the machine to be developed. Once the design is agreed, the process of 10

engineering drawings such as autographic and isometric drawings is implemented. On this engineering drawing all dimensions and measurements of the machine must be stated. Figure 4(a) : Isometric Drawing Figure 4(b) : Otographic Drawing 2.1 Product Fabrication Product fabrication entailed creating machinery, parts, and structures from diverse raw materials based on the previously intended design drawing. Human work, as well as tools, are widely used in industrial operations. The equipment and raw materials used in preparing this machine is shown in Table 1 Table 1 : Raw Material and Equipment AC Motor An alternating current (AC) motor is an electric motor that generates mechanical energy by using magnetism and alternating current. An AC motor's structure includes coils that generate a spinning magnetic field inside a rotor coupled to an output shaft, which generates a second magnetic field. It is portable in this project. Set of pulley gears A pulley is a wheel mounted on an axle or shaft that is meant to support the movement and direction change of a taut cable or belt, as well as the transfer of power between the shaft and the cable or belt. A pulley supported by a frame or shell that does not deliver power to a shaft but is used to guide the cable or exert a force is referred to as a block, and the pulley is referred to as a sheave. In this project, one of our pulleys will be connected to the engine and the other to the tool eye. V belt The alignment and slippage issues were resolved using V belts. It is currently the fundamental belt for power transfer. They offer the optimal balance of traction, movement speed, bearing load, and long service life. The belt cannot come off because of the way its "V" form fits into the pulley's matching groove. Additionally, when the load increases, the belt tends to wedge into the groove, boosting torque transmission and making the V-belt an Steel, Stainless Stainless steel, often known as alloy steel, is a steel with a minimum chromium concentration of 10.5 percent. It is not easily corroded and rusts with water like conventional steel, but it does not survive forever due to a variety of factors, including exposure to low oxygen and high pressure. The amount of chromium in stainless steel differs from that in carbon steel. When exposed to air and moisture, carbon steel rust is not easily protected. This active iron oxide film 11

efficient alternative that requires less width and tension than flat belts. accelerates corrosion by producing additional iron oxide, and the increased amount of iron oxide tends to disintegrate. Sheets of acrylic Acrylic plexiglass sheets are thermoplastics that are commonly available in sheets as a lightweight or shatter-resistant substitute for glass. Acrylic has many different names, including acrylic, acrylic glass, and plexiglass. It is a translucent substance in this project. We use it as a sheller corn storage door. 2.2 Product Assembly and Testing Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine has been built measures 330mm x 370mm x 470 mm with an estimated weight of 8 kg, capable of performing the task of sheller corn from the cob minimum 5 kg at one time. This machine uses an electric power supply to operate and operates semi-automatically. Figure 5 : Ready Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine Sheller process The peeled cob is inserted into the machine's side and pushed with a stainless steel rod until the corn kernels pass through a cutting knife that separates the cob from the corn kernels. The cob with the loose corn kernels will exit from the drain hole on the other side Figure 6(a): Peeled Corn inserted into machine and Figure 6(b) Loose corn kernels exit at drain hole 12

Process Result After performing a time taken test, isolate the corn with 3 corn cobs using a Semi Auto Corn Sheller machine, 5 series of time tests by using 3 corns corb were run on this machine and these tests were compared with the manual method by using hands to separate the corn from the cob. The average time is calculated as the result of the time taken test. Figure 7 : Isolate the corn from 3 corn cobs. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The table below displays the results of a time test for removing corn kernels off the cob performed on a Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine. This time test compared the required time to manually remove corn kernels from corn cobs versus the machine capacity to sheller 3 corn corbs with 100% efficiency. This test will be conduct five time with an average processing time will be taken. Table 2 : Result of Time Taken to Sheller 3 Corn Corbs Test No Hand Sheller (minutes ) Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine ( Minutes) 1 3.10 1.26 2 3.05 1.20 3 3.32 1.32 4 3.40 1.23 5 3.35 1.15 Average 3.24 1.23 Figure 8 : Graph Time Taken vs Sheller Method From Figure 8, Based on the results of time tests performed on both method, namely hand sheller and using a semi-auto corn sheller machine, it was observed that the time needed to remove three corn kernels 13

from the cob significantly different. Five repetitions of the time test on both approaches revealed that the time significant difference between the two methods was greater than 60%. From the first test until the fifth test, this time test was run continuously. When testing the method of removing corn kernels from its cob, an actual simulation is used. As can be seen, the manual process found that from the first test to the fifth test, it needed longer time to complete three corns with 100% efficiency. Additionally, the manual method's reported time range is 0.3, whereas the machine method's recorded time range is 0.17. The operator's tiredness and loss of concentration during the time test to separate the corn from the cob resulted in a wide time range. Additionally, it was discovered that the fourth and fifth tests took longer, 3.40 minutes and 3.35 minutes, respectively. This is also a result of operator tiredness. Meanwhile considering machine operation, it was discovered that from the first test to the fifth test, the time spent on each repetition improved. On the fifth test, the quickest time is possible. This is because the operator has grown accustomed to using the machine, and five repetitions have improved the operator's machine handling skills. 4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the Semi Automated Corn Sheller Machine has been constructed according to the design specifications effectively. Strong indication that the objectives have been accomplished comes from testing operations on our equipment. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that our product has been better for the user than the manual corn Sheller. In addition to being simple to use, it is also user-friendly because it may be used at home or elsewhere by all different groups of people. The research proposal for the future is to design and develop a fully automatic machine and include it with artificial intelligence for fully automatic processing in line with the development of IR4.0 5. REFERENCES Ashwin, K., and S.H. Begum. 2014. Design, development and performance evaluation of a hand operated maize sheller ,International Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 7(1):194-197 Patil, S.B., A. D. Chendake, M. A. Patil, S. G. Pawar, R. V. Salunkhe and S. S. Burkul. 2014. Development and performance evaluation of pedal operated maize sheller. International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(9):561-567, Dagninet, A. et al., 2017. Evaluation and Demostration of Maize Shellers for Small-Scale Farmers, Etheopia: Agricultural Research Institute. G.W. Zhao,Q.Sun and J.H.Wang 2007. Improving seed vigour assessment of super sweet and sugar‐enhanced sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata). New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science Gite, L.P. and Yadav, B.G. 1989. Anthropometric survey for agricultural machinery design, An Indian case study. Applied Ergonomics. 20: 191-196 Adeleye, O. et al., 2015. Role of local innovation in mechanisation of maize shelling: Evidence from Igabi, Chikun and Kajuru Local Government Areas, Kaduna State Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Extension and Rural Development, 7(5), pp. 170-175. Anant, G. J. & Arunkumar, P., 2014. Design, Development and Fabrication of a Low Cost Corn Deseeding Machine. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology (IJRET), 03(08), pp. 242-248. Singh, S.P and Singh, P. 2010. Hand operated maize dehuskersheller for farm women. Agric. Engg. Today, 34(1): 25-29 14

