e-Proceeding ICo-ASCNITech2022

Next, the time required for drying and crushing is calculated in minutes. The drying and crushing operations that rotated inside the drum are depicted in Fig. 5(a). A fine helical grinding blade completes the crushing section's dimensions, which are 2.75 feet in diameter and 3.7 feet in length. In this light, the rotation process uses a 3-phase motor for a 2.0 hp Nmrv gear motor grinder. This duration measurement is conducted for raw compost weighing between 15 and 35 kg and it was discovered that the drying time increases along with the weight of the compost. This demonstrates that the time (minutes) will increase in direct proportion to the increase in compost weight (kg). Weight of raw compost (kg) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Duration of drying and crushing process (minutes) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 (a) (b) Figure 5: (a) Drying and Crushing Process (b) Analysis Duration of Drying and Crushing Process (a) (b) Time (minutes) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Temperature of process fertilizer (celcius) 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 (c) Figure 6: (a) Material Temperature Thermometer (b) Temperature Measurement of Compost Fertilizer (c) Analysis Temperature of Compost Fertilizer 38

Subsequently, the temperature of the process fertilizer is measured with reference to Fig. 6. As seen in Fig. 6(a), a material temperature thermometer is used to measure temperature in degrees celsius (°C). With a straightforward measuring technique, this thermometer can measure values beyond 300°C by poking the sharp part into the compost to be tested as shown in Fig. 6(b). The analysis's findings are shown in Fig. 6(c), which shows that the process of raising the temperature to 60 degrees requires 35 minutes. This demonstrates that the developed system successfully generates a temperature for composting organic waste in the range of 50 to 60 degrees Celsius, as indicated in Pare, M., and Aman, M.(2019). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The organic compost fertilizer machine was developed, and Fig. 7 shows a photograph of it. The previous section has provided an analysis of each processing stage. It's also important to note that the semiautomatic machine, which has dimensions of 11.4 feet by 6.2 feet by 8.9 feet, has the capacity to generate 400 kg of organic compost each day. It accomplishes around three times as much productivity as the conventional approach. Table 1 contains a detailed comparison of the performance in relation to the conventional approach. This information was gathered through an experiment done at Ben Malek Agro Farm, a collaborator in this study. Figure 7: Fabricated Organic Compost Machine Table 1: Performance of the developed machine compare to the conventional method Criteria Conventional Method (Data from Ben Malek Agro Farm) Developed Machine Drying process 2 days (dried under the sun) ~ 30 minutes (1 processing cycle) Crushing process More than 1 day (with the help of manpower) ~ 30 minutes (1 processing cycle) Dissolving process More than 1 day (with the help of manpower) ~ 30 minutes (1 processing cycle) Productivity per day 150 kg (with the help of manpower) 1 hour = 50 kg 1 day (8 working hours) = 400 kg Manpower More than 5 workers 1 worker only 39

Further, fertilizer samples are sent to the lab to be tested for their nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) nutrient content both before and after the composting process. It is important to use this procedure to determine the nutrient content of the produced fertilizer (Wierzbowska et al.,2020). According to the findings in Fig. 8 for the five samples, the N-P-K content in the fertilizer before composting was higher than the N-P-K content after the composting process. This demonstrates that samples 1 through 5 have undergone the process of N-P-K decay and decomposition. Figure 8: Fabricated Organic Compost Machine 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The capability of a semiautomatic machine to produce up to 400 kg of organic compost per day was demonstrated in this research. It has been successfully processed through four stages, drying, crushing, dissolving, and filtration which together take around one hour and thirty minutes. Overall, this machine is able to speed up the manufacturing of compost fertilizer while reducing labour costs. Additionally, the machine needs less manpower to operate and it demonstrates well suited for its use in small and medium-scale industries. Nevertheless, to precisely determine the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, a detailed biological laboratory test involving organic matter, organic carbon, and CN ratio must be conducted. The author will perform this testing in the next research approach. 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education (MoHE) for sponsoring this work under TVET Applied Research Grant Scheme (T-ARGS). As a collaborative partner, Ben Malek Agro Farm is also to be thanked for providing the experiment's location and the raw compost material. 6. REFERENCES Ahammad Vazim K. A., Jesin T. A., Anil Raj B., Midhun A. R. & Sreekutten K. (2017). Design and Fabrication of a Novel Low Cost Food Waste Composting System with Accelerating Process Technology, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 6(3). Daniyan, I.A., Omokhuale, A.M., Aderoba, A.A., Ikumapayi, O.M. & Adaramola, B.A. (2017). Development and performance evaluation of organic fertilizer machinery, Cogent Engineering, 4(1). El-Gioushy, S. F., Abedelkhalek, A., & Abdelaziz, A. M. R. A. (2018). Partial replacement of mineral NPK by organic and bio-fertilizers of fagri kalan mango trees. Journal of Horticultural Science & Ornamental Plants, 10(3), 110-117. 40

El-Sayed, A. E. G. A., El-Liethy, A. S., Hendawy, S. F., & Hefni, O. G. (2021). Response of Camelina sativa Oil to Different Levels of NPK and Compost Fertilizers. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 22(7). Karthigayan, G. et al. (2021). Economical smart composting machine to manage food waste, alleviate environmental degradation and combat climate change on Penang Hill. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 9(1). Katiyar, A., Gaur, A., Kaur, G., Department of Mechanical Engineering, A. B. E. S. E. C., Ghaziabad, U. P., & I. (2019). Design and Construction of a Shredding Machine for Recycling and Management of Organic Waste. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 3(4), 707–712. Pare, M., & Aman, M. (2019). Design Of Organic Compost Machine. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 6(12), 532-6. Pavankumar, E., Baskaran, S., Prithivirajan, R., Vinoth Kumar, S. & Karpagaraj, A. (2021). Development of Multi-functioning Organic Waste Shredding Machine for Natural Compost. In: Arockiarajan, A., Duraiselvam, M., Raju, R. (eds) Advances in Industrial Automation and Smart Manufacturing. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Singapore. Shubhdeep, S. M. et al. (2020). Design and Development of Organic Waste Compost Machine. International Journal of Innovations in Engineering Research and Technology, 7(4). Swapnesh H. B. , Pramod Walke & Ganguly, D. S. S. (2017). The Organic Compost Machine and Factors Effecting Performance of Composting: A Review. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, 7(1). Wierzbowska, J., Sienkiewicz, S., Zalewska, M., Żarczyński, P., & Krzebietke, S. (2020). Phosphorus fractions in soil fertilised with organic waste. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 192(5), 1-11. 41

Implementation of Statistical Process Control for Manufacturing Process Improvement (Metal Bed Frame Bracket) Zuhaila Mohammad1 , Noorilyana Abu Bakar2 and M.Norazizul Fadli Abu Bakar3 1,2,3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Johor, 81700, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Any company that wants to survive in a crowded market must raise quality and productivity. Simple strategies, such utilizing the seven core quality tools, can be very effective and cost-effective in achieving these objectives. Statistical Process Control (SPC) tools technique are employed to the metal bed frame bracket production. It also seeks to reduce reject rates while raising production. Continuous process improvements are given priority in the optimization theory of SPC. SPC entails using a range of tools to examine data and processes, make decisions, and come to conclusions about how processes behave. This study highlights scratches as the primary cause of the poor quality. This is due to the fact that the top three defect kinds by percentage Types of Defects analysis were Small Embossing/Bending Peel Off, Material Problem, and Scratches. Scuffs comprise the highest average percentage of these top three defects (7.4%), Small Emboss/Bending Peel Off 1.2% and Material Problem 0.7% came after that. The goal of these studies is to lower the highest defect among the top three highest defect rates. Improvement after following the action plans for the top three problems, which is based on three months' worth of data, reveals that the average monthly defect rate for scratches had decreased from 7.4% in June-July-August to 7.1% in Oct-NovDec in proved the study's objective was achieved. Operator handling was primarily to blame for the problem, which was essentially identical. The operator was given the warning to handle the parts more carefully in order to prevent human error-related errors, and good parts would be reused for the subsequent procedure. Keywords: Fishbone Diagram, SPC, Check Sheet. 1. INTRODUCTION SPC is an excellent tool for tracking, evaluating, and enhancing product quality and customer satisfaction. Key product quality attributes are captured using process monitoring charts, and feedback from statistical indicators and control chart analysis is very beneficial for improving process management (Elamine et. al.,2022). Pascu et. al., 2020 claims that SPC is one of the Lean Manufacturing strategies. However, Six Sigma is a method of improving the manufacturing process's quality that enables the detection of faults before they are produced. With the help of this technique, a process may be monitored, and when necessary, an intervention of control or of process correction can be made before nonconformities occur. It is an effective set of methods for resolving issues that can be used as problem-solving tools useful in achieving process stability and improving capability through education on variability (Abtew et. al.,2018). For quality assurance and improvement, this study uses SPC methods such as control charts and process capability ratios. The control charts used are the cumulative-sum, R, and x-bar charts (CUSUM). The so-called process capability index is the ratio that is used (PCI). The statistical program Minitab® was used to implement these features. Supplier of metal bed frame brackets to Company Q, XYZ.Sdn.Bhd manufactures steel bed frames using the SPC method. The engineering sector has enhanced "business" in this research to offer lower costs for higherquality goods due to the current market's tough competition. The quality program's improvement component was designed and launched with the goal of increasing the profit margin. It also seeks to reduce reject rates while raising production. The emphasis on quality may be completely included in the business strategy and used as a yardstick to measure how satisfied customers are with the provided services. Customer satisfaction, as defined by Gaikwad, & Hemlata, 2022 is a marketing phrase that assesses how well a company's goods or services live up to a customer's expectations. Focusing on both internal and external consumers as well as both are the primary goal of this company's quality improvement efforts. Considering that a company's success will mostly depend on its quality (Isniah, & Purba,2021). Customer loyalty and product quality are impacted by 42

each other (Bolla et. al.,2022). This study aims to enhance the metal bed frame bracket manufacturing process. In terms of problem-solving methods, the organization has included some of "the seven quality tools." The "seven quality old tools" of Check sheet, Pareto chart, Histogram, Scatter diagram, Process Flow Chart, Fish Bone Diagram, and Control Chart are the ones that are most frequently used (Ishikawa,1985). The control chart is one of these seven tools that businesses employ most frequently. Depending on the kind of data gathered, there are two different types of control charts, which are as follows: i. Chart of Variable Control or Variable Control Chart ii. Chart of Attribute Control or Attribute Control Chart Variable control charts are used to regulate continuously monitored product qualities and process parameters. Attribute control charts govern the process that determines if something is excellent or bad, accepted or rejected, progressed or stopped, and passes or fails. The kind of attribute control chart to be utilized will be determined by making a difference between nonconforming or faulty units and nonconformities or defects. Using the brainstorming approach and fishbone diagram, the important factors that could affect the process capabilities were identified. A prominent tool for cause-and-effect analysis is the fishbone diagram, which has a form like a fish skeleton and is used to show the intricate interactions of causes for a certain issue or occurrence. For representing and analyzing the origins of innovation, the fishbone diagram can serve as a thorough theoretical framework. (Mario, 2017). Fishbone diagrams, however, are the most common tool used by industrial engineers in manufacturing settings to explain impacts and interactions between different production process variables (Sal et. al.,2021). 2.0 METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES 2.1 Data Collected- Check Sheet After the research design, it is normal to address the data collecting method by defining the data sources, variables, and the necessary number of observations (Li & Zhang, 2022). The company had been using a daily check sheet to gather data for three months. This check sheet comprises the proportion of output that is made up of excellent and faulty components, which is displayed in Table 1 below: Table 1: Data Collection- Percentage (%) Types of Defect 2.2 Pareto Chart A statistical tool known as a Pareto chart is frequently employed for decision-making based on the frequency of events in comparison to the causes of those events (Irfanto, 2022). Using the information in Table 1 above, a Pareto chart was made to determine the most common flaw. According to the graph, small embosses/peeloffs (1.2% on average), material problems (0.7%), and scratches (7.4%) have the greatest defect rates. Figure 1 shows how the Pareto chart revealed all other small problems. However, in this case study, only the top three serious problems were chosen. Types Of Defects (Percentage %) Month Total Product ion Total Good Parts InProces s FallOut Dented Scratches Material Proble ms Crack Small Emboss/B ending Peel Off White Dot Chip Mark Tapping June 100 90.5 9.5 0.03 7.09 0.74 0.19 1.22 0.0 0.1 8 0.01 July 100 90.3 9.66 0.02 7.44 0.62 0.27 1.18 0.00 0.1 0 0.02 Aug 100 89.9 10 0.02 7.72 0.87 0.22 1.12 0.00 0.1 0 0.0038 Ave 100 90.2 9.7 0.03 7.4 0.7 0.2 1.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 Target 100 95.00 9.70 0.00 7.00 0.50 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.0 0 0.00 Total Defect June 9.47 July 9.65 Aug 10.05 43