A Development of Automatic Disinfectant Handwave Sanitizer Maisarah Mahizan1 and Nurfarah Syaza Daud2 1,2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan, Johor Bahru, 81700, Johor. *Corresponding Author: maisarahmahizan@pis.edu.my Abstract: According to the World Health Organization, maintaining good hand hygiene is the most important way to stop the spread of disease. This includes routinely washing hands with water and soap, using hand sanitizers, etc. Since the coronavirus first emerged and spread throughout the world, demand for hand sanitizers has increased. The majority of hand sanitizers on the market don't operate automatically. Typically, hand sanitizers are applied by squirting the sanitizer liquid when the user presses a pump with their hand which raises the possibility of viral transmission. This paper aims to design an automatic touchless hand sanitizer with alert systems for refill purpose. This contactless hand sanitizer is set to detect the presence of hands up to 5cm by using infrared sensor. The pump will discharges a few milliliters of liquid hand sanitizer for 1 second if the distance between hands and infrared sensor is less than 5 cm. It will send to the transistors to activate the pump motor and dispense the sanitizer liquid through the nozzle. The ultrasonic sensor will send the data to Arduino to measure the level of the sanitizer liquid. Additionally, the automatic hand sanitizer will alert the owner when the liquid needs to be refilled by flashing an LED indicator to mark the volume of sanitizer. Then, df mini player will play an mp3 as an alert system to refill the sanitizer when the liquid reaches minimum level. This study has successfully demonstrated an automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer in a touchless with alert systems for which is practical in public areas, particularly at building entrances. Keywords :sanitizer, automatic, Arduino ,infrared sensor, ultrasonic sensor 1. INTRODUCTION On March 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus's global expansion and the thousands of deaths brought on by COVID-19. According to World Health Statistics 2022, as of 20 April 2022, there had been 50.4 million confirmed cases worldwide and 6.2 million deaths directly linked to the virus with past two years. Despite the lack of a complete understanding of COVID-19's pathophysiology, droplet and contact transfer were thought to be the main methods of transmission (World Health Organization , 2020). People began to take precautions against the illness by quarantining themselves at home, using face masks, maintaining good cleanliness, and staying inside as the epidemic spread quickly over the world (Chiu, N.C. et al,2020). COVID -19 may result if a person's hands come into contact with mucous membranes like the eyes, nose, or mouth after touching a surface contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 (McIntosh, K. et al,2020). One of the method of transmission for contagious viruses and illnesses is through the hands. Thus, maintaining good hand hygiene is key to reducing the spread of serious infections (Zainudin, Z. I. B., et al,2022). The "New Normality" was imposed by central government during the Covid-19 pandemic in order to maintain the community's health when all sectors were re-open. WHO advised frequent handwashing with soap and the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers to maintain good hand hygiene to stop the spread of COVID-19 (Coronavirus, N.,2020). In a medical context, hand hygiene is widely recognized as the basis of infection control. Hand hygiene is defined as washing hands with soap and water and/or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers. (N.Lotfinejad, et al ,2020).The most economical technique to stop its spread is through hand sanitization (Tan, S. W., & Oh, C. C. ,2020). During the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic, the majority of respondents did improve their hand hygiene frequency (N. M. U Dwipayanti, et al, 2021). Now days, most of entrance of administration provide visitor or consumer with hand sanitizer. But practically majority of the liquid dispensers being used at these locations are manual models. Therefore, a practical and effective automatic hand sanitizer is required for controlling the release of liquid hand sanitizer from the bottle. The objectives of this project is to design an automatic touchless hand sanitizer with alert systems for 15

refill purpose. Moreover, this automatic hand sanitizer come up dispenser with LED light to mark the volume of sanitizer. This technique can be used to prevent the Covid-19 outbreak from spreading further. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW SARS-CoV-2 could linger on surfaces for days or even weeks. Therefore, surfaces might act as a medium for the spread of infections. It's important to use disinfectants and detergents to reduce the transmission of SARS-COV-2 . Therefore, Ismail, M. Z., & Hussin, P. M. H. P. (2021) proposed a touchless device that dispenses soap and water for hand washing with a soap-monitoring system that can be used in public spaces. A self-tissue dispenser is also part of the system, which helps users dry their hands after washing their hands. The idea also includes a soap monitoring system that enables customers to check the volume of liquid using a smartphones and a Wi-Fi connection. Wichaidit, W et al (2020),says that an evaluation on hand hygiene practices before and after the installation of pedal-operated alcohol gel dispensers was made. They observed that hand hygiene was higher following installation than it was prior to installation, which indicated that the installation may have removed some barriers to hand hygiene. However, due to the mechanical stress, an elderly person cannot operate this equipment. To overcome this gap, a self-activating sanitizer with battery-imposed system for cleansing hands was developed using IR sensor to detects human hands and is used to regulate a motor pump that removes liquid from a container. The flow of the sanitizer's liquid is accomplished by connecting the motor to an RC timed delay (Srihari, M. M,2020). Most of hand sanitizer is placed at the building entrance in order to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus. But practically most of the hand sanitizer dispensers being used at these locations are manual models and does not consistently dispense the same amount of hand sanitizer. As a result, Zainudin, Z. I. B., et al (2022) come out with a smart hand sanitizer that can automatically dispense the appropriate amount of sanitizer based on the size of the user's palm. To recognize the hand palm, the Haar Cascade Classifier are used. In order to measure the hand using Euclidean distance and pixels per metrics. The system also has monitoring and alerting features. Node-RED is used to monitor the hand sanitizer's liquid level. A refill reminder mechanism for the hand sanitizer is also built in. In addition, a speaker is used to blast a message reminding people to use hand sanitizer when a PIR sensor detects the presence of humans nearby. Large facilities with numerous water dispensers require a significant amount of manual supervision. Parashar, M., et al (2018) proposed a system used ultrasonic sensors to monitor the water dispensers and compares the level with the dispenser's threshold volume, and then notifies the administrator of the amount of water remaining in each dispenser via a mobile application. Therefore, this project stands out for its work to prevent the corona virus and enhance hand hygiene by develop a touch-less hand sanitizer with alert systems . The project makes use of an infrared sensor to identify the user's hand and trigger the motor pump. If the distance between hands and infrared sensor is less than 5 cm, the pump releases a few milliliters of liquid hand sanitizer every 1000 milliseconds. Meanwhile, an ultrasonic sensor used to detect the liquid level by measuring distance between the sensor and liquid level . 3. METHODOLOGY The idea of this project is to develop a contact-less hand sanitizer dispenser with alert system for refill purpose when the liquid reaches minimum level. The proposed system is projected to be significant for contactless hand sanitization in public settings and to stop the transmission of infectious diseases in the general population.This project comprises a number of components. The component used in this project are ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Uno, infrared sensor, water pump, DF mini player, speaker and LED. 3.1 System design Figure 1 illustrates the design's system block diagram of automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer. This working principle of this systems is to use 2 types of sensors. An infrared sensor is an electronic device, that emits in order to sense some aspects of the surroundings. An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. Meanwhile, ultrasonic sensor is the HC-SR04 ultrasonic distance sensor. Data from sensors will processed by Arduino Uno, which serve as a systems controller. This project use Motor DC pump to dispense the liquid on hand sanitizer. The DF Player Mini MP3 Player for Arduino is a MP3 module with an simplified output directly to the speaker. 16