Figure 1: Pareto Chart-Type of Defect Based on Average (June-July-August) 2.3 Fishbone Diagram (Cause and Effect) A technique for generating potential causes for a certain impact uses the "Fishbone Diagram" (the head of the fish). Using this together with the affinity diagram can help you determine the major categories. The several causes of a certain occurrence can be shown graphically using a fishbone diagram. It was developed to establish a link between the failures and their root causes and the failures that were mentioned. Here, the Fishbone diagram is used as a cutting-edge way of graphic representation to locate, investigate, and assess the origins of invention, particularly for general-purpose technology (Mario, 2020). To help others comprehend the underlying issue, the "5 Whys" technique is usually used in conjunction with it. There are several categories of underlying causes for these three different types of flaws, including labor, work processes, materials, and equipment. The graphic below shows a fishbone diagram that breaks down the top three defect types into Small Embossing/Bending Peel Off, Material Problem and Scratches. Figure 2 shows the fishbone diagram of a little embossing/bending peel-off. Having a material problem is one of the most prevalent flaws in steel bed frames. We may look at every possible root cause of this problem using the Fishbone model in Figure 3. A line of scratches, in addition to a material problem and a slight, emboss or peeloff, are the worst fault that can happen in this situation. Figure 4 displays the causes of scratches in detail. Scratches leave behind lines and deep scratches. The absence of color, however, occurs when the scratches are light and shallow. Figure 2: Fishbone Diagram of Small Embossing/Bending Peel Off 44

Figure 3: Material Problem Fishbone Diagram Figure 4: Scratches Fishbone Diagram 3.0 IMPROVEMENT ACTION PLAN There are three types of flaws that might exist in an improvement action plan. Based on the fishbone diagram, the top three issues will be distilled for the action plan. Machines, materials, work methods, and people(man) can all be considered relevant topics for development. Table 2: An action plan suggestion for all defect problem Type Action Plan Suggestion for Small Embossing/Bending Peel Off Action Plan Suggestions for Material Problem Action Plan Ideas for the Scratches Issue Machine After each use, clean the machine thoroughly. • Preventive maintenance keeps a piece of equipment in good working order. • After each use, clean the machine thoroughly. • Preventive maintenance keeps a piece of equipment in good working order. • After each use, clean the machine thoroughly. Material • Must have the correct type of paint • Must always guard the quality of the paint • The right drying time and temperature are required. • Use the appropriate materials • Utilize the proper materials. • Make sure the supplier gives you the proper materials. • Before receiving, perform a check. Work Method • Always follow the packing process and use methodical handling on your end. • Use the most recent procedure • Follow the proper speed and temperature requirements. • Apply the most recent method. • Follow the appropriate temperature and speed criteria in accordance with the recommended handling Man • Knowledge and expertise • Correct handling of the material • A positive attitude • well-trained worker • Knowledge is provided through training • Pay close attention • well-trained worker Knowledge is provided through training • Pay close attention 45

4.0 SPC IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS ANALYSIS There was a noticeable improvement after following the action plans for the top three problems. The Pareto chart in Figure 5, which is based on three months' worth of data, reveals that the average monthly defects rate for scratches had decreased from 7.4% in June-July-August to 7.1% in Oct-Nov-Dec. Figure 5: Type of Defects Based on Averages Data from Oct-Nov-Dec Figures 6, 7 and 8 show how the P chart was developed to examine the procedure and show how to yield might be increased even further. In line with MIL-STD 105E LEVEL II AQL 0.65 percent SINGLE NORMAL INSPECTION, the P chart was made at the customer's request. Sometimes referred to as an "AQL table," the ANSI ASQ Z1.4 table was produced by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the American Society for Quality (ASQ). QC professionals commonly use the ANSI ASQ Z1.4 standard for AQL sampling when evaluating consumer goods. Table 3 shows how the example plan with code letter M was implemented and approved for inspection level II for output sizes 10 001 and 35 000 components. Upon request from the client, our part will be inspected in compliance with MILSTD 105E LEVEL II AQL 0.65 percent SINGLE NORMAL. The sample size for level II code letters M is 315, as shown in Table 4, and the entire batch will be rejected if six or more faulty units are found. Table 3: Sample Size Code Letters (ANSI/ASQ Standard Z1.4- 2008) 46

Table 4: Single Sampling Plan for Normal Inspection (ANSI/ASQ Standard Z1.4- 2008) Figure 6: October Data P Chart Figure 6 demonstrates that scratches on the packaging and handling materials from subgroups ten to twelve are what led to the higher reject rate. The operator's method of moving the parts from one operation to another is what led to this flaw. All of the rejected lots were sorted completely as part of the corrective procedure. These damaged pieces have been scrapped and segregated from the good ones. Coating the scratch-built item required operator rework. 47

Figure 7: November Data P Chart According to Figure 7, the operator's scratches and the bending machine's stains were to blame for the greater reject rate. Other than that, operator handling was primarily to blame for the problem, which was essentially identical. Corrective action was conducted by sorting out and separating the damaged pieces from the good parts. Every scratch had been removed. The bending machine had been cleaned of debris that could have dented or caused the bending to peel. Figure 8: P Chart for Data from December While the sample size is still inconsistent, as shown in Figure 8, the range of the out-of-control output has shrunk during the preceding month. The scratches caused by the operator's carelessness led to the components being returned. The origins of the materials also a role in the error. The repair action was refused for all sorted lots where good parts and faulty parts could be differentiated. The operator was given the warning to handle the parts more carefully in order to prevent human error-related errors, and good parts would be reused for the subsequent procedure. 5.0 CONCLUSION The Seven QC Tools were a collection of tools that were utilized in some capacity to enhance quality. By methodically organizing the contributing variables, a fishbone diagram may be used to depict an undesirable state or phenomenon and assist in examining how the problem came about. Monitoring the distributional trends of the average defect rates has also been done using a p chart. A three-month data collection and reexamination of the outcomes of the faults were done after setting up an improvement action plan. The intended outcome had been accomplished, as evidenced by data gathered over a period of three months, which revealed that the average defect, which included scratches, had decreased from 7.4% to 7.1%. The organization may benefit greatly from even basic QC tools, it was highlighted. Future improvement plans have been suggested and encouraged, and include a necessity for all staff to finish some fundamental training, notably on how to handle parts properly and without causing flaws like scratches. Many of the things that are essential for new operators should be provided, in addition to the usual way of handling the parts. The machine must always be cleaned to remove any stains or chips that can harm or mark the components. 48

6.0 REFERENCES Elamine, Benrabah & Kadri, Ouahab & Nadia, Mouss & Benhassine, Naamane. (2022). Statistical Process Control. Isniah, Sarah & Purba, Humiras. (2021). The Application of Using Statistical Process Control (Spc) Method: Literature Review and Research Issues. Spektrum Industri. 19. 125-133. 10.12928/si. v19i2.19035. Pascu, Ileana & Didu, Anca & Gheorghe, Stefan. (2020). Study about the Application of Statistical Process Control for Process Quality Improvement in Automotive Industry. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 896. 169-174. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.896.169. Abtew, Mulat & Kropi Bhuyan, Subhalakshmi & Hong, Yan & Pu, Linzi. (2018). Implementation of Statistical Process Control (SPC) in the Sewing Section of Garment Industry for Quality Improvement. Autex Research Journal. 18. 160-172. 10.1515/aut-2017-0034. Mario Coccia. (2017). The Fishbone diagram to identify, systematize and analyze the sources of general purpose technologies. 4. 291-303. 10.1453/jsas. v4i4.1518. Sal, Brian & García-Saiz, Diego & Sánchez, Pablo. (2021). Automated Generation of Datasets from Fishbone Diagrams. 10.1007/978-3-030-78428-7_20. Mario Coccia 2020, Fishbone diagram for technological analysis and foresight. Int. J. Foresight and Innovation Policy, Vol. 14, Nos. 2/3/4, pp.225–247. Li, Yanmei & Zhang, Sumei. (2022). Data Collection. 10.1007/978-3-030-93574-0_4. Ishikawa,K (1985),What is Total Quality Control: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, N.J. Irfanto, Ryobi. (2022). The Analysis Cause of Casting Repair Work with Pareto Chart In Project X. Jurnal Teknik Sipil. 18. 106-117. 10.28932/jts. v18i1.4485. Bolla, Bharath & Kingam, Mohan & Ethiraj, Sabeesh. (2022). Efficient Deep Learning Methods for Identification of Defective Casting Products. Gaikwad, Hemlata. (2022). A study of Customer satisfaction. Review of Research. ANSI Tables- Source: Mil-Std 105E, replaced by commercial standards: ISO2859, ANSI/ASQ Z1.4-2003, NF06-022, BS 6001, DIN 40080. 49

OPTIMIZING THE NABEEZ FORMULATION IN TERM OF TPC, DPPH AND VITAMIN C Nor Hairul Palal1 , Rahimawati Abd Rahim2 and Nor Hashina Bahrudin3 1 Nor Hairul Palal, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, KM1 Jalan Pachor , Hub Pendidikan Tinggi, 84600 Pagoh,Johor Malaysia 2 Rahimawati Abd Rahim, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, KM1 Jalan Pachor , Hub Pendidikan Tinggi, 84600 Pagoh,Johor Malaysia 3Nor Hashina Bahrudin, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, KM1 Jalan Pachor , Hub Pendidikan Tinggi, 84600 Pagoh,Johor Malaysia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract : Nabeez is a sunnah drink based on soaking dates or raisins. This drink has become a phenomenon to take because it has the best antioxidant content and nutritional value. Nabeez also helps provide energy to its users and is usually taken during the month of Ramadan. The current generation's need to obtain highly nutritious food makes nabeez drinks an alternative choice. Accordingly, this study was conducted to determine the nutrient and antioxidant of Nabeez raw ingredient after Ultraviolet-C (UVC) treatment. The Nabeez drink produced is a combination of raisins and dates. The dates used are Ajwa dates while the raisins used are golden raisins. These raisins and dates will be cut small and then given treatment using UV-C rays at a radiation rate of 254nm. UV lamp is used to supply UV-C rays where the distance between the lamp and the sample is set at a distance of 22 cm. The sample was treated with UV-C Ray for 180 seconds and then analyzed to determine the value of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the value of Total Phenolic Compound (TPC). The results of the analysis show that the best combination of raisins and dates is 75:25. The result found that the DPPH value was 79.71%, Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) 1.7454 mg GAE/mg and Vitamin C 0.0076. The study found that the correct formulation of the ratio of raisins and dates helps to increase the nutrient content in the nabeez drink, and even the treatment given through UV-C rays also helps to increase the antioxidant content. Keywords : Nabeez, antioxidant, Ajwa dates and Golden raisins 1. INTRODUCTION Eating healthy food is a way of life in today's society. Awareness in nutrition and health influences society today to know the nutritional value of food taken. In fact they will make nutritious food as their food of choice. Now the awareness of eating sunnah food has started to gain attention because it not only provides high nutritional value, it is also an act which from an Islamic point of view is rewarded when implemented. However, the study on the interaction between phytochemicals and nutrition in the sunnah food is not clear from the aspects of the research carried out. In fact, it is necessary at this time to increase awareness to consumers to consume foods that are based on the sunnah and have high nutraceutical value through simple consumption. Therefore, the research conducted is to determine the nutrient and antioxidant of Nabeez raw ingredient after Ultraviolet-C (UVC) treatment. The research conducted refers to Ajwa dates nd Golden raisins. 1.1 Kurma (Ajwa Date) Dates are a sunnah food mentioned in Al-Quran and Al-Hadith. In fact, dates became the favourite food of Rasullullah and were usually taken by Muslims in the month of Ramadan (Fasting month). Dates (Ajwa dates) contain a high sugar content of 33.2% - 74.2%. Table 1 shows the nutritional value of Ajwa dates. Ajwa dates are very popular dates these days. This fruit is a dark brown to a dark black colour with white wrinkles. Ajwa dates are widely planted in Medina and are known as prophet dates (Mallhi et al., 2014). 50

Table 1 : Nutrient Value of Ajwa Date Nutrient Value Acid Amino Proline Histidine Leucine Glycine Acid Aspartic Glutathione Lysine 86 mg / 100 g 26 mg / 100 g 57 mg / 100 g 83 mg / 100 g 186 mg / 100 g 205 mg / 100 g 73 mg / 100 g Mineral and Vitamin Manganese Magnesium Sodium Potassium Zinc Phosphorous Calcium 0.4 mg / 100 g 1.5 mg / 100 g 7.5 mg / 100 g 4.8 mg / 100 g 1.9 mg / 100 g 2.7 mg / 100 g 2.3 mg / 100 g Phytochemicals Total Phenolic Content Total Flavonoid 245 and 455 mg /100 g 2.79 mg /100 g (Khalid et al., 2017) 1.2 Raisins (Golden Raisins) Raisins or Vitis vinifere L. are dried grapes without any added sugar or sweetener. These raisins contain various levels of nutrients that can provide health to consumers (Olivati et al., 2019). Raisins contain a high natural sugar content of up to 60% (Alexandra, Olmo-Cunillera Danilo, Pérez, Marhuenda-Muñoz, LamuelaRaventós, & Vallverdú-Queralt, 2020) and are very rich in fiber. Even raisins also contain phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds (Schuster, Wang, Hawkins, & Painter, 2017). Table 2 shows the nutrient value of 4 types of raisins. 51