Figure 1 Block diagram automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer 3.2 Hardware Design Figure 2 and 3 shows the circuit design. The circuit used in this study has two simultaneous operating systems which is IR sensor with motor pump circuit and ultrasonic sensor circuit by using Arduino. Figure 2. IR sensor with motor pump circuit Figure 3. Ultrasonic Sensor circuit A flow chart for the automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer is shown in Figure 4. An infrared sensor detects the hand's heat and instantly activates the water pump to supply water to the hand. The LED will light up then changes to green for maximum and yellow for medium. The ultrasonic sensor detects the minimal amount of water as it decreases, and when it does, a sound signal will play to warn of the need for refill. After that, LEDs will turn red. 17

Figure 4: The flowchart of the system 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Figure 5(a) and (b) show the design and circuit connection of automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer. The system of Automatic Disinfectant Handwave consists circuit have been combined with Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic and Infrared Sensor, DC Motor Pump, DF player mini, speaker, LED, and power supply. The dimension of hardware casing is 260(L) x 126(W) x 292(H) mm. To determine the distance between the liquid of hand sanitizer and the sensor, an ultrasonic sensor is placed at the top of and facing downward to the container. The maximum capacity of liquid is 500ml. The liquid will dispense through the tube. (a) (b) Figure 5 : Design (a) and (b) Circuit connection of automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer 18

(a) (b) Figure 6 (a): Infrared systems (b): Ultrasonic sensor with DF mini player Ultrasonic sensor result: Table 1 shows the relationship between of infrared sensor and motor pump. When the infrared sensor detects the hand, the signal from infrared sensor will send to the transistors to turn ON the motor pump as shown in Figure 6 (a). The pump will discharge a few milliliters of liquid hand sanitizer from container for 1 second when hands are placed in the proximity of the sensor. Based on the Table 1, motor pump will turn on if the IR sensors detect less than 5cm. Meanwhile, the pump motor will turn off if the distance between IR sensor with hands is more than 5.1cm. Table 1: Hand Distance Experimental Result of Infrared Sensor Distance (cm) Sensor Information Motor Pump Operation 1 Sensor Detected ON 3 Sensor Detected ON 5 Sensor Detected ON 7 Sensor Not Detected OFF 9 Sensor Not Detected OFF An evaluation of the effectiveness of the tools—the automatic disinfection handwave sanitizer was conducted. To test the ability of the ultrasonic sensor, a test involving ten user was conducted. Based on Table 2, it show that the automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer was function properly based on the rate success of the IR sensor. Its shown the hand sanitizer liquid dispensed out from the nozzle when the hand is at a distance of 5cm . The distance threshold can be set by adjusting the potentiometer on the board. In this system, the threshold distance is to set at 5cm Table 2: Automatic Disinfectant Handwave Sanitizer’s Rate of Success User Rate of Success of IR sensor 3cm 5cm 7cm 1 100% 100% 0% 2 100% 100% 0% 3 100% 100% 0% 4 100% 100% 0% 5 100% 100% 0% 6 100% 100% 0% 7 100% 100% 0% 8 100% 100% 0% 9 100% 100% 0% 10 100% 100% 0% Ultrasonic sensor result: Ultrasonic has a two components which is trig and echo. Trig is used to transmit a sound wave to an object and it bounce back with equal or greater strength known as an echo (Varun, K. S., et al, 2018). This sensor identifies the object and estimates the distance by using the echo principle. Liquid is included as an object because when a sound ray strike the liquid, it generate an echo that the 19

ultrasonic sensor’s echo component can detect. The ultrasonic sensor is placed at the top of the tank to measure the distance of the liquid. When the ultrasonic sensor detects the hand sanitizer liquid, the green indicator will light up if the distance is between 0<d<6cm which means the capacity of the hand sanitizer liquid in high level. If the distance between ultrasonic 6.1<d<9cm, the yellow indicator will light up which means the liquid in medium level. When the liquid level is at its lowest which is more than 10 cm the red indicator will light up and an alert sound plays to signal that it's time to refill as shown in Figure 6(b). The results are given in table 3. Table 3: Distance Experimental Result of Ultrasonic Sensor Distance (cm) Liquid Level Indicator Output Of Speaker 12 Low (Led Red) ON 10 Low (Led Red) ON 8 Med (Led Yellow) OFF 6 High (Led Green) OFF 4 High (Led Green) OFF 2 High (Led Green) OFF 5. CONCLUSSION The development of automatic disinfectant handwave sanitizer was successfully carried out based on the testing result and discussion. The infrared sensor can detect the existing of hand presence up to 5cm. Meanwhile, the indicator of liquid level was determined by using ultrasonic sensor. Meanwhile, DF mini player will give out an alert to remind to refill the hand sanitizer liquid if reach minimum amount. The touchfree hand-sanitizer approach can significantly reduce the risk of spreading Covid-19 or any other virus that can infect people through contaminated objects or surfaces. 6. REFFERENCES Ciotti, M., Ciccozzi, M., Terrinoni, A., Jiang, W. C., Wang, C. B., & Bernardini, S. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic. Critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences, 57(6), 365-388. Chiu, N. C., Chi, H., Tai, Y. L., Peng, C. C., Tseng, C. Y., Chen, C. C., ... & Lin, C. Y. (2020). Impact of wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing on influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the coronavirus pandemic: Retrospective national epidemiological surveillance study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e21257. Coronavirus, N. (2020). Available online: https://www. who. int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus2019. Accessed on, 10. Dwipayanti, N. M. U., Lubis, D. S., & Harjana, N. P. A. (2021). Public perception and hand hygiene behavior during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Frontiers in public health, 543. Ismail, M. Z., & Hussin, P. M. H. P. (2021). Automatic Water/Soap Dispenser and Self-Tissue Dispenser. Journal of Engineering Technology, 9(1), 59-62. Lotfinejad, N., Peters, A., & Pittet, D. (2020). Hand hygiene and the novel coronavirus pandemic: the role of healthcare workers. The Journal of hospital infection, 105(4), 776. McIntosh, K., Hirsch, M. S., & Bloom, A. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). UpToDate Hirsch MS Bloom, 5(1), 23-27. Parashar, M., Patil, R., Singh, S., VedMohan, V., & Rekha, K. S. (2018). Water level monitoring system in water dispensers using IoT. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(04), 2395-0056. Srihari, M. M. (2020, July). Self-activating sanitizer with battery imposed system for cleansing hands. In 2020 Second International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA) (pp. 1102-1105). IEEE. Tan, S. W., & Oh, C. C. (2020). Contact dermatitis from hand hygiene practices in the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Acad Med Singap, 49(9), 674-676. 20