Table 2 : Value Content for Raisins Nutrient Zante Currant Corinthian Currant Golden Raisins Dark Raisins Value per 100 g Water (g) 17.6 NR 3 14.90 15.46 Carbohydrate (g) 76.98 77.5 80.02 79.32 Protein (g) 3.43 2.5 3.28 3.30 Total lipid (g) 0.22 0.4 0.20 0.25 Sugars (total, g) 62.28 NR 3 65.70 65.18 Fiber (total dietary, g) 4.4 6.7 3.30 4.50 Minerals Potassium (mg) 777 710 746 744 Phosphorus (mg) 99 180 101 98 Calcium (mg) 88 10 64 62 Magnesium (mg) 36 30 35 36 Sodium (mg) 43 NR 3 24 26 Iron (mg) 1.88 4 0.98 1.79 Zinc (mg) 0.37 NR 3 0.37 0.36 NR: not reported. (Schuster et al., 2017)(Alexandra, Olmo-Cunillera Danilo et al., 2020) 1.3 Nabeez Nabeez drink is a sunnah drink that refers to soaking dates or raisins overnight before drinking (Endah, Fildzah, & Siti Sulaiha, 2020). Sunnah food is the food and drink favored by the Prophet SAW. From Aisyah she said. “ We used to make flavors for Rasulullah in stringy drinking water on it, we make a soak in the morning and drink it in the afternoon of make a soak in last evening I drank it in the morning”. (H.R. Muslim) This drink is also known as infused water which is alkaline and acts as a detox that helps the process of removing toxins in the body (Muzaifa, Lubis, & Arifullah, 2019). Nabeez is also a drink that has a high antioxidant value (Fibonacci, 2020) n addition to containing other nutritional values such as fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins and minerals. The nutritional value of Nabeez drink is derived from the high nutritional value of dates and raisins. Referring to (Al-Farsi & Lee, 2008) it was found that dates contain high levels of Vitamins B-complex, Vitamin C and minerals.. Restani et al., (2016) explains that raisins also match the high value of Vitamins B-complex, Vitamin C and minerals. In fact, these two sunnah foods also contain high antioxidant values that help prevent the growth of cancer cells (Schuster et al., 2017; Khalid, Khalid, Khan, Ahmed, & Ahmad, 2017). 1.4 Phenolic Compound and Antioxidant Basically, plants are the main source of phenolic compounds. Even plants may contain simple phenolics such phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, hydrolysable, coumarins and condensed tannins, lignins and lignans. Accordingly, determine the total phenolics is one of the important parameters to estimate the number of antioxidants (Papoutsis et al., 2016). Antioxidants are chemicals that the body needs to neutralize free radicals and prevent damage caused by free radicals to normal cells, proteins, and fats. Antioxidants are a group of substances that when present at low concentrations, in relation to substrates that are oxidized, significantly inhibit or delay oxidative processes, while often being oxidized themselves (Thorat et al., 2013). 52

Nabeez is a sunnah drink that is rich in natural nutritional value. The process of improving the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidants through treatment using UVC radiation, makes this drink good for health. Therefore, the sharing of information about the goodness of nabeez needs to be spread so that many people can take it as a daily drink and at the same time practice the consumption of sunnah drinks. 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Pre-Treatment of Dates and Raisins The pre-treatment process refers to the treatment applied to dates and raisins through UV-C radiation (refer figure 1). Samples will be cut into small pieces at a size of 0.5cm X 0.5cm, then these samples will be exposed to UV-C rays using a UV lamp at a radiation rate of 254nm (Shen et al., 2013). The distance set between the sample and the UV lamp is 22 cm. The sample is then exposed to UV light for the following period of time which is 0 second as a benchmark, while the other samples are exposed for periods of 60 seconds, 120 seconds, 180 seconds, 240 seconds and 300 seconds Figure 1 : Pre-treatment of Dates and Raisin 2.2 The Extraction Process A sample of 20.0g was taken from each part. Then this sample will be mixed with 40.0 ml of distilled water and ground (Rivera-Pastrana, Gardea, Yahia, Martínez-Téllez, & González-Aguilar, 2013). Each sample will then be taken as much as 0.1g. This sample will be mixed with 5ml of methanol and 100.0ml of distilled water. This extraction process is done where the ingredients are then mixed using a Centrifugal Machine for 10 minute. Then this mixture is stored in a Scott Bottle wrapped in aluminium foil before the next analysis is done. 2.3 Phenolic Compound Content Study (Total Phenolic Content (TPC) Phenolic Compound Content Study involves the analysis of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 2.0ml of 10% Folin-Ciocaltue reagent (Folin-Ciocaltue Reagent (FCR) mixed with 1.0ml of sample extract (Alothman, Bhat, & Karim, 2009). Then this mixture will be left for 5 minutes before 2.0ml of sodium carbonate (Sodium Carbonate 7.5% w/v) is mixed. Next, this mixture is kept in a dark place for 30 minutes. The next process involves measurement using a UV Spectrometer (UV-Vis). The wavelength is set at 765nm. The next process is to use Gallic acid at a concentration of 0.05 mg/ml, 0.15 mg/ml, 0.20 mg/ml and 0.25 mg/ml. 53

2.4 Antioxidant Content The next process is to test the antioxidant content. This process involves the preparation of DPPH solution by using 0.1ml of DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) equivalent to 39.4mg added with 1000.0ml 99% methanol. The next process is prepare dilution of the sample was done at the dilution (1.0ml mg/ml, 0.8 mg/ml, 0.6 mg/ml, 0.4 mg/ml and 0.2 mg/ml) with a rate of 10.0ml of distilled water. The sample was mixed with 4.0ml DPPH reagent and 2.0ml methanol. This mixture was mixed then kept in a dark pot for a period of 30 minutes (Abd El-Rahman & Al-Mulhem, 2017). This mixture was tested for its absorption rate using a UV Spectrometer at 517nm. 2.5 Analysis of Gallic Acids The process for the analysis of gallic acids involves the use of 10.0 mg of gallic acid powder and dissolved with 10.0 ml of methanol. Then, using gallic acid solution at concentrations of 0.05mg/ml, 0.15 mg/ml, 0.20 mg/ml and 0.25 mg/ml (Padmini, Samarasekera, & Pushpakumara, 2014). The solution are then put in UV Spectrophotometer to measure its absorbance 765 nm. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Optimize of Nabeez Mixture This stages is the process of determining the optimal mix of nabeez involving golden raisins and Ajwa dates. Various ratios are tried and analyzed to ensure the best mixture to determine the DPPH value that produces the highest percentage. The highest DPPH value will be selected to be used for further analysis. Table 3 shows the inhibitory percentage of DPPH radical of individual and mixture between raisin and date. The results of this process show that the best mixture is a mixture at a ratio of 75% Golden raisins and 25% Ajwa dates. This mixture showed a DPPH value of 79.71% higher compared to other mixture ratios. . Table 3 : Antioxidant Activity of Nabeez Formulations DATE RAISIN DPPH 0 100 64.34% 25 75 79.71% 33.33 66.67 48.63% 50 50 73.62% 66.67 33.33 43.17% 75 25 23.52% 100 0 32.44% 3.2 Optimization Result The next process is to obtain analytical information to assess the content of nutrients, especially vitamin C and the antioxidant activity. Table 4 shows the Total Phenolic Compound (TPC) of all formulation of Nabeez generated by Design-Expert software (version 6, USA, 2000). The TPC was express as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) /mg of sample. It is determined quantitatively with gallic acid standard curve (Figure 2) by the equation y = 51.105x + 0.0477, R2=0.9966. Gallic acid was selected as standard as it is reported as the main type of phenolic compound presented at high value in Quranic food (Al-Habsi & Al-Khusaibi, 2018). The data shows that the highest TPC contentis1.8583 mg GAE/mg(50% date: 50%raisin),andthelowest TPC content is 0.6448 mg GAE/mg (100% date). From the previous study, the range for phenols in raisins was between 477.3 ± 103.2 mg/100g for Thompson, up to 799.4 ± 44.1 mg/100g for golden raisins (Thompson et al., 2006). Meanwhile, phenols in dates 6.61 ± 1.11 mg/100g GAE (Carughi, 2008). 54

Table 4 : Mixture Generated by Design Mixture TYPE OF SUNNAH FOOD RESPONSE DATE RAISIN DPPH TPC Vit C 0 100 64.34% 1.2934 0.0091 25 75 79.71% 1.7454 0.0076 33.33 66.67 48.63% 1.6195 0.0065 50 50 73.62% 1.8583 0.0102 66.67 33.33 43.17% 1.4999 0.0086 75 25 23.52% 0.8835 0.0076 100 0 32.44% 0.6448 0.0045 Figure 2 : Calibration Curve Gallic Acid The effect of UVC treatment and the best formulation of raisins and dates which is 75:25 makes this nabeez drink contain the highest percentage of DPPH and TPC content. It helps users get nutritious drinks especially to neutralize free radical content that causes cell damage. Accordingly, the study to determine the value of DPPH, TPC and Vitamin C in this nabeez drink is an effort to help more people to be able to consume nutritious drinks 4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION In conclusion, the production of nabeez drinks that provide maximum nutritional value requires research from the aspect of determining the best formulation involving the ratio of Golden Raisins and Ajwa dates. The 75% raisin and 25% date formulation is seen to have the best nutritional value in terms of DPPH percentage. In fact, the content of TPC is one of the best contents apart from vitamin C. The findings of this study are in line with the objective of the study which is to determine the nutrient and antioxidant of Nabeez raw ingredient after UVC treatment. For future studies, it is recommended that the details of the formulation can be improved so that the value of DPPH, TPC and Vitamin C is optimal and able to make this nutritious. 55

5. REFERENCES Abd El-Rahman, S. N., & Al-Mulhem, S. I. (2017). Characteristic Analysis, Antioxidant Components and Antioxidant Activity of Date Fruits, Date Seeds and Palm Shell. In Lifestyle disease (Vol. 1). Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/characteristic-analysis-antioxidant-components-andantioxidant-activityof-date-fruits-date-seeds-and-palm-shell.pdf Al-Farsi, M. A., & Lee, C. Y. (2008). Nutritional and Functional Properties of Dates: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48(10), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701724264 Al-Habsi, N. A., & Al-Khusaibi, M. (2018). The Potential Antioxidant Properties of Date Products: A Concise Update. Canadian Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 6(2), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.14206/canad.j.clin.nutr.2018.02.08 Alexandra, Olmo-Cunillera Danilo, E.-A., Pérez, A. J., Marhuenda-Muñoz, M., Lamuela-Raventós, R. M., & Vallverdú-Queralt, A. (2020). Is Eating Raisins Healthy? Nutrients, 12(54), 1–17. Alothman, M., Bhat, R., & Karim, A. A. (2009). UV Radiation-Induced Changes of Antioxidant Capacity of Fresh-Cut Tropical Fruits. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 10, 512–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2009.03.004 Carughi, A. (2008). Health Benefits of Sun-Dried Raisins. In Review of the Scientific Literature through July 2008. Sun-Maid Growers of California 13525 South Bethel Avenue Kingsburg, California. Endah, B. P. P., Fildzah, K. P., & Siti Sulaiha. (2020). Perbandingan Kadar Flavonoid dan Vitamin C pada Infused Water Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) dan Air Nabeez Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Medical Technology and Public Health Journal, 4(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.33086/mtphj.v4i1.1458 Fibonacci, A. (2020). Antioxidant Activity of Nabeez Water from Ajwa Palm Date Fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L) as a Favourite Drink of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1594(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1594/1/012001 Khalid, S., Khalid, N., Khan, R. S., Ahmed, H., & Ahmad, A. (2017). A Review on Chemistry and Pharmacology of Ajwa Date Fruit and Pit. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 63(September), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.009 Mallhi, T. H., Qadir, M. I., Ali, M., Ahmad, B., Khan, Y. H., & Atta-Ur-Rehman. (2014). Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera): An emerging plant in pharmacological research. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(3), 607–616. Muzaifa, M., Lubis, Y. M., & Arifullah, M. (2019). Kajian Pembuatan Infused Water dari Buah Kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) dengan Penambahan Jeruk Nipis (Citrus aurantiifolia). Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia, 11(2), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v11i2.14656 Olivati, C., de Oliveira Nishiyama, Y. P., de Souza, R. T., Janzantti, N. S., Mauro, M. A., Gomes, E., … LagoVanzela, E. S. (2019). Effect of the pre-treatment and the drying process on the phenolic composition of raisins produced with a seedless Brazilian grape cultivar. Food Research International, 116(July 2018), 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.012 Padmini, S. M. P. C., Samarasekera, R., & Pushpakumara, D. K. N. G. (2014). Antioxidant Capacity and Total Phenol Content of Sri Lankan Annona muricata L. Tropical Agricultural Research, 25(2), 252. https://doi.org/10.4038/tar.v25i2.8146 Papoutsis, K., Vuong, Q. V., Pristijono, P., Golding, J. B., Bowyer, M. C., Scarlett, C. J., & Stathopoulos, C. E. (2016). Enhancing the Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidants of Lemon Pomace Aqueous Extracts by Applying UV-C Irradiation to the Dried Powder. Foods, 5(55), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods5030055 Restani, P., Frigerio, G., Colombo, F., Peres de Sousa, L., Altindişli, A., Pastor, R. F., & Lorenzo, C. Di. (2016). Raisins in Human Health: A Review. BIO Web of Conferences, 7, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20160704005 Rivera-Pastrana, D. M., Gardea, A. A., Yahia, E. M., Martínez-Téllez, M. A., & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2013). Effect of UV-C Irradiation and Low Temperature Storage on Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Enzymes and Radical Scavenging Activity of Papaya Fruit. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56

51, 3821–3829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-0942-x Schuster, M. J., Wang, X., Hawkins, T., & Painter, J. E. (2017). A Comprehensive Review of Raisins and Raisin Components and Their Relationship to Human Health. Journal of Nutrition and Health, 50(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.3.203 Shen, Y., Sun, Y., Qiao, L., Chen, J., Liu, D., & Ye, X. (2013). Effect of UV-C Treatments on Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Minimally Processed Satsuma Mandarin During Refrigerated Storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 76, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2012.09.006 Thompson, H. J., Heimendinger, J., Diker, A., O’Neill, C., Haegele, A., Meinecke, B., … Jiang, W. (2006). Dietary Botanical Diversity affects The Reduction of Oxidative Biomarkers in Women due to High Vegetable and Fruit Intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 136(8), 2207–2212. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/136.8.2207 Thorat, I. D., Jagtap, D. D., Mohapatra, D., Joshi, D. C., Sutar, R. F., & Kapdi, S. S. (2013). Antioxidants,Their Properties, uses in Food Products and Their Legal Implications. International Journal of Food Studies, 2, 81–104. https://doi.org/10.7455/ijfs/2.1.2013.a7 57

WATER HEAD INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION TECHNIQUE USING YFS201 IN THE WATERFALL AREA Yusmahaida Yusoff1 , Zuraida Osman 2 and Zarina Suhaimi3 123Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, KM10 Jalan Kong -Kong, 81700 Pasir Gudang, JOHOR *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Water head tragedies are now frequent even outside the monsoon season. There are early warning indications before this issue begins, but we might get careless, and unfortunately, there is still a lack of knowledge about the symptoms of hydrocephalus. Many investigations have been carried out to develop a warning system. The main concern is that the capacity of rainwater in the upstream may exceed the normal level, potentially resulting in a catastrophic water head phenomenon. This proposed project could help visitors get an early warning when there is a water head. Early Warning System Research is entirely based on the YF-S201 module, which will be linked with the world's most well-known microcontroller, the Arduino Uno. When the rainwater level rises above the normal level, the sensor activates the microcontroller, which then activates the emergency light and speaker functions. The more water capacity that passes through the YS-F201, the more frequently the emergency light and speaker will be activated. This project's prototype has been developed successfully, and the functionality of the tools used has been demonstrated. Keywords: Arduino, Water Level Sensor, Water head, waterfall, YF-S201 1. INTRODUCTION Malaysia has a lot of beautiful natural scenery because it is surrounded by tropical forests. Malaysians are extremely fortunate to have access to and experience the beauty of the outdoors, particularly waterfalls. Malaysia tourism is supported by a variety of natural resources like as lakes, waterfalls, marine parks, calcareous caverns, tropical forests, and mangroves (Yusoff & Jamaludin, 2014). And in fact, there is a good deal of tropical rain covering the equator line. It also benefits Malaysia, which has a large numbers of rain catchment regions. However, in rare cases, heavy precipitation can lead to dangers including water heads, floods, landslides, and so on. Floods have been reported to be a major disaster in any country, and Malaysia has experienced similar disasters in the past, resulting in disruptions in daily community routines, financial losses, infrastructure damage including railway tracks, bridges, roads, vehicles, and properties, and, worst of all, the loss of lives (Syed Muzammil et.al, 2022). Due to the lack of an early warning system, which (Fakhruddin et al.,2015) argue is a crucial component of disaster risk reduction, it still has flaws. It is necessary to set up a warning system so that guests may take early precautions. Visitors can use this warning as a quick and simple approach to be more cautious and get ready for all the negative possibilities. This is also acknowledged by (A. Supani and Y. Andriani, 2019) which by merging electrical technology and the internet of things (IoT), a flood early warning system may be implemented. This system may be constructed and utilized with only a few components. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW Natural calamities are quite terrifying. Not only it causes monetary harm, but it may also endanger lives. Natural catastrophes are not restricted to floods; landslides, storms, and water heads are all included. A head of water, also known as a river source, is a big wave of water that flows from an upstream or waterfall to the main river. It is typically caused by strong rains that occur upstream. When it rains, these streams become quite large and forceful, carrying a variety of silt, pebbles, and logs. It will also collide with any obstructions that it encounters. A black sky at the upper section of the river, i.e. on the hilltop, followed by loud thunder, and the sound of rocks or water rushing upstream are early warning markers of water head occurrences. It is followed by bubbling river water and appears unexpectedly, whether silt, rotten leaves, or twigs are abundant on the water's surface. 58

These calamities sometimes occur overnight, particularly in upstream locations, when all the tourists are enjoying the coolness of the river and the natural beauty. Most visitors are unaware of the symptoms of water head. The concept of this project is based on the problem faced by the current system, where the flood warning system is not sent directly to visitors. The current method is to notify the technician on duty via telegram or text. Since the average waterfall in Malaysia has many levels, it is quite impossible for all visitors to obtain this information simultaneously. Furthermore, the way of spreading information from technicians to visitors is seen as ineffective. Thus, this project was created to address the issue of concurrently spreading information while also assisting technicians in their task of disseminating information. Meanwhile, (Hatividad and Mendez, 2018) build up a warning system model that encourages the use of real-time monitoring systems via developed web-based applications and SMS notification. Although this system is an efficient method of disseminating information, especially in remote areas. but it is inappropriate to use in the nearby area of a waterfall, especially for visitors, who will undoubtedly be happy to enjoy themselves regardless of SMS or phone calls. 3. METHODOLOGY This is a prototype project that will cover the actual scale. This project's development is divided into a few stages as illustrated using a flow chart, as seen in the Fig 1. Figure 1: Flow chart of the project This prototype's development includes programming, simulation, hardware, and testing. The programming is done with Arduino software, as well as the simulation is done with Proteus software. Figure 2: Schematic diagram of the project Figure 2 illustrates the circuit used in this project. It begins with the rain and continues through FY-S201. The orange wire from the YF-S201 water level sensor is connected to Arduino pin 2, which is the flow sensor used to detect input. The output of this sensor will be recorded based on the litres per minute measurement. Meanwhile, the LCD will display the amount of rain that passes through this component. When the volume of rain exceeds certain conditions specified in the programming, the warning system will be activated. Arduino will activate both the LED and the speaker for the duration indicated. When water flows through the rotor inside this water level sensor, the rotor rolls and its speed varies with the flow rate. The flow rate is calculated using liters per minute as shown in Equation 1. , = 1000 () (1) 59

Equation 2 demonstrates how to calculate how many litres have flowed through the sensor in one second. () = , 60 1000 (2) According to the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, rain that surpasses 60mm in 2 to 4 hours is classified as extremely heavy and might produce flooding or waterlogging. The table 1(a) refers to the category established by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage, whereas table 1(b) refers to the amount of water scaled to meet the demands of this project's prototype. TABLE 1 (a): Categorization of rainfall Intensity from Department of Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (b) Categorization of rainfall for prototype 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION The prototype results of this project will be used to determine the accuracy of this product in measuring rainfall. Furthermore, it aims to maximize the efficiency of this product. Several experiments have been done on the hardware of this project to test its effectiveness. The sound level of the speaker is set according to the rainfall. Table 2 shows the outcomes of observing four-level circumstances. Table 2: Setting for triggering Rainfall (ml) Category Sound (beep) LED <50 Light No OFF 50-89 Moderate Beeping every 10 minutes Toggle every 10 minutes 90 - 110 Heavy Beeping every 5 minutes Toggle every 5 minutes >111 Very Heavy Non-Stop Beeping ON Fig 2: Circuit diagram for water level sensor Fig 3: Serial monitor result 60

The speaker will emit different tones based on the results under four distinct scenarios. The same goes for the warning light, which illuminates according on the function selected. Simulation by using Proteus 9.0 Professional software was successfully implemented. Hardware development is also carried out using this simulation, as seen in Figure 2. On top of that figure 3 represent the simulation result. From August 1st to September 3rd, 2022, a rainfall measurement test was conducted. The collected data was compared to the rainfall from the responsible department for the same timeframe. Every day, data will be collected three times: at 11 a.m., 5 p.m., and 11 p.m. (a) (b) (c) Figure 5: Weekly rainfall observation at (a) 11am (b) 5 pm and (c) 11 pm A comparison of the volume of data on a weekly basis is shown in Figure 5. It is evident that there is little difference between the two. Additional evidence for this is provided by the accuracy calculation as shown in table 3 and the solution of equation 3. Table 3: Result of efficiency (Ʈ) Week Time Original data (X) Collected data (Y) W1 11:00 AM 187 178 5:00 PM 251 244 11:00 PM 325 321 W2 11:00 AM 16 16 5:00 PM 75 74 11:00 PM 0 0 W3 11:00 AM 151 151 5:00 PM 122 120 11:00 PM 59 58 W4 11:00 AM 103 102 5:00 PM 191 190 11:00 PM 227 223 W5 11:00 AM 65 65 5:00 PM 74 73 11:00 PM 15 15 Total ∑1861 ∑1830 In order to make the comparison clearer, the data from figure 3 has been further simplified as shown in table 61

4. The effectiveness of this early warning system, according to the results, is 98.33% efficient. (Ʈ) = ∑ () ∑ () 100% = 1830 1861 100% = 98.33% (3) 5. CONCLUSION It has been successful in developing a prototype early warning system for water levels near a waterfall. The YFs201 water level sensor has undergone testing that has successfully demonstrated its effectiveness in accurately measuring rainfall and successfully activating the warning system. It is believed that this warning system, which employs the YFs201 water level sensor and is supported by LEDs and speakers, can effectively and quickly communicate information to waterfall visitors. This project only needs a small amount of upkeep and does not require a sizable investment. The project's importance for real-world applications is emphasised. However, it appears that if this concept is strengthened by incorporating modern technologies through the internet of things, there will be a lot more advantages. Not only can data be gathered in a systematic way, but the alert notification can also be regularly improved. 6. REFERENCES Ahmad, A., “ Proposal framework for the flood disaster”, Management Cycle in Computer Science, Vol 3. No. 1, 2022, https://doi.org/10.30880/aitcs.2022.03.01.055 A.Supani and Y. Andriani ,2019. Designing and Applying Flood Early Warning System Based on Waterfall and Water Level for Special of Palembang City. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. https://doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1500/1/012129 Luqman H.A and Nazri M. Nawi, “Flood Monitoring and Alerting System, Applied Technology And Malaysia”. Sustainability 2022, 14, 4088. Fakhruddin S.H.M, Akiyuki Kawasaki, Mukand S. Babel, 2015, “Community responses to flood early warning system: Case study in Kaijuri Union, Bangladesh”, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, vol. 14, part 4, pp.323-331. ISSN 2212-4209. Natividad J.G and Mendez J.M,2018, “Flood Monitoring and Early Warning System Using Ultrasonic Sensor”, IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering 325(1):012020, DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/325/1/012020 Syed Muzamil, S.A.H.B.; Zainun, N.Y.; Ajman, N.N.; Sulaiman, N.; Khahro, S.H.; Rohani, M.M.; Mohd, S.M.B.; Yusof, Z. B., & Jamaludin, M. (2014). Barriers of Malaysian green hotels and resorts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.083 62

FABRICATION OF 3-IN-1 ONION FRIED MACHINE (OFM) FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES Noorilyana Binti Abu Bakar1 , Nik Nor Fatihah Bt Nik Mood2 and Muhammad Imanuddin Bin Ishak3 1 Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, 87100, MALAYSIA 2 Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, 87100, MALAYSIA 3 Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, 87100, MALAYSIA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: The "O.F.M 3IN1" project is geared for small- and medium-sized businesses. The letters F stand for fried, M for machine, and O for onion. Surveys and observations about peeling, cutting, and frying led to the conception. An observation has been done and it shows conventional procedure for making fried onions entails using a cutting board, a knife to peel the onion, and three different cooking methods. These steps address the lengthy procedure involved in making fried onions, beginning with peeling, chopping, and frying the onions. Based on these problems, the researchers want to build and create a machine that can perform three tasks at once, cutting down on both labour costs and time. These machines were produced through a process that began with design, moved on to material selection, fabrication, finishing, and analysis. In contrast to conversional methods, this machine was designed to combine all the processes and be more efficient. The results of an experiment show that the processing time is significantly faster than with the conventional method. Using OFM, it has been discovered that processing two kilogram of raw onion into fried onion takes 15–16 minutes. This project's goal was successfully attained. Keywords: Onion fried, peeling, cutting, frying. 1. INTRODUCTION Onions fried shallots is cut thin and fried in hot oil until browned and fragrant then lifted and ready to be eaten. India produced 19 million tons of onion and comes second in the yearly production (Rasool.et.al, 2020). Usually served fried onions sprinkled on food and Malaysian cuisine such as fried rice, soup,and others. Fried onions also to increase a person's appetite. An onion peeling machine has been designed, developed, and evaluated according to SMEs food industry needs. However, to produce fried onions still in traditional ways. It takes a long time and less productivity. Therefore, the idea to produce a machine that can produce fried onions semi-automatically. The project is called ‘OFM’. In the current work, an ergonomics-based slider crank mechanism-based vegetable and fruit cutting machine is designed and constructed (Krishna et.al, 2022). This machine can perform tasks such as peeling, cutting and fry at a time. The machine is also designed to save time and man (Fauzi,2022). 1.1 Problem Statement Statement of the problem is an important aspect that should be considered regardless of the industry or any organization before creating or producing a product. Creativity and innovation rank among the most crucial components of a product design project. (Hmina et.al,2018). Thus, the idea to project product machine fried onions or OFM based on problems addressed. By research of the problems are: 63