Varun, K. S., Kumar, K. A., Chowdary, V. R., & Raju, C. S. K. (2018). Water level management using ultrasonic sensor (automation). Int. J. Comput. Sci. Eng, 6(6), 799-804. World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak Situation: World Health Organization. Wichaidit, W., Naknual, S., Kleangkert, N., & Liabsuetrakul, T. (2020). Installation of pedal-operated alcohol gel dispensers with behavioral nudges and changes in hand hygiene behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A hospital-based quasi-experimental study. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(4), jphr2020. Zainudin, Z. I. B., San, L. Y., & Abdulla, R. (2022). Smart hand sanitizer dispenser. Journal of Applied Technology and Innovation (e-ISSN: 2600-7304), 6(1), 10. 21

Low Cost Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) for Underwater Surveillance M.N.Nodin1 , Z.Ab Ghani2 , M.Z.A.Yusoff 3 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, 81700, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: muhamadnor@pis.edu.my Abstract: Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are frequently employed for monitoring, surveying, and research purposes. A network of wires connecting the operator and the ROV and attached to it transmits signals. Since the target application for this ROV project is lighter underwater activities like monitoring activities at a depth of 1 to 10 meters, it is affordable for everyone to own. The project is started with conceptual design, develop the ROV prototype and end with the testing and analysis. The assistance of Styrofoam as buoyancy support, the ROV manage to controlled motion by using all three motors: two motors for horizontal motion control and one motor for depth motion control. To keep an eye for underwater operations, the ROV is fitted with a camera with an internal light. The user controls the ROV manually by connecting a custom joystick to an umbilical connection. Its construction to withstand underwater pressure includes the choice of suitable pressure hull materials and waterproof fixings to prevent leakage to any electrical equipment. The motor controller at the ROV successfully controls the depth and linear movement motion as a result of testing in the pool. By substituting a ROV application, the duration constraints on monitoring in an undersea environment can be avoided. Keywords: ROV, Underwater Surveillance, Low Cost, Motor Operation Control 1.0 INTRODUCTION Developing underwater robotic vehicles, or UAV, has become an important instrument to make various underwater assignments due to several applications or mishaps occurring now. When compared to human divers, underwater robots are more advantageous in terms of speed, endurance, and depth capability, as well as having a superior safety factor. Pipe lining, inspection, data gathering, drill support, hydrography mapping, building, maintenance, and subsea equipment repair are just a few of the assignments that can be created and assigned (Yuh, J, 1994). Underwater robots can be divided into two categories: autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) (ROV). These underwater robots are sometimes referred to as mobile robots of the underwater aquatic environment type. According to Skoglund, M. A on underwater robotics, the key distinction between these two, is that the ROV is controlled by an operator since it is tied to a submarine, a surface vehicle, or is employed in a port. ROVs, on the other hand, may be maneuvered in a variety of directions since they typically have many thrusters, but AUVs frequently merely go forward and manipulate the heading and depth with rudders like a torpedo (Skoglund, M. A et al, 2012). Generally, ROVs can fall under the categories of micro, tiny, general, light work class, and heavy work class (Yusoff et al, 2013). Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have a wide range of uses, including underwater exploration for commercial, academic, professional, or even recreational purposes. The development of such underwater vehicles has boosted reliability and made them more cost-effective. The visual image surveys from the video or image capture are not particularly clear, and the ROV's reliance on the camera makes evaluations more challenging. Additionally, the ROV umbilical cable's length makes it difficult for the ROV to be controlled from the surface (Jarret et al, 2007). The price to buy a commercial undersea vehicle is another restriction that will make the ROV harder to have for light applications. Therefore, the best course of action is for researchers to explicitly design and create their own underwater vehicle robots that are appropriate for their study needs and applications. The duties that must be completed by the robots must be done so consistently. A basic underwater robot system ought to be able to perform tasks like underwater observation. Although the question of who exactly created the first ROV is still unresolved, two individuals are thought to have contributed to its development are Luppis-Whitehead Automobile in Austria who created the PUV (Programmed Underwater Vehicle), a torpedo, in 1864; nevertheless, Dimitri Rebikoff created the first tethered ROV, called POODLE, in 1953. (Ahmed et al, 2012). In its attempt to create some sort of underwater robots to recover undersea weapons lost during sea tests, the US Navy was an innovator who took the technology to an operational stage. Several thrusters are used by the majority of commercially available ROV today to independently control each of the six degrees of freedom (DoF) movement to successfully complete its objective. Because of their thruster, most ROV 22

have a rolling moment along their longitudinal axis. For the vehicle to properly submerge in the deep-water targeted zone, this rolling motion is mostly eliminated or decreased by mechanical characteristics that place the center of gravity below the center of buoyancy or by adding other factors (Zhao, S., & Yuh, J., 2005). To ensure the stability of the robots, it’s important for the ROV to employ numerous fixed thrusters (FT) from end to end. Utilizing motors as thrusters at the ROV for planner motion and adding additional motors as thrusters at the physical body for depth control to balance handling while giving six degrees of freedom (DOF) of movement ( ELAFF, I, 2020). The ROV has been developed in a number of shapes. The cylindrical form like a torpedo is the most prevalent type of underwater robots which is more frequently employed for autonomous vehicles. Underwater robots may utilize speeds control by remotes to drop diagonally and travel at high speeds along the horizontal axis (Kabanov, A et al, 2021). The ROV's conceptual design was shaped like a circle, which had the benefit of having less drag when operating underwater (Kabanov, A et al, 2021). The importance of ROV is determined by a number of factors, with particular emphasis on size, weight, and price that make entry level ROV competitive. By using an umbilical connection, the control unit is joined to the remote system. The ROV's in-house built thrusters provide full speed control in three axes of motion (two translational and one rotational). (Sahu, A et al, 2017). The development of 3D printing has made it possible to construct ROVs in a variety of shapes or to be customized to meet the special demands of a person. The goal is to create a low-cost, portable, simple-to-use ROV that may be utilized for scientific purposes and consume much fewer resources than current ROVs, which are expensive and difficult to operate (Thakkar, P et al, 2022). Since more businesses, professionals, university students, government agencies, the police, the military, and ROV lovers want to possess their own ROV, research on low-cost ROVs has increased. The duty of monitoring or surveillance to locate any submerged things is depend on application needed. Additionally, they may employ the ROV as a particular research tool, a tool for specialized operations, or a personal toy robot. The major goal of this research project was to develop and construct a low-cost ROV that would be utilized to dive into water no deeper than 5 meters. It is only used for observation in the tank or on a beach. 2.0 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF ROV The creation of a low-cost ROV was primarily done for this research's for simple surveillance in open surface waters. Some significant criteria that have been established are employed in the building of ROVs, as indicated in Figure 1. An early ROV design has been created using the Autodesk Inventor programmed in accordance with the requirements shown in Figure 2. Additionally, a straightforward, durable and easy replacement maintenance body frame are required if any accidents happen that will cause damage to the ROV's structural elements. In front of the main body was the waterproof camera. Figure 1:- ROV Concept When operating underwater, the ROV's design, as seen in figure 3, is expected to move by six degrees of freedom as shown in Figure 2. There are total of 3 thruster’s motors that are installed at ROV; two motors as main horizontal thruster purposely for main controller to move at horizontal direction; one motor as main vertical thruster purposely for vertical direction movement. The function of three main thrusters is to enable the ROV from moving in surge, pitching and yawing directions. ROV Low Cost Underwater Operation Video Recording and Photo Snapshot Using Umblical Cable 6 Degree of Freedom Movement LightWeight 23