1. Long time taken to process produces fried onions starting from the process of peeling, cutting, and frying onions. 2. The level of security using traditional methods is decrease. 3. Productivity using traditional methods is less. The objective is an important factor in the production process of a project is to design and develop machine produce fried onions and to reduce time and energy on process peeling, slicing, and frying (Nor, 2019). The objective of this study is: 1. To design and develop machine produce fried onions. 2. To reduce time and energy to produce fried onion. (Three process in one machine). This study limited to only: 1. Using a semi-auto system. 2. This machine can carry out 3 processes only (peeling, cutting, and frying) 3. Processing 2 kg of onion in a time. 4. Able to process the onion only. 1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW The onion (Allium cepa L., from Latin cepa meaning "onion"), also known as the bulb onion or common onion, is a vegetable that is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium (Wikipedia,2022) Onions are cultivated and used around the world. As a food item, they are usually served cooked, as a vegetable or part of a prepared savory dish but can also be eaten raw or used to make pickles or chutneys. They are pungent when chopped and contain certain chemical substances which may irritate the eyes. Onion bulbs formed from the base of the leaves together and form stems that change shape and function, grow, and eventually form a coated bulb. Onion bulbs formed from layers of leaves that grow and coalesce. An essential garnish or ingredient in a dish is fried onions (Umaroh et.al, 2018). Fried onions are slices of onion that have either been pan-fried (sautéed) or deep-fried and are frequently used as a vegetable side dish, garnish, or ingredient in dishes. (Wikipedia, 2022). Almost all Malaysian specialties use this ingredient. Fried onions are now widely used and can be said to be necessities restaurant entrepreneurs and ordinary food stall or even at home. Three processes must be completed before an onion can be fried: the onion must first be peeled, then it must be sliced, and finally it must be fried. Peeling is one of the crucial steps in the preparation of raw materials that will impact the final product's quality and cost (Rahim et.al, 2019). Previous final year project report session December 2010 covered was cutting and frying only. The machine process starts with onion peeled manually and limited processing one kilogram of onions at one time (Firas et.al, 2010). In addition, the final year report projects session December 2015 just focus on cutting the onion process using 13 blades of cutter (Yusof,2015). Most of the machine part is from recycled final year projects from the past (Husni ,2019). Fried onions produced from three major process which is peeling, cutting, and frying. Usually, the traditional way that always used to peel and chop the onion is using a knife. Parents or older people are adept at using this method, but this method takes a long time to peel and chop one onion. SMEs used a machine but only certain process they afford to buy. Based on observation, cutting process SMEs use a machine. The others still manually done by operator. Use of this method requires a lot of energy to do with quantity. In addition, it also causes a painful and watery eye due to enzyme sulfonic respond with tear into sulphury acid. Nowadays, there are many types of machines invented for onion, but it was only facilitating the process separated. Table 1: Comparison Type of Onion Fried Machine in Market Name of machine Amisy Onion Fryer Machine (Amsdyz500) Bop-2 Full Automatic Onion Peeler Stainless Steel Onion Processing Machine Onion Slice Cutting Machine Dimension 880*620*930mm 2200*1200*1950mm 720*500*900mm 64

Capacity Follow oil groove size 500*500*400mm Around 7200 pieces per hour 300-600kg/h Advantage -Temperature can be set by the machine. -Food scraps generated in frying process can sink into bottom funnel through water filteration. -This sort of fully automatic onion peeler works with all types of onions in a specific size range (40-80mm, 60- 120mm, etc.); there is no need to grade onions or return onions to their original location; it works with both dry and fresh onions and uses air peeling, which doesn't harm onions. -The round onion cutter machine can slice onions and dice them. Suitable for restaurants and onion processing plants -This vegetable onioncutting machine is also suitable for: potatoes, apple, banana, bamboo shoots, onions, etc. Disadvantage Only concerned frying process. Only concerned peeling process Only concerned slicing process. Table 1 shows the comparison onion fried machine that are available in the market. There only one machine for one process. Based on the survey shows an opportunity for innovation to be design. The expected result is to improve the quality of fried onion productivity up to twice which initially only able to fry onion as much as two kilogram in one process of frying (Umaroh, 2018). Frying is applied as one of the oldest methods of food preparation both in domestic and industrial scale (Salehi,2019). 2. METHODOLOGY 2.1 Product Design Research methodology and techniques are designing, collecting, and analyzing data to produce evidence that can support a study (to conclude that what is studied). The purpose of the methodology is to help understand the wider (in detail) about the application of the method to make the description of the review process. The following flowchart illustrates the approach taken to fulfil the activity's goal. Figure 1: Flow Chart Of Implementation Method 65

Figure 1 shows the flow chart of implementation method to produce OFM machine. Started with introduction on selection of topic of project. Observation and research have been done to study the current method that SMEs used to produces onion fried. The results show that, they more preferred to used manual method using knife for peeling process and frying process traditionally using big size of wok and gas stove. They spend more buying a cutting machine to ensure the thick of cutting size was standardized. Total time to finish 50kilogram per day were six hours. Where in ratio for two kilograms were finished per hour. This project aims to help the SMEs reduce the time and manpower to produce onion fried and the productivity will increase at the same time. Therefore, OFM were designed to achieve the objective with small expenditure. Based on the study, literature review conducted and gather the information. Several ideas have been designed. Sketch is the main step for a designer. The concepts of machine have been discussed and the material selection were based on stainless steel for hygienic and safety. The selected design drawings have been drawn using the AutoCAD drawing application. Next, the raw material been measured, cutting, fabricate and continued with finishing process. Figure 2: AutoCAD Drawing of OFM Machine 2.2 Product Fabrication Product fabrication includes the creation of machines, parts, and structures from various raw materials based on planned design drawing before. As with other manufacturing processes, both human labor with tools are commonly used. Process of product fabrication shown in Table 2 below. Table 2: Process of Product Fabrication STEPS Work Procedure STEPS Work Procedure 1 Measured Process Measure the hollow bar according to the predefined size. (Frame size: 100x40cmx 80cm) 6 Install cutting blade Onion will fall from the top after the peel door is opened.The cutter will cut the onion when subjected to pressure then the cutter will cut the onion. 66

2 Cutting Process Make cuts on materials that have been measured using ‘power grinder’ 7 Install Frying cooker Weld the place for cooker to frying process. After completing the process on the cooker's side, repeat welding process to connect the cooker's side and the cooker frame. The cooker was 32 Watt and 6.4 liter. 3 Welding Process Welding process fabricate mainframe of machine. i.Welded ‘hollow bar’ according to the desired shape using MIG Welding Machines.Use the L, to make sure that the corner of the frame is 90 °.Use the handrails to level the welded parts. 8 Install cover body of machine i.Cut the aluminum plate to cover the motor and others part. ii.welds the aluminum plate on the outside and the bottom of the machine. It aims to make our machine surface neat. 4 Motor Assembly Process After the modification process is completed then the motor can be placed. This motor used for peeling and cutting semi-automatic process. The diagram below shows the position where the motor is mounted. 9 Finishing After all the above works are completed, the finishing process is done by removing any sharp guitars and paint spraying. Finishing work to ensure safety and satisfaction to consumers. 5 Install Peeling container 1) Use stainless steel containers to make the process of peeling. 2)The radius on the side of the wall remove the onion skin and radius at the bottom used to filter the onion skin if the water from the pipe released. 4) make the door or the path according to the shape and size of the desired size so that the ready-to-peel shall pass through the door to fall to the cutting process. 10 Final product OFM 67

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 3: Result of Time Taken Table 3 shows the time taken for three processes using two different methods. Current method in SMEs using manual peel and frying but used machine for cutting. Three experiments have been done and the result shows almost 30 minutes where finish to produced one kilogram of onions. While by using OFM, the time consuming was reduced 50% from current method. Figure 3 below, shows that OFM, the orange bar showed save much time rather than using current method. Peeling process shows the bigger different time taken which is OFM takes 4.33 minutes compared to manual method that takes about 15 minutes. OFM also shows cutting time save to 16.75% time from 5 minutes to 3.33 minutes compared to current method. For frying process, the time 23.3% difference where current method were 10 minutes and OFM was 7.67 minutes. Figure 3: Graph Time Taken for Current SMEs Method Versus OFM 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% peeling cutting frying total time OFM 3in1 4.33 3.33 7.67 15.67 current SMEs 15 5 10 30 15 5 10 30 4.33 3.33 7.67 15.67 TIME (MIN) METHOD OF PROCESS GRAPH TIME TAKEN CURRENT SMEs METHOD VS OFM (1 kg onion) Methods (1kg onion) Time taken (min) Current method in SMEs factory (One skilled operator) Trial peeling cutting frying Total finish process 1 15 5 10 30 2 14 5 8 27 3 16 5 12 33 Ave 15 5 10 30 OFM (1 operator) 1 4 3 8 15 2 5 4 7 16 3 4 3 8 16 Ave 4.33 3.33 7.67 15.67 68

1.Switch on the machine. Put the onion on peeling container 4.Push the onion to cutting hole while blade spinning 2.Pour a water while the container running 5.The cutting onion straight down to fryingpan 3.The onion has peeled move out to cutting hole 6.Frying the onion until finish. Switch of the machine Figure 4: Steps of OFM Machines Operates Figure 4 shows the steps of OFM operates. Turn on the switch, the bottom blade on container side will spinning and the same time, water was added for peeling process. After the process done, the onion then moves to cutting hole in one side, after cutting done, by using gravity force, the cutting onion were gone down to the frying pan. The onion will be frying until it becomes brown-gold color. Then the fried onion was ready to eat and finish at 15minutes per one kilogram. Compared to the market product, it shows clearly that the function of OFM much better. Accordingly, OFM capable of running three processes at one time on a regular basis. The SMEs will increase their production due to time producing has been decrease. These innovation machine will help the SMEs to use their space in factory wisely because OFM very smart and small where just one machine for three processing. Part of the work involved with processing easy to clean because the material used was stainless steel. The machine can process 2 kg onions in a time starting from peel and ended the frying process. Additionally, entrepreneurs can reduce labour costs and save time (Sha’ari et.al, 2021). 4. CONCLUSION The implementation of ‘FABRICATION OF 3-IN-1 ONION FRIED MACHINE (OFM) FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM INDUSTRIES’ very useful to increase the production process become effective and efficient. the resulting product is also more hygienic because the processing made of stainless steel. These are the conclusion: 69

1. The objective of this study has successfully achieved: • To design and develop machine produce fried onions • To reduce time and energy to produce fried onion. (Three process in one machine). 2. The time process has been reduced from total 30 minutes to 15.67 minutes using OFM machine. It was about 47.76% faster than current SMEs method. 3. The problem statement has been solved by using OFM. It was short time taken to process produces fried onions starting from the process of peeling, cutting, and frying onions. 4. Productivity using traditional methods is increase by the processing to produce the fried onion has been improve and faster. 5. REFERENCES Fauzi, L. A. F. B. M., Kamaruddin, L. R. B., & Abdullah, L. M. F. B. (2022) The Development Of Automatic Non-Leafy Vegetables Cutting Machine. In International Symposium Of Education And Values-4 (P. 31). Firas, N.A Rahim, S.T Arman, & Teymoi, L (2010), Fried Onion Producing Machine, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan. (Unpublished) Halim, M. I. A., Musa, Z. N., Jaluddin, S. N., Karim, U. K. A., Mahat, M. M., Sufian, M. F., & Ariffin, Z. Z. (2019). Investigation of sharpness of knife by onion cutting. Materials Today: Proceedings, 16, 2039-2046. Hmina, K., Sallaou, M., Arbaoui, A., & Lasri, L. (2018). A preliminary design innovation aid methodology based on energy analysis and TRIZ tools exploitation. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM), 12(3), 919-928. Husni, A. M., Majid, A. L., Fuei, W. C., Azhari, N. K. S., & Jie, S. W. (2019). Semi-automated onion peeler machine. MCH EED GMI. (Unpublished) Krishna, U. V., Kumar, P. P., Sri, B. D., & Basha, S. A. (2022). Ergonomic Design of Vegetable and Fruit Cutter. In Technology-Enabled Work-System Design (pp. 41-51). Springer, Singapore. Nor, N. H. M., Hassan, M. F., Ali, M. H. M., & Tuparman, M. H. (2019). Design and Development of Shallots Skin Peeler Machine. Journal of Industry, Engineering and Innovation, 1(2). Nurherdiana, S. D., Nugraha, R. E., Yogaswara, R. R., Ramadhan, H., Hakam, M., & Dharmawan, W. A. (2022). Diversification of Processed Onion Products as the Iconic Product in Darurejo Village, Jombang Regency. Nusantara Science and Technology Proceedings, 330-334. Rahim, H. A., Abidin, M. H. S. Z., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2019). Design and Development the Onion Peeling Machine Using Diamond Mesh Shape Tromp Peeler. Politeknik & Kolej Komuniti Journal of Engineering and Technology, 90-102. Rasool, K., Islam, M. N., Ali, M., Jang, B. E., Khan, N. A., Chowdhury, M., ... & Kwon, H. J. (2020). Onion transplanting mechanisms: A review. Precis. Agric. Sci. Technol, 2, 196. Salehi, F. (2019). Measurement of Central Temperature and Color Changes of Onion Slices During Frying Process. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition, 16(4), 71-80. Sha'ari, M. S., & Yasak, F. (2021). Improvement of Existing Onion Peeler Machines. Progress in Engineering Application and Technology, 2(2), 1090-1101. Umaroh, S. T., Khofi, M. I., Huda, K., Purnomo, A. S., & Alfianti, A. F. (2018). Design Of Semi-Automatic Onion Frying Machine Equipped With Temperature, Timer, Speed Control. International journal of Tourism and hospitality in Asia Pasific (IJTHAP), 1(1). Yusof, Y.M Aiman, M. Razak & S. Maria (2015), Onion Cutter Tool in the Restaurant. Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan. (Unpublished) 70

Smart Power Socket Monitoring Based on ACS712 Noor Ainniesafina Zainal1 , and Norhanis Harol Anual2 1,2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, 81700, Johor, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Electricity applications are used by humans to carry out their daily tasks. Electrical or electronic equipment must be charged on a regular basis since excessive current will damage the product. The energy-saving sockets is important, and has been developed so far, but the technology still needs to be improved. In order to create a smart socket that uses GSM warning, the Smart Socket Monitoring Based on ACS712 is presented. The study's purpose is to develop a mechanism that measures the use of current values and then gives warnings when excessive current usage occurs. A system is established to measure the consumption of current values that have been specified and to apply technology in the safety of electricity use. The current sensor ACS712 is used as an incoming current detector for this purpose, and it is controlled by the Arduino Uno. This product can calculate current consumption values on three different levels. Through SMS alerts, the system was able to successfully operate as an energy-efficient smart socket. This simple and low-cost product makes it inexpensive and potentially marketable. Keywords: Current sensor ACS712, GSM, Arduino Uno, Current consumption 1. INTRODUCTION Electric current usage is becoming a necessity for people to go about their daily lives. This is due to the fact that all electronic and electrical devices need to be charged and to have current flowing through them in order to work. As an illustration, consider water heaters, rice cookers, and mobile phone chargers. Therefore, end users need to cut back on their energy usage by changing how they consume energy and utilizing energyefficient tools and equipment [1]. However, irresponsible and haphazard current usage might have detrimental implications. Heat from an overload/overcurrent causes insulation ageing in an electrical socket outlet [2]. According to studies, there are several occurrences of house premise fires caused by a short circuit and current overload [1]. Officials from Malaysia's Department of Statistics published the dataset Statistics on Fire Breakouts, Malaysia, 2000 - 2019, where the number of Deaths refers to instant death at the scene, sourced from Malaysia's Fire and Rescue Department. According to 2019 statistics, there were 50720 fire outbreaks, with 121 deaths and 455 injuries [3]. While, according to Malaysian Fire Protection Association president Michelle Hah, a fire occurs every 24 minutes on average, with an annual loss of RM5bil. She estimated that there is a 60% rise in fires caused by electrical failures, particularly during the holiday season. This is caused by overloading, which occurs when additional electronics or lights are plugged into sockets. To limit the risk of fires, it was critical to understand the maximum voltage of electrical sockets [4]. Such cases can occur due to human negligence or the attitude of not taking seriously the prudent use of electricity. The biggest issue with home and shop owners is that they are unaware of excessive current consumption. As a result, consumers are unaware of the value and limitations of an electrical item's current consumption when plugged into a socket. Aside from that, users frequently use a large number of electrical goods on all in sockets, which can cause harm to electrical products. As a result, this research was carried out in order to create a Smart Socket capable of measuring and displaying incoming current utilising a current sensor and an LCD display. This smart socket may also warn the user if there is an excessive current by sounding a buzzer and sending an SMS alert. The project is expected to boost safety while decreasing current usage. 71

1.1 Smart Socket Several smart socket prototypes for monitoring and managing home appliances have been proposed. In buildings and other sites, electric equipment is often connected to an alternating current (AC) mains electricity power supply via AC power plugs and sockets [5]. Plug sockets are electrical outlets that provide a safe and convenient way to distribute fixed power in any residential, commercial, or industrial environment. Electricity can be used to power anything from a phone charger to a computer or large machineries, and even an automobile. When needed, electric sockets in a range of colours and finishes can be both functional and visually appealing. One, two, and three gang plugs give versatility in applications that demand more or fewer power points. A smart socket is not simply a conventional socket; it can execute multiple tasks at once. The socket's "smart" aspect is implemented by the use of a current sensor, which is then paired with a GSM modem to inform the user as a warning indication. Previously, most people at home as well as shop premises used a traditional AC plug socket. Overflow current may occur if multiple charging occurs, and it may injure the electrical good if the current is surpassed. Power sockets have seen significant changes in terms of function augmentation, such as wireless control and current monitoring, over the years. In [6], the system based on ZigBee communication and infrared remote controls. The socket in the study consists of a current-sensing component and a series of resistors arranged in such a way that the voltage is divided until it reaches the appropriate limit for the power metering chip. Through the device interface, the overall and individual power consumption of the linked device can be accessed by using the socket. However, the device's low sampling rate and limited communication coverage at a few tens of metres only limit its capabilities. The similar study based on ZigBee communication is present in [7]. The investigates a smart socket that can wirelessly monitor and regulate attached loads using a main controller, an ATmega328 microcontroller that functions as the manager of all other plug components. Similarly, to earlier designs, [7] does not require a measurement unit for the voltage signal because power consumption is approximated using the current drawn from the socket, hence tying the voltage level to a reference value. Many of these enhancements were developed to stay up with technology advancements. Thus, the proposed idea can manage the electric current consumption for multiple charging while also alerting consumers via SMS warning via smartphone. In a real life, we cannot avoid the advancement of technology on a daily basis. Aside from that, energy-saving methods are excellent. It can benefit everyone indirectly. Consequently, a smart socket is one of the options that encourages the use of technology in daily life and the efficient use of energy. 1.2 Wireless System Mobile communication has evolved into a vital means of information exchange around the world. All of the mobile technologies that have been developed to date have significantly changed our way of life [8]. GSM Modem is the wireless connection used in Smart Socket. A study released in [9] described an outlet system that can be controlled and monitored using a GSM cellular phone's short message service. Wireless modems create, transmit, or decode data from a cellular network to establish connectivity. A SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card is required to communicate with the network. They, like mobile phones, have an IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) number for identification. The modem requires AT commands to interact with the processor or controller, which are transmitted via serial connection. The controller/processor sends these commands. After receiving a command, the modem returns a response. The controlled elements in this system were equipped with current sensors, and the intelligent system would apply LED controls based on the detecting results supplied by the current sensors. 2. METHODOLOGY This study indicates the design of a smart socket system that is expected to be able to send a warning when excessive current consumption occurs in order to address concerns linked to the wasteful use of electricity. The project is divided into three main parts which will be done simultaneously. The smart socket characteristics is realized by using current sensor while warning system is realized thru GSM Modem. Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the project. Refer to Fig. 1, this project build with current sensor (ACS712), which is operate as a current detector and converts it to an output voltage that can be measured and is proportional to the current via the route being monitored. Each sensor is made for a particular current range and environmental condition. Sensors are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most common of these sensors is a resistor that measures current. It is a current-to-voltage converter in which a resistor is placed in the current channel to linearly convert the current to voltage. 72

Based on the project implementation, there are three levels of current value rates. All these three levels of current are setting with three level of current consumption. Each current level will be set according to the colour of the LED, which is green, yellow and red. Current sensor will detect an incoming current through plug socket and it will generate data as an information to Arduino Uno. This Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATMega328P microcontroller. The board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins and it is programmable with the Arduino IDE, via a type B USB cable. The Arduino will process the data and command the LED, LCD, Buzzer and GSM Modem as output of the project. GSM modem is a complete GSM/GPRS module in SMT format, developed with a high-performance single-chip processor based on the AMR926EJ-S core, allowing for tiny dimensions and cost-effective solutions. When the current exceeds the limit, it will display the current value on the LCD. Apart of that, buzzer is connected to trigger a GSM module in order to send an alert message through smartphone via short message. Figure 1: Block Diagram Fig.2 shows the flow chart of project development, which is a process of project or project design to plan and build effective learning experiences consists of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation process. Refer to the flowchart, first process flow is analysis. Thus, the analysis has been done in order to understand the gaps of study. The fundamental issue is that the owner of a home or business is unaware of high current consumption. As a result, consumers are unaware of the value and limitations of an electrical item's current consumption when plugged into a socket. Another problem with consumers is that they constantly overload one outlet with electrical appliances, which might damage the equipment. Following that, based on the study, the decision was made to design a system that measures the utilisation of established current levels using a current sensor, as well as a system that delivers alarms when there is excessive current usage. After the design step, the end-product is developed to provide a learning experience. At this stage, three parts of main development is considered, which is develop a current sensor that can measure an input data, LCD display to display the total current consumption, and a buzzer to alerts the user at the same time. In this case, the system must determine the overall current consumption in order to carry out the command issued by the processor, which is an Arduino Uno. As a result, the system must determine and comprehend whether the current exceeds 0.3A. As a result, it is critical to determine whether the Green LED or Red LED should be turned on. Finally, the process is assessed to determine the system's effectiveness. If the current consumption exceeds the limit, the Red LED will illuminate, the buzzer will sound, and an SMS warning will be sent. 73

Figure 2: Flow Chart of Project 2.1 Product Design The product is made by waterproof Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / Plastic material or IP66 waterproof enclosure boxes. Fig. 3(a)-(d) shows the product top view, side view, front view and isometric view. It was designed in a part which are rectangular shape in dimensions 215mm x 150mm x 80mm (Width x Long x Height), which is consists of three LED, 3-pin socket, buzzer and LCD on the top casing. Fig. 4(a)-(b) shows the final product and product setup for testing and analysis. Test conducted on a prototype model that has 5 bulbs and ACS172 current sensors 5A to measure the total power usage and current measurements as shown in Fig. 4(b). The analysis and testing have been done in order to monitor power consumption at home. (a) (b) (c) (d) Figure 3: (a) Top View (b) Side View (c) Front View (d) Isometric View 74

(a) (b) Figure 4: (a) The Developed Smart Socket (b) Product Setup for Testing and Analysis 3. DATA FINDING AND DISCUSSION To fulfil the study's goal, two analyses were performed. The first analysis was completed, which measured the utilisation of current values using a current sensor. As indicated in Fig. 5, the warning will be issued to the cell phone through short message. While, Fig. 6 shows the three levels setting of current sensors, in Arduino Uno, which is 0.01A ≤ Current exceed < 0.2A for level 1, 0.2A ≤ Current exceed < 0.3A for level 2 and Current exceed 0.3A for level 3. After then, a liquid crystal display (LCD) will display the measurement value of the current sensor. In addition, this project consists of three Light Emitting Diodes (LED) in the colours green, yellow, and red. Figure 5: Source Code to Define Message Figure 6: Source Code Setting for Level of Current and LEDs Table 1 shows the result for current sensor finding. The green LED will turn ON if the current equal or exceeds 0.01A but less than 0.2A. It shows that the amount of electricity being consumed is still quite low. When the current equal or exceeds more than 0.2A, the yellow LED will turn ON. This implies that the user is on high alert while remaining within the limits of the permissible electricity consumption rate. However, if the current is equal or exceeds 0.3A, the red LED will turn ON and the user will be alerted at the same time. According to the testing results, the limit current display in Fig. 6 has three levels: 0.08A (Green LED), 0.20A (Yellow LED), and 0.32A (Red LED). 75

Table 1: Result Finding of Current Sensor CURRENT LIMIT Green LED = ON Yellow LED = ON Red LED = ON 0.01A ≤ Current exceed < 0.2A YES NO NO 0.2A ≤ Current exceed < 0.3A NO YES NO Current exceeds 0.3A NO NO YES (a) (b) (c) Figure 7: (a) Green LED (b) Yellow LED (c) Red LED Second analysis has been conducted in order to achieve second objective, which is to design a system that issues warning if excessive current consumption occurs. Table 2 shows the result finding based on the combination circuit of smart socket with GSM module. The GSM Modem SIM900A is used as a wireless module and it’s dependable [10]. The GSM will be sending a message using smartphone thru SMS application as when the current measured by a sensor current exceeds 0.3A. At the same time, Red LED will turn on and the buzzer will be warned as shown in Fig. 7(c). Therefore, if the passing current exceeds the set of current level, a warning will be received via SMS with a display of "Current exceed limit" as shown in Fig. 8, while the LCD module was developed to display real-time voltage and current monitoring value as mentioned in. Next, a short messaging service on a GSM cell phone to remotely manage and monitor an outlet system [11]. This smart power socket monitoring based on ACS712 is a simple mechanism that monitoring a current consumption. The development of smart sockets has been identified as a viable answer to these challenges. However, earlier literature analysis could not uncover an optimal design for the creation of cost-effective, easy-to-use smart sockets [11]. Table 2: Result Finding for Buzzer and GSM Modem CURRENT LIMIT BUZZER WARNING STATUS MESSAGE RECEIVE STATUS 0.2A < Current exceed > 0.01A OFF NO 0.3A < Current exceed > 0.2A OFF NO Current exceed > 0.3A ON YES Figure 8: SMS Warning 76