Figure 2:- 6 Degree of Freedom Movement The buoyancy requirement of the system was met using composite Styrofoam, which allowed ROV to maintain an inexpensive cost. Robots used buoyancy Styrofoam extruded polystyrene specified for them because to its excellent thermal performance, high compressive strength, and low water absorption to stuck on the surface. The ROV operation use two thrusters that can control the direction of the motor whether clockwise or anti-clockwise. The hull effects of the water can be reduced by motor thruster and round type PVC body construction. The hull effects are not really emphasized due to the application not for high pressure water rushing area. The unit is provided with a vertical thruster to allow ROV to move in upper and downward direction. The ROV can be freely move by controlling speed from controller to On and Off motor thruster in order for ROV to move in any direction. ROVs painted with bright and clear lighting color coverage are required during underwater operations. For this ROV project the lightyellow fluorescent color painted becomes brighter in 5m deep water operation. Figure 3: - General Design of ROVY The force of ROV get by calculation of Force between ROV and its umbilical (Ahmed et al,2012). In order to estimate the drag force (Fd) of ROV the following assumptions were made: The dimensions of ROV are L (length) x H (Height) x W (width) is 90cm (Length) x 60cm (height) x 60cm(width). The area generated by the inventor software is 1.422 .The medium of ROV operation expected is sea water and have density of 1023.6 kg/m23. The drag force is calculated at the maximum speed of ROV which is 0.2 m/s (forward speed). The shape of ROV is bullet type due to round type of PVC, which has a drag coefficient of approximately 0.6. The type of umbilical cable is circle wired which we assume to be long cylinder, which has a diameter of 1.0 cm, drag coefficient wire is 0.82 and umbilical length of 10 m submerge underwater. In this project, the object's mass on a solid, rigid object is assumed to be not affected on the drag force. The weight estimation for ROV is about 1.1 kg (Table 1). According to Ahmed et al(2014) study, the ROV the power of the thrusters to the weight needs to be high. Referring to drag force equation: - = [ ] + [ ] From this equation, ρ is fluid density, V is unit velocity, Cd is ROV drag coefficient and A is frontal area of ROV. The values of the different terms in the previous equation are defined in the equation below: - = [ (. )(. ) (. )(. )] + [ (. )(. ) (. )(. )] Protection frame Styrofoam Horizontal thruster movement motor Vertical thruster motor ROV Camera 24

= (. + . ) = . The power required (Pd) for ROV was calculated as below: - = × = (. ) × (. ) = (. ) 2.1 Buoyancy According to Archimedes principle, a body at rest wholly or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) is subject to an upward (buoyant) force whose magnitude is equal to the weight of the fluid the body has displaced as shown in figure 4. Figure 4: - Archimedes principle of work force The following equation is represented Archimedes Principle: - The buoyancy of a submerged body = Weight of displaced liquid – Weight of the body Based on above equation, if a body's buoyancy is positive, it will float, if it is negative, it will sink, and if it is neutral, it will become stuck. A liquid's buoyant force is determined by its density, or weight per unit volume. The density of freshwater is 1000kg/m3 and the density of seawater is 1023.6 kg/m3 . It’s easy to submerge on fresh water rather than seawater. The difference between seawater and freshwater is the wave that make the ROV difficult to submerge. The ROV body have many holes to ensure the water flow into ROV body, so it will support the ROV body to the water. From above mention equation, the submerge ROV body will become negative in weight in order the body submerge underwater. However, the body cannot be overweight in order the thruster can control the movement. The small percentage of the Styrofoam added to the ROV body to help the ROV floating on the water when the upper thruster motor is turned on and move anti-clockwise. When the vertical thruster motor turn clockwise, it will control the height submerge of the ROV. 2.2 ROV Construction Design The construction of ROV as shown in figure 5 is divided into two categorized. First, the design of mechanical part which is the body of the ROV. The body of the ROV is constructed 95% by using PVC pipe which is, each part is easier to construct. Furthermore, PVC is light and enough durability to submerge in the water. The PVC pipe is connected tightly. Figure 5: - ROV Structure As soon as the ROV's final conceptual design was complete, construction got under way. PVC pipe was used in almost 95% of the ROV materials, which were purchased from hardware stores. The specification of the ROV can be shown in table 1 as below: - 25

Table 1: - ROV Specification Dimension 90cm (L) x 60cm (W) x 60cm (H) Gross weight 1.1 kg Depth Testing 1 to 10 meters (depend on ROV umbilical length) Material PVC Propulsion DC motor propeller thruster Controller User Custom Remote Power supply 12 V DC Battery Equipment DC Battery, Remote Control, 3 12V DC Motor, Wireless Camera, Styrofoam, Wire 3.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION Maintaining the center of gravity below the center of buoyancy is crucial for underwater ROV stability. The ROV must also be neutrally buoyant to allow it to sink and surface with ease. These two traits are included in the process of creating ROVs. By using a hole in the ROV body and a vertical dc motor to adjust the submerge height, the ROV can submerge. By using the motor thruster's speed, the ROV does a good job of moving in six directions. Figures 6 and 7 depict the stability testing of the ROV and the view from the camera mounted on the ROV, respectively. Figure 6: - ROV Underwater Testing Figure 7: - ROV underwater surveillance image Table 2:- ROV Tested Analysis Operational Duration 30 minutes Deepest Reach 2 meters (Pool) Overall Weight 1.1 kilogram (without control box) Forward Speed 0.2 meter per second Reverse Speed 0.12 meter per second Sinking Speed 0.14 meter per second Floating Speed 0.05 meter per second Turning Speed 30 degree per second 26