4. CONCLUSION To reduce electrical fires caused by electrical socket outlets, it is required to execute and monitor electrical socket outlet current consumption. In this study, Smart Power Socket Monitoring Based on ACS712 has been successfully proposed for alerting the users if there is an excessive current consumption with easier and safety design. Thus, finding of this research has been summarized. The ATmega328P microcontroller board received the data from the current sensor and the LCD shows a message and user prompts as a display system. The programmed for a microcontroller was written in C programming, which is based on the current circumstances. It also enables to interfaced with SIM900A GSM module to send a message. In conclusion, the aim of this project which is to create a mechanism that measures the use of values current that has been set while using current sensor is successful designed. The application of a product that may send a short messaging service on a GSM cell phone to monitor an outlet system is advantageous for the system if excessive current consumption occurs. Furthermore, it can use technology to improve the safety of electricity use. 5. REFERENCES Al-Hassan, E., Shareef, H., Islam, M. M., Wahyudie, A., & Abdrabou, A. A. (2018). Improved smart power socket for monitoring and controlling electrical home appliances. IEEE Access, 6, 49292-49305. Kim, K. C., Kim, D. H., Kim, S. C., & Kim, J. H. (2020). Analysis of thermal characteristics and insulation resistance based on the installation year and accelerated test by electrical socket outlets. Safety and health at work, 11(4), 405-417. “Statistics On Fire Breakouts” [Online]. Retrieved November 10, 2021. Available: Malaysia”https://www.data.gov.my/data/en_US/dataset/statistics-on-fire-breakouts-malaysia “Be safe rather than sorry” [Online]. Retrieved December 12, 2021. Available: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/04/28/be-safe-rather-than-sorry AC Plug, "What is plug socket?". [Online]. Retrieved November 26, 2021. Available: https://my.rsonline.com/web/c/fuses-sockets-circuit- breakers/electrical-installation-accessories/plug-sockets/ J. Han, C.-S. Choi and I. Lee, "More efficient home energy management system based on ZigBee communication and infrared remote controls", IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 85-89, Feb. 2011. T. M. Fernández-Caramés, "An intelligent power outlet system for the smart home of the Internet of Things", Int. J. Distrib. Sensor Netw., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 214805, 2015. Yadav, R. (2017, March). Challenges and evolution of next generations wireless communication. In Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists (Vol. 2). Lien, C.H.; Bai, Y.W.; Lin, M.B. Remote-controllable power outlet system for home power management. IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. 2007, 53, 1634–1641. SIM900A GSM GPRS Module. [Online]. Retrieved November 26,2021. Available: https://www.mybotic.com.my/ products/SIM900A-GSM-GPRS-Module/1783. Ma, M., Huang, B., Wang, B., Chen, J., & Liao, L. (2018). Development of an energy-efficient smart socket based on STM32F103. Applied Sciences, 8(11), 2276. 77

IOT Smart Availability of The Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan (PIS) Lecturer Module by Using RFID Farhana Norazman1 , Wan Mohd Rumaizi Wan Taib1 and Muhammad Nur Hadi Che Ibrahim1 `1Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan, KM 10, Jalan Kong Kong, Pasir Gudang, 81700, Johore, Malaysia *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Despite the trends of online classes in place, sometimes face-to-face lecture is unavoidable. Last-minute notice regarding the availability of a lecturer through verbal communication is cumbersome. Students might have come to the lecturer’s room to consult their lecturer just to learn that the lecturer is not in the lecturer’s room. Therefore, the proposed module consists of an RC522 RFID module, a NodeMCU ESP8266 is developed to detect the availability of PIS lecturers in the lecturer’s room. The objective of this paper is to develop a module that can use RFID cards to track the availability of the lecturer in the room and send a notification to the androidbased mobile application. Finally, the functionality and capability of the proposed module are tested. The module uses the advantage of Blynk software to interconnect with NodeMCU ESP8266 and students’ mobile phones. By using an RFID card, a lecturer can tap their card onto the module before entering the room, simultaneously data is sent to the Blynk cloud and a notification will be popped out from the Blynk application installed on the student’s Android-based mobile phone. The same process will be repeated if the lecturer taps their card again to leave the room. The module can successfully identify each card tested with the validity occurrence test returning 84% of valid output and only 16% of invalid output. The module is also tested against different use of service providers and concluded by using Celcom, the notification is received earlier than using UMobile, Maxis, and Digi. Finally, based on the test conducted, it can be concluded that the objective of this paper is fulfilled. However, the module is still in the early stage of development and more improvement can be done such as incorporating biometric technology into the module to make it more secure. Keywords: RFID, IoT, Blynk, attendance, mobile application. 1. INTRODUCTION RFID technology is becoming increasingly popular for a variety of reasons. It stands for Radio Frequency Identification and refers to the use of radio signals to transmit data from tags to receivers. The tags are tiny computer chips that can be attached to just about anything. The use of RFID is an efficient way to manage large quantities of data. The RFID tags can be read at a very long range, making them perfect for tracking and tracing items. The use of technology is expanding rapidly these days, with examples of its applications appearing in businesses, transportation, agriculture, educational institution, and many other fields. One of the most RFID usages in an educational institution is in taking attendance. The traditional method of manually recording attendance in educational institutions is frequently inconvenient and time-consuming. (Aravindhan et al., 2021; Hasanein D. Rjeib, 2018; Karwan Jacksi, 2018; Vibin Mammen Vinod, 2021). However, RFID technology can help to alleviate this issue. Moreover, the automatic identification technology used to retrieve or store data on RFID Tags can be performed without any physical contact. (Sarah Amsler, 2022). With the current trends of the Internet of Things (IoT), recording and accessing daily attendance becoming more convenient. Malaysia should integrate the use of IoT in their educational institution to create a digital environment thus enhance the quality of our educational system (Sivakumar, Jusman, & Mohd Mastan, 2017). Despite innovations in the accessibility and availability of digital educational content such as video lectures and e-books, physical access to institutions still relies on the availability of a lecturer to teach the course in question. Such reliance on live instruction can cause problems when a lecturer cannot attend a class for a 78

legitimate reason or chooses to skip a class session in a short notice to the students. In an extreme case, this can result in some students being unable to complete their course work. Because of this problem, innovative methods have been developed to help ensure that students can always access a required lecture when needed. Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan (PIS) is listed as one of the premier’s polytechnics in Malaysia and the attendance of the lectures is taken using a thumbprint. Even though by using thumbprint and data is being collected, the database is restricted to students due to several reasons. Therefore, the IOT Smart Availability of the PIS lecturer module by using RFID is proposed. The purpose of the module is to identify the availability of each lecturer in the lecturer’s room. The main component of the module consists of RC522 RFID Module and ModeNCU ESP8266. The use of RC522 RFID module is popular among researcher because by placing the RFID card onto the reader, the attendance can be taken immediately in real-time (Omkar Gaikwad, 2020). The module could capture the attendance of the lecturer along with the time and date they enter and exit the lecturer’s room and finally store the data inside the Blynk cloud. The data would then be sent as a notification via the Blynk application installed in an Android based mobile phone. By using RFID and IoT, the traditional method of taking attendance can be totally changed to be more aligned with the digitalization advances. This system could assist the administrators in managing the attendance system in a more systematic and convenience way. The objective of this paper is to construct and test the efficiency of the module so it can be improved and commercialized further in the future. 2. BACKGROUND RESEARCH Several related literature reviews were collected to identify the design and device use to be use for the proposed module. Previous research regarding RFID based attendance system, the use of node microcontroller unit, RC522 RFID module, and Blynk software were collected and reviewed to get better understanding and finding the new method to construct the module, so that the objective can be fulfilled. 2.1 RFID Based attendance system The use of RFID for recording attendance is accepted widely. By using RFID, it can identify each unique identification number of a lecturer, student and employee (Aravindhan et al., 2021). Different methodology is used together with the RFID technology. The “Lecturer Is In-oT” application developed by (Nor Farahidah Za’bah, 2021) let the students know the availability of the lecturer in the office. The system is designed using raspberry Pi as a gateway to connect to the firebase. However, using the application, the lecturer cannot set their status to “busy” if they don’t want any interruption from the students. In different study, the use of RFID is integrated with a biometric identification using a fingerprint to enhance the security level in collecting the attendance. The record of the attendance can be viewed via a website by using the raspberry pi as a hosting platform. Eventually, the data can be exported into Excel format (.xsl) for documentation purposes. However, the RFID is connected directly to the PC to function properly (Vibin Mammen Vinod, 2021). In a school in Morocco, the students’ attendance is recorded using RFID technology and parents can monitor their kids’ attendance by receiving notification thru email or SMS (El Mrabet & Ait Moussa, 2020). The automated attendance technology not only implemented in educational institution but also in a work place. (Akshat Gupta, 2019) reported the use of biometric technology to record the attendance of the staff since the working hour is associated with their salary. Therefore, it is crucial for the employee to monitor the time their staff enter and leave the premise. Another research by (Aravindhan et al., 2021) also reported the application of RFID use in monitoring the staff attendance. By using Arduino UNO to connect to the RFID module, the recorded data is saved on a Google Spreadsheet. Additionally, the module is convenience since it can run on a battery or a direct power supply, hence it is portable. These researches prove the automated recording system could reduce human error. Node Microcontroller Unit To design the prototype IoT based module an IoT microcontroller unit or development board should be used. The Node Microcontroller Unit which is an open-source firmware is suitable to be used to connect a device to local network or internet. The main component of the NodeMCU is ESP8266. The pins are programmable and has built in WiFi function has shown in Figure 1. Since it is powered via micro-USB port, it is considered a lowcost controller. In addition, multiple programming development platforms such as Espruino, Mangoose OS, Software Development Kit (SDK) by Espressif and ESP8266 add-on for Arduino can be used to program the pin. In summary, it is a highly integrated chip complete with networking solution as well as on board processor with storage capabilities (Parihar, 2019). 79

Figure 1: NodeMCU ESP8266 Board And Pinout 2.2 RC522 RFID Module The RC522 is a 13.56MHz RFID module that is based on the MFRC522 controller from NXP semiconductors. The operating distance to write/read data mode is up to 50mm. It is commonly used in attendance systems and other person/object identification applications (NXP, 2010). The RC522 RFID module can easily be connected with Arduino Uno, as well as ESP8286 (M. Swathika, 2018). The module has interrupt pin that will give an alert when a tag is near the receiver (Omkar Gaikwad, 2020). Thus, it makes a very convenient device to be incorporated into the module proposed. Figure 2: RC522 RFID Reader Module 2.3 Blynk Software The Blynk software is designed to be used for IoT environment. It works effectively on Android based mobile phones to remotely control and display collected data. Components in the Blynk platform involve a Blynk application tool kit, a Blynk server and a Blynk libraries. This components allows user to create various IoT projects, to connect to the mobile phone with hardware via both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and finally interact with the server and process command wisely (Thimmapuram Swati, 2018). Blynk can be used to control Arduino board using a mobile phone via internet (Todica, 2016). It is reported the usage of Blynk application in a weather monitoring system developed using Arduino UNO Microcontroller (Mohd Hakimi Bin Zohari, 2019) and a home monitoring system (Media’s, Syufrijal, & Rif’an, 2019). 3. METHODOLOGY The methodology flow chart is shown in Figure 3. Initially, background research is been done based on the topic chosen. A literature review is carried out to get a better understanding of how the module will be designed. Since the objective of the project is to develop a module that can use RFID cards to track the availability of the lecturer in the room using an android mobile application calls Blynk, a flowchart is necessary to keep the project in track in fulfilling the objective. The programming code is written in Arduino IDE since it is the easiest and most convenient way to program the RFID module and ESP8266. The information about the lecturer such as entry and exit time will be recorded on the Blynk cloud and notifications will be automatically sent to the students’ Blynk application regarding the availability of their lecturer. The module is divided into two main parts which the hardware and software. However, this paper will be focusing more on the hardware and how the circuit operated together with the equipment used to complete the module. Finally, the capability and the efficiency of the module are tested. 80

Figure 3: Flowchart of the methodology Figure 4(a) shows the block diagram of the module. The module consists of an RC522 RFID Module, NodeMCU ESP8266, a green LED, a buzzer, a 5V module stepdown, a 9V battery, an ON/OFF switch, and a casing box. The RC522 RFID module is connected to the Blynk application via a Wi-Fi connector from the NodeMCU ESP8266 and the programming code is loaded onto the device using Arduino IDE. While Figure 4(b) below is the wiring diagram for the module. The module is powered using a 9V battery and is connected to a stepdown regulator to regulate the 9V voltage into 5V voltage. A switch is connected to the module to connect and disconnect electrical current to the circuit. Finally, the microcontroller is connected to the buzzer, LED and the RFID module. (a) Block Diagram of the module (b) Wiring Diagram of the module Figure 4: Block and wiring diagram of the module When a lecturer taps their RFID card on the RC522, the buzzer and the green LED on the RFID module turn on indicating that the identity information of the card owner is read simultaneously storing the data captured to the Blynk cloud. Finally, the Blynk application installed will display the notification regarding their lecturer's availability. The process is represented in the flow chart in Figure 5 below. 81

Figure 5: Process flowchart 3.1 RC522 RFID Module The MFRC522 controller from NXP Semiconductors is the core of the 13.56MHz RFID module known as the RC522. The module typically comes with an RFID card and key fob and can support I2C, SPI, and UART. It can be used in person/object identification as well as in attendance recording system. The 13.56MHz electromagnetic field that the RFID module generates use to communicate with the RFID tags. A 4-pin Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) allows the reader and microcontroller to connect at a maximum data rate of 10Mbps. The RFID tags can be used to automatically and uniquely identify and track assets and goods. Figure below shows the RC522 RFID Module. 3.2 NodeMCU ESP8266 The NodeMCU is a development board which is a Lua-based firmware that is specifically designed for Internet of Things applications. It has a hardware based on the ESP-12 module and firmware that runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC. The NodeMCU development board can be used just like any other ESP8266 development board, but the NodeMCU firmware is a Lua language interpreter and has nothing to do with Arduino. The ESP8266 is a perfect Internet of Things module because it is very affordable and packed with many features suitable as an IoT module. It can be utilized in any application that requires for connecting a device to a local or global network. 3.3 LED, Buzzer and Switch The LED and buzzer are used in the module to show audio and visual representative that indicates the RFID module is reading data from the RFID card. Additionally, the module is also incorporated with an ON/OFF switch. It is used to interrupt electrical current or direct it from one conductor to another by connecting or disengaging the conducting channel in an electrical circuit. An electromechanical switch is the most popular kind of switch and consists of one or more sets of moveable electrical contacts coupled to external circuits. It is possible for current to flow between two contacts when they are in contact, but not when they are apart. 3.4 Power Supply A rechargeable battery and a stepdown regulator are used as a component to powered the module. The battery supplies a 9V voltage with the capacity 300 – 500 mA. The RC522 RFID Module and NodeMCU ESP8266 require a minimum of 9V and 5A of electricity to operate. 3.5 Circuit Construction Since the RC522 RFID module and NodeMCU ESP8286, is powered by a 9V power supply, it is connected to the module using a female-female jumper wire. While both the RC522 RFID module and the NodeMCU ESP8286 is connected using a tape connector. Finally, a switch and a buzzer are connected to the RFID module using a jumper wire. The circuit is then put nicely into a casing box for commercial purposes. Using 82

the Arduino IDE, the programming code is built and load into the module. Then the identification of a lecturer will be automatically detected when the lecturer taps the RFID card onto the module. The entry and exit time of each lecturer is recorded and notification is sent on the Blynk application. 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION After the module is assembled, the module is tested for its capability and functionality. The process of testing the validity of the RFID cards and the module is crucial to ensure that the module can be used effectively. There are three types of tests has been done; accuracy, validation occurrence and efficiency tests. Below is a brief discussion of the tests made. The accuracy of the module is tested to assess its capability in identifying the lecturer with their entry and exit time every time they tap their cards onto the module. Each RFID card are unique and have different Electronic Product Code (EPC) value. (Massimo, Antonio, Giovanni, & Andrea, 2017) test the performance of their RFID devices by collecting the result of EPC value and time stamp of each activity. Therefore, the accuracy of each card and the time stamp is tested in this paper. Currently, there are only four RFID cards incorporating with the module with each cards identifying four different lecturers. The cards are tested to check the validity whether it represent the correct lecturer or not. When the cards are tapped on to the module, a notification is sent to the mobile phone installed with the Blynk application. The notification is shown in Figure 6 below. The Blynk Notification will be popped up and identify which lecturer is tapping their card to enter and exit the room. To see the time stamp of each tapping, the display as Figure 7 below is shown on the application. Based on this test, it can be concluded that, all four cards could identify the identity of each lecturer and can detect the time they enter and leave the room. Figure 6: Accuracy test 83

Figure 7: Assessing the entry and exit time Next, the validation occurrence test is done based on the tests conducted by (Massimo et al., 2017) on their RFID based device. They recorded the number of successful RFID tag read by the device by varying the antenna used. However, in this paper, random RFID cards used in previous test is tapped onto the module multiple times to check the validation of occurrence of each tap. In this test, 100 taps from four RFID cards are recorded whether the module can read the RFID cards or not. It is labeled as 1 for valid output and 0 for invalid output. Figure 8 is the result of the validation occurrence test that shows 84% valid output with only 16% invalid output. Figure 8: Result of validation occurrence test Finally, the efficiency test is done by recording the receiving time between the RFID card is tap onto the module and the notification received via mobile application as Figure 9. There are four service providers involve in the test; UMobile, Celcom, Digi and Maxis. For each service providers, 100 delivery speed result is recorded and the speed of notification transmission is measure in time(s). The average time is also recorded for each service provider and the final result of the test is tabulated in the bar chart as Figure 10. Based on the Network performance report presented by Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) in 2020, Maxis is reported as the best service provider, followed by UMobile, Celcom and Digi in term of high average throughput and low latency in Southern region (MCMC, 2020). Therefore, this test is conducted and result is compared. Based on the result, the fastest service provider received the notification is Celcom (1.116s), followed by UMobile (1.135s), Maxis (1.188s), and Digi (1.244s). However, the difference between the fastest service provider and the slowest service provider is only 0.128s. The result of this test does not comply with the report presented by MCMC maybe due to the different devices use in the tests and the test is conducted by amateurs. More tests can prudently conduct in the future to see the performance of service provider in Malaysia. Invalid 16% Valid 84% Validation Occurrence Test 84

Figure 9: Testing the efficiency Figure 10: Efficiency test result 5. CONCLUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION Based on the result of the test, it can be concluded that the objective of proposed module is successfully fulfilled. The proposed module is constructed using the RC522 RFID module, NodeMCU ESP8266, a stepdown regulator, a buzzer, LED and finally a power supply. The IoT smart availability of PIS lecturer module using RFID can be used to notify student when a lecturer enters and leaves the room. The notification will be popped up on the Blynk application installed on student’s android based mobile phone. The capability of the module is tested and verified by assessing its validation occurrence (84% valid output) and efficiency using different service providers which show Celcom is the fastest service provider in receiving the notification compared to UMobile, Maxis and Digi. However, it cannot be denied that this module is still in early stage of development. Therefore, further improvement could be done such as introducing the biometric technology so that if the lecturer forgetting their card, they still can use their thumbprint to notify their availability to the students. In addition, the module should able to detect multiple taps as one input, if the lecturer accidentally taps the card more than once in short time. Finally, the notification through Blynk application could be improved by designing a mobile phone application that can be used in both Android and iOS environment. 1.116s 1.135s 1.188s 1.244s Celcom Umobile Maxis Digi 85

6. REFERENCES Akshat Gupta, A. K., Rik Das. (2019). Automated Attendance System For Efficient Employee Management: A Biometry Based Approach. International Journal on Recent Trends in Business and Tourism, 3(3), 117-121. Aravindhan, K., Sangeetha, S. K. B., Periyakaruppan, K., Keerthana, K. P., SanjayGiridhar, V., & Shamaladevi, V. (2021). Design of Attendance Monitoring System Using RFID. Paper presented at the 2021 7th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). El Mrabet, H., & Ait Moussa, A. (2020). IoT-School Attendance System Using RFID Technology. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 14(14). doi:10.3991/ijim.v14i14.14625 Hasanein D. Rjeib, N. S. A., Ali Al Farawn, Basheer Al-Sadaw. (2018). Attendance and Information System using RFID and Web-Based Application for Academic Sector. (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 9(1), 266-274. Karwan Jacksi, F. I., Shahab Ali. (2018). Student Attendance Management System. Scholars Journal of Engineering and Technology (SJET), 6(2), 49-53. doi:10.21276/sjet.2018.6.2.1 M. Swathika, G. I. (2018). IoT Based Access Control Mechanism Using RFID Technology. Asian Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 7, 115-118. Massimo, B., Antonio, R., Giovanni, R., & Andrea, V. (2017). Testing an RFID receiving gate for improving process accuracy in fashion and apparel retail. Paper presented at the 2017 IEEE 3rd International Forum on Research and Technologies for Society and Industry (RTSI). MCMC. (2020). NETWORK PERFORMANCE REPORT 2020. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission Media’s, E., Syufrijal, & Rif’an, M. (2019). Internet of Things (IoT): BLYNK Framework for Smart Home. KnE Social Sciences, 3(12). doi:10.18502/kss.v3i12.4128 Mohd Hakimi Bin Zohari, M. F. B. J. (2019). Weather Monitoring System using Blynk Application. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(1), 1315-1319. doi:10.35940/ijitee.L3666.119119 Nor Farahidah Za’bah, A. M. (2021). A Mobile Application Monitoring System Using Internet Of Things (Iot) And Firebase. Journal of Information Systems and Digital Technologies, 3(1), 16-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIRCA.2018.8597197 NXP. (2010). MFRC522: Contactless reader IC. In. Omkar Gaikwad, P. S., Manas Kantimanhanti. (2020). RFID Attendence Using RC522. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(5), 949-954. Parihar, Y. S. (2019). Internet of Things and Nodemcu: A review of use of Nodemcu ESP8266 in IoT products. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 6(6), 1085-1088. Sarah Amsler, S. S. (2022). RFID (radio frequency identification). Retrieved from https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/RFID-radio-frequency-identification Sivakumar, S. D., Jusman, M. F., & Mohd Mastan, A. N. (2017). A Case Study Review: Future of Internet of Things (IoT) in Malaysia. International Journal of Information System and Engineering, 5(2), 126-138. doi:10.24924/ijise/2017.04/v5.iss2/126.138 Thimmapuram Swati, K. R. R. (2018). Industrial Process Monitoring System Using Esp32. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 8(2C2), 123-127. Todica, M. (2016). Controlling Arduino board with smartphone and Blynk via internet. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.23956.30080 Vibin Mammen Vinod, G. M., Mekala, Thokaiandal, Vishnudevi, Siddharth SM. (2021). A LowCost Portable Smart Card Based Attendance System. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 1-11. 86

DEVELOPMENT OF SORTING COLOUR BY USING ARDUINO Siti Fatimah Mardan1 , Nor Farhana Falil2 and Nur Qistina Nabila Abdul Aziz3 1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, Johor,81700 , MALAYSIA 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, Johor,81700 , MALAYSIA 3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Polytechnic Ibrahim Sultan, Pasir Gudang, Johor,81700 , MALAYSIA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract: Colour sorter is a tool using to sort things according to their colour. Continuous manual sorting creates consistency issues. As all people know, this problem is common because it involves employers' liability, which is employers employing so many workers and causing high costs to food industries and farmers. To solve the problems, we built this project to organize the fruits in terms of colour group. We also carry out this project to meet fruit safety requirements and to reduce the higher costs by lowering the number of employees. The colour sorter includes sensors that identify the object's colour and after that transmit the signal information to Arduino Nano. The information turn adjusts the servo motor located below the slider, to move left and right. A fruit sensor will also detect and distinguish the type of fruit. The fruit Detector is attached beside the servo motor in the small area to read the kind of fruits. The fruit sample used for the testing is green grape for green colour, blueberry for blue colour and tomato cherry for red colour. The top servo ensures the fruit is delivered after the fruit name is identified. This slider platform is then set to deliver the fruit to the group of containers where the coloured fruits are stored. Based on the colour detected, the slider will move according to the angle depending on the fruit colour. After every fruit placement, the slide returns to its default position, waiting for the next fruit. The test is carried out to decide which colour of the natural products can best identify by the colour sensor TCS3200. Keywords : Colour identification; Colour Sensor TCS3200; Fruit Detector. 1. INTRODUCTION Manufacturing performance is the key to success in today's competitive commercial production environment. Rapid developments in the Internet of Things and Cloud Computing are propelling the phenomenon of what is called smart farming (Sjaak et al, 2017). Product sorting is a difficult industrial process and consistency issues arise from continuous manual sorting. Fruit handling (post-harvest) is completed in several steps: washing, sorting, grading, packing, transporting, and storing. The most important steps of handling are fruit sorting and grading. Product quality and quality evaluation are important aspects of fruit and vegetable production. Manual labour for sorting and packaging has to be reduced or eliminated whereby staff can be utilized for other tasks, Time taken for sorting and packaging also should be reduced to increase customer satisfaction (Deepaket et al, 2021). This paper discusses about the automatic sorting tool help in sorting objects based on colour and also helps in counting objects. The objective of this paper to design sorting machine as an improvement of the current manual system for sorting the agricultural product. This makes the completion of work in less time than usual as normal human will have weariness and exhaustion from labor. Moreover, human intervention is not needed. This is a project hardware type. The project used component such as the Arduino Nano, TCS3200 Colour Sensor, Servo Motor, Arduino Uno, and LCD Display to complete our project. Colour recognition has been widely used in the industrial detection and automatic control fields as modern industrial production moves toward high speed and automation. In the long run, the work of colour identification which is led by the human eye, has been replaced by an increasing number of colour sensors. Colour sensors detect colour by comparing the object colour to the reference colour, and if they are consistent within a certain error range, the detection results are output. Colour sensors can be used in a variety of applications, including monitoring the manufacturing process and product quality in the industry. This proposed machine is designed to automatic sorting of red or green or blue coloured product. 87