The ROV is able to submerge into 2 meters shown in figure 5 below the water free surface at the pool without any problem in ROV main body. The image and video from the camera are clear. The maximum water depth of the pool is 2 meters, but according to the ROV structural members, it is able to submerge up to 5 meters below water surface depend on underwater condition. This ROV is not suitable for high pressure heavy water condition due to lightweight of its structure. Finally, the tests showed that it is better to have more robust ROV structure, which can operate well in the high pressure rushing underwater environment. Overall cost for this ROV is only RM155.00(35 dollars) not including underwater camera. This project was submitted to International Technology Exhibition (ITEX) and won SILVER medal. 4.0 REFERENCE Ahmed, Y. M., Yaakob, O., & Sun, B. K. (2014). Design of a new low cost ROV vehicle. Jurnal Teknologi, 69(7), 1- 11. ELAFF, I. (2022). Design and development of Spaiser remotely operated vehicle. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69(1), 1-15. Jarrett S. S., Dave W., Tom T. 2007. Deep-Sea ROV Cable. Proceedings of the 56th International Wire & Cable Symposium. 401–408. Kabanov, A., Kramar, V., & Ermakov, I. (2021). Design and modeling of an experimental rov with six degrees of freedom. Drones, 5(4), 113. Remotely Operated Vehicle Committee of the Marine Technology Society, History of the ROV Committee, available at: http://www.rov.org/history.cfm (accessed in August 4, 2022). Sahu, A., Ghose, D., & Sastry, P. S. (2017, December). Remotely operated vehicle (rov) iris-sp for underwater inspection tasks. In 2017 14th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON) (pp. 1-6). Skoglund, M. A., Gustafsson, F., & Jönsson, K. (2012). Modeling and sensor fusion of a remotely operated underwater vehicle. In Information Fusion (FUSION), 2012 15th International Conference on (pp. 947-954). IEEE. Thakkar, P., Sanghvi, M., Lekurwale, N., & Sawant, D. (2022, February). Lumina Remotely Operated Vehicle.In 2022 IEEE Delhi Section Conference (DELCON) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Yuh, J. (1994). Learning control for underwater robotic vehicles. IEEE Control Systems Magazine, 14(2), 39-46. Yusoff, M. A. M., & Arshad, M. R. (2013). Development of a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) for underwater inspection. Jurutera, 2, 10-13. 27

Social Distancing Reminder Smartwatch for Preventing Covid-19 Disease Nurnisha Shazriena binti Sumad1 And Arfah binti Ahmad Hasbollah2 1,2Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, MALAYSIA *Corresponding Author: nshazriena7@gmail.com, arfah.hasbollah@gmail.com Abstract: Since its inception, Covid-19 has spread swiftly over the world, having a significant impact on people's lives, social, economic, and medical systems. One way to reduce the spread of Covid19 is to limit social interaction by implementing social distancing. Therefore, social distance smartwatch is developed to send warning about social distance between people. This project uses ultrasonic sensor to detect distance and give warning through buzzer and flashing the display onto smartwatch. As a result, this project successfully detects optimal distance 1 meter between persons, with average of response time for this system is around 3 seconds. This project is recommended for those who have contagious diseases such as Covid-19, chicken pox, influenza, or others. Keywords: Covid-19, social distancing, smartwatch, ultrasonic sensor, Arduino Nano 1. INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses (CoV) are a diverse group of viruses that cause symptoms ranging from the common cold to life-threatening disorders. A new coronavirus (nCoV) is a coronavirus strain that has not before been identified in humans. The virus was eventually called "COVID-19 virus" (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2021b). On 31 December 2019, WHO received reports of unidentified cause pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Later, on 7 January 2020, Chinese authorities identified a novel coronavirus as the cause, and it was temporarily named as "2019-nCoV". On 4 February 2020, the first Malaysian was confirmed with Covid-19. The 41-year-old man had just returned from Singapore when he had a fever and cough. He was quarantined at Sungai Buloh Hospital in Selangor. (Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic, 2020). Eventually, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the COVID-19 outbreak is a global pandemic (Cucinotta D, 2020). The patients experienced classic respiratory symptoms such as fever, coughs, difficulty breathing, and inflammation lung infiltration as well as exhaustion, myalgia, and diarrhea (Huang et al., 2020). During this outbreak, several individuals were displayed asymptomatic signs. This virus is easily transmitted since it can be transmitted either directly or indirectly from one person to another person by air droplets (Li, 2020). In Malaysia, the spread is increasing and have been attacked up to hundred cases per day in the second wave (from February 27, 2020) due to a massive cluster gathering within the state of Selangor (Rampal & Liew, 2020). Therefore, Malaysia government implement the movement control order (MCO) to limit the social gathering activity. There are many ways suggested to break the Covid-19 pandemic infection chain. Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) stressed to the public the importance to adhere and practice social distancing. Social distancing is keeping physical distance between 1 meter apart (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2021a). This is due to droplets created by coughing, sneezing, or speech having a specific transmission distance. People can reduce the spread of the virus by maintaining this distance. But when engaging in some routine social interactions people unintentionally break the social distance rule. To lessen this unintentional violation, this paper proposes a smartwatch equipped with ultrasonic sensor to recognize distance that would give alarm on buzzer and display at smartwatch. There are several approaches that proposed by the researchers. For instances, some researchers used PIR sensors to detect surroundings (Mayuri, Khalid, & Nikhil, 2021) (Sashmita, et al., 2020). While (Wang, et al., 2022) using gyroscope and accelerometers to determine activities that may be in breach of social distancing behaviors. On the other hand, (Gautam, Mishra, Pandey, & Singh, 2021) and (R., U., M., & ., 2021) use ultrasonic sensor as main device to track and notifies user when not practicing social distance. Despite the fact that each researcher's method was unique, the majority of the devices were designed to be wearable devices. However, most of them are only designed to specific function, which is to alert the user when they 28

need to practice social distance. The present paper demonstrates social distancing smartwatch that includes a smartwatch function while also safeguarding the user from contagious disease. 2. METHODOLOGY As described by the title “Social Distancing Smartwatch”, the “Social Distancing” characteristics of the project is realized by using ultrasonic sensor, LED and buzzer as alarm. While “Smartwatch” is realized by using Tiny RTC and OLED Display. OLED display will show current time and date as normal smartwatch. Sensors provide information about the real world that's been transmitted, and actuators allow objects to response to the input they have received. Ultrasonic sensor will sense the distance between wearer and other people within its vicinity. While LED and buzzer will help to convey an alert message to the user. The block diagram of this model is shown in Fig. 1. A smartwatch with an Ultrasonic sensor is connected to the Arduino UNO board in proposed model. This model must be crafted in the form of a smartwatch so that it can be worn at wrist area. Figure 1: Block Diagram of Social Distancing Smartwatch The proposed smartwatch will be working as normal smartwatch. However, whenever the user in the public area, the ultrasonic sensor will scan the distance between any person who approaching the wearer. Ultrasonic sensor will send signal to Arduino Nano. Arduino Nano then continuously process the input from ultrasonic sensor as per threshold value for the distancing as 1 meter. If the distance become closer than 1 meter, then it will trigger a signal to buzzer an LED. A buzzer attached to the smartwatch will beep and LED will be flashing to alert the wearer that he or she may have encountered close distance to another person. The buzzer will continue ringing until the distance between each person at more than 1 meter. Once the distance between other people more than 1 meter, the buzzer sound will stop buzzing and LED will turn off. Because of this design, it allows user to maintain the distancing criteria of at least 1 meter. The flow of the project is shown in Fig. 2. The following are the hardware components involved in the device's construction: • Arduino Nano: The Arduino Nano is a complete, and breadboard-friendly development board based on the ATmega328 with the smallest dimensions. It just lacks a DC power jack and functions with a Mini-B USB cable rather than a conventional one. • Ultrasonic sensor An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses ultrasonic sound waves to determine the distance between two objects. An ultrasonic sensor uses a transducer to send and receive ultrasonic pulses that relay information about an object's vicinity. Ultrasonic sensors operate by emitting a sound wave with a frequency higher than that of human hearing. The sensor's transducer functions as a microphone to receive and transmit ultrasonic sound. Ultrasonic sensors, like many others, rely on a single transducer to send a pulse and receive an echo. The sensor calculates the distance to a target by measuring the time between delivering and receiving an ultrasonic pulse. • OLED Display OLED displays are electronic visual panels that harness organic light-emitting diodes (which, of course, is what the acronym OLED stands for their core illumination power. OLED is used to display clock and calendar for smartwatch. • Tiny RTC Module The Real Time Clock module is based on the DS1307 clock chip, which is compatible with the I2C protocol. It is powered by a Lithium cell battery (CR1225). The clock and calendar provide seconds, minutes, hours, day, date, month, and year information. 29

• Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which is piezoelectric type. The buzzer warns the user if somebody within the ultrasonic sensor's predetermined range. • LED A light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source that emits light when current flows through it. When someone gets inside the ultrasonic sensor's predetermined range, it will flash. Figure 2: Flow chart of the system This system will always scan a 1-meter radius for human presence. It will send an audible signal if a person is within 1 meter of it. Due to this, both people will receive an alert in the same situation. This warning will be sent to both the person who wearing the smartwatch and the one who does not have it. According to the recommendations made by the WHO, this will lower the rate of transmission that is brought on by either negligence or a lack of understanding of social distance. 3. PRODUCT DESIGN The designed system would include a wearable gadget that can detect persons moving in close proximity to one another and raise an alarm if this occurs, as shown in Fig. 3. This prototype model was created in three parts: a square form in 8cm x 9cm x 3cm for the base, which includes an Ultrasonic Sensor, Buzzer, Arduino Nano, Tiny RTC, and battery, a cylindrical shape in diameter for the LED, and a square shape in 2.8cm x 2.8cm for the OLED Display. The prototype was made using PLA filament and printed by 3D printer. Meanwhile, the watch band is made of Velcro nylon. 30

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 3: (a) Front View (b) Back View (c) Left View (d) Top View (e) Overall View Figure 4: Prototype model of Social Distance Smartwatch 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION An experiment was conducted to measure the response time of the social distancing smartwatch system. If somebody approaches within range of the user, the buzzer and LED will activate. Three distances with three trials were studied which are 1.5m, 1m, and 0.75m. Table 1 summarizes the test results. The results reveal that the response time for 1.5 meters is getting slower, with the first trial taking 0.94s and the third attempt taking 3.29s. While response time for 1 meter improves from the first attempt taking around 3.6s to the third attempt taking 3.10s. The response time for 0.75 meter is the quickest of all distances, with the first attempt taking 3.63s and the third attempt requiring 3.04s. The average of response time for this system is around 3s. It seems that the most stable measured distance is 1.0 meter. The result of this system is support by previous work that using ultrasonic sensor for belt (Gautam, Mishra, Pandey, & Singh, 2021). The findings demonstrate that the Social Distance Smartwatch can alert the user to immediate surroundings at any time and from any location. The device is better since it has a smartwatch that the user can use at any time as a conventional watch. Furthermore, the user does not need turn ON social distancing when in a crowd because it runs automatically Table 1: Response Time for Social Distance Smartwatch Trial 1.5 Meter 1.0 Meter 0.75 Meter 1st attempt 0.94s 3.69s 3.63s 2nd attempt 1.55s 3.20s 3.08s 3rd attempt 3.29s 3.10s 3.04s OLED Display Ultrasonic Sensor LED Ultrasonic Sensor LED OLED Display 31

Figure 5: Response time (second) for different distance (meter) using social distance smartwatch. 5. CONCLUSION In this paper, a Social Distancing smartwatch for detecting user activities that may breach the social distancing practice and informing individuals of it during the current COVID-19 epidemic in order to avoid virus transmission is presented. To test the reliability of this device, an experiment is set up by utilizing three distances with total nine trials conducted. According to the experimental results, the average reaction time is roughly 3s, which is sufficient to alert the user in real time. The Social Distance Smartwatch is a device that designed to help people maintain the bare minimum of physical space, often known as social distancing, during periods when people are afraid of getting deadly diseases. Because it is safe and simple to use, this device, which is basically a smartwatch, may be worn by anyone, anywhere. This device is highly recommended for persons who have COVID-19 as well as other flu symptoms or contagious disease in order to improve their health care 6. REFERENCES Coronavirus disease (covid-19) pandemic. (2020). World Health Organization. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health%02emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novelcoronavirus-2019-ncov Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., et. al. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 Li, T. (2020). Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging Microbes and Infections, 9(1), 582–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1735265 Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2021a). Covid-19 : Guidelines for Physical Distancing At the Workplace , Home and for Individuals . In Ministry of Health Malaysia (Issue March). Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2021b). Covid Now in Johor. https://covidnow.moh.gov.my/jhr/ Rampal, L., & Liew, B. (2020). Coronavirus Disease Coronavirus Disease ( COVID-19 ) Spreads. The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 75(2), 95–97. Wang, X., Wu, X., Meng, H., Fan, Y., Shi, J., Ding, H. and Wang, F., 2022. Social Distancing Alert with Smartwatches. arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.06110. Cucinotta D, V. M. (2020). WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis version 91(1), 157–160. 1st attempt 2nd attempt 3rd attempt 1.5 Meter 0.94 1.55 3.29 1.0 Meter 3.69 3.2 3.1 0.75 Meter 3.63 3.08 3.04 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 RESPONSE TIME (S) RESPONSE TIME VS TRIAL 1.5 Meter 1.0 Meter 0.75 Meter 32

Gautam, R., Mishra, S., Pandey, A. K., & Singh, J. K. (2021). Sensor and IoT-based belt to detect distance and temperature of COVID-19 suspect. In Mathematical Analysis for Transmission of COVID-19 (pp. 349-361). Springer. Mayuri, D. K., Khalid, A., & Nikhil, S. D. (2021). Social distancing using IoT approach. Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, 8-15. R., S. s., U., S., M., S., & ., S. T. (2021). Corona smart watch – the reminder friend. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (p. 012117). IOP Publishing. Sashmita, R., Gayathri, V., Peddu Sai, H., A Venkateswara, R., Athira, G., S. S., & and Gayathri, G. (2020). Suraksha: Low Cost Device to Maintain Social Distancing during CoVID-19. Fourth International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA-2020) (pp. 1476- 1480). IEEE. 33

Organic Compost Fertilizer Processing Machine for Small and Medium Industries Nor Hidayu Shahadan1 , Ishak Taman2 , Saipol Hadi Hasim3 and Hanifah Jambari4 1,2,3Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, 81700, Malaysia 4School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, 81310, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: norhidayu@pis.edu.my Abstract: Fertilizers aid farmers in enhancing their crop production. Excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers on crops is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution because it not only damages the soil structure but also pollutes water resources near agricultural areas and is unhealthy for humans. Therefore, using organic fertilizer and compost processing equipment to accelerate plant growth is healthier and more nourishing for the environment. Nowadays, farmers are still using manual and conventional methods of producing organic compost. Added to that, the process required high resources (cost and manpower) and was time-consuming. Thus, the compost yields cannot be commercialized due to the process of drying and crushing, resulting in compost fertilizer still in the form of large lumps. This compost fertilizer needs to be dried, crushed according to the appropriate size, and filtered to be like lumps of granulated sugar without losing the quality of the fertilizer and killing unnecessary organisms. Although there have been efforts in developing organic compost processing machines, it only involves one or two stages of processing and mostly the system is operated separately. Therefore, a semiautomatic organic compost fertilizer processing machine is developed to process the compost comprehensively. This project aimed in developing organic fertilizer machines for small and medium industries. It will operate semiautomatic with the Programmable Logic Control (PLC) and electromagnetic control. It involves four stages, namely drying, crushing, dissolving and filtration. AutoCAD 3D software is used in designing the system based on the appropriate dimensions and scale referring to the system size. The finding from the analysis performed that, the machine is expected to produce a quantity of compost fertilizer of 500 kg per day with only one worker handling the system as well as reduced the time for the whole process. Keywords: Organic compost, fertilizer machine, programmable logic control 1. INTRODUCTION Excessive and continuous use of chemical fertilizers on crops is one of the main contributors to environmental pollution because it not only damages the soil structure but also pollutes water sources near agricultural areas. Nowadays, the recycling of organic waste is very important for creating a better and good environment. Therefore, the use of organic fertilizers needs to be strengthened to catalyze the growth of plants so that they are healthier and more nutritious because they do not bring any harm to nature (Karthigayan, G. et al.,2021). In addition, organic compost fertilizers are easy to decompose perfectly, harmful-free chemicals, less diseasecarrying bacteria and have sufficient nutrient content. The waste is transformed into manure and gas in the conventional recycling process using basic methods like shredding and squeezing. To ensure that the composting process occurs, it will need a considerable amount of time roughly 3 to 5 months and requires a lot of manpower ( Katiyar, A. et. al.,2019). As a result, many 34

composting devices have been developed domestically and internationally to make the process of making fertilizer efficient, timely and reliable. Particularly, there is still potential for advancement in the development of the compost fertiliser machine, including the level of processing, the size of the machine, and its load capacity. In order to create their organic fertilizer apparatus, Daniyan et al. (2017) used just three primary procedures: shredding, mixing, and pelletizing. Due to this, it still requires different equipment to dry and heat it until it reaches the right compost temperature. While only a heating procedure for composting the fertiliser was created by Pare, M., and Aman, M. (2019). Similar to Shubhdeep, S. M. et al. (2020), the produced compost is lumpy and necessitates a dissolving step. In this work, the machine created goes through four processes, including crushing, drying, dissolving, and filtration. It required a design phase and the consolidation of multiple operations into a single unit, which sped up production and decreased processing time. A device like that would streamline the procedure and make it safer, quicker, and more affordable. A biological analysis of the nutrient content is required for compost fertilizer manufacturing, according to Wierzbowska, J. et al. (2020). El-Sayed (2021) and El-Gioushy (2018) also used it in their research. The only comparison made in this paper was between the N-P-K (nitrogenphosphor-potassium) concentration of the fertilizer before and following composting. The following research paper will give additional research on the subject. The structure of this paper is as follows: in Section I, the background research and problem statement related to the objectives are presented. Additionally, Section 2 will discuss the product development process, which includes product design and analysis. In the meanwhile, Section 3 discusses the findings and contrasts them with those of the conventional approach. Section 4 will finally wrap up the paper's discussion. 1.1 Objectives This project aimed to create machinery for small and medium industries to process organic fertilizer. It involves the following objectives: i. to design and fabricate an organic compost fertilizer processing machine. ii. to analyze the machine performance in terms of time, speed and temperature. iii. to analyze the N-P-K content in the processing compost 2. DESIGN AND ANALYSIS The three (3) main phases of the research methodology for product development are depicted in Fig. 1. Finding data from previous research, product development, and testing was the initial step. In the first stage, information was gathered by doing a literature review using sources such as journals, conference papers, books, the internet, and others. The shortcomings and deficiencies from the previous initiatives have been highlighted and aid in the advancement of this research in its subsequent stages. Figure 1: Design Phase 2.1 Product Design The 3D design of the development product was done by using Pro-e software, vision wildfire 4 and AutoCAD 3D. It comprises four main stages namely drying, crushing, dissolving and filtration. According to Daniyan et al. (2017), the size of the drum for the drying and crushing operation is decided. The mass of the drum, m of the shredder is given by Eq. (1): = (1) where ρ is the density of the material (kg/m3 ); and V is the volume of the material (m3 ) but 35

= (ℎ × ℎ × ℎ) + (2 × × ℎ) (2) Based on the chosen size dimensions, Fig. 2 displays the development product in 3D along with related elements and components. (a) (b) Figure 2: Product Development (a) Side-View (b) 3D-View Additionally, schematic and completed PCB circuits are drawn using the circuit maker and automation studio software. Moreover, the production of the chassis, the casing, the installation of relevant components, and the testing of each component are all included. The CX-programmer and automation studio software are used to draw ladder diagram circuits for Programmable Logic Control (PLC), which has 10 inputs and 8 outputs, and is used to regulate the operation of the organic fertilizer processing machine. The block diagram of the control system in Fig. 3 can be used to identify the components involved in the microcontroller circuit. 36

Figure 3: Block Diagram of the Control System 2.2 Analysis This section presents the analysis that accompanied the development of the tests. According to Fig. 4(a), a tachometer is used to measure the motor's rotational speed for the grinder, crusher, conveyor, and filter. The measurement is made in revolutions per minute (rpm). As shown in Fig. 4(b), the measurement is carried out by attaching a probe to the end of the rod shaft while the motor is turning. Fig. 4(c) shows an analysis of the crushing motor's rotational speed versus the weight of raw compost. It has been demonstrated that the motor's rotational speed needs to be increased as the weight of the compost increases. Thereby, the motor is capable of grinding at a rate of up to 40 rpm. (a) (b) Weight of raw compost (kg) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Rotation speed of crushing motor (rpm) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 (c) Figure 4: (a) Multipurpose Digital Tachometer (b) Motor speed data measurement process (c) Analysis of Rotation Speed 